1
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Khan S, Ansari A, Brachi M, Das D, El Housseini W, Minteer S, Miller AF. Structure, dynamics, and redox reactivity of an all-purpose flavodoxin. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107122. [PMID: 38417793 PMCID: PMC10979112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The flavodoxin of Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009 (Rp9Fld) supplies highly reducing equivalents to crucial enzymes such as hydrogenase, especially when the organism is iron-restricted. By acquiring those electrons from photodriven electron flow via the bifurcating electron transfer flavoprotein, Rp9Fld provides solar power to vital metabolic processes. To understand Rp9Fld's ability to work with diverse partners, we solved its crystal structure. We observed the canonical flavodoxin (Fld) fold and features common to other long-chain Flds but not all the surface loops thought to recognize partner proteins. Moreover, some of the loops display alternative structures and dynamics. To advance studies of protein-protein associations and conformational consequences, we assigned the 19F NMR signals of all five tyrosines (Tyrs). Our electrochemical measurements show that incorporation of 3-19F-Tyr in place of Tyr has only a modest effect on Rp9Fld's redox properties even though Tyrs flank the flavin on both sides. Meanwhile, the 19F probes demonstrate the expected paramagnetic effect, with signals from nearby Tyrs becoming broadened beyond detection when the flavin semiquinone is formed. However, the temperature dependencies of chemical shifts and linewidths reveal dynamics affecting loops close to the flavin and regions that bind to partners in a variety of systems. These coincide with patterns of amino acid type conservation but not retention of specific residues, arguing against detailed specificity with respect to partners. We propose that the loops surrounding the flavin adopt altered conformations upon binding to partners and may even participate actively in electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharique Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ahmadullah Ansari
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Monica Brachi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Debarati Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Shelley Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Chemistry, Kummer Institute Center for Resource Sustainability, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
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2
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Huang TT, Liu YN, Huang JX, Yan PP, Wang JJ, Cao YX, Cao L. Sodium sulfite-driven Helicobacter pylori eradication: Unraveling oxygen dynamics through multi-omics investigation. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116055. [PMID: 38354959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Due to the emergence and spread of multidrug resistance in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), its eradication has become difficult. Sodium sulfite (SS), a widely used food additive for ensuring food safety and storage, has been recognized as an effective nonbactericidal agent for H. pylori eradication. However, the mechanism by which H. pylori adapts and eventually succumbs under low- or no-oxygen conditions remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-H. pylori effect of SS and investigated the multiomics mechanism by which SS kills H. pylori. The results demonstrated that SS effectively eradicated H. pylori both in vitro and in vivo. H. pylori responds to the oxygen changes regulated by SS, downregulates the HcpE gene, which is responsible for redox homeostasis in bacteria, decreases the activities of enzymes related to oxidative stress, and disrupts the outer membrane structure, increasing susceptibility to oxidative stress. Furthermore, SS downregulates the content of cytochrome C in the microaerobic respiratory chain, leading to a sharp decrease in ATP synthesis. Consequently, the accumulation of triglycerides (TGs) in bacteria due to oxidative stress supports anaerobic respiration, meeting their energy requirements. The multifaceted death of H. pylori caused by SS does not result in drug resistance. Thus, screening of the redox homeostasis of HcpE as a new target for H. pylori infection treatment could lead to the development of a novel approach for H. pylori eradication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan-Ni Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Xian Huang
- Software Department, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330032, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping-Ping Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ji-Jing Wang
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lei Cao
- Precision Medical Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China.
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3
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Noszka M, Strzałka A, Muraszko J, Kolenda R, Meng C, Ludwig C, Stingl K, Zawilak-Pawlik A. Profiling of the Helicobacter pylori redox switch HP1021 regulon using a multi-omics approach. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6715. [PMID: 37872172 PMCID: PMC10593804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastric human pathogen Helicobacter pylori has developed mechanisms to combat stress factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we present a comprehensive study on the redox switch protein HP1021 regulon combining transcriptomic, proteomic and DNA-protein interactions analyses. Our results indicate that HP1021 modulates H. pylori's response to oxidative stress. HP1021 controls the transcription of 497 genes, including 407 genes related to response to oxidative stress. 79 proteins are differently expressed in the HP1021 deletion mutant. HP1021 controls typical ROS response pathways (katA, rocF) and less canonical ones, particularly DNA uptake and central carbohydrate metabolism. HP1021 is a molecular regulator of competence in H. pylori, as HP1021-dependent repression of the comB DNA uptake genes is relieved under oxidative conditions, increasing natural competence. Furthermore, HP1021 controls glucose consumption by directly regulating the gluP transporter and has an important impact on maintaining the energetic balance in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Noszka
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Strzałka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Muraszko
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rafał Kolenda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Chen Meng
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stingl
- Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Zawilak-Pawlik
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
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4
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Gam ZBA, Thioye A, Cayol JL, Postec A, Bartoli-Joseph M, Vandecasteele C, Erauso G, Labat M. Thermospira aquatica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermophilic spirochete isolated from a Tunisian hot spring, and description of the novel family Thermospiraceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 36748411 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel thermophilic, anaerobic bacterium, strain F1F22T, was isolated from hot spring water collected in northern Tunisia. The cells were non-motile, Gram-negative and helical with hooked ends, 0.5×10-32 µm in size. Growth of the strain was observed at 45-70 °C (optimum, 55 °C), in 0.0-1.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum without NaCl) and at pH 6.5-8.5 (optimum, pH 7.5). Yeast extract was required for growth, and the strain grew on glucose, sucrose and maltose. The major fatty acids were C16:0 (40.2 %), iso-C16: 0 (30.2 %) and C16 :0 DMA (14.5 %). The genome consisted of a circular chromosome (2.5 Mb) containing 2672 predicted protein-encoding genes with a G+C content of 43.15 mol %. Based on a comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain F1F22T formed a deeply branching lineage within the phylum Spirochaetota, class Spirochaetia, order Brevinematales, and had only low sequence similarity to other species of the phylum (lower than 83 %). Genome-based analysis of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of strain F1F22T with Treponema caldarium DSM 7334T, Brevinema andersonii ATCC 43811T and Spirochaeta thermophila DSM 6578T showed values between 63.26 and 63.52 %, and between 20 and 25 %. Hence, we propose strain F1F22T as a representative of a novel family (Thermospiraceae fam. nov.), genus and species of Brevinematales: Thermospira aquatica gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain F1F22T=JCM 31314T=DSM 101182T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouhaier Ben Ali Gam
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, 163 avenue de Luminy, F-13288, Marseille, France
| | - Abdoulaye Thioye
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée et de Génie Industriel, BP 5005, Dakar-Fann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Jean-Luc Cayol
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, 163 avenue de Luminy, F-13288, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Postec
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, 163 avenue de Luminy, F-13288, Marseille, France
| | - Manon Bartoli-Joseph
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, 163 avenue de Luminy, F-13288, Marseille, France
| | | | - Gaël Erauso
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, 163 avenue de Luminy, F-13288, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Labat
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, 163 avenue de Luminy, F-13288, Marseille, France
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5
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Steiner TM, Lettl C, Schindele F, Goebel W, Haas R, Fischer W, Eisenreich W. Substrate usage determines carbon flux via the citrate cycle in Helicobacter pylori. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:841-860. [PMID: 34164854 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori displays a worldwide infection rate of about 50%. The Gram-negative bacterium is the main reason for gastric cancer and other severe diseases. Despite considerable knowledge about the metabolic inventory of H. pylori, carbon fluxes through the citrate cycle (TCA cycle) remained enigmatic. In this study, different 13 C-labeled substrates were supplied as carbon sources to H. pylori during microaerophilic growth in a complex medium. After growth, 13 C-excess and 13 C-distribution were determined in multiple metabolites using GC-MS analysis. [U-13 C6 ]Glucose was efficiently converted into glyceraldehyde but only less into TCA cycle-related metabolites. In contrast, [U-13 C5 ]glutamate, [U-13 C4 ]succinate, and [U-13 C4 ]aspartate were incorporated at high levels into intermediates of the TCA cycle. The comparative analysis of the 13 C-distributions indicated an adaptive TCA cycle fully operating in the closed oxidative direction with rapid equilibrium fluxes between oxaloacetate-succinate and α-ketoglutarate-citrate. 13 C-Profiles of the four-carbon intermediates in the TCA cycle, especially of malate, together with the observation of an isocitrate lyase activity by in vitro assays, suggested carbon fluxes via a glyoxylate bypass. In conjunction with the lack of enzymes for anaplerotic CO2 fixation, the glyoxylate bypass could be relevant to fill up the TCA cycle with carbon atoms derived from acetyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Steiner
- Bavarian NMR Center-Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Clara Lettl
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, München, Germany
| | - Franziska Schindele
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Rainer Haas
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Bavarian NMR Center-Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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6
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Alqurashi A, Alfs L, Swann J, Butt JN, Kelly DJ. The flavodoxin FldA activates the class Ia ribonucleotide reductase of Campylobacter jejuni. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:343-358. [PMID: 33721378 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a microaerophilic zoonotic pathogen with an atypical respiratory Complex I that oxidizes a flavodoxin (FldA) instead of NADH. FldA is essential for viability and is reduced via pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate oxidoreductases (POR/OOR). Here, we show that FldA can also be reduced by FqrB (Cj0559), an NADPH:FldA reductase. An fqrB deletion mutant was viable but displayed a significant growth defect. FqrB is related to flavoprotein reductases from Gram-positive bacteria that can reduce NrdI, a specialized flavodoxin that is needed for tyrosyl radical formation in NrdF, the beta subunit of class 1b-type (Mn) ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). However, C. jejuni possesses a single class Ia-type (Fe) RNR (NrdAB) that would be expected to be ferredoxin dependent. We show that CjFldA is an unusually high potential flavodoxin unrelated to NrdI, yet growth of the fqrB mutant, but not the wild-type or a complemented strain, was stimulated by low deoxyribonucleoside (dRNS) concentrations, suggesting FldA links FqrB and RNR activity. Using purified proteins, we confirmed the NrdB tyrosyl radical could be regenerated in an NADPH, FqrB, and FldA dependent manner, as evidenced by both optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Thus, FldA activates RNR in C. jejuni, partly explaining its essentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmajeed Alqurashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Alfs
