1
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Meola A, Guardado-Calvo P. Production and Purification of Hantavirus Glycoproteins in Drosophila melanogaster S2 Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2762:3-16. [PMID: 38315356 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3666-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Hantaviruses, are rodent-borne viruses found worldwide that are transmitted to humans through inhalation of contaminated excreta. They can cause a renal or a pulmonary syndrome, depending on the virus, and no effective treatment is currently available for either of these diseases. Hantaviral particles are covered by a protein lattice composed of two glycoproteins (Gn and Gc) that mediate adsorption to target cells and fusion with endosomal membranes, making them prime targets for neutralizing antibodies. Here we present the methodology to produce soluble recombinant glycoproteins in different conformations, either alone or as a stabilized Gn/Gc complex, using stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Meola
- G5 Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- G5 Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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2
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Cintron R, Whitmer SLM, Moscoso E, Campbell EM, Kelly R, Talundzic E, Mobley M, Chiu KW, Shedroff E, Shankar A, Montgomery JM, Klena JD, Switzer WM. HantaNet: A New MicrobeTrace Application for Hantavirus Classification, Genomic Surveillance, Epidemiology and Outbreak Investigations. Viruses 2023; 15:2208. [PMID: 38005885 PMCID: PMC10675615 DOI: 10.3390/v15112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses zoonotically infect humans worldwide with pathogenic consequences and are mainly spread by rodents that shed aerosolized virus particles in urine and feces. Bioinformatics methods for hantavirus diagnostics, genomic surveillance and epidemiology are currently lacking a comprehensive approach for data sharing, integration, visualization, analytics and reporting. With the possibility of hantavirus cases going undetected and spreading over international borders, a significant reporting delay can miss linked transmission events and impedes timely, targeted public health interventions. To overcome these challenges, we built HantaNet, a standalone visualization engine for hantavirus genomes that facilitates viral surveillance and classification for early outbreak detection and response. HantaNet is powered by MicrobeTrace, a browser-based multitool originally developed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to visualize HIV clusters and transmission networks. HantaNet integrates coding gene sequences and standardized metadata from hantavirus reference genomes into three separate gene modules for dashboard visualization of phylogenetic trees, viral strain clusters for classification, epidemiological networks and spatiotemporal analysis. We used 85 hantavirus reference datasets from GenBank to validate HantaNet as a classification and enhanced visualization tool, and as a public repository to download standardized sequence data and metadata for building analytic datasets. HantaNet is a model on how to deploy MicrobeTrace-specific tools to advance pathogen surveillance, epidemiology and public health globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Cintron
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (A.S.); (W.M.S.)
| | - Shannon L. M. Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (M.M.); (E.S.); (J.D.K.)
| | - Evan Moscoso
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Ellsworth M. Campbell
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (A.S.); (W.M.S.)
| | - Reagan Kelly
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Emir Talundzic
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (M.M.); (E.S.); (J.D.K.)
| | - Melissa Mobley
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (M.M.); (E.S.); (J.D.K.)
| | - Kuo Wei Chiu
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Elizabeth Shedroff
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (M.M.); (E.S.); (J.D.K.)
| | - Anupama Shankar
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (A.S.); (W.M.S.)
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (M.M.); (E.S.); (J.D.K.)
| | - John D. Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (M.M.); (E.S.); (J.D.K.)
| | - William M. Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (A.S.); (W.M.S.)
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3
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Hover S, Charlton FW, Hellert J, Swanson JJ, Mankouri J, Barr JN, Fontana J. Organisation of the orthobunyavirus tripodal spike and the structural changes induced by low pH and K + during entry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5885. [PMID: 37735161 PMCID: PMC10514341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41205-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Following endocytosis, enveloped viruses employ the changing environment of maturing endosomes as cues to promote endosomal escape, a process often mediated by viral glycoproteins. We previously showed that both high [K+] and low pH promote entry of Bunyamwera virus (BUNV), the prototypical bunyavirus. Here, we use sub-tomogram averaging and AlphaFold, to generate a pseudo-atomic model of the whole BUNV glycoprotein envelope. We unambiguously locate the Gc fusion domain and its chaperone Gn within the floor domain of the spike. Furthermore, viral incubation at low pH and high [K+], reminiscent of endocytic conditions, results in a dramatic rearrangement of the BUNV envelope. Structural and biochemical assays indicate that pH 6.3/K+ in the absence of a target membrane elicits a fusion-capable triggered intermediate state of BUNV GPs; but the same conditions induce fusion when target membranes are present. Taken together, we provide mechanistic understanding of the requirements for bunyavirus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hover
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Frank W Charlton
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Hellert
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Virologie (LIV), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica J Swanson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jamel Mankouri
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds, United Kingdom.
