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Van Chuc D, Linh DP, Linh DV, Van Linh P. Clinical Epidemiology Features and Risk Factors for Acute Diarrhea Caused by Rotavirus A in Vietnamese Children. Int J Pediatr 2023; 2023:4628858. [PMID: 37408591 PMCID: PMC10319457 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4628858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute diarrhea caused by group A rotavirus (RVA) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally in children less than 5 years old. Acute diarrhea caused by RVA is often manifested by loose/watery stool leading to different degrees of dehydration. The detection of risk factors, diagnosis, and prompt treatment of acute diarrhea caused by RVA is critical. We aimed to describe clinical epidemiological features of acute diarrhea caused by RVA and its associated risk factors. Subjects and Method. We conducted a cross-sectional study that included 321 children under 5 years old with acute diarrhea at Haiphong Children's Hospital, Vietnam, from 1 August 2019 to 31 July 2020. Results Among the 321 children included in our analysis, 221 (68.8%) children were positive for RVA. Males represented 61.1% of cases, 41.2% of children were in the 12-<24-month age group, and the majority of cases were among children in suburban areas (71.5%). Clinical manifestations included loose and watery stool (100%), vomiting-fever-loose/watery stool (57.9%), vomiting-loose/watery stool (83.2%), fever-loose/watery stool (58.8%), dehydration (30%), hyponatremia (22.1%), hypernatremia (1.4%), and hypokalemia (15%). Risk factors for acute diarrhea caused by RVA included history of diarrhea, not exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months, living area, maternal education, and income. Conclusions Acute diarrhea due to RVA was very prevalent in children under 5 years old. Clinical manifestations included a high prevalence of loose/watery stools/day and dehydration with electrolyte disorder. Mothers should exclusively breastfeed their children for the first 6 months to avoid the risk of acute diarrhea caused by RVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Van Chuc
- Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong City, Vietnam
| | - Dang Phuong Linh
- Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong City, Vietnam
| | | | - Pham Van Linh
- Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong City, Vietnam
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Finkensieper J, Mayerle F, Rentería-Solís Z, Fertey J, Makert GR, Lange F, Besecke J, Schopf S, Poremba A, König U, Standfest B, Thoma M, Daugschies A, Ulbert S. Apicomplexan parasites are attenuated by low-energy electron irradiation in an automated microfluidic system and protect against infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07880-w. [PMID: 37233817 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07880-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-attenuated intracellular parasites are promising immunization strategies. The irradiated parasites are able to invade host cells but fail to fully replicate, which allows for the generation of an efficient immune response. Available radiation technologies such as gamma rays require complex shielding constructions and are difficult to be integrated into pharmaceutical production processes. In this study, we evaluated for the first time low-energy electron irradiation (LEEI) as a method to generate replication-deficient Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum. Similar to other radiation technologies, LEEI mainly damages nucleic acids; however, it is applicable in standard laboratories. By using a novel, continuous, and microfluidic-based LEEI process, tachyzoites of T. gondii and oocysts of C. parvum were irradiated and subsequently analyzed in vitro. The LEEI-treated parasites invaded host cells but were arrested in intracellular replication. Antibody-based analysis of surface proteins revealed no significant structural damage due to LEEI. Similarly, excystation rates of sporozoites from irradiated C. parvum oocysts were similar to those from untreated controls. Upon immunization of mice, LEEI-attenuated T. gondii tachyzoites induced high levels of antibodies and protected the animals from acute infection. These results suggest that LEEI is a useful technology for the generation of attenuated Apicomplexan parasites and has potential for the development of anti-parasitic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Finkensieper
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Mayerle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zaida Rentería-Solís
- Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Albrecht-Daniel-Thaer Institute, Rudolf-Breitscheid-Str. 35, 04463 Großpösna, Germany
| | - Jasmin Fertey
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gustavo R Makert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Lange
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joana Besecke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology FEP, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Simone Schopf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology FEP, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andre Poremba
- Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology FEP, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulla König
- Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology FEP, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bastian Standfest
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Thoma
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Prasetyo D, Ermaya YS, Sabaroedin IM, Widhiastuti D, Bachtiar NS, Kartasasmita CB. Genotype Profiles of Rotavirus Strains in Children under 5-year-old Outpatients with Diarrhea in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. J Glob Infect Dis 2022; 14:142-146. [PMID: 36636306 PMCID: PMC9831209 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_101_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diarrhea is a global leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five, with rotaviruses being the most common cause. This study aimed to determine the genotypes of rotavirus in children under 5 years with diarrhea in Bandung, Indonesia. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2014 to 2018 on 450 children under five with acute diarrhea in primary health centers in Bandung, Indonesia. Fecal samples were examined for rotavirus antigen using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, and genotype was determined through sequencing using polymerase chain reaction. Results were statistically analyzed using Pearson Chi-square in Epi Info version 3.5.4, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results Rotavirus was identified in 8.9% of the subjects, slightly higher in boys (n = 24, 9.8%) than girls (n = 16, 7.8%). We found that the most rotavirus positive in age group is >12-24 months and >24-59 months, while the highest percentage is at the age of ≤6 months (11.8%). Moderate malnutrition was observed in more subjects (12.8%). Vomiting was more frequent in patients positive (55%, P = 0.013) and fever was seen in 32.5% (P = 0.645). No signs of dehydration were seen in most subjects (75%), P = 0.227. Rotavirus genotypes identified were G1P[8] (18, 45%), G3P[8] (14, 35%), G3P[6] (4, 10%), G3P[9] (2, 5%), G2P[4] (1, 2.5%), and nontypeable (NT) (1, 2.5%). Conclusions The dominant rotavirus genotype is G1P[8], followed by G3P[8], G3P[6], G3P[9], G2P[4], and NT. The most common rotavirus positive in age group is >12-24 months and >24-59 months, while the highest percentage is at the age of ≤6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Prasetyo
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yudith Setiati Ermaya
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia,Address for correspondence: Dr. Yudith Setiati Ermaya, Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Jl. Pasteur No. 38, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. E-mail:
| | - Iesje Martiza Sabaroedin
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Cissy Bana Kartasasmita
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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Fan Q. A Clinical Nursing Care Study on the Prevalence of Rotavirus Infection and Acute Diarrhea in Vaccinated Chinese Pediatric Population from 2019-2022. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:6129-6142. [PMID: 36277240 PMCID: PMC9585908 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s383979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the prevalence of rotavirus infection and acute diarrhea after immunization and further assess the quality of nursing care provided by the nurses to such patients. Methods A total of 432 children aged 3–36 months with acute diarrhea between February 2019 and March 2022 were enrolled, and rotavirus testing was performed within 24 h using a rotavirus enzyme immunoassay kit. Clinical characteristics were evaluated, and regression analysis was performed. Results Eighty vaccinated children (18.5%) were confirmed to have rotavirus infection out of 432 children. The prevalence of rotavirus positivity was the highest at 20–28 months (22 cases, 24.44%) and 11–19 months age group (27 cases, 22.50%). There is a significant association between rotavirus infection and hygiene score (p = 0.009). Based on the association with quality of nursing care, rotavirus infection was association with “appropriate care” (p = 0.001). Conclusion Rotavirus infection was strongly associated with poor hygiene score which may be due to the hygienic nature of the mother and her family. Nursing care assessments revealed a huge gap between nurses and the guardians, which reflects the behavior of Chinese nurses. Thus, an intervention is required by the policymakers for implementing effective strategies of quality nursing for the improvement of the pediatric patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Fan
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Shanxi Children’s Hospital (Shanxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital), Taiyuan, 030000, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Qiuhua Fan, Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Shanxi Children’s Hospital (Shanxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital), Taiyuan, 030000, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-13-834209526, Email
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5
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Nipa NJ, Aktar N, Hira HM, Akter F, Jahan D, Islam S, Etando A, Abdullah A, Chowdhury K, Ahmad R, Haq A, Haque M. Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Pediatric Patients in a Metropolitan City of Bangladesh With Emphasis on Cryptosporidiosis. Cureus 2022; 14:e26927. [PMID: 35865179 PMCID: PMC9293268 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastrointestinal parasitic infections are one of the global health concerns in developing countries like Bangladesh. Among them, Cryptosporidium spp. plays an essential role in causing diarrhea, malnutrition, and poor cognitive function, especially in children. This study was conducted to identify the frequency of Cryptosporidium cases and other parasitic agents. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 219 hospitalized children with diarrhea. The conventional microscopic technique was applied for parasitic detection. Particular staining (modified Ziehl-Neelsen) procedure was performed to identify oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine the SSU rRNA and gp60 gene of Cryptosporidium. Results Cysts of Giardia duodenalis (2.3%), ova of Ascaris lumbricoides (1.4%,), Trichuris trichiura (0.5%), and both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura (0.9%) were identified in samples through wet mount preparation. The distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. as detected by the staining method and nested PCR was 1.4% and 4.1%, respectively. Conclusion Factors independently associated with Cryptosporidium infection are unsafe water, lack of regular hand washing, and insufficiency of exclusive breastfeeding. This study reports, presumably for the first time, the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in Chattogram metropolitan city of Bangladesh.