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jordan Swann
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Julea N Butt
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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7
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Hoffman PS. Antibacterial Discovery: 21st Century Challenges. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9050213. [PMID: 32353943 PMCID: PMC7277910 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been nearly 50 years since the golden age of antibiotic discovery (1945–1975) ended; yet, we still struggle to identify novel drug targets and to deliver new chemical classes of antibiotics to replace those rendered obsolete by drug resistance. Despite herculean efforts utilizing a wide range of antibiotic discovery platform strategies, including genomics, bioinformatics, systems biology and postgenomic approaches, success has been at best incremental. Obviously, finding new classes of antibiotics is really hard, so repeating the old strategies, while expecting different outcomes, seems to boarder on insanity. The key questions dealt with in this review include: (1) If mutation based drug resistance is the major challenge to any new antibiotic, is it possible to find drug targets and new chemical entities that can escape this outcome; (2) Is the number of novel chemical classes of antibacterials limited by the number of broad spectrum drug targets; and (3) If true, then should we focus efforts on subgroups of pathogens like Gram negative or positive bacteria only, anaerobic bacteria or other group where the range of common essential genes is likely greater?. This review also provides some examples of existing drug targets that appear to escape the specter of mutation based drug resistance, and provides examples of some intermediate spectrum strategies as well as modern molecular and genomic approaches likely to improve the odds of delivering 21st century medicines to combat multidrug resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Hoffman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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8
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Lebeau J, Efromson JP, Lynch MD. A Review of the Biotechnological Production of Methacrylic Acid. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:207. [PMID: 32266236 PMCID: PMC7100375 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial biotechnology can lead to new routes and potentially to more sustainable production of numerous chemicals. We review the potential of biobased routes from sugars to the large volume commodity, methacrylic acid, involving fermentation based bioprocesses. We cover the key progress over the past decade on direct and indirect fermentation based routes to methacrylic acid including both academic as well as patent literature. Finally, we take a critical look at the potential of biobased routes to methacrylic acid in comparison with both incumbent as well as newer greener petrochemical based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lebeau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - John P Efromson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael D Lynch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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9
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Flavodoxins as Novel Therapeutic Targets against Helicobacter pylori and Other Gastric Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051881. [PMID: 32164177 PMCID: PMC7084853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavodoxins are small soluble electron transfer proteins widely present in bacteria and absent in vertebrates. Flavodoxins participate in different metabolic pathways and, in some bacteria, they have been shown to be essential proteins representing promising therapeutic targets to fight bacterial infections. Using purified flavodoxin and chemical libraries, leads can be identified that block flavodoxin function and act as bactericidal molecules, as it has been demonstrated for Helicobacter pylori (Hp), the most prevalent human gastric pathogen. Increasing antimicrobial resistance by this bacterium has led current therapies to lose effectiveness, so alternative treatments are urgently required. Here, we summarize, with a focus on flavodoxin, opportunities for pharmacological intervention offered by the potential protein targets described for this bacterium and provide information on other gastrointestinal pathogens and also on bacteria from the gut microbiota that contain flavodoxin. The process of discovery and development of novel antimicrobials specific for Hp flavodoxin that is being carried out in our group is explained, as it can be extrapolated to the discovery of inhibitors specific for other gastric pathogens. The high specificity for Hp of the antimicrobials developed may be of help to reduce damage to the gut microbiota and to slow down the development of resistant Hp mutants.
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10
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van der Stel AX, Wösten MMSM. Regulation of Respiratory Pathways in Campylobacterota: A Review. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1719. [PMID: 31417516 PMCID: PMC6682613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Campylobacterota, previously known as Epsilonproteobacteria, are a large group of Gram-negative mainly, spiral-shaped motile bacteria. Some members like the Sulfurospirillum spp. are free-living, while others such as Helicobacter spp. can only persist in strict association with a host organism as commensal or as pathogen. Species of this phylum colonize diverse habitats ranging from deep-sea thermal vents to the human stomach wall. Despite their divergent environments, they share common energy conservation mechanisms. The Campylobacterota have a large and remarkable repertoire of electron transport chain enzymes, given their small genomes. Although members of recognized families of transcriptional regulators are found in these genomes, sofar no orthologs known to be important for energy or redox metabolism such as ArcA, FNR or NarP are encoded in the genomes of the Campylobacterota. In this review, we discuss the strategies that members of Campylobacterota utilize to conserve energy and the corresponding regulatory mechanisms that regulate the branched electron transport chains in these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc M. S. M. Wösten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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11
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Salillas S, Alías M, Michel V, Mahía A, Lucía A, Rodrigues L, Bueno J, Galano-Frutos JJ, De Reuse H, Velázquez-Campoy A, Carrodeguas JA, Sostres C, Castillo J, Aínsa JA, Díaz-de-Villegas MD, Lanas Á, Touati E, Sancho J. Design, Synthesis, and Efficacy Testing of Nitroethylene- and 7-Nitrobenzoxadiazol-Based Flavodoxin Inhibitors against Helicobacter pylori Drug-Resistant Clinical Strains and in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Mice. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6102-6115. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Salillas
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Units: BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) and GBsC-CSIC, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Miriam Alías
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Units: BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) and GBsC-CSIC, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Valérie Michel
- Helicobacter Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Microbiology, CNRS ERL6002, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75724, France
| | - Alejandro Mahía
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Units: BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) and GBsC-CSIC, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Lucía
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Liliana Rodrigues
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | | | - Juan José Galano-Frutos
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Units: BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) and GBsC-CSIC, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Hilde De Reuse
- Helicobacter Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Microbiology, CNRS ERL6002, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75724, France
| | - Adrián Velázquez-Campoy
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Units: BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) and GBsC-CSIC, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- Fundación ARAID, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - José Alberto Carrodeguas
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Units: BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) and GBsC-CSIC, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Carlos Sostres
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | | | - José Antonio Aínsa
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Units: BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) and GBsC-CSIC, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Lanas
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Eliette Touati
- Helicobacter Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Microbiology, CNRS ERL6002, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75724, France
| | - Javier Sancho
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Units: BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) and GBsC-CSIC, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
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12
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Han B, Zhang Z, Xie Y, Hu X, Wang H, Xia W, Wang Y, Li H, Wang Y, Sun H. Multi-omics and temporal dynamics profiling reveal disruption of central metabolism in Helicobacter pylori on bismuth treatment. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7488-7497. [PMID: 30510674 PMCID: PMC6223348 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01668b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of multi-omics enables uncovering cellular responses to stimuli or the mechanism of action of a drug at a system level. Bismuth drugs have long been used for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and their antimicrobial activity was attributed to dysfunction of multiple proteins based on previous proteome-wide studies. Herein, we investigated the response of H. pylori to a bismuth drug at transcriptome and metabolome levels. Our multi-omics data together with bioassays comprehensively reveal the impact of bismuth on a diverse array of intracellular pathways, in particular, disruption of central carbon metabolism is systematically evaluated as a primary bismuth-targeting system in H. pylori. Through temporal dynamics profiling, we demonstrate that bismuth initially perturbs the TCA cycle and then urease activity, followed by the induction of oxidative stress and inhibition of energy production, and in the meantime, induces extensive down-regulation in H. pylori metabolome. The present study thus expands our knowledge on the inhibitory actions of bismuth and provides a novel systematic perspective of H. pylori in response to a clinical drug that sheds light on enhanced therapeutic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Han
- School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China .
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China .
| | - Yanxuan Xie
- School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China .
| | - Xuqiao Hu
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , P. R. China .
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , P. R. China .
| | - Wei Xia
- School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China .
| | - Yulan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems , State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , 430071 , P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , P. R. China .
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China .
| | - Hongzhe Sun
- School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China .
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , P. R. China .