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - John N Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds, United Kingdom.
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Juan Fontana
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds, United Kingdom.
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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4
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Stass R, Engdahl TB, Chapman NS, Wolters RM, Handal LS, Diaz SM, Crowe JE, Bowden TA. Mechanistic basis for potent neutralization of Sin Nombre hantavirus by a human monoclonal antibody. Nat Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41564-023-01413-y. [PMID: 37322112 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rodent-borne hantaviruses are prevalent worldwide and upon spillover to human populations, cause severe disease for which no specific treatment is available. A potent antibody response is key for recovery from hantavirus infection. Here we study a highly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody, termed SNV-42, which was derived from a memory B cell isolated from an individual with previous Sin Nombre virus (SNV) infection. Crystallographic analysis demonstrates that SNV-42 targets the Gn subcomponent of the tetrameric (Gn-Gc)4 glycoprotein assembly that is relevant for viral entry. Integration of our 1.8 Å structure with the (Gn-Gc)4 ultrastructure arrangement indicates that SNV-42 targets the membrane-distal region of the virus envelope. Comparison of the SNV-42 paratope encoding variable genes with inferred germline gene segments reveals high sequence conservation, suggesting that germline-encoded antibodies inhibit SNV. Furthermore, mechanistic assays reveal that SNV-42 interferes with both receptor recognition and fusion during host-cell entry. This work provides a molecular-level blueprint for understanding the human neutralizing antibody response to hantavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stass
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Taylor B Engdahl
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nathaniel S Chapman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachael M Wolters
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laura S Handal
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Summer M Diaz
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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5
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Mittler E, Serris A, Esterman ES, Florez C, Polanco LC, O'Brien CM, Slough MM, Tynell J, Gröning R, Sun Y, Abelson DM, Wec AZ, Haslwanter D, Keller M, Ye C, Bakken RR, Jangra RK, Dye JM, Ahlm C, Rappazzo CG, Ulrich RG, Zeitlin L, Geoghegan JC, Bradfute SB, Sidoli S, Forsell MNE, Strandin T, Rey FA, Herbert AS, Walker LM, Chandran K, Guardado-Calvo P. Structural and mechanistic basis of neutralization by a pan-hantavirus protective antibody. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg1855. [PMID: 37315110 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Emerging rodent-borne hantaviruses cause severe diseases in humans with no approved vaccines or therapeutics. We recently isolated a monoclonal broadly neutralizing antibody (nAb) from a Puumala virus-experienced human donor. Here, we report its structure bound to its target, the Gn/Gc glycoprotein heterodimer comprising the viral fusion complex. The structure explains the broad activity of the nAb: It recognizes conserved Gc fusion loop sequences and the main chain of variable Gn sequences, thereby straddling the Gn/Gc heterodimer and locking it in its prefusion conformation. We show that the nAb's accelerated dissociation from the divergent Andes virus Gn/Gc at endosomal acidic pH limits its potency against this highly lethal virus and correct this liability by engineering an optimized variant that sets a benchmark as a candidate pan-hantavirus therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alexandra Serris
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Structural Virology Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Catalina Florez
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Laura C Polanco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Cecilia M O'Brien
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Megan M Slough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Janne Tynell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Remigius Gröning
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Markus Keller
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Chunyan Ye
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Russel R Bakken
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Partner site: Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Tomas Strandin
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Felix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Structural Virology Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Structural Virology Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
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6
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Engdahl TB, Binshtein E, Brocato RL, Kuzmina NA, Principe LM, Kwilas SA, Kim RK, Chapman NS, Porter MS, Guardado-Calvo P, Rey FA, Handal LS, Diaz SM, Zagol-Ikapitte IA, Tran MH, McDonald WH, Meiler J, Reidy JX, Trivette A, Bukreyev A, Hooper JW, Crowe JE. Antigenic mapping and functional characterization of human New World hantavirus neutralizing antibodies. eLife 2023; 12:e81743. [PMID: 36971354 PMCID: PMC10115451 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are high-priority emerging pathogens carried by rodents and transmitted to humans by aerosolized excreta or, in rare cases, person-to-person contact. While infections in humans are relatively rare, mortality rates range from 1 to 40% depending on the hantavirus species. There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics for hantaviruses, and the only treatment for infection is supportive care for respiratory or kidney failure. Additionally, the human humoral immune response to hantavirus infection is incompletely understood, especially the location of major antigenic sites on the viral glycoproteins and conserved neutralizing epitopes. Here, we report antigenic mapping and functional characterization for four neutralizing hantavirus antibodies. The broadly neutralizing antibody SNV-53 targets an interface between Gn/Gc, neutralizes through fusion inhibition and cross-protects against the Old World hantavirus species Hantaan virus when administered pre- or post-exposure. Another broad antibody, SNV-24, also neutralizes through fusion inhibition but targets domain I of Gc and demonstrates weak neutralizing activity to authentic hantaviruses. ANDV-specific, neutralizing antibodies (ANDV-5 and ANDV-34) neutralize through attachment blocking and protect against hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in animals but target two different antigenic faces on the head domain of Gn. Determining the antigenic sites for neutralizing antibodies will contribute to further therapeutic development for hantavirus-related diseases and inform the design of new broadly protective hantavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor B Engdahl