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Almalki SR, Ahmed WM, Allah Elhaj Y, Akhter N, Alharbi R, Alyahyawi H, Alatawi S, Katar H. Demographical and clinical features of suspected cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis at Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia. SAUDI JOURNAL FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_38_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Truong DTT, Kang JM, Tran NTH, Phan LT, Nguyen HT, Ho TV, Nguyen TTT, Hoang PL, Pham TMT, Nguyen TD, Hoang TA, Luong QC, Pham QD, Ahn JG, Yoon S, Nguyen TV, Yeom JS. Rotavirus genotype trends from 2013 to 2018 and vaccine effectiveness in southern Vietnam. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 105:277-285. [PMID: 33596479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rotavirus (RV) genotypes vary geographically, and this can affect vaccine effectiveness (VE). This study investigated the genotype distribution of RV and explored VE before introducing the RV vaccine to the national immunization programme in Vietnam. METHODS This hospital-based surveillance study was conducted at Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City in 2013-2018. Stool samples and relevant data, including vaccination history, were collected from children aged <5 years who were hospitalized with gastroenteritis. RV was detected using enzyme immunoassays and then genotyped. Children aged ≥6 months were included in the VE analysis. RESULTS Overall, 5176 children were included in this study. RV was detected in 2421 children (46.8%). RV positivity decreased over the study period and was associated with age, seasonality, location and previous vaccination. Among 1105 RV-positive samples, G3P[8] was the most prevalent genotype (43.1%), followed by G8P[8] (19.7%), G1P[8] (12.9%) and G2P[4] (12.9%). Overall VE was 69.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 53.3-80.6%] in fully vaccinated children and 58.6% (95% CI 44.1-69.4%) in children who had received at least one dose of RV vaccine. VE was highest for G3P[8] (95% CI 75.1-84.5%) and lowest for G2P[4] (95% CI 32.4-57.2%). CONCLUSIONS RV remains a major cause of acute gastroenteritis requiring hospitalization in southern Vietnam. The RV vaccine is effective, but its effectiveness varies with RV genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Thi Thuy Truong
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Department of Global Health Security, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Man Kang
- Department of Paediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ngoc Thi Hong Tran
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lan Trong Phan
- Directorial Board, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Thang Vinh Ho
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thao Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phuc Le Hoang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Trang Mai Thuy Pham
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Dieu Nguyen
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thang Anh Hoang
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Quang Chan Luong
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Quang Duy Pham
- Planning Division, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Training Centre, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jong Gyun Ahn
- Department of Paediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangchul Yoon
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Thuong Vu Nguyen
- Directorial Board, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Joon-Sup Yeom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Otieno GP, Bottomley C, Khagayi S, Adetifa I, Ngama M, Omore R, Ogwel B, Owor BE, Bigogo G, Ochieng JB, Onyango C, Juma J, Mwenda J, Tabu C, Tate JE, Addo Y, Britton T, Parashar UD, Breiman RF, Verani JR, Nokes DJ. Impact of the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccine on Hospital Admissions for Diarrhea Among Children in Kenya: A Controlled Interrupted Time-Series Analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:2306-2313. [PMID: 31544211 PMCID: PMC7245159 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monovalent rotavirus vaccine, Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline), was introduced in Kenya in July 2014 and is recommended to infants as oral doses at ages 6 and 10 weeks. A multisite study was established in 2 population-based surveillance sites to evaluate vaccine impact on the incidence of rotavirus-associated hospitalizations (RVHs). Methods Hospital-based surveillance was conducted from January 2010 to June 2017 for acute diarrhea hospitalizations among children aged <5 years in 2 health facilities in Kenya. A controlled interrupted time-series analysis was undertaken to compare RVH pre– and post–vaccine introduction using rotavirus-negative cases as a control series. The change in incidence post–vaccine introduction was estimated from a negative binomial model that adjusted for secular trend, seasonality, and multiple health worker industrial actions (strikes). Results Between January 2010 and June 2017 there were 1513 and 1652 diarrhea hospitalizations in Kilifi and Siaya; among those tested for rotavirus, 28% (315/1142) and 23% (197/877) were positive, respectively. There was a 57% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8–80%) reduction in RVHs observed in the first year post–vaccine introduction in Kilifi and a 59% (95% CI, 20–79%) reduction in Siaya. In the second year, RVHs decreased further at both sites, 80% (95% CI, 46–93%) reduction in Kilifi and 82% reduction in Siaya (95% CI. 61–92%); this reduction was sustained at both sites into the third year. Conclusions A substantial reduction in RVHs and all-cause diarrhea was observed in 2 demographic surveillance sites in Kenya within 3 years of vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grieven P Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Sammy Khagayi
- KEMRI-Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ifedayo Adetifa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Mwanajuma Ngama
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Richard Omore
- KEMRI-Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Billy Ogwel
- KEMRI-Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Betty E Owor
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Clayton Onyango
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jane Juma
- KEMRI-Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jason Mwenda
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Jacqueline E Tate
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yaw Addo
- Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tuck Britton
- Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert F Breiman
- Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - D James Nokes
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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9
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Girish Kumar CP, Giri S, Chawla-Sarkar M, Gopalkrishna V, Chitambar SD, Ray P, Venkatasubramanian S, Borkakoty B, Roy S, Bhat J, Dwibedi B, Paluru V, Das P, Arora R, Kang G, Mehendale SM. Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea among children less than 5 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction in India. Vaccine 2020; 38:8154-8160. [PMID: 33168345 PMCID: PMC7694878 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Rotavirus is an important cause of severe diarrhea requiring hospitalization, accounting for approximately 78,000 deaths annually in Indian children below 5 years of age. We present epidemiological data on severe rotavirus disease collected during hospital-based surveillance in India before the introduction of the oral rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization schedule. Methods The National Rotavirus Surveillance Network was created involving 28 hospital sites and 11 laboratories across the four geographical regions of India. From September 2012 to August 2016 children less than 5 years of age hospitalized for diarrhea for at least 6 h, were enrolled. After recording clinical details, a stool sample was collected from each enrolled child, which was tested for rotavirus antigen using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Nearly 2/3rd of EIA positive samples were genotyped using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to identify the G and P types. Results Of the 21,421 children enrolled during the 4 years surveillance, 36.3% were positive for rotavirus. The eastern region had the highest proportion of rotavirus associated diarrhea (39.8%), while the southern region had the lowest (33.8%). Rotavirus detection rates were the highest in children aged 6–23 months (41.8%), and 24.7% in children aged < 6 months. Although rotavirus associated diarrhea was seen throughout the year, the highest positivity was documented between December and February across all the regions. The most common rotavirus genotype was G1P[8] (52.9%), followed by G9P4 (8.7%) and G2P4 (8.4%). Conclusions There is high burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis among Indian children below 5 years of age hospitalized for acute diarrhea thereby highlighting the need for introduction of rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization program and also for monitoring circulating genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Girish Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Subarna Roy
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyothi Bhat
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Vijayachari Paluru
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Rashmi Arora
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjay M Mehendale
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India.
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10
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Msolo L, Iweriebor BC, Okoh AI. Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium pathogens as etiological proxies of gastroenteritis in some pastoral communities of the Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:187. [PMID: 32228662 PMCID: PMC7106725 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus agents have been associated with severe diarrheal illnesses and remain as one of the worst human health burdens in most developing regions. In the present study, we evaluated the incidences of Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus in diarrheal stool specimens of patients in some rural settlements of the Amathole District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Stool specimens from diarrheal children and elderly individuals were collected from clinics and hospitals within the rural communities of the region over a period of 21 months (February 2017–November 2018). Commercial enzyme-immuno-assays were used for the detection of Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium pathogens from processed diarrheal stool specimens. Results A total of 53 fresh stool samples from diarrheal patients were screened and 36% of the diarrheagenic stool specimens tested positive for Group A Rotavirus antigens, while 5.7% tested positive for Cryptosporidium antigens. Our findings reveal Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium pathogens as important etiological agents associated with diarrheal illnesses in children, among the rural hinterlands of the Amathole District Municipality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyanda Msolo
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa. .,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
| | - Benson C Iweriebor
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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11