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13
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Marcus EA, Sachs G, Scott DR. Acid-regulated gene expression of Helicobacter pylori: Insight into acid protection and gastric colonization. Helicobacter 2018; 23:e12490. [PMID: 29696729 PMCID: PMC5980792 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogen Helicobacter pylori encounters many stressors as it transits to and infects the gastric epithelium. Gastric acidity is the predominate stressor encountered by the bacterium during initial infection and establishment of persistent infection. H. pylori initiates a rapid response to acid to maintain intracellular pH and proton motive force appropriate for a neutralophile. However, acid sensing by H. pylori may also serve as a transcriptional trigger to increase the levels of other pathogenic factors needed to subvert host defenses such as acid acclimation, antioxidants, flagellar synthesis and assembly, and CagA secretion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Helicobacter pylori were acid challenged at pH 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 vs nonacidic pH for 4 hours in the presence of urea, followed by RNA-seq analysis and qPCR. Cytoplasmic pH was monitored under the same conditions. RESULTS About 250 genes were induced, and an equal number were repressed at acidic pHs. Genes encoding for antioxidant proteins, flagellar structural proteins, particularly class 2 genes, T4SS/Cag-PAI, Fo F1 -ATPase, and proteins involved in acid acclimation were highly expressed at acidic pH. Cytoplasmic pH decreased from 7.8 at pHout of 8.0 to 6.0 at pHout of 3.0. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that increasing extracellular or intracellular acidity or both are detected by the bacterium and serve as a signal to initiate increased production of protective and pathogenic factors needed to counter host defenses for persistent infection. These changes are dependent on degree of acidity and time of acid exposure, triggering a coordinated response to the environment required for colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Marcus
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,VA GLAHS, Los Angeles, CA
| | - George Sachs
- Department Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,Department Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,VA GLAHS, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David R. Scott
- Department Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,VA GLAHS, Los Angeles, CA,Corresponding author: David R. Scott, Department of Physiology, DGSOM at UCLA, VA GLAHS, Bldg 113, Rm 324, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90073, , phone: 310-478-3711 x42046; Fax: 310-312-9478
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14
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Descamps T, De Smet L, De Vos P, de Graaf D. Unbiased random mutagenesis contributes to a better understanding of the virulent behaviour ofPaenibacillus larvae. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:28-41. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Descamps
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology; Faculty of Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - L. De Smet
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology; Faculty of Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - P. De Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Faculty of Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - D.C. de Graaf
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology; Faculty of Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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15
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Quasem I, Achille AN, Caddick BA, Carter TA, Daniels C, Delaney JA, Delic V, Denton KA, Duran MC, Fatica MK, Ference CM, Galkiewicz JP, Garcia AM, Hendrick JD, Horton SA, Kun MS, Koch PW, Lee TM, McCabe CR, McHale S, McDaniel LD, Menning DM, Menning KJ, Mirzaei-Souderjani H, Mostajabian S, Nicholson DA, Nugent CK, Osman NP, Pappas DI, Rocha AM, Rosario K, Rubelmann H, Schwartz JA, Seeley KW, Staley CM, Wallace EM, Wong TM, Zielinski BL, Hanson TE, Scott KM. Peculiar citric acid cycle of hydrothermal vent chemolithoautotroph Hydrogenovibrio crunogenus, and insights into carbon metabolism by obligate autotrophs. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3958794. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaque Quasem
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Alexandra N. Achille
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Brittany A. Caddick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Travis A. Carter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Camille Daniels
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Delaney
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Vedad Delic
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Denton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Martina C. Duran
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Marianne K. Fatica
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Julie P. Galkiewicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Ana M. Garcia
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Steven A. Horton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Mey S. Kun
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Phoebe W. Koch
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Tien Min Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Christie R. McCabe
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Sean McHale
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Lauren D. McDaniel
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Damian M. Menning
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Kristy J. Menning
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Salina Mostajabian
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - David A. Nicholson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Courtney K. Nugent
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Osman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Desiree I. Pappas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Andrea M. Rocha
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Karyna Rosario
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Haydn Rubelmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Julie A. Schwartz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Kent W. Seeley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Christopher M. Staley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Wallace
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Terianne M. Wong
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Brian L. Zielinski
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Thomas E. Hanson
- School of Marine Science and Policy, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Scott
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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16
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van der Stel AX, Boogerd FC, Huynh S, Parker CT, van Dijk L, van Putten JPM, Wösten MMSM. Generation of the membrane potential and its impact on the motility, ATP production and growth in Campylobacter jejuni. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:637-651. [PMID: 28586527 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The generation of a membrane potential (Δψ), the major constituent of the proton motive force (pmf), is crucial for ATP synthesis, transport of nutrients and flagellar rotation. Campylobacter jejuni harbors a branched electron transport chain, enabling respiration with different electron donors and acceptors. Here, we demonstrate that a relatively high Δψ is only generated in the presence of either formate as electron donor or oxygen as electron acceptor, in combination with an acceptor/donor respectively. We show the necessity of the pmf for motility and growth of C. jejuni. ATP generation is not only accomplished by oxidative phosphorylation via the pmf, but also by substrate-level phosphorylation via the enzyme AckA. In response to a low oxygen tension, C. jejuni increases the transcription and activity of the donor complexes formate dehydrogenase (FdhABC) and hydrogenase (HydABCD) as well as the transcription of the alternative respiratory acceptor complexes. Our findings suggest that in the gut of warm-blooded animals, C. jejuni depends on at least formate or hydrogen as donor (in the anaerobic lumen) or oxygen as acceptor (near the epithelial cells) to generate a pmf that sustains efficient motility and growth for colonization and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fred C Boogerd
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Craig T Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Linda van Dijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P M van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc M S M Wösten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Zorzoli A, Grayczyk JP, Alonzo F. Staphylococcus aureus Tissue Infection During Sepsis Is Supported by Differential Use of Bacterial or Host-Derived Lipoic Acid. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005933. [PMID: 27701474 PMCID: PMC5049849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To thrive in diverse environments, bacteria must shift their metabolic output in response to nutrient bioavailability. In many bacterial species, such changes in metabolic flux depend upon lipoic acid, a cofactor required for the activity of enzyme complexes involved in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, glycine catabolism, and branched chain fatty acid biosynthesis. The requirement of lipoic acid for metabolic enzyme activity necessitates that bacteria synthesize the cofactor and/or scavenge it from environmental sources. Although use of lipoic acid is a conserved phenomenon, the mechanisms behind its biosynthesis and salvage can differ considerably between bacterial species. Furthermore, low levels of circulating free lipoic acid in mammals underscore the importance of lipoic acid acquisition for pathogenic microbes during infection. In this study, we used a genetic approach to characterize the mechanisms of lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage in the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and evaluated the requirements for both pathways during murine sepsis. We determined that S. aureus lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage genes exist in an arrangement that directly links redox stress response and acetate biosynthesis genes. In addition, we found that lipoic acid salvage is dictated by two ligases that facilitate growth and lipoylation in distinct environmental conditions in vitro, but that are fully compensatory for survival in vivo. Upon infection of mice, we found that de novo biosynthesis or salvage promotes S. aureus survival in a manner that depends upon the infectious site. In addition, when both lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage are blocked S. aureus is rendered avirulent, implying an inability to induce lipoic acid-independent metabolic programs to promote survival. Together, our results define the major pathways of lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage in S. aureus and support the notion that bacterial nutrient acquisition schemes are instrumental in dictating pathogen proclivity for an infectious niche. Staphylococcus aureus is a predominant cause of infectious diseases ranging from superficial skin and soft tissue infections to necrotizing pneumonia and sepsis. A remarkable aspect of S. aureus pathobiology lies in the ability of the microorganism to infect a wide variety of host tissues. This infectious promiscuity implies S. aureus exhibits significant adaptability when faced with disparate environments and nutritional deficiencies. In this work, we examine the mechanisms by which S. aureus acquires lipoic acid, a key cofactor involved in maintaining metabolic flux. Our studies determine that S. aureus engages in both de novo biosynthesis and salvage of lipoic acid in a manner that is reminiscent of pathways used by both B. subtilis and L. monocytogenes combined. Further, our work suggests that the complex mechanisms of lipoic acid acquisition dictate the range of tissues S. aureus infects and identifies a lipoic acid salvage enzyme that is dispensable for growth in vitro, but required for S. aureus pathogenesis in vivo. In sum, our results highlight the adaptability of S. aureus in the face of nutrient paucity; the importance of complex nutrient acquisition/biosynthesis pathways in promoting infection; and identify potential novel therapeutic targets that may be effective against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azul Zorzoli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago—Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - James P. Grayczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago—Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago—Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Bronnec V, Turoňová H, Bouju A, Cruveiller S, Rodrigues R, Demnerova K, Tresse O, Haddad N, Zagorec M. Adhesion, Biofilm Formation, and Genomic Features of Campylobacter jejuni Bf, an Atypical Strain Able to Grow under Aerobic Conditions. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1002. [PMID: 27446042 PMCID: PMC4927563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial enteritis in Europe. Human campylobacteriosis cases are frequently associated to the consumption of contaminated poultry meat. To survive under environmental conditions encountered along the food chain, i.e., from poultry digestive tract its natural reservoir to the consumer's plate, this pathogen has developed adaptation mechanisms. Among those, biofilm lifestyle has been suggested as a strategy to survive in the food environment and under atmospheric conditions. Recently, the clinical isolate C. jejuni Bf has been shown to survive and grow under aerobic conditions, a property that may help this strain to better survive along the food chain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adhesion capacity of C. jejuni Bf and its ability to develop a biofilm. C. jejuni Bf can adhere to abiotic surfaces and to human epithelial cells, and can develop biofilm under both microaerobiosis and aerobiosis. These two conditions have no influence on this strain, unlike results obtained with the reference strain C. jejuni 81-176, which harbors only planktonic cells under aerobic conditions. Compared to 81-176, the biofilm of C. jejuni Bf is more homogenous and cell motility at the bottom of biofilm was not modified whatever the atmosphere used. C. jejuni Bf whole genome sequence did not reveal any gene unique to this strain, suggesting that its unusual property does not result from acquisition of new genetic material. Nevertheless some genetic particularities seem to be shared only between Bf and few others strains. Among the main features of C. jejuni Bf genome we noticed (i) a complete type VI secretion system important in pathogenicity and environmental adaptation; (ii) a mutation in the oorD gene involved in oxygen metabolism; and (iii) the presence of an uncommon insertion of a 72 amino acid coding sequence upstream from dnaK, which is involved in stress resistance. Therefore, the atypical behavior of this strain under aerobic atmosphere may result from the combination of insertions and mutations. In addition, the comparison of mRNA transcript levels of several genes targeted through genome analysis suggests the modification of regulatory processes in this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hana Turoňová
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyPrague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Stéphane Cruveiller
- CNRS-UMR 8030 and Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA/DRF/IG/Genoscope LABGeMEvry, France
| | | | - Katerina Demnerova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyPrague, Czech Republic
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19
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Draft Genome Sequence of Campylobacter jejuni Bf, an Atypical Strain Able To Grow under Aerobiosis. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/2/e00120-16. [PMID: 27056213 PMCID: PMC4824246 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00120-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the draft genome sequence of a Campylobacter jejuni clinical isolate issued from a French patient suffering from severe campylobacteriosis. This atypical strain is characterized by an unusual resistance to oxygen and the ability to grow under an aerobic atmosphere, a characteristic as-of-yet unique to this species.
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20
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van Rossum HM, Kozak BU, Pronk JT, van Maris AJA. Engineering cytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A supply in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Pathway stoichiometry, free-energy conservation and redox-cofactor balancing. Metab Eng 2016; 36:99-115. [PMID: 27016336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important industrial cell factory and an attractive experimental model for evaluating novel metabolic engineering strategies. Many current and potential products of this yeast require acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) as a precursor and pathways towards these products are generally expressed in its cytosol. The native S. cerevisiae pathway for production of cytosolic acetyl-CoA consumes 2 ATP equivalents in the acetyl-CoA synthetase reaction. Catabolism of additional sugar substrate, which may be required to generate this ATP, negatively affects product yields. Here, we review alternative pathways that can be engineered into yeast to optimize supply of cytosolic acetyl-CoA as a precursor for product formation. Particular attention is paid to reaction stoichiometry, free-energy conservation and redox-cofactor balancing of alternative pathways for acetyl-CoA synthesis from glucose. A theoretical analysis of maximally attainable yields on glucose of four compounds (n-butanol, citric acid, palmitic acid and farnesene) showed a strong product dependency of the optimal pathway configuration for acetyl-CoA synthesis. Moreover, this analysis showed that combination of different acetyl-CoA production pathways may be required to achieve optimal product yields. This review underlines that an integral analysis of energy coupling and redox-cofactor balancing in precursor-supply and product-formation pathways is crucial for the design of efficient cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmen M van Rossum
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara U Kozak
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius J A van Maris
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands.
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21
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De Bruyne E, Ducatelle R, Foss D, Sanchez M, Joosten M, Zhang G, Smet A, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Flahou B. Oral glutathione supplementation drastically reduces Helicobacter-induced gastric pathologies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20169. [PMID: 26833404 PMCID: PMC4735851 DOI: 10.1038/srep20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter (H.) suis causes gastric pathologies in both pigs and humans. Very little is known on the metabolism of this bacterium and its impact on the host. In this study, we have revealed the importance of the glutamate-generating metabolism, as shown by a complete depletion of glutamine (Gln) in the medium during H. suis culture. Besides Gln, H. suis can also convert glutathione (GSH) to glutamate, and both reactions are catalyzed by the H. suis γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT). Both for H. pylori and H. suis, it has been hypothesized that the degradation of Gln and GSH may lead to a deficiency for the host, possibly initiating or promoting several pathologies. Therefore the in vivo effect of oral supplementation with Gln and GSH was assessed. Oral supplementation with Gln was shown to temper H. suis induced gastritis and epithelial (hyper)proliferation in Mongolian gerbils. Astonishingly, supplementation of the feed with GSH, another GGT substrate, resulted in inflammation and epithelial proliferation levels returning to baseline levels of uninfected controls. This indicates that Gln and GSH supplementation may help reducing tissue damage caused by Helicobacter infection in both humans and pigs, highlighting their potential as a supportive therapy during and after Helicobacter eradication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen De Bruyne
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Myrthe Joosten
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bram Flahou
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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22
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Metabolic response of Clostridium ljungdahlii to oxygen exposure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:8379-91. [PMID: 26431975 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02491-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium ljungdahlii is an important synthesis gas-fermenting bacterium used in the biofuels industry, and a preliminary investigation showed that it has some tolerance to oxygen when cultured in rich mixotrophic medium. Batch cultures not only continue to grow and consume H2, CO, and fructose after 8% O2 exposure, but fermentation product analysis revealed an increase in ethanol concentration and decreased acetate concentration compared to non-oxygen-exposed cultures. In this study, the mechanisms for higher ethanol production and oxygen/reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification were identified using a combination of fermentation, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) differential expression, and enzyme activity analyses. The results indicate that the higher ethanol and lower acetate concentrations were due to the carboxylic acid reductase activity of a more highly expressed predicted aldehyde oxidoreductase (CLJU_c24130) and that C. ljungdahlii's primary defense upon oxygen exposure is a predicted rubrerythrin (CLJU_c39340). The metabolic responses of higher ethanol production and oxygen/ROS detoxification were found to be linked by cofactor management and substrate and energy metabolism. This study contributes new insights into the physiology and metabolism of C. ljungdahlii and provides new genetic targets to generate C. ljungdahlii strains that produce more ethanol and are more tolerant to syngas contaminants.