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Houattongkham S, Yamamoto E, Sithivong N, Inthaphatha S, Kariya T, Saw YM, Vongduangchanh A, Keosavanh O, Hamajima N. Etiologic agents of acute diarrhea in sentinel surveillance sites in Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic, 2012-2015. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1115-1122. [PMID: 31993879 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to identify the pathogens of diarrhea in Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). The data of 2482 patients who visited eight health facilities due to diarrhea in 2012-2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Stool or rectal swabs collected from all patients were tested for bacteria. Children who were under 5 years old were additionally tested for rotavirus. Of 2482 cases, 1566 cases were under 5 years old, and at least one enteropathogen was detected in 475 cases (19.1%). Salmonella species was the most commonly detected bacterial pathogen. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Salmonella species was the major pathogen in the dry season and the wet season, respectively. Eighty-seven patients tested positive for multiple bacteria. Rotavirus was detected in 291 children under 5 years old (32.4%), mostly from October to April. The major bacteria of coinfection with rotavirus were EPEC followed by Salmonella species. Salmonella species was the predominant bacterial pathogen of diarrhea of all ages, and rotavirus was the predominant pathogen among children under 5 years old. Further studies examining other types of pathogens for diarrhea and the introduction of a rotavirus vaccine for children are needed in Lao PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souphatsone Houattongkham
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.,Epidemiology Section, Bacteriology Unit, National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Km 3 Thadeau Road, Ban Thaphalarnxay, Sisathanack district, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR
| | - Eiko Yamamoto
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Noikaseumsy Sithivong
- Laboratory Section, Bacteriology Unit, National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Km 3 Thadeau Road, Ban Thaphalarnxay, Sisathanack district, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR
| | - Souphalak Inthaphatha
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuyoshi Kariya
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Mon Saw
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Arounnapha Vongduangchanh
- Laboratory Section, Bacteriology Unit, National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Km 3 Thadeau Road, Ban Thaphalarnxay, Sisathanack district, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR
| | - Onechanh Keosavanh
- Epidemiology Section, Bacteriology Unit, National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Km 3 Thadeau Road, Ban Thaphalarnxay, Sisathanack district, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR.,Laboratory Section, Bacteriology Unit, National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Km 3 Thadeau Road, Ban Thaphalarnxay, Sisathanack district, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR
| | - Nobuyuki Hamajima
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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12
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Aziz AB, Ali M, Basunia AUH, Yunus M, Clemens J, Zaman K. Impact of vaccination on the risk factors for acute rotavirus diarrhea: An analysis of the data of a cluster randomized trial conducted in a rural area of Bangladesh. Vaccine 2020; 38:2190-2197. [PMID: 31983585 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is one of the causes of severe diarrhea and death in young children. To control the disease, safe and effective vaccines are being used in several countries. We assessed the impact of vaccination on the risk factors for acute rotavirus diarrhea (ARD) in Bangladesh. METHODS We used the data of a cluster-randomized trial. The clusters were 142 villages, 71 in each of the two arms of study. The infants were offered human rotavirus vaccine (HRV), Rotarix, over three-year period. We divided the time period into two equal periods (T1 and T2). A generalized estimating equation with logit-link function was used to evaluate the risk factors by arm and by period. RESULTS Among 10,917 children, 5,759 (53%) were in the HRV villages. We had 359 cases; 44% in the HRV villages. Mean age of attack was similar between the arms of study in T1, but significantly higher in HRV villages than that in the non-HRV villages in T2. In HRV villages, males were at a higher risk of having ARD than females in T1, but not in T2. In contrast, males were at a higher risk of having ARD in both the time periods in non-HRV villages. In HRV-villages, children having literate mother were at significantly higher risk of having ARD in T1 but not in T2; whereas children in the non-HRV villages had a higher risk of having ARD in T2. Children living in an area with higher phone users had more cases than their counterpart in non-HRV villages, but not in HRV villages. CONCLUSION Our study illustrates that several risk factors for ARD varied between the two arms of study as well as between the two periods of study. Assessing post-vaccination risk factors is, therefore, important for understanding the impact of vaccination and undertaking post-vaccination control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Martinez-Gutierrez M, Arcila-Quiceno V, Trejos-Suarez J, Ruiz-Saenz J. Prevalence and molecular typing of rotavirus in children with acute diarrhoea in Northeastern Colombia. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2019; 61:e34. [PMID: 31269110 PMCID: PMC6609135 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201961034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine, the number of
rotavirus-associated deaths and the predicted annual rotavirus detection rate
had slightly declined worldwide. Taking in account that in Colombia, Rotarix
vaccine was introduced in 2009, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the
presence of rotavirus A in children under five years who were treated for acute
diarrhoea in Bucaramanga, Colombia and, moreover, to determine the genotypes of
rotavirus present in those children. We performed an analytical cross-sectional
study of rotavirus A in faecal samples from children up to five years of age.
Stool samples were screened for rotavirus A using a lateral-flow
immunochromatographic assay and confirmed using a VP6 sandwich ELISA. Genotyping
of rotavirus A-positive samples was performed by PCR and sequencing of VP7 and
VP4 genes. The overall prevalence of rotavirus was 30.53% (95% confidence
interval [CI] 21.2 - 39.7). Most of the children with rotavirus (86.2%) had
received two doses of the rotavirus vaccine. G3 strains accounted for the vast
majority of cases (82.8%), followed by G12 strains (13.8%) and G3/G9
coinfections (3.4%). Among the P genotypes, P[8] was the most prevalent (69%),
followed by P[9] (31%). The most common G[P] genotype combination was G3P[8],
followed by G3P[9]. The main finding in this study was that rotavirus, in a
Colombian region, is still an important pathogen in children under five years
old, previously vaccinated. The results showed that different factors, such as
kindergarten attendance, could explain the epidemiology and transmission of
rotavirus in Bucaramanga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Victor Arcila-Quiceno
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Juanita Trejos-Suarez
- Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Programa de Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clínico, Grupo de Investigación en Manejo Clínico, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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14
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Shrestha S, Thakali O, Raya S, Shrestha L, Parajuli K, Sherchand JB. Acute gastroenteritis associated with Rotavirus A among children less than 5 years of age in Nepal. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:456. [PMID: 31117969 PMCID: PMC6532269 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a major public health problem in Nepal. This study was conducted to obtain information associated with Rotavirus gastroenteritis and to perform genotyping of Rotavirus A. Methods Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted from January to December 2017 among children less than 5 years of age attending Kanti Children’s Hospital and Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. Rotavirus A antigen detection was performed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) using ProSpecT Rotavirus Microplate Assay. Rotavirus A positive strains were further confirmed by genotyping using Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Results A total of 1074 stool samples were collected, of them 770 were hospitalized, and 304 were non-hospitalized cases. Rotavirus A infection was found in 28% of children with infection rate higher in hospitalized (34%) than in non-hospitalized (14%) children. Rotavirus A detection was higher in male (31%) than in female (24%), but this was statistically not significant (p > 0.05). Rotavirus A positivity was higher in children of age group 0–23 months, this result was statistically not significant (p > 0.05) with higher frequency found in the months of November, December, January, February and March (p < 0.05). On the basis of molecular analysis of Rotavirus A genotyping, G12P[6] (46.39%) was found to be the predominant followed by G1P[8] (35.05%), G3P[8] (7.21%) and G1P[6] (5.15%) while 4.12% was mixed infection and 1.03% was partially typed (p < 0.05). Conclusion Rotavirus A infection occurred throughout the year, but the infection was significantly higher during the month of March. The higher frequency of rotavirus infection was observed among children of age group 0–23 months; however this was not found to be statistically significant. In this study, G12P[6] is predominant genotype observed. The results of genotyping are essential for the introduction of Rotavirus vaccine in Nepal. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4092-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sony Shrestha
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Research Laboratory, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Ocean Thakali
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Research Laboratory, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sunayana Raya
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Research Laboratory, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Laxman Shrestha
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Keshab Parajuli
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Research Laboratory, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jeevan Bahadhur Sherchand
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Research Laboratory, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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15
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Bulut Y, Yenişehirli G, Durmaz R. Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus Strains in Under Five Children. Indian J Pediatr 2018; 85:364-368. [PMID: 29185230 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-017-2540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of rotaviruses in children presenting to authors' hospital in Middle Black Sea region of Turkey. The results may supply important information about vaccine studies in Turkey. METHODS Rotavirus antigen was detected by latex agglutination test and rotavirus RNA was detected by RT-PCR test. On the other hand, rotavirus positive samples were genotyped by semi-nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The highest rate of rotavirus positivity (46.9%) was observed among children in the 13 to 24 mo age group. All the positive-strains were in G1-4, G8-9, P [4], P [8], and P [9] genotypes. The most common G and P combination in present study was G9P[8] (n = 24, 28.9%). CONCLUSIONS The present results indicated that the most prevalent genotypes were G1, G9, P8, G9P[8] and G1P[8] in authors' region. Rotavirus vaccines used in this region must include mainly these genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Bulut
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, 60100, Tokat, Turkey.