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Nasrat SAM, Nasrat AM. An Alternative Approach for the Rising Challenge of Hypertensive Illness via Helicobacter pylori Eradication. Cardiol Res 2015; 6:221-225. [PMID: 28197229 PMCID: PMC5295557 DOI: 10.14740/cr382e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to demonstrate the effect of natural Helicobacter pylori eradication on blood pressure values. The prevalence of hypertension in developing countries has been considered by some reports a consequence of progress and life style changes. In spite of that, traditional risk factors do not appear fully sufficient to explain the rising figures of hypertensive illness which further indicates that attempts to control the problem depending upon traditional measures can never be adequate or decisive. H. pylori could migrate or get forced to migrate to the colon; it will continue producing ammonia for a reason or no reason leading to accumulation of profuse toxic amounts of ammonia, unopposed or buffered by any acidity, which could lead to multiple colonic and a high rectal spasm. A colonic re-absorptive error is established with excessive fluid and salt retention in the body that would definitely lead to hypertension which is supposed to remain inadequately controlled without correction of the underlying etiologic pathological error. It is a prospective study, conducted at Balghsoon Polyclinic, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods Ninety-nine middle-aged male patients with essential hypertension under medications and positive for H. pylori dyspepsia were included in the study. They were given natural therapy for H. pylori eradication. Results Ninety patients were able to resume normal blood pressure (BP) values and quit their medications. Conclusion The concept of the colonic re-absorptive error considered in this study is not just hypothetical as upon its basis, most patients of the study (90.9%) were able to quit medications and maintain normal BP values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa A M Nasrat
- Department of Physical Therapy, Cardiac Surgery Academy, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdullah M Nasrat
- Department of Surgery, Balghsoon Clinic, Jeddah, KSA; Department of Genomic Medical Research, King Fahad Research Center, KAAU, Jeddah, KSA; Department of Surgery, KAAU, Jeddah, KSA
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Hofreuter D. Defining the metabolic requirements for the growth and colonization capacity of Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:137. [PMID: 25325018 PMCID: PMC4178425 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade Campylobacter jejuni has been recognized as the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. This facultative intracellular pathogen is a member of the Epsilonproteobacteria and requires microaerobic atmosphere and nutrient rich media for efficient proliferation in vitro. Its catabolic capacity is highly restricted in contrast to Salmonella Typhimurium and other enteropathogenic bacteria because several common pathways for carbohydrate utilization are either missing or incomplete. Despite these metabolic limitations, C. jejuni efficiently colonizes various animal hosts as a commensal intestinal inhabitant. Moreover, C. jejuni is tremendously successful in competing with the human intestinal microbiota; an infectious dose of few hundreds bacteria is sufficient to overcome the colonization resistance of humans and can lead to campylobacteriosis. Besides the importance and clear clinical manifestation of this disease, the pathogenesis mechanisms of C. jejuni infections are still poorly understood. In recent years comparative genome sequence, transcriptome and metabolome analyses as well as mutagenesis studies combined with animal infection models have provided a new understanding of how the specific metabolic capacity of C. jejuni drives its persistence in the intestinal habitat of various hosts. Furthermore, new insights into the metabolic requirements that support the intracellular survival of C. jejuni were obtained. Because C. jejuni harbors distinct properties in establishing an infection in comparison to pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae, it represents an excellent organism for elucidating new aspects of the dynamic interaction and metabolic cross talk between a bacterial pathogen, the microbiota and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hofreuter
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology Hannover, Germany
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Tsugawa H. [Study of infection strategies of Helicobacter pylori and host cell response against CagA oncoprotein]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2014; 69:565-575. [PMID: 25447982 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.69.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori is involved in a variety of clinical outcomes including gastric cancer. In the present study, we focused on the infection strategies of H. pylori associated with establishment of chronic infection. As a result, the following four findings revealed. 1) alpha-ketoglutarate oxidoreductase (KOR) is an essential survival enzyme for energy metabolism in the coccoid form of H. pylori, and inactivation of the KOR activity exerted a potent bactericidal action against H. pylori by preventing induction of the coccoid form. 2) SodB expression is derepressed by amino acids mutation of ferric uptake regulator (Fur), which is associated with the development of Metronidazole resistance. 3) FecA1 is an important determinant of the host-colonization ability through Fe(2+) supply to SodB, suggesting that FecA1 may be a possible target for the development of a novel bactericidal drug. 4) Intracellular CagA oncoprotein is degraded by autophagy and therefore short lived. However, in the CD44v9-expressing gastric cells, CagA specifically accumulated through the repression of autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Tsugawa
- Department of Biochemistry & Integrative Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University
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Kendall JJ, Barrero-Tobon AM, Hendrixson DR, Kelly DJ. Hemerythrins in the microaerophilic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni help protect key iron-sulphur cluster enzymes from oxidative damage. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:1105-21. [PMID: 24245612 PMCID: PMC4257069 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Microaerophilic bacteria are adapted to low oxygen environments, but the mechanisms by which their growth in air is inhibited are not well understood. The citric acid cycle in the microaerophilic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is potentially vulnerable, as it employs pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate:acceptor oxidoreductases (Por and Oor), which contain labile (4Fe-4S) centres. Here, we show that both enzymes are rapidly inactivated after exposure of cells to a fully aerobic environment. We investigated the mechanisms that might protect enzyme activity and identify a role for the hemerythrin HerA (Cj0241). A herA mutant exhibits an aerobic growth defect and reduced Por and Oor activities after exposure to 21% (v/v) oxygen. Slow anaerobic recovery of these activities after oxygen damage was observed, but at similar rates in both wild-type and herA strains, suggesting the role of HerA is to prevent Fe-S cluster damage, rather than promote repair. Another hemerythrin (HerB; Cj1224) also plays a protective role. Purified HerA and HerB exhibited optical absorption, ligand binding and resonance Raman spectra typical of μ-oxo-bridged di-iron containing hemerythrins. We conclude that oxygen lability and poor repair of Por and Oor are major contributors to microaerophily in C. jejuni; hemerythrins help prevent enzyme damage microaerobically or during oxygen transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kendall
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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27
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Response to metronidazole and oxidative stress is mediated through homeostatic regulator HsrA (HP1043) in Helicobacter pylori. J Bacteriol 2013; 196:729-39. [PMID: 24296668 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01047-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metronidazole (MTZ) is often used in combination therapies to treat infections caused by the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Resistance to MTZ results from loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding RdxA and FrxA nitroreductases. MTZ-resistant strains, when cultured at sub-MICs of MTZ (5 to 20 μg/ml), show dose-dependent defects in bacterial growth; depressed activities of many Krebs cycle enzymes, including pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR); and low transcript levels of porGDAB (primer extension), phenotypes consistent with an involvement of a transcriptional regulator. Using a combination of protein purification steps, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), and mass spectrometry analyses of proteins bound to porG promoter sequences, we identified HP1043, an essential homeostatic global regulator (HsrA [for homeostatic stress regulator]). Competition EMSAs and supershift analyses with HsrA-enriched protein fractions confirmed specific binding to porGDAB and hsrA promoter sequences. Exposure to MTZ resulted in >10-fold decreases in levels of HsrA and in levels of the HsrA-regulated gene products PFOR and TlpB. Exposure to paraquat (PQ), hydrogen peroxide, or organic peroxides showed near equivalence with MTZ, revealing a common oxidative stress response pathway. Finally, direct superoxide dismutase (SOD) assays showed an inverse relationship between HsrA levels and SOD activity, suggesting that HsrA may serve as a repressor of sodB. As a homeostatic sentinel, HsrA appears to be ideally positioned to enable rapid shutdown of genes associated with metabolism and growth while activating (directly or indirectly) oxidative defense genes in response to low levels of toxic metabolites (MTZ or oxygen) before they reach DNA-damaging levels.
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Dufour V, Stahl M, Rosenfeld E, Stintzi A, Baysse C. Insights into the mode of action of benzyl isothiocyanate on Campylobacter jejuni. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6958-68. [PMID: 24014524 PMCID: PMC3811535 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01967-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a widespread pathogen responsible for most of the food-borne gastrointestinal diseases in Europe. The use of natural antimicrobial molecules is a promising alternative to antibiotic treatments for pathogen control in the food industry. Isothiocyanates are natural antimicrobial compounds, which also display anticancer activity. Several studies described the chemoprotective effect of isothiocyanates on eukaryotic cells, but the antimicrobial mechanism is still poorly understood. We investigated the early cellular response of C. jejuni to benzyl isothiocyanate by both transcriptomic and physiological approaches. The transcriptomic response of C. jejuni to benzyl isothiocyanate showed upregulation of heat shock response genes and an impact on energy metabolism. Oxygen consumption was progressively impaired by benzyl isothiocyanate treatment, as revealed by high-resolution respirometry, while the ATP content increased soon after benzyl isothiocyanate exposition, which suggests a shift in the energy metabolism balance. Finally, benzyl isothiocyanate induced intracellular protein aggregation. These results indicate that benzyl isothiocyanate affects C. jejuni by targeting proteins, resulting in the disruption of major metabolic processes and eventually leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Dufour
- EA1254 Microbiologie et Risques Infectieux, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Martin Stahl
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Alain Stintzi
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Baysse
- EA1254 Microbiologie et Risques Infectieux, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Troxell B, Hassan HM. Transcriptional regulation by Ferric Uptake Regulator (Fur) in pathogenic bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:59. [PMID: 24106689 PMCID: PMC3788343 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the ancient anaerobic environment, ferrous iron (Fe2+) was one of the first metal cofactors. Oxygenation of the ancient world challenged bacteria to acquire the insoluble ferric iron (Fe3+) and later to defend against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the Fenton chemistry. To acquire Fe3+, bacteria produce low-molecular weight compounds, known as siderophores, which have extremely high affinity for Fe3+. However, during infection the host restricts iron from pathogens by producing iron- and siderophore-chelating proteins, by exporting iron from intracellular pathogen-containing compartments, and by limiting absorption of dietary iron. Ferric Uptake Regulator (Fur) is a transcription factor which utilizes Fe2+ as a corepressor and represses siderophore synthesis in pathogens. Fur, directly or indirectly, controls expression of enzymes that protect against ROS damage. Thus, the challenges of iron homeostasis and defense against ROS are addressed via Fur. Although the role of Fur as a repressor is well-documented, emerging evidence demonstrates that Fur can function as an activator. Fur activation can occur through three distinct mechanisms (1) indirectly via small RNAs, (2) binding at cis regulatory elements that enhance recruitment of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme (RNAP), and (3) functioning as an antirepressor by removing or blocking DNA binding of a repressor of transcription. In addition, Fur homologs control defense against peroxide stress (PerR) and control uptake of other metals such as zinc (Zur) and manganese (Mur) in pathogenic bacteria. Fur family members are important for virulence within bacterial pathogens since mutants of fur, perR, or zur exhibit reduced virulence within numerous animal and plant models of infection. This review focuses on the breadth of Fur regulation in pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Troxell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
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McIlroy SJ, Kristiansen R, Albertsen M, Karst SM, Rossetti S, Nielsen JL, Tandoi V, Seviour RJ, Nielsen PH. Metabolic model for the filamentous 'Candidatus Microthrix parvicella' based on genomic and metagenomic analyses. ISME JOURNAL 2013; 7:1161-72. [PMID: 23446830 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Microthrix parvicella' is a lipid-accumulating, filamentous bacterium so far found only in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, where it is a common causative agent of sludge separation problems. Despite attracting considerable interest, its detailed physiology is still unclear. In this study, the genome of the RN1 strain was sequenced and annotated, which facilitated the construction of a theoretical metabolic model based on available in situ and axenic experimental data. This model proposes that under anaerobic conditions, this organism accumulates preferentially long-chain fatty acids as triacylglycerols. Utilisation of trehalose and/or polyphosphate stores or partial oxidation of long-chain fatty acids may supply the energy required for anaerobic lipid uptake and storage. Comparing the genome sequence of this isolate with metagenomes from two full-scale wastewater treatment plants with enhanced biological phosphorus removal reveals high similarity, with few metabolic differences between the axenic and the dominant community 'Ca. M. parvicella' strains. Hence, the metabolic model presented in this paper could be considered generally applicable to strains in full-scale treatment systems. The genomic information obtained here will provide the basis for future research into in situ gene expression and regulation. Such information will give substantial insight into the ecophysiology of this unusual and biotechnologically important filamentous bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jon McIlroy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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31
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Sun Y, Li X, Li W, Zhao M, Wang L, Liu S, Zeng J, Liu Z, Jia J. Proteomic analysis of the function of spot in Helicobacter pylori anti-oxidative stress in vitro and colonization in vivo. J Cell Biochem 2013; 113:3393-402. [PMID: 22678710 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a microaerobe, Helicobacter pylori employs the global regulator SpoT for defending against oxidative stress in vitro. However, the mechanisms how SpoT affects bacterial gene expression is still unknown. Moreover, the function of SpoT in H. pylori colonization in the host is remaining undetermined. To explore the functions of the SpoT in H. pylori pathogenesis, we constructed H. pylori 26695 spoT-deficient mutant (ΔspoT). While grown in ambient atmosphere, protein expression profile of the ΔspoT was analyzed with 2D gel electrophoresis and real-time PCR. Compared to the wild type, the spoT-deficient strain downregulated its transcription of the oxidative-induced genes, as well as the genes responsible for protein degradation and that related to energy metabolism. Meanwhile, the colonization ability of ΔspoT strains in Mongolian gerbil was tested, the results demonstrated a decayed colonization in the mouse stomach with ΔspoT than the wild type. As a matter of facts, the AGS cells infected with the ΔspoT strains excreted increased level of the gastric inflammation cytokines IL-8, and the ΔspoT strains showed poor survival ability when treated with reactive oxygen stress (sodium nitroprusside). The elevated capacity of stimulating cytokines and fragility to reactive oxygen stress may be contribute to decreased colonization of the spoT-deficient mutant in the mouse stomach. Conclusively, we speculate that spoT is a key regulator of the genes for H. pylori spreading in the air and colonization in host stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundong Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Fur activates expression of the 2-oxoglutarate oxidoreductase genes (oorDABC) in Helicobacter pylori. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:6490-7. [PMID: 23002221 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01226-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a highly successful pathogen that colonizes the gastric mucosa of ∼50% of the world's population. Within this colonization niche, the bacteria encounter large fluctuations in nutrient availability. As such, it is critical that this organism regulate expression of key metabolic enzymes so that they are present when environmental conditions are optimal for growth. One such enzyme is the 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) oxidoreductase (OOR), which catalyzes the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl coenzyme A (succinyl-CoA) and CO(2). Previous studies from our group suggested that the genes that encode the OOR are activated by iron-bound Fur (Fe-Fur); microarray analysis showed that expression of oorD, oorA, and oorC was altered in a fur mutant strain of H. pylori. The goal of the present work was to more thoroughly characterize expression of the oorDABC genes in H. pylori as well as to define the role of Fe-Fur in this process. Here we show that these four genes are cotranscribed as an operon and that expression of the operon is decreased in a fur mutant strain. Transcriptional start site mapping and promoter analysis revealed the presence of a canonical extended -10 element but a poorly conserved -35 element upstream of the +1. Additionally, we identified a conserved Fur binding sequence ∼130 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. Transcriptional analysis using promoter fusions revealed that this binding sequence was required for Fe-Fur-mediated activation. Finally, fluorescence anisotropy assays indicate that Fe-Fur specifically bound this Fur box with a relatively high affinity (dissociation constant [K(d)] = 200 nM). These findings provide novel insight into the genetic regulation of a key metabolic enzyme and add to our understanding of the diverse roles Fur plays in gene regulation in H. pylori.
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Bernarde C, Lehours P, Lasserre JP, Castroviejo M, Bonneu M, Mégraud F, Ménard A. Complexomics study of two Helicobacter pylori strains of two pathological origins: potential targets for vaccine development and new insight in bacteria metabolism. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:2796-826. [PMID: 20610778 PMCID: PMC3101863 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection plays a causal role in the development of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (LG-MALT) and duodenal ulcer (DU). Although many virulence factors have been associated with DU, many questions remain unanswered regarding the evolution of the infection toward this exceptional event, LG-MALT. The present study describes and compares the complexome of two H. pylori strains, strain J99 associated with DU and strain B38 associated with LG-MALT, using the two-dimensional blue native/SDS-PAGE method. It was possible to identify 90 different complexes (49 and 41 in the B38 and J99 strains, respectively); 12 of these complexes were common to both strains (seven and five in the membrane and cytoplasm, respectively), reflecting the variability of H. pylori strains. The 44 membrane complexes included numerous outer membrane proteins, such as the major adhesins BabA and SabA retrieved from a complex in the B38 strain, and also proteins from the hor family rarely studied. BabA and BabB adhesins were found to interact independently with HopM/N in the B38 and J99 strains, respectively. The 46 cytosolic complexes essentially comprised proteins involved in H. pylori physiology. Some orphan proteins were retrieved from heterooligomeric complexes, and a function could be proposed for a number of them via the identification of their partners, such as JHP0119, which may be involved in the flagellar function. Overall, this study gave new insights into the membrane and cytoplasm structure, and those which could help in the design of molecules for vaccine and/or antimicrobial agent development are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Bernarde
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
| | - Philippe Lehours
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
| | - Jean-Paul Lasserre
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
| | - Michel Castroviejo
- ‖Laboratoire de Microbiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire et Pathogénicité, UMR CNRS 5234, and
| | - Marc Bonneu
- **Pôle Protéomique, Plateforme Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, F 33076 France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
| | - Armelle Ménard
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
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Abstract
Lipoic acid [(R)-5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoic acid] is an enzyme cofactor required for intermediate metabolism in free-living cells. Lipoic acid was discovered nearly 60 years ago and was shown to be covalently attached to proteins in several multicomponent dehydrogenases. Cells can acquire lipoate (the deprotonated charge form of lipoic acid that dominates at physiological pH) through either scavenging or de novo synthesis. Microbial pathogens implement these basic lipoylation strategies with a surprising variety of adaptations which can affect pathogenesis and virulence. Similarly, lipoylated proteins are responsible for effects beyond their classical roles in catalysis. These include roles in oxidative defense, bacterial sporulation, and gene expression. This review surveys the role of lipoate metabolism in bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens and how these organisms have employed this metabolism to adapt to niche environments.