| | - Gülgün Yenişehirli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, 60100, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Rıza Durmaz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Mandal A, Sengupta A, Kumar A, Singh UK, Jaiswal AK, Das P, Das S. Molecular Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Pathotypes in Diarrheal Children from Low Socioeconomic Status Communities in Bihar, India: Emergence of the CTX-M Type. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017; 10:1178633617739018. [PMID: 29151781 PMCID: PMC5680932 DOI: 10.1177/1178633617739018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood diarrheal diseases remain highly endemic in India, but the emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli among children with diarrhea in Bihar remains elusive. In this study, we determine and characterize ESBL-producing E coli pathotypes among hospitalized diarrheal preschool children living in low socioeconomic level communities in Bihar, India. Materials and methods The stool samples were collected everyday throughout the year for 2 consecutive years. In our study, we collected stool samples randomly from every fifth patient. Stool samples were collected from a total of 633 randomly selected diarrheal children (age: 0-60 months) belonging to 17 communities and screened for identification of virulent diarrheagenic E coli (DEC) pathotype (viz, enteropathogenic E coli [EPEC], enteroaggregative E coli [EAEC], enterotoxigenic E coli [ETEC], enteroinvasive E coli [EIEC], and enterohemorrhagic E coli [EHEC]) by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Furthermore, ESBLs were screened by conventional antibiotic resistance pattern testing and later characterized for the presence of β-lactamase (bla) genes by PCR and DNA sequencing. Results Diarrheagenic E coli was detected in 191 cases (30.2%) of the total 633 diarrheic children. Maximum occurrence of DEC was found in ≤12 months age group (72.7%) with prevalence of the EAEC pathotype. Most isolates were resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin, levofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin, whereas over 96% of them were sensitive to amikacin. About 37.6% of total 191 DEC isolates were ESBL producers (n = 72), being prevalent among ETEC (n = 35; 18.32%), followed by EPEC (n = 21; 10.9%), EAEC (n = 13; 6.8%), and EIEC (n = 3; 1.57%). Interestingly, the commonest β-lactamase was CTX-M type (blaCTX-M) in 86.1% (n = 62) of the ESBL isolates, followed by blaSHV (n = 49; 68%), blaTEM (n = 37; 51.8%), and blaOXA (n = 21; 29.1%) determinants. Resistance of ESBL isolates was mostly related to ampicillin (100%), ceftriaxone (98.1%), cefotaxime (92.4%), gentamicin (74.1%), and levofloxacin (73.2%), whereas best antimicrobial activities were observed for piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, meropenem, and imipenem. Conclusions This study revealed that EAEC (72.1%) is the predominant pathotype in Bihar, significantly high in ≤12 months age group children (P = .04). Moreover, the widespread prevalence of ESBLs in children, especially the CTX-M type, is of great concern, which requires monitoring of infection control measures through efficient antimicrobial management and detection of ESBL-producing isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Abhishek Sengupta
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Patna, Patna, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Utpal K Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Nalanda Medical College & Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Anil K Jaiswal
- Department of Pediatrics, Nalanda Medical College & Hospital, Patna, India.,Current address: Department of Pediatrics, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Patna, Patna, India
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17
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Hawash YA, Ismail KA, Almehmadi M. High Frequency of Enteric Protozoan, Viral, and Bacterial Potential Pathogens in Community-Acquired Acute Diarrheal Episodes: Evidence Based on Results of Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel Assay. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:513-521. [PMID: 29103266 PMCID: PMC5678467 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diarrhea is endemic in most developing countries. We aimed to investigate the protozoan, viral, and bacterial causes of acute diarrhea in Taif, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional prospective 1-year study was conducted on 163 diarrheal patients of various ages. Stool samples were collected, 1 per patient, and tested for 3 protozoa, 3 viruses, and 9 bacteria with the Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel. Overall, 53.4% (87/163) of samples were positives (20.8% protozoa, 19.6% viruses, 2.8% bacteria, and 9.8% mixed). Rotavirus (19.6%), Giardia duodenalis (16.5%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (8.5%) were the mostly detected pathogens. Adenovirus 40/41 (4.2%), Salmonella (3%), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (3%), and Entamoeba histolytica (2.4%) were also detected. Norovirus GI/II, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Clostridium difficile toxin A/B were not detected in any patients. All pathogens were involved in coinfections except E. histolytica. Giardia (5.5%) and rotavirus (3%) were the most commonly detected in co-infections. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (2.4%), Campylobacter spp. (2.4%), E. coli 0157 (1.8%), and Shigella spp. (1.2%) were detected in patients only as co-infections. Infections were more in children 0–4 years, less in adults <40 years, and least >40 years, with statistically significant differences in risk across age groups observed with rotavirus (P<0.001), Giardia (P=0.006), and Cryptosporidium (P=0.036) infections. Lastly, infections were not significantly more in the spring. This report demonstrates the high burden of various enteropathogens in the setting. Further studies are needed to define the impact of these findings on the clinical course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousry A Hawash
- Medical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Clinical and Molecular Parasitology Department, National Liver Institute (NLI), Menoufia University, Shebin Al Koom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Khadiga A Ismail
- Medical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mazen Almehmadi
- Medical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Mchaile DN, Philemon RN, Kabika S, Albogast E, Morijo KJ, Kifaro E, Mmbaga BT. Prevalence and genotypes of Rotavirus among children under 5 years presenting with diarrhoea in Moshi, Tanzania: a hospital based cross sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:542. [PMID: 29084598 PMCID: PMC5661935 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhoea is a main cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 responsible for approximately four billion cases and 1.1 million deaths annually. In developing countries, it causes two million deaths each year. The major causative organism responsible is Rotavirus which is responsible for one-third of hospitalizations with approximately 40% mortality. Results The prevalence of Rotavirus infection was 26.4% (73/277). The predominant strain of Rotavirus found was G1 21/73 (53.8%), followed by G8 9/73 (23.1%), G12 5/73 (12.8%), G9 3/73(7.7%) and G4 1/73 (2.6%). All serotypes identified were in children who had completed Rotavirus vaccination except for one who had G8 in whom the vaccine was introduced after they had completed immunizations. Conclusion The overall prevalence of rotavirus has reduced from 33.2% in 2009 to 26.4% in 2016. We have found G1 to be the predominant serotype as well as other circulating serotypes namely G4, G8, G9 and G12. Despite a reduction in prevalence, there is a need for further rotavirus surveillance in the region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-017-2883-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah N Mchaile
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania. .,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - Rune N Philemon
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Sonia Kabika
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Evelyn Albogast
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Kikoti J Morijo
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel Kifaro
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
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19
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Phan MVT, Anh PH, Cuong NV, Munnink BBO, van der Hoek L, My PT, Tri TN, Bryant JE, Baker S, Thwaites G, Woolhouse M, Kellam P, Rabaa MA, Cotten M. Unbiased whole-genome deep sequencing of human and porcine stool samples reveals circulation of multiple groups of rotaviruses and a putative zoonotic infection. Virus Evol 2016; 2:vew027. [PMID: 28748110 PMCID: PMC5522372 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated and synchronous surveillance for zoonotic viruses in both human clinical cases and animal reservoirs provides an opportunity to identify interspecies virus movement. Rotavirus (RV) is an important cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans and animals. In this study, we document the RV diversity within co-located humans and animals sampled from the Mekong delta region of Vietnam using a primer-independent, agnostic, deep sequencing approach. A total of 296 stool samples (146 from diarrhoeal human patients and 150 from pigs living in the same geographical region) were directly sequenced, generating the genomic sequences of sixty human rotaviruses (all group A) and thirty-one porcine rotaviruses (thirteen group A, seven group B, six group C, and five group H). Phylogenetic analyses showed the co-circulation of multiple distinct RV group A (RVA) genotypes/strains, many of which were divergent from the strain components of licensed RVA vaccines, as well as considerable virus diversity in pigs including full genomes of rotaviruses in groups B, C, and H, none of which have been previously reported in Vietnam. Furthermore, the detection of an atypical RVA genotype constellation (G4-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T7-E1-H1) in a human patient and a pig from the same region provides some evidence for a zoonotic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- My V T Phan
- Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Pham Hong Anh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bas B Oude Munnink
- Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Phuc Tran My
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tue Ngo Tri
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, UK
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- Kymab Inc., Cambridge, UK.,Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Maia A Rabaa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Cotten
- Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ali Z, Harastani H, Hammadi M, Reslan L, Ghanem S, Hajar F, Sabra A, Haidar A, Inati A, Rajab M, Fakhouri H, Ghanem B, Baasiri G, Gerbaka B, Zaraket H, Matar GM, Dbaibo G. Rotavirus Genotypes and Vaccine Effectiveness from a Sentinel, Hospital-Based, Surveillance Study for Three Consecutive Rotavirus Seasons in Lebanon. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161345. [PMID: 27571515 PMCID: PMC5003350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Globally, rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of gastroenteritis (GE) in children. Longitudinal data about changes in RV genotype distribution and vaccine effectiveness (VE) are scarce. This study was conducted in Lebanon over 3 consecutive RV seasons to estimate the rate of RVGE hospitalization, identify RV genotypes, determine the seasonal and geographical variations, and calculate RV VE. Materials and Methods This prospective, multicenter, hospital-based surveillance study was conducted between 2011 and 2013 and enrolled children (<5 years) admitted for GE. Socio-demographic and clinical data about the current episode of GE at admission were collected. Genotypes were determined from stool samples testing positive for RV by PCR. Results Of 1,414 cases included in the final analysis, 83% were <2 years old and 55.6% were boys. Median duration of hospitalization was 4 days and 91.6% of GE cases were severe (Vesikari score ≥11). PCR testing showed that 30.3% of subjects were RV-positive of which 62.1% had fever versus 71.1% of RV-negative subjects (P = 0.001). RV was predominantly detected in the cold season from November till March (69.9%). G and P genotype pairs for all RV-positive stool specimens showed a predominance of G1P[8] in 36% (n = 154) of specimens, G9P[8] in 26.4% (n = 113), and G2P[4] in 17.8% (n = 76). RV-negative subjects were more likely to be RV-vaccinated (21%) compared to the RV-positive subjects (11.3%) (P<0.001), with a vaccine breakthrough rate of 18.8%. The ratio of RV1-vaccinated for each RV5-vaccinated subject was 7.8 and VE against RV disease was 68.4% (95%CI, 49.6%-80.2%). Conclusion RV is a major cause of GE requiring hospitalization of children under 5 years of age in Lebanon. A few genotypes predominated over the three RV seasons studied. Mass RV vaccination will likely decrease the burden of hospitalization due to RV. VE is similar to what has been observed for other middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Ali
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Houda Harastani
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Moza Hammadi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lina Reslan