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Okoli AS, Wilkins MR, Raftery MJ, Mendz GL. Response of Helicobacter hepaticus to Bovine Bile. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1374-84. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900915f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arinze S. Okoli
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, The Universtiy of New South Wales, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of New South Wales, and School of Medicine, Sydney, The University of Notre Dame, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marc R. Wilkins
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, The Universtiy of New South Wales, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of New South Wales, and School of Medicine, Sydney, The University of Notre Dame, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark J. Raftery
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, The Universtiy of New South Wales, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of New South Wales, and School of Medicine, Sydney, The University of Notre Dame, New South Wales, Australia
| | - George L. Mendz
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, The Universtiy of New South Wales, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of New South Wales, and School of Medicine, Sydney, The University of Notre Dame, New South Wales, Australia
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Noh JH, Kim SH, Lee HN, Lee SY, Kim ES. Isolation and genetic manipulation of the antibiotic down-regulatory gene, wblA ortholog for doxorubicin-producing Streptomyces strain improvement. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:1145-53. [PMID: 20020285 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cross-genome comparative transcriptome analyses were previously conducted using the sequenced Streptomyces coelicolor genome microarrays to understand the genetic nature of doxorubicin (DXR) and daunorubicin (DNR) overproducing industrial mutant (OIM) of Streptomyces peucetius. In this previous work, a whiB-like putative transcription factor (wblA ( sco )) was identified as a global antibiotic down-regulator in S. coelicolor (Kang et al., J Bacteriol 189:4315-4319, 2007). In this study, a total genomic DNA library of a DXR/DNR-overproducing S. peucetius OIM was constructed and screened using wblA ( sco ) as a probe, resulting in the isolation of a wblA ortholog (wblA ( spe )) that had 95% amino acid identity to wblA ( sco ). Gene disruption of wblA ( spe ) from the S. peucetius OIM resulted in an approximately 70% increase in DXR/DNR productivity, implying that the DXR/DNR production in the S. peucetius OIM could be further improved via comparative transcriptomics-guided target gene manipulation. Furthermore, several putative wblA ( spe ) -dependent genes were also identified using S. coelicolor interspecies DNA microarray analysis between the S. peucetius OIM and wblA ( spe )-disrupted S. peucetius OIM. Among the genes whose expressions were significantly stimulated in the absence of wblA ( spe ), the overexpression of a conserved hypothetical protein (SCO4967) further stimulated the total production of DXR/DNR/akavinone by 1.3-fold in the wblA ( spe )-disrupted S. peucetius OIM, implying that the sequential genetic manipulation of target genes identified from interspecies comparative microarray analysis could provide an efficient and rational strategy for Streptomyces strain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Noh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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Jackson DN, Davis B, Tirado SM, Duggal M, van Frankenhuyzen JK, Deaville D, Wijesinghe MAK, Tessaro M, Trevors JT. Survival mechanisms and culturability of Campylobacter jejuni under stress conditions. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2009; 96:377-94. [PMID: 19774483 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-009-9378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Culture-based isolation and enumeration of bacterial human pathogens from environmental and human food samples has significant limitations.Many pathogens enter a viable but non-culturable(VBNC) state in response to stress, and cannot be detected via culturing methods. Favourable growth conditions with a source of energy and an ideal stoichiometric ratio of carbon to inorganic elements can reverse this VBNC state. This review will focus on the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni which is a leading cause of food borne illness in the developed world. C. jejuni can enter a VBNC state in response to extremes in: pH, moisture content, temperature,nutrient content and salinity. Once in a VBNC state,the organism must maintain an energy balance from substrate oxidation through respiration to grow,divide and remain viable. The goal of this review isa greater understanding of how abiotic stress and thermodynamics influence the viability of C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nathan Jackson
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2Wl, Canada
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Duckworth MJ, Okoli AS, Mendz GL. Novel Helicobacter pylori therapeutic targets: the unusual suspects. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009; 7:835-67. [PMID: 19735225 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the current status of the discovery and development of anti-Helicobacter therapies requires an overview of the searches for therapeutic targets performed to date. A summary is given of the very substantial body of work conducted in the quest to find Helicobacter pylori genes that could be suitable candidates for therapeutic intervention. The products of most of these genes perform metabolic functions, and others have roles in growth, cell motility and colonization. The genes identified as potential targets have been organized into three categories according to their degree of characterization. A short description and evaluation is provided of the main candidates in each category. Investigations of potential therapeutic targets have generated a wealth of information about the physiology and genetics of H. pylori, and its interactions with the host, but have yielded little by way of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Duckworth
- School of Medicine, Sydney, The University of Notre Dame Australia, 160 Oxford Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Momynaliev KT, Kashin SV, Chelysheva VV, Selezneva OV, Demina IA, Serebryakova MV, Alexeev D, Ivanisenko VA, Aman E, Govorun VM. Functional Divergence of Helicobacter pylori Related to Early Gastric Cancer. J Proteome Res 2009; 9:254-67. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900586w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuvat T. Momynaliev
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia, Endoscopy, Yaroslavl Regional Oncologic Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia, and Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Kashin
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia, Endoscopy, Yaroslavl Regional Oncologic Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia, and Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vera V. Chelysheva
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia, Endoscopy, Yaroslavl Regional Oncologic Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia, and Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oksana V. Selezneva
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia, Endoscopy, Yaroslavl Regional Oncologic Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia, and Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina A. Demina
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia, Endoscopy, Yaroslavl Regional Oncologic Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia, and Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marya V. Serebryakova
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia, Endoscopy, Yaroslavl Regional Oncologic Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia, and Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry Alexeev
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia, Endoscopy, Yaroslavl Regional Oncologic Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia, and Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Ivanisenko
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia, Endoscopy, Yaroslavl Regional Oncologic Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia, and Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ewgeniya Aman
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia, Endoscopy, Yaroslavl Regional Oncologic Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia, and Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vadim M. Govorun
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia, Endoscopy, Yaroslavl Regional Oncologic Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia, and Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Chiu HC, Lin TL, Yang JC, Wang JT. Synergistic effect of imp/ostA and msbA in hydrophobic drug resistance of Helicobacter pylori. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:136. [PMID: 19594901 PMCID: PMC2719649 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contamination of endoscopy equipment by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) frequently occurs after endoscopic examination of H. pylori-infected patients. In the hospital, manual pre-cleaning and soaking in glutaraldehyde is an important process to disinfect endoscopes. However, this might not be sufficient to remove H. pylori completely, and some glutaraldehyde-resistant bacteria might survive and be passed to the next patient undergoing endoscopic examination through unidentified mechanisms. We identified an Imp/OstA protein associated with glutaraldehyde resistance in a clinical strain, NTUH-C1, from our previous study. To better understand and manage the problem of glutaraldehyde resistance, we further investigated its mechanism. Results The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of glutaraldehyde andexpression of imp/ostA RNA in 11 clinical isolates from the National Taiwan University Hospital were determined. After glutaraldehyde treatment, RNA expression in the strains with the MICs of 4–10 μg/ml was higher than that in strains with the MICs of 1–3 μg/ml. We examined the full-genome expression of strain NTUH-S1 after glutaraldehyde treatment using a microarray and found that 40 genes were upregulated and 31 genes were downregulated. Among the upregulated genes, imp/ostA and msbA, two putative lipopolysaccharide biogenesis genes, were selected for further characterization. The sensitivity to glutaraldehyde or hydrophobic drugs increased in both of imp/ostA and msbA single mutants. The imp/ostA and msbA double mutant was also hypersensitive to these chemicals. The lipopolysaccharide contents decreased in individual imp/ostA and msbA mutants and dramatically reduced in the imp/ostA and msbA double mutant. Outer membrane permeability assay demonstrated that the imp/ostA and msbA double mutation resulted in the increase of outer membrane permeability. Ethidium bromide accumulation assay demonstrated that MsbA was involved in efflux of hydrophobic drugs. Conclusion The expression levels of imp/ostA and msbA were correlated with glutaraldehyde resistance in clinical isolates after glutaraldehyde treatment. Imp/OstA and MsbA play a synergistic role in hydrophobic drugs resistance and lipopolysaccharide biogenesis in H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chuan Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City 10051, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Jeon B, Muraoka WT, Zhang Q. Advances in Campylobacter biology and implications for biotechnological applications. Microb Biotechnol 2009; 3:242-58. [PMID: 21255325 PMCID: PMC3815368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2009.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major foodborne pathogen of animal origin and a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. During the past decade, especially since the publication of the first C. jejuni genome sequence, major advances have been made in understanding the pathobiology and physiology of this organism. It is apparent that C. jejuni utilizes sophisticated mechanisms for effective colonization of the intestinal tracts in various animal species. Although Campylobacter is fragile in the environment and requires fastidious growth conditions, it exhibits great flexibility in the adaptation to various habitats including the gastrointestinal tract. This high adaptability is attributable to its genetically, metabolically and phenotypically diverse population structure and its ability to change in response to various challenges. Unlike other enteric pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella, Campylobacter is unable to utilize exogenous glucose and mainly depends on the catabolism of amino acids as a carbon source. Campylobacter proves highly mutable in response to antibiotic treatments and possesses eukaryote‐like dual protein glycosylation systems, which modify flagella and other surface proteins with specific sugar structures. In this review we will summarize the distinct biological traits of Campylobacter and discuss the potential biotechnological approaches that can be developed to control this enteric pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghwa Jeon
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Weerakoon DR, Borden NJ, Goodson CM, Grimes J, Olson JW. The role of respiratory donor enzymes in Campylobacter jejuni host colonization and physiology. Microb Pathog 2009; 47:8-15. [PMID: 19397993 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni utilizes oxidative phosphorylation to meet all of its energy demands. The genome sequence of this bacterium encodes a number of respiratory enzymes in a branched electron transport chain that predicts the utilization of a number of electron transport chain donor and acceptor molecules. Three of these electron donor enzymes: hydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, and 2-oxoglutarate:acceptor oxidoreductase (OOR), oxidize hydrogen, formate and alpha-ketoglutarate as electron donors, respectively. Mutations were created in these donor enzymes to isolate mutants in hydrogenase (HydB::CM), formate dehydrogenase (Fdh::CM), and OOR (OorB::CM), as well as a strain with insertions in both hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase (Hyd::Fdh). These mutants are deficient in their respective enzyme activities and do not reduce the components of the electron transport chain when provided with their respective substrates. The presence of either hydrogen or formate in the media stimulated the growth of wild type (WT) C. jejuni (but not the associated mutant strains) and at least one of these alternative substrates is required for growth of the OOR mutant strain OorB::CM. Finally, the importance of hydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase and OOR as well as the complex I of C. jejuni are elucidated by chicken colonization assays, where the double mutant Hyd::Fdh, OorB::CM and nuo mutants are severely impaired in host colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan R Weerakoon
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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A redox basis for metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:1884-91. [PMID: 19223619 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01449-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori has been attributed to mutations in rdxA or frxA. Insufficient data correlating RdxA and/or FrxA with the resistant phenotype, and the emergence of resistant strains with no mutations in either rdxA or frxA, indicated that the molecular basis of H. pylori resistance to metronidazole required further characterization. The rdxA and frxA genes of four matched pairs of metronidazole-susceptible and -resistant strains were sequenced. The resistant strains had mutations in either rdxA, frxA, neither gene, or both genes. The reduction rates of five substrates suggested that metabolic differences between susceptible and resistant strains cannot be explained only by mutations in rdxA and/or frxA. A more global approach to understanding the resistance phenotype was taken by employing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with tandem mass spectrometry analyses to identify proteins differentially expressed by the matched pair of strains with no mutations in rdxA or frxA. Proteins involved in the oxireduction of ferredoxin were downregulated in the resistant strain. Other redox enzymes, such as thioredoxin reductase, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase, and superoxide dismutase, showed a pI change in the resistant strain. The data suggested that metronidazole resistance involved more complex metabolic changes than specific gene mutations, and they provided evidence of a role for the intracellular redox potential in the development of resistance.