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Soha Ghanem
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah Hajar
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Sabra
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amjad Haidar
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Adlette Inati
- Department of Pediatrics, Nini Hospital, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Rajab
- Department of Pediatrics, Makassed General Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Fakhouri
- Department of Pediatrics, Rafic Hariri University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bassam Ghanem
- Department of Pediatrics, Nabatieh Governmental Hospital, Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | | | - Bernard Gerbaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Hôtel-Dieu de France University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan M. Matar
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail: ;
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Kiemde F, Spijker R, Mens PF, Tinto H, Boele M, Schallig HDFH. Aetiologies of non-malaria febrile episodes in children under 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:943-955. [PMID: 27159214 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the most frequent aetiologies found in febrile episodes of children under 5 years from sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for publications in English and French on non-malaria fever episodes in African children under 5 years of age, which were published between January 1990 and July 2015. Case reports and conference abstracts were excluded. RESULTS In total, 3851 titles and abstracts were reviewed, and 153 were selected for full screening of which 18 were included in the present review. Bloodstream infection (BSI) was most commonly investigated (nine of 18) followed by urinary tract infection (UTI) (four of 18) and respiratory tract infection (RTI) (two of 18). Few studies investigated BSI and UTI in the same children (two of 18), or BSI and gastrointestinal infection (GII) (one of 18). As for BSI, the most frequently isolated bacteria were E. coli (four of 12), Streptococcus pneumonia (four of 12), Salmonella spp (three of 12) and Staphylococcus aureus (two of 12) with a positive identification rate of 19.7-33.3%, 5.2-27.6%, 11.7-65.4% and 23.5-42.0%, respectively. As for UTI, the main bacteria isolated were E. coli (six of six) and Klebsiella spp (six of six) with a positive rate of 20.0-72.3% and 10.0-28.5%, respectively. No bacterium was isolated in RTI group, but Human influenzae A and B were frequently found, with the highest positive identification rate in Tanzania (75.3%). Dengue virus (two of 12) was the most frequently reported viral infection with a positive identification rate of 16.7-30.8%. Finally, only rotavirus/adenovirus (69.2% positive identification rate) was found in GII and no bacterium was isolated in this group. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of treatable causes of non-malaria fever episodes requires a proper diagnosis of the origin of fever followed by an appropriate treatment, thereby reducing the under-5 mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and preventing the overprescription of antibiotics and thus circumventing the rise of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Kiemde
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Nanaro, Burkina Faso.,Parasitology Unit, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Spijker
- Medical Library, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra F Mens
- Parasitology Unit, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Nanaro, Burkina Faso
| | - Michael Boele
- Global Child Health Group, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ibrahim SB, El-Bialy AA, Mohammed MS, El-Sheikh AO, Elhewala A, Bahgat S. Detection of Rotavirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Zagazig University Hospitals in Egypt. Electron Physician 2015; 7:1227-33. [PMID: 26435821 PMCID: PMC4590557 DOI: 10.14661/1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rotavirus is the major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in infants and young children all over the world. The objective of the study was to compare different methods for detecting rotavirus and to assess the burden of rotavirus as a causative agent for AGE in children younger than five. Methods: This case control study included 65 children with AGE and 35 healthy control children. They were chosen from the Pediatric Department of Zagazig University Hospitals from October 2014 to March 2015. Stool samples were obtained and assayed for rotavirus by the immunochromatography test (ICT), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real time RT-PCR (qr RT-PCR). Results: Fifty out of the 65 patients (76.9%) were positive for qr RT-PCR. Forty-five (69.2%) and 44 (67.7%) were positive for ICT and ELISA, respectively. There was a significant association between the severity of the disease as determined by the Vesikari score and rotavirus infection. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that ICT is a useful method for the rapid screening of group A rotavirus in fecal specimens, because it is rapid, inexpensive, easy to perform, and requires very little equipment. In addition, this study highlights the substantial health burden of rotavirus AGE among children less than five.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mervat Soliman Mohammed
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Azza Omar El-Sheikh
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elhewala
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Shereen Bahgat
- Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Tobias J, Kassem E, Rubinstein U, Bialik A, Vutukuru SR, Navaro A, Rokney A, Valinsky L, Ephros M, Cohen D, Muhsen K. Involvement of main diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, with emphasis on enteroaggregative E. coli, in severe non-epidemic pediatric diarrhea in a high-income country. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:79. [PMID: 25887696 PMCID: PMC4339106 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial and viral enteric pathogens are the leading cause of diarrhea in infants and children. We aimed to identify and characterize the main human diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) in stool samples obtained from children less than 5 years of age, hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Israel, and to examine the hypothesis that co-infection with DEC and other enteropathogens is associated with the severity of symptoms. Methods Stool specimens obtained from 307 patients were tested by multiplex PCR (mPCR) to identify enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Specimens were also examined for the presence of rotavirus by immunochromatography, and of Shigella, Salmonella and Campylobacter by stool culture; clinical information was also obtained. Results Fifty nine (19%) children tested positive for DEC; EAEC and atypical EPEC were most common, each detected in 27 (46%), followed by ETEC (n = 3; 5%), EHEC and typical EPEC (each in 1 child; 1.5%). Most EAEC isolates were resistant to cephalexin, cefixime, cephalothin and ampicillin, and genotypic characterization of EAEC isolates by O-typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed possible clonal relatedness among some. The likelihood of having > 10 loose/watery stools on the most severe day of illness was significantly increased among patients with EAEC and rotavirus co-infection compared to children who tested negative for both pathogens: adjusted odds ratio 7.0 (95% CI 1.45-33.71, P = 0.015). Conclusion DEC was common in this pediatric population, in a high-income country, and mixed EAEC and rotavirus infection was characterized by especially severe diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Tobias
- University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, P.O. Box 435, S-40530, Sweden.
| | - Eias Kassem
- Department of Pediatrics, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel.
| | - Uri Rubinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Laniado Medical Center, Natanya, Israel.
| | - Anya Bialik
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Sreekanth-Reddy Vutukuru
- University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, P.O. Box 435, S-40530, Sweden.
| | - Armando Navaro
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). 3er piso Edificio de Investigación, Circuito interior s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico.
| | - Assaf Rokney
- Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Lea Valinsky
- Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Moshe Ephros
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa; and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Dani Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Khitam Muhsen
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Rotavirus Diarrhea among Children in Taiz, Yemen: Prevalence-Risk Factors and Detection of Genotypes. Int J Pediatr 2014; 2014:928529. [PMID: 25197286 PMCID: PMC4145802 DOI: 10.1155/2014/928529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases are a great public health problem; they are among the most causes leading to morbidity and mortality of infants and children particularly in developing countries and even in developed countries. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children in both developed and developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence rate of Rotavirus infection, its genotypes, and risk factors among children with diarrhea in Taiz, Yemen. 795 fecal samples were collected from children (less than 5 years old), suffering from diarrhea and attending the Yemeni-Swedish Hospital (YSH) in Taiz , Yemen, from November 2006 to February 2008. Rotavirus was detected by enzyme linkage immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on stool specimens of children. Genotypes of Rotavirus were characterized by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The results showed that 358 (45.2%) were Rotavirus-positive and the most prevalent genotypes were G2P[4] (55%), followed by G1P[8] (15%). In addition, Rotavirus was found through the whole year; however, higher frequency during the summer season (53.4%) and lower frequency during the winter season (37.1%).
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Adenoviruses associated with acute diarrhea in children in Beijing, China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88791. [PMID: 24533149 PMCID: PMC3923065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses have been recognized as important causal pathogens of community-acquired diarrhea (CAD) among children, but their role in hospital-acquired diarrhea (HAD) is not well-understood. Hospitalized children with acute diarrhea and children who visited the outpatient department due to diarrhea were investigated from 2011 to 2012. Adenovirus was detected in stool specimens by PCR and further characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. SPSS software (version 19.0) was used for statistical analyses. A total of 2233 diarrheal children were enrolled in this study; this sample was comprised of 1371 hospitalized children, including 885 with CAD (IP-CAD) and 486 with HAD, and 862 outpatients with CAD (OP-CAD). Among these 2,233 patients, adenovirus was detected in 219 cases (9.8%). The positive rates for adenovirus were significantly different between the IP-CAD (9.3%), HAD (13.8%) and OP-CAD (8.1%) cases (X² = 11.76, p = 0.003). The positive rate of adenovirus was lower in infants under six months of age compared to the positive rates in the other age groups. Of the 219 of adenovirus positive patients, 91 (41.6%) were identified as having serotype 41. Although enteric adenovirus (group F) was the most frequently detected adenovirus among children with either CAD or HAD, the role of non-enteric adenoviruses, especially the adenovirus 31 type (19.7%), cannot be ignored in diarrheal children.
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Rotavirus prevalence and genotypes among children younger than 5 years with acute diarrhea at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33 Suppl 1:S41-4. [PMID: 24343612 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children <5 years of age worldwide. To determine the prevalence of severe rotavirus infection in children admitted with acute diarrhea attending Mulago National Referral Hospital in Uganda, active sentinel surveillance was conducted from July 2006 to December 2012. METHODS A total of 6387 children with acute diarrhea were enrolled into the public health surveillance system and of these, 5627 had stool samples collected and tested for rotavirus antigens by enzyme immunoassay ProSpecT Rotavirus kit. RESULTS Rotavirus was detected in 1844 (32.8%) of 5627 children with acute diarrhea that had stool specimens collected, and 93% of positive cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis were between 3 and 23 months of age, with highest prevalence in children 6-11 months of age. Rotavirus infections occurred throughout the year. During the surveillance period (2006-2012), a total of 354 positive stool samples were subjected to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and genotyping assays. The most common genotypes detected were G1P[8] (16.1%) and G9P[8] (15.3%), followed by G2P[4] (7.6%), G9P[6] (7.1%), G8P[4] (6.5%) and G12P[6](5.6%). Mixed G or P types (17.9%) and partially typed either G or P types (10.7%) were common. CONCLUSION Uganda would benefit by introducing rotavirus vaccine and hence reduce the hospitalization burden of managing acute diarrhea cases.
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Carrique-Mas JJ, Bryant JE. A review of foodborne bacterial and parasitic zoonoses in Vietnam. ECOHEALTH 2013; 10:465-89. [PMID: 24162798 PMCID: PMC3938847 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-013-0884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vietnam has experienced unprecedented economic and social development in recent years, and the livestock sector is undergoing significant transformations. Although food animal production is still dominated by small-scale 'backyard' enterprises with mixed crop-livestock or livestock-aquatic systems, there is a trend towards more intensive and vertically integrated operations. Changes in animal production, processing and distribution networks for meat and animal products, and the shift from wet markets to supermarkets will undoubtedly impact food safety risks in Vietnam in unforeseen and complex ways. Here, we review the available published literature on bacterial and parasitic foodborne zoonoses (FBZ) in Vietnam. We report on clinical disease burden and pathogen prevalence in animal reservoirs for a number of important FBZ, and outline opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Carrique-Mas
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist.5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,
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Barakat A, Halawa EF. Household costs of seeking outpatient care in Egyptian children with diarrhea: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2013; 14:42. [PMID: 23560125 PMCID: PMC3612868 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2013.14.42.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Addressing difficulties of seeking and getting health care would lower the burden of diarrhea among ill children from developing countries as Egypt. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the economic burden of diarrhea associated with outpatient visits of children in Egypt by identifying the different types of related costs. Methods This cross-sectional clinic-based survey was done by interviewing parents of 763 children presenting with diarrhea to the outpatient clinics of Pediatric Hospital of Cairo University. Estimated costs included tangible costs (direct, indirect) and intangible costs (forms of suffering). Insurance status of the children was also described. Descriptive statistics were presented in frequency tables, median, minimum, maximum, interquartile range, mean and standard deviation, whenever appropriate. Results It was found that 90. 7% of the studied children were of low and middle socioeconomic standard with a median monthly family income of US$83 and a median monthly expenditure of LE US$79. The average direct and indirect costs of acute diarrhea per case were US$13.2±19.5 and US$11.3±93.1 respectively. The mean cost per diarrheal episode is US$24.5 which almost consumes 29.5% of the mean monthly income. About 61% of cases sought medical care before visiting our hospital, 43.6% of them visited more than one provider. Awareness about health insurance was found in 72.7% and coverage by a health insurance system in 33%. Of insured patients only 41.4% utilized the insurance services. Conclusion Diarrhea causes great socio-economic burden for families in Egypt, which could result in significant delay in seeking health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Barakat
- Department of public health and epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Ferreira MSR, Cubel Garcia RDC, Xavier MDPTP, Ribeiro RL, Assis RM, Mota MDCMS, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP, Oliveira SAD. Genotyping of gastroenteric viruses in hospitalised children: first report of norovirus GII.21 in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:1064-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000800017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Njume C, Goduka NI. Treatment of diarrhoea in rural African communities: an overview of measures to maximise the medicinal potentials of indigenous plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:3911-33. [PMID: 23202823 PMCID: PMC3524604 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9113911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhoea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in rural communities in Africa, particularly in children under the age of five. This calls for the development of cost effective alternative strategies such as the use of herbal drugs in the treatment of diarrhoea in these communities. Expenses associated with the use of orthodox medicines have generated renewed interest and reliance on indigenous medicinal plants in the treatment and management of diarrhoeal infections in rural communities. The properties of many phenolic constituents of medicinal plants such as their ability to inhibit enteropooling and delay gastrointestinal transit are very useful in the control of diarrhoea, but problems such as scarcity of valuable medicinal plants, lack of standardization of methods of preparation, poor storage conditions and incertitude in some traditional health practitioners are issues that affect the efficacy and the practice of traditional medicine in rural African communities. This review appraises the current strategies used in the treatment of diarrhoea according to the Western orthodox and indigenous African health-care systems and points out major areas that could be targeted by health-promotion efforts as a means to improve management and alleviate suffering associated with diarrhoea in rural areas of the developing world. Community education and research with indigenous knowledge holders on ways to maximise the medicinal potentials in indigenous plants could improve diarrhoea management in African rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collise Njume
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, South Africa
- Centre for Rural Development, Enkululekweni, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
| | - Nomalungelo I. Goduka
- Centre for Rural Development, Enkululekweni, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
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Ansari S, Sherchand JB, Rijal BP, Parajuli K, Mishra SK, Dahal RK, Shrestha S, Tandukar S, Chaudhary R, Kattel HP, Basnet A, Pokhrel BM. Characterization of rotavirus causing acute diarrhoea in children in Kathmandu, Nepal, showing the dominance of serotype G12. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:114-120. [PMID: 23038804 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.048124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoeal diseases are a major problem in developing countries. Though precise data on childhood mortality associated with diarrhoeal diseases in Nepal are not available, it has been estimated that approximately 25 % of child deaths are associated with diarrhoeal disease, particularly acute diarrhoea. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of rotavirus causing acute diarrhoea in children less than 5 years of age. A total of 525 children with acute diarrhoea in a children's hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal, were enrolled between April and September 2011. The incidence of acute diarrhoea due to rotavirus was 25.9 % (136/525) as determined by ELISA. The percentage of rotavirus-infected males was higher (64.5 %) than females (35.5 %). The frequency of rotavirus cases was higher in children less than 2 years of age, among which the majority of cases (80.2 %) were in children between 6 and 24 months old (P<0.01). Genotypic characterization by RT-PCR revealed that the serotype G12 represented 55.9 % of cases in this study associated with P-types of either P[6], P[4] or P[8]. Further to this, a total of eight G/P combinations were identified, G12P[6] being the most common strain type of rotavirus in Nepal, with a prevalence rate of 46.4 %. The aim of this study was to find out the major genotypes of rotavirus causing acute diarrhoea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jeevan Bahadur Sherchand
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Basista Prasad Rijal
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Keshab Parajuli
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shyam Kumar Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rajan Kumar Dahal
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shovita Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sarmila Tandukar
- Public Health Research Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Raina Chaudhary
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Hari Prasad Kattel
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Amul Basnet
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bharat Mani Pokhrel
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Kargar M, Akbarizadeh AR. Prevalence and molecular genotyping of group a rotaviruses in Iranian children. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:24-8. [PMID: 23729998 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in worldwide young children. Effective vaccines to prevent rotavirus infection are currently available, although their clinical use is still limited, and rotavirus still causes many episodes of infantile gastroenteritis, mainly during the winter season. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of rotavirus infection in children aged <5-years-old who were hospitalised for gastroenteritis. One hundred and sixty-three stool samples from hospitalised children (<5-years-old) complicated with severe diarrhoea, in two hospitals in Jahrom City, Iran were collected from 2009 to 2010. Antigenic prevalence of rotavirus group A was distinguished by enzyme immunoassay. The antigen of group A rotavirus was diagnosed by EIA in 75 of 163 collected samples. The genotype of EIA-positive samples was determined by nested RT-PCR. The frequency of rotavirus genotypes G1, G2, G3, G4 and G9 was 17.33, 13.34, 2.67, 30.66 and 2.67 %, respectively. Also, the frequency of mixed and non-typable genotypes was detected in 2.67 and 30.66 %, respectively. G1/G8 mixed infection was the first of these rotavirus genotypes to be reported in Iran. Detection of high prevalence of group A rotavirus infection in hospitalised children with diarrhoea, and determination of circulating rotavirus genotypes in this region of Iran, provide useful data for formulating effective vaccines; especially for infants less than 5-years-old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
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Lamberti LM, Fischer Walker CL, Black RE. Systematic review of diarrhea duration and severity in children and adults in low- and middle-income countries. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:276. [PMID: 22480268 PMCID: PMC3364857 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally; yet the overall burden of diarrhea in terms of duration and severity has not been quantified. As improvements in treatment lead to decreases in diarrhea mortality, it is important to understand the substantial impact of diarrhea morbidity on disability among children and adults worldwide. Methods We conducted a systematic review to generate estimates of duration and severity outcomes for individuals 0-59 mos, 5-15 yrs, and ≥ 16 yrs, and for 3 severity indexes: mild, moderate, and severe. Results We estimate that among children under-five, 64.8% of diarrheal episodes are mild, 34.7% are moderate, and 0.5% are severe. On average, mild episodes last 4.3 days, and severe episodes last 8.4 days and cause dehydration in 84.6% of cases. We estimate that among older children and adults, 95% of episodes are mild; 4.95% are moderate; and 0.05% are severe. Among individuals ≥ 16 yrs, severe episodes typically last 2.6 days and cause dehydration in 92.8% of cases. Conclusions Moderate and severe episodes constitute a substantial portion of the total envelope of diarrhea among children under-five (35.2%; about 588 million episodes). Among older children and adults, moderate and severe episodes account for a much smaller proportion of the total envelope of diarrhea (5%), but the absolute number of such episodes is noteworthy (about 21.5 million episodes among individuals ≥ 16 yrs). Hence, the global burden of diarrhea consists of significant morbidity, extending beyond episodes progressing to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Lamberti