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Luo J, Fukuda E, Takase H, Fushinobu S, Shoun H, Wakagi T. Identification of the lysine residue responsible for coenzyme A binding in the heterodimeric 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Sulfolobus tokodaii, a thermoacidophilic archaeon, using 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan as an affinity label. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1794:335-40. [PMID: 19027887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The heterodimeric 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (StOFOR) from Sulfolobus tokodaii, a thermoacidophilic archaeon, was inactivated by low concentrations of 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-F), with concomitant increase in fluorescence in subunit-b. The inactivation was prevented by CoA, suggesting that NBD-F covalently bound to the Lys which is responsible for CoA binding. The NBD-labeled subunit-b was isolated and digested with endoproteinase Lys-C. The resulting polypeptide mixture was separated by reverse phase HPLC and the fluorescent fraction was isolated. Amino acid sequencing of the fraction revealed that it comprised a mixture of two polypeptides containing Lys125 and Lys173, respectively. Two StOFOR mutants, K125A and K173A, were constructed, expressed and purified. K125A showed a large increase in the K(m) value for CoA and showed poor inactivation by NBD-F, compared with K173A and wild type StOFOR, indicating Lys125 in subunit-b is the critical residue that interacts with CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Tsugawa H, Suzuki H, Nakagawa I, Nishizawa T, Saito Y, Suematsu M, Hibi T. Alpha-ketoglutarate oxidoreductase, an essential salvage enzyme of energy metabolism, in coccoid form of Helicobacter pylori. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 376:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Schweiger P, Gross H, Wesener S, Deppenmeier U. Vinyl ketone reduction by three distinct Gluconobacter oxydans 621H enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:995-1006. [PMID: 18629490 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Three cytosolic NADPH-dependent flavin-associated proteins (Gox2107, Gox0502, and Gox2684) from Gluconobacter oxydans 621H were overproduced in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzymes were purified and characterized. Apparent native molecular masses of 65.2, 78.2, and 78.4 kDa were observed for Gox2107, Gox0502, and Gox2684, corresponding to a trimeric structure for Gox2107 and dimers for Gox0502 and Gox2684. Analysis of flavin content revealed Gox2107 was flavin adenine dinucleotide dependent, whereas Gox0502 and Gox2684 contained flavin mononucleotide. The enzymes were able to reduce vinyl ketones and quinones, reducing the olefinic bond of vinyl ketones as shown by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance. Additionally, Gox0502 and Gox2684 stereospecifically reduced 5S-(+)-carvone to 2R,5S-dihydrocarvone. All enzymes displayed highest activities with 3-butene-2-one and 1,4-naphthoquinone. Gox0502 and Gox2684 displayed a broader substrate spectrum also reducing short-chain alpha-diketones, whereas Gox2107 was most catalytically efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Schweiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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Sievert SM, Scott KM, Klotz MG, Chain PSG, Hauser LJ, Hemp J, Hügler M, Land M, Lapidus A, Larimer FW, Lucas S, Malfatti SA, Meyer F, Paulsen IT, Ren Q, Simon J. Genome of the epsilonproteobacterial chemolithoautotroph Sulfurimonas denitrificans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:1145-56. [PMID: 18065616 PMCID: PMC2258580 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01844-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur-oxidizing epsilonproteobacteria are common in a variety of sulfidogenic environments. These autotrophic and mixotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are believed to contribute substantially to the oxidative portion of the global sulfur cycle. In order to better understand the ecology and roles of sulfur-oxidizing epsilonproteobacteria, in particular those of the widespread genus Sulfurimonas, in biogeochemical cycles, the genome of Sulfurimonas denitrificans DSM1251 was sequenced. This genome has many features, including a larger size (2.2 Mbp), that suggest a greater degree of metabolic versatility or responsiveness to the environment than seen for most of the other sequenced epsilonproteobacteria. A branched electron transport chain is apparent, with genes encoding complexes for the oxidation of hydrogen, reduced sulfur compounds, and formate and the reduction of nitrate and oxygen. Genes are present for a complete, autotrophic reductive citric acid cycle. Many genes are present that could facilitate growth in the spatially and temporally heterogeneous sediment habitat from where Sulfurimonas denitrificans was originally isolated. Many resistance-nodulation-development family transporter genes (10 total) are present; of these, several are predicted to encode heavy metal efflux transporters. An elaborate arsenal of sensory and regulatory protein-encoding genes is in place, as are genes necessary to prevent and respond to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Sievert
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.
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The Campylobacter jejuni NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) utilizes flavodoxin rather than NADH. J Bacteriol 2007; 190:915-25. [PMID: 18065531 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01647-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni encodes 12 of the 14 subunits that make up the respiratory enzyme NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (also called complex I). The two nuo genes not present in C. jejuni encode the NADH dehydrogenase, and in their place in the operon are the novel genes designated Cj1575c and Cj1574c. A series of mutants was generated in which each of the 12 nuo genes (homologues to known complex I subunits) was disrupted or deleted. Each of the nuo mutants will not grow in amino acid-based medium unless supplemented with an alternative respiratory substrate such as formate. Unlike the nuo genes, Cj1574c is an essential gene and could not be disrupted unless an intact copy of the gene was provided at an unrelated site on the chromosome. A nuo deletion mutant can efficiently respire formate but is deficient in alpha-ketoglutarate respiratory activity compared to the wild type. In C. jejuni, alpha-ketoglutarate respiration is mediated by the enzyme 2-oxoglutarate:acceptor oxidoreductase; mutagenesis of this enzyme abolishes alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent O2 uptake and fails to reduce the electron transport chain. The electron acceptor for 2-oxoglutarate:acceptor oxidoreductase was determined to be flavodoxin, which was also determined to be an essential protein in C. jejuni. A model is presented in which CJ1574 mediates electron flow into the respiratory transport chain from reduced flavodoxin and through complex I.
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St Maurice M, Cremades N, Croxen MA, Sisson G, Sancho J, Hoffman PS. Flavodoxin:quinone reductase (FqrB): a redox partner of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase that reversibly couples pyruvate oxidation to NADPH production in Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:4764-73. [PMID: 17468253 PMCID: PMC1913460 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00287-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate-dependent reduction of NADP has been demonstrated in cell extracts of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. However, NADP is not a substrate of purified pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), suggesting that other redox active enzymes mediate this reaction. Here we show that fqrB (HP1164), which is essential and highly conserved among the epsilonproteobacteria, exhibits NADPH oxidoreductase activity. FqrB was purified by nickel interaction chromatography following overexpression in Escherichia coli. The protein contained flavin adenine dinucleotide and exhibited NADPH quinone reductase activity with menadione or benzoquinone and weak activity with cytochrome c, molecular oxygen, and 5,5'-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB). FqrB exhibited a ping-pong catalytic mechanism, a k(cat) of 122 s(-1), and an apparent K(m) of 14 muM for menadione and 26 muM for NADPH. FqrB also reduced flavodoxin (FldA), the electron carrier of PFOR. In coupled enzyme assays with purified PFOR and FldA, FqrB reduced NADP in a pyruvate- and reduced coenzyme A (CoA)-dependent manner. Moreover, in the presence of NADPH, CO(2), and acetyl-CoA, the PFOR:FldA:FqrB complex generated pyruvate via CO(2) fixation. PFOR was the rate-limiting enzyme in the complex, and nitazoxanide, a specific inhibitor of PFOR of H. pylori and Campylobacter jejuni, also inhibited NADP reduction in cell-free lysates. These capnophilic (CO(2)-requiring) organisms contain gaps in pathways of central metabolism that would benefit substantially from pyruvate formation via CO(2) fixation. Thus, FqrB provides a novel function in pyruvate metabolism and, together with production of superoxide anions via quinone reduction under high oxygen tensions, contributes to the unique microaerobic lifestyle that defines the epsilonproteobacterial group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin St Maurice
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia Health Systems, 409 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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