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N, Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Kawai K, O'Brien MA, Goveia MG, Mast TC, El Khoury AC. Burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis and distribution of rotavirus strains in Asia: a systematic review. Vaccine 2011; 30:1244-54. [PMID: 22212128 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children worldwide. We systematically reviewed the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and distribution of rotavirus strains in Asia. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the World Health Organization (WHO) website for the term "rotavirus" and the name of each country. We included studies that were conducted in children between 2000 and 2011 and that examined the epidemiology, health and/or economic burden of RVGE, and G and P-type distribution in Eastern, South East, Southern and Central Asia. Random effects models were used to pool the proportions of RVGE. We also estimated child mortality due to RVGE using the updated WHO and United Nations Children's Fund's mortality estimates in 2008. RESULTS The search identified 113 eligible articles. The incidence rates of rotavirus-related hospitalizations in children under 5 years of age ranged from 2.1 to 20.0 cases per 1000 children per year with the highest rates reported in Bangladesh, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Rotavirus accounted for 37.5% of year-round hospitalized gastroenteritis cases, with higher proportions reported in South East Asia. Rotavirus was associated with approximately 145,000 deaths every year in Asia, with the greatest numbers occurring in India, Pakistan, and Indonesia. The highest annual societal costs of treating RVGE were reported in China (US$365 million), followed by Japan (US$254 million) and India (US$41-72 million). A diversity of rotavirus G and P-types was observed across Asia and the distribution of strains differed by country and year. The most common strains were G1P[8] (23.6%), G2P[4] (11.8%), G3P[8] (18.9%), and G9P[8] (7.4%). CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus is associated with substantial hospitalizations and deaths among children and causes large healthcare expenditures throughout Asia. Safe and effective rotavirus vaccines could substantially reduce the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kawai
- Temple University, School of Pharmacy, 3307N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Tayeb HT, Balkhy HH, Aljuhani SM, Elbanyan E, Alalola S, Alshaalan M. Increased prevalence of rotavirus among children associated gastroenteritis in Riyadh Saudi Arabia. Virol J 2011; 8:548. [PMID: 22176997 PMCID: PMC3273455 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the epidemiology along with the molecular structure of rotavirus causing pediatric diarrhea among Saudi patients. However, in this report we sited the epidemiological reflect coming from our project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamsa T Tayeb
- National Guard Health Affairs & King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Research Genetic Laboratory, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Tra My PV, Rabaa MA, Vinh H, Holmes EC, Hoang NVM, Vinh NT, Phuong LT, Tham NT, Bay PVB, Campbell JI, Farrar J, Baker S. The emergence of rotavirus G12 and the prevalence of enteric viruses in hospitalized pediatric diarrheal patients in southern Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 85:768-75. [PMID: 21976585 PMCID: PMC3183790 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries, and the majority of infections are of viral etiology. We aimed to compare the etiological prevalence of the major enteric viruses in an urban and a rural setting in southern Vietnam. We simultaneously screened fecal specimens from 362 children in Ho Chi Minh City and Dong Thap province that were hospitalized with acute diarrhea over a 1-month-long period for four viral gastrointestinal pathogens. Rotavirus was the most common pathogen identified, but there was a differential prevalence of rotavirus and norovirus between the urban and rural locations. Furthermore, rotavirus genotyping and phylogenetic analysis again differentiated the genotypes by the sampling location. Our data show a disproportional distribution of enteric viral pathogens in urban and rural locations, and we provide evidence of continual importation of new rotavirus strains into southern Vietnam and report the emergence of rotavirus genotype G12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Vu Tra My
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Sdiri-Loulizi K, Ambert-Balay K, Gharbi-Khelifi H, Hassine M, Chouchane S, Sakly N, Neji-Guédiche M, Pothier P, Aouni M. Molecular epidemiology and clinical characterization of group A rotavirus infections in Tunisian children with acute gastroenteritis. Can J Microbiol 2011; 57:810-9. [PMID: 21942357 DOI: 10.1139/w11-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe viral gastroenteritis in early childhood worldwide. Thus, the objectives of our study were to determine the molecular epidemiology and the clinical features of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Tunisia. Between January 2003 and April 2007, a prospective study was conducted on 788 stool samples collected from children under 12 years of age who were suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus was detected by multiplex RT-PCR in 27% (n = 213) of samples, among them 79.3% (n = 169) cases were monoinfections. The frequency of rotavirus infections was significantly higher among inpatients (29%) than among outpatients (13%) (P < 0.001). The seasonal distribution of rotavirus diarrhea showed a winter peak, with an unusual peak from June to September. The mean duration of hospitalization was 6.5 ± 8.1 days and the mean age was 15.8 ± 22.8 months for rotavirus monoinfections. Fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydration were observed in 88, 98, 13, and 80 cases, respectively, in children with rotavirus monoinfections. G3P[8] (45.6%) and G1P[8] (23.9%) were the most common genotypes found in our study. The determination of rotavirus infection prevalence and the characterization of the rotavirus strains circulating will help us to better understand the molecular biology and epidemiology of the disease in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khira Sdiri-Loulizi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Vesikari T, Karvonen A, Bouckenooghe A, Suryakiran P, Smolenov I, Han H. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of the human rotavirus vaccine RIX4414 oral suspension (liquid formulation) in Finnish infants. Vaccine 2011; 29:2079-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rotavirus surveillance to determine disease burden and epidemiology in Java, Indonesia, August 2001 through April 2004. Vaccine 2010; 27 Suppl 5:F61-6. [PMID: 19931722 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study estimates rotavirus disease burden in children under age 3 years presenting with acute gastroenteritis to hospitals in Purworejo district and Yogyakarta city from August 2001 to April 2004. Among a total of 8929 hospitalized children, 1397 (16%) presented with acute gastroenteritis and of the 1321 stool samples tested, 705 (53%) were positive for rotavirus. Rotavirus infections were most common among children aged 7-23 months and rotavirus was more common during the dry season (June through August). Logistic regression analysis showed no differences in socioeconomic indicators between the rotavirus positive and negative admissions. Rotavirus vaccination may prevent a large proportion of all hospitalizations of young children under 3 years of age presenting with acute gastroenteritis.
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Rotavirus diarrhoea among children aged less than 5 years at Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR. Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 5:F85-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bai A, Guo Y, Shen Y, Xie Y, Zhu X, Lu N. Seasonality in flares and months of births of patients with ulcerative colitis in a Chinese population. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:1094-8. [PMID: 19051033 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reports on seasonality in flares or months of births of inflammatory bowel disease patients have been inconsistent, but little data are available in a Chinese population. The aim of this study was to determine whether symptom flares and births of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients follow a seasonal pattern. METHODS Patients with a diagnosis of UC established between January 1990 and December 2007 were investigated according to the occurrence of flares of symptoms and months of births. The expected flares or births were calculated on a monthly basis over the study period, taking into consideration the difference in the number of days in the month in each year. RESULTS A total of 409 UC patients were included in the study, and 1030 flares of symptoms were determined. The peak number of flares occurred during the spring and summer, especially in June, while the nadir occurred in the winter, especially in January (chi(2) ((11 df))=32.74304, P<0.005). The symptom flares also occurred more frequently in the spring-summer period than in the autumn-winter period (chi(2) ((3 df))=22.1269, P<0.001). There was no statistical difference in birth distribution on a monthly or seasonal (spring, summer, autumn, winter) basis. However, the births of UC patients occurred more frequently in the autumn-winter period than in the spring-summer period when the data were merged into these two seasonal components (chi(2) ((1 df))=5.255607, P<0.025). CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that the symptom flares of UC occurred more frequently in the spring and summer, while the births of UC patients occurred more often in the autumn and winter. Environmental recurring factors may be associated with the symptom flares of UC, and these factors during pregnancy or postpartum may be associated with susceptibility to UC later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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Musiime V, Kalyesubula I, Kaddu-Mulindwa D, Byarugaba J. Enteric Bacterial Pathogens in HIV-Infected Children With Acute Diarrhea in Mulago Referral and Teaching Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 8:185-90. [DOI: 10.1177/1545109709333082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective. HIV-infected children develop severe bacterial infections. We set out to determine the enteric bacterial pathogens in HIV-infected children and HIV-negative controls with acute diarrhea and their antimicrobial sensitivities. Methods. Children below 5 years of age with acute diarrhea were screened for HIV and their stools were analyzed by culture and use of antisera and the sensitivities of the pathogens were determined using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results. Of the 190 children, 47 were HIV positive. The prevalence rates of the pathogens in HIV-infected and -uninfected children were 19% (9/47) and 27% (38/143), respectively; odds ratio = 0.64 (95% confidence interval 0.20-1.97), P value .396. The pathogens in HIV-infected and -uninfected children were Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella species. Most isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole. Conclusions. Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella species significantly cause acute diarrhea in HIV-infected and -uninfected children and they are highly resistant to cotrimoxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Musiime
- Joint Clinical Research Centre, Clinic, Kampala, Uganda,
| | | | | | - Justus Byarugaba
- Paediatrics and Child healthy, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Molecular epidemic features and variation of rotavirus among children with diarrhea in Lanzhou, China, 2001-2006. World J Pediatr 2008; 4:197-201. [PMID: 18822928 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-008-0036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rotavirus (HRV) is the most common pathogen causing severe diarrhea among infants and young children worldwide. This study aims to understand rotavirus epidemiology and its variation in the period of 2001-2006 in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, and to provide an epidemiological basis for the development of rotavirus vaccine. METHODS A total of 1019 stool specimens were collected from patients with acute diarrhea admitted to the First Hospital of Lanzhou University from 2001 to 2006, who were younger than 5 years old. Dako IDEIATM kits were used for detection of rotavirus, and RT-PCR was performed for determination of G serotype and P genotype of the rotavirus. RESULTS Rotavirus was present in 51.6% (526) of the 1019 specimens. G serotype identified G3 at 40.9%, G2 14.6%, G1 22.2% and G9 1.9%. Mixed-G infection was observed in 4.4% and non-typeable infection 16.0%. P genotype was observed in 372 samples, of which P[8] accounted for 186 cases (50.0%), P[4] 72 cases (19.4%), mixed-P infection 2 cases (0.5%), and non-typeable cases 112 (30.1%). G3 was the most prevalent G serotype found in this study from 2001 to 2004, G2 was the most prevalent G serotype (34.4%) from 2004 to 2005, and G1 (61.5%) was the most prevalent strain from 2005 to 2006. G9 was detected in 10 cases (1.9%) and G4 was not detected during this 5-year period. P[8] was the most prevalent P genotype found over the 5 consecutive years of this study, although there was a significant transition of P genotype from 2004 to 2005 with P[4] (45%) identified as the predominant P genotype, followed by P[8] (22.1%). The predominant G-P combination was P[8]G1 (33.6%), followed by P[8]G3 (32.1%) and P[4]G2 (17.2%). Rotavirus diarrhea admissions peaked between October and December. Continuous surveillance showed that the incidence rate of rotavirus was the highest in infants aged 6-23 months, averaging 11.0-11.9 months. CONCLUSIONS Five years of continuous surveillance showed that rotavirus remains the most significant viral agent causing diarrhea hospitalization among children under 5 years old in Lanzhou, China although the predominant strain of rotavirus varies between years. Mixed-G serotype infection also appears to occur at a relatively high rate in Lanzhou.
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Hien BTT, Trang DT, Scheutz F, Cam PD, Mølbak K, Dalsgaard A. Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli and other causes of childhood diarrhoea: a case-control study in children living in a wastewater-use area in Hanoi, Vietnam. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:1086-1096. [PMID: 17644717 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A case-control study was conducted to identify the aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases in pre-school children in a suburban area of Hanoi where the use of untreated wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture is a common practice. Stool specimens and clinical information were collected from 111 pairs of children with diarrhoea and healthy controls. A total of 73 cases (66 %) and 41 controls (36 %) had an enteric pathogen. The pathogens most often associated with diarrhoea were rotavirus (17 % of cases) and Entamoeba histolytica (15 %), followed by Shigella (5 %). Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) was found in 23 % of both patients and controls. Characterization of DEC by serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility test and PFGE showed that DEC represented by different pathotypes belonged to various serotypes. Except for three enterotoxigenic E. coli strains, typing by PFGE revealed no correlation between pathotype and serotype of DEC strains. This suggests a high prevalence of a variety of DEC subtypes in this area. For this particular region, vaccine development strategies targeting rotavirus and Shigella are likely to be of public health benefit, whereas the role of DEC and preventive measures need to be further elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Thi Thu Hien
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Science, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Do Thuy Trang
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Flemming Scheutz
- International Escherichia and Klebsiella Centre (WHO), Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Parasitology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Phung Dac Cam
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Science, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Reither K, Ignatius R, Weitzel T, Seidu-Korkor A, Anyidoho L, Saad E, Djie-Maletz A, Ziniel P, Amoo-Sakyi F, Danikuu F, Danour S, Otchwemah RN, Schreier E, Bienzle U, Stark K, Mockenhaupt FP. Acute childhood diarrhoea in northern Ghana: epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics. BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7:104. [PMID: 17822541 PMCID: PMC2018704 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute diarrhoea is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Its microbiological causes and clinico-epidemiological aspects were examined during the dry season 2005/6 in Tamale, urban northern Ghana. Methods Stool specimens of 243 children with acute diarrhoea and of 124 control children were collected. Patients were clinically examined, and malaria and anaemia were assessed. Rota-, astro-, noro- and adenoviruses were identified by (RT-) PCR assays. Intestinal parasites were diagnosed by microscopy, stool antigen assays and PCR, and bacteria by culturing methods. Results Watery stools, fever, weakness, and sunken eyes were the most common symptoms in patients (mean age, 10 months). Malaria occurred in 15% and anaemia in 91%; underweight (22%) and wasting (19%) were frequent. Intestinal micro-organisms were isolated from 77% of patients and 53% of controls (P < 0.0001). The most common pathogens in patients were rotavirus (55%), adenovirus (28%) and norovirus (10%); intestinal parasites (5%) and bacteria (5%) were rare. Rotavirus was the only pathogen found significantly more frequently in patients than in controls (odds ratio 7.7; 95%CI, 4.2–14.2), and was associated with young age, fever and watery stools. Patients without an identified cause of diarrhoea more frequently had symptomatic malaria (25%) than those with diagnosed intestinal pathogens (12%, P = 0.02). Conclusion Rotavirus-infection is the predominant cause of acute childhood diarrhoea in urban northern Ghana. The abundance of putative enteropathogens among controls may indicate prolonged excretion or limited pathogenicity. In this population with a high burden of diarrhoeal and other diseases, sanitation, health education, and rotavirus-vaccination can be expected to have substantial impact on childhood morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Reither
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Northern Region Malaria Project, NORMAP, Tamale, Ghana
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Ignatius
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Weitzel
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Louis Anyidoho
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Eiman Saad
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Northern Region Malaria Project, NORMAP, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Andrea Djie-Maletz
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Ziniel
- Northern Region Malaria Project, NORMAP, Tamale, Ghana
| | | | - Francis Danikuu
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Stephen Danour
- Regional Health Administration, Ministry of Health, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Rowland N Otchwemah
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | | | - Ulrich Bienzle
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Frank P Mockenhaupt
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Bodhidatta L, Lan NTP, Hien BT, Lai NV, Srijan A, Serichantalergs O, Fukuda CD, Cam PD, Mason CJ. Rotavirus disease in young children from Hanoi, Vietnam. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26:325-8. [PMID: 17414396 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000257426.37289.8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogen prevalences and antimicrobial susceptibilities are essential for the rational development of preventive strategies for diarrheal diseases, but little recent information from Vietnam is available. We prospectively studied the prevalence of enteric pathogens in children less than 5 years of age with acute diarrhea and in nondiarrhea controls in a city hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam for 1 year. METHODS Enteric bacteria and viruses were detected by standard culture methods, and enzyme immunoassay in 291 cases and 291 controls. RESULTS Detection rates of viral pathogens among cases and controls were 31% and 3% for rotavirus, 12% and 1% for astrovirus and 4% and 1% for adenovirus. For bacterial pathogens, Aeromonas, Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter and enterotoxigenic E. coli were isolated from cases and controls in 15% and 8%, 9% and 1%, 7% and 1%, 4% and 0%, and 3% and 0%, respectively. The isolation of bacterial and viral pathogens except for adenovirus was significantly lower in controls than cases. Fluoroquinolones were effective against most bacterial enteropathogens, but resistance was observed in 27% of Campylobacter isolates. CONCLUSIONS Viral etiologic agents especially rotavirus were the most important cause of acute diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age in Hanoi. The burden of rotavirus in young children in Hanoi warrants consideration of using the recently released rotavirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Phyathai, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Rossignol JF, Abu-Zekry M, Hussein A, Santoro MG. Effect of nitazoxanide for treatment of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 368:124-9. [PMID: 16829296 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years, but there is no effective treatment. We assessed the activity of nitazoxanide, a broad-spectrum anti-infective drug, against rotavirus in cell culture and in a clinical trial in paediatric patients hospitalised with severe rotavirus diarrhoea. METHODS We did a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 50 children admitted to the Cairo University Children's Hospital between June 15 and Aug 23, 2005, with severe rotavirus diarrhoea. 38 children aged 5 months to 7 years (median age 11 months) with rotavirus as the sole identified cause of gastroenteritis were enrolled in the clinical study. Patients were randomly assigned either 7.5 mg/kg nitazoxanide as an oral suspension or placebo twice a day for 3 days, and all remained in hospital for 7 days after start of treatment. The primary endpoint was time from first dose to resolution of illness, and analysis was by modified intention-to-treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00302640. FINDINGS Survival analysis showed that the median time to resolution of illness was 31 h (IQR 22-73) for the nitazoxanide-treated group compared with 75 h (51-124) for the placebo group (p=0.0137). No significant adverse events were reported. INTERPRETATION A 3-day course of nitazoxanide significantly reduced the duration of rotavirus disease in hospitalised paediatric patients. These results are encouraging, and might lead us to think about new approaches to managing rotavirus disease in children.
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Vu Nguyen T, Le Van P, Le Huy C, Nguyen Gia K, Weintraub A. Etiology and epidemiology of diarrhea in children in Hanoi, Vietnam. Int J Infect Dis 2006; 10:298-308. [PMID: 16458564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper provides a preliminary picture of diarrhea with regards to etiology, clinical symptoms, and some related epidemiologic factors in children less than five years of age living in Hanoi, Vietnam. METHODS The study population included 587 children with diarrhea and 249 age-matched healthy controls. The identification of pathogens was carried out by the conventional methods in combination with ELISA, immunoseparation, and PCR. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by MIC following the NCCLS recommendations. RESULTS Of those with diarrhea, 40.9% were less than one year old and 71.0% were less than two years old. A potential pathogen was identified in 67.3% of children with diarrhea. They were group A rotavirus, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, with prevalences of 46.7%, 22.5%, 4.7%, and 7.3%, respectively. No Salmonella spp or Vibrio cholerae were isolated. Rotavirus and diarrheagenic E. coli were predominant in children less than two years of age, while Shigella spp, and enterotoxigenic B. fragilis were mostly seen in the older children. Diarrheagenic E. coli and Shigella spp showed high prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Children attending the hospitals had fever (43.6%), vomiting (53.8%), and dehydration (82.6%). Watery stool was predominant with a prevalence of 66.4%, followed by mucous stool (21.0%). The mean episodes of stools per day was seven, ranging from two to 23 episodes. Before attending hospitals, 162/587 (27.6%) children had been given antibiotics. Overall, more children got diarrhea in (i) poor families; (ii) families where piped water and a latrine were lacking; (iii) families where mothers washed their hands less often before feeding the children; (iv) families where mothers had a low level of education; (v) families where information on health and sanitation less often reached their households. CONCLUSIONS Group A rotavirus, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis play an important role in causing diarrhea in children in Hanoi, Vietnam. Epidemiological factors such as lack of fresh water supply, unhygienic septic tank, low family income, lack of health information, and low educational level of parents could contribute to the morbidity of diarrhea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Vu Nguyen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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