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Rebecca L Brocato
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious DiseasesFt DetrickUnited States
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at GalvestonGalvestonUnited States
- Galveston National LaboratoryGalvestonUnited States
| | - Lucia M Principe
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious DiseasesFt DetrickUnited States
| | - Steven A Kwilas
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious DiseasesFt DetrickUnited States
| | - Robert K Kim
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious DiseasesFt DetrickUnited States
| | - Nathaniel S Chapman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Monique S Porter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | | | - Félix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Laura S Handal
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Summer M Diaz
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Irene A Zagol-Ikapitte
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Minh H Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - W Hayes McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Joseph X Reidy
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Andrew Trivette
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at GalvestonGalvestonUnited States
- Galveston National LaboratoryGalvestonUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonUnited States
| | - Jay W Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious DiseasesFt DetrickUnited States
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
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7
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Mittler E, Wec AZ, Tynell J, Guardado-Calvo P, Wigren-Byström J, Polanco LC, O’Brien CM, Slough MM, Abelson DM, Serris A, Sakharkar M, Pehau-Arnaudet G, Bakken RR, Geoghegan JC, Jangra RK, Keller M, Zeitlin L, Vapalahti O, Ulrich RG, Bornholdt ZA, Ahlm C, Rey FA, Dye JM, Bradfute SB, Strandin T, Herbert AS, Forsell MN, Walker LM, Chandran K. Human antibody recognizing a quaternary epitope in the Puumala virus glycoprotein provides broad protection against orthohantaviruses. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabl5399. [PMID: 35294259 PMCID: PMC9805701 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The rodent-borne hantavirus Puumala virus (PUUV) and related agents cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans. Other hantaviruses, including Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus, cause a distinct zoonotic disease, hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Although these infections are severe and have substantial case fatality rates, no FDA-approved hantavirus countermeasures are available. Recent work suggests that monoclonal antibodies may have therapeutic utility. We describe here the isolation of human neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against tetrameric Gn/Gc glycoprotein spikes from PUUV-experienced donors. We define a dominant class of nAbs recognizing the "capping loop" of Gn that masks the hydrophobic fusion loops in Gc. A subset of nAbs in this class, including ADI-42898, bound Gn/Gc complexes but not Gn alone, strongly suggesting that they recognize a quaternary epitope encompassing both Gn and Gc. ADI-42898 blocked the cell entry of seven HCPS- and HFRS-associated hantaviruses, and single doses of this nAb could protect Syrian hamsters and bank voles challenged with the highly virulent HCPS-causing ANDV and HFRS-causing PUUV, respectively. ADI-42898 is a promising candidate for clinical development as a countermeasure for both HCPS and HFRS, and its mode of Gn/Gc recognition informs the development of broadly protective hantavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Janne Tynell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University; Umeå, Sweden.,Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; Paris 75724, France
| | | | - Laura C. Polanco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Cecilia M. O’Brien
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.,The Geneva Foundation; Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Megan M. Slough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Serris
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; Paris 75724, France
| | | | - Gerard Pehau-Arnaudet
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; Paris 75724, France
| | - Russell R. Bakken
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Markus Keller
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc.; San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland.,Veterinary Biosciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems; Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University; Umeå, Sweden
| | - Felix A. Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; Paris 75724, France
| | - John M. Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven B. Bradfute
- University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine; Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Tomas Strandin
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland.,Correspondence: (T.S.), (A.S.H.), (M.N.E.F.), (L.M.W.), (K.C.)
| | - Andrew S. Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.,The Geneva Foundation; Tacoma, WA 98402, USA.,Correspondence: (T.S.), (A.S.H.), (M.N.E.F.), (L.M.W.), (K.C.)
| | - Mattias N.E. Forsell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University; Umeå, Sweden.,Correspondence: (T.S.), (A.S.H.), (M.N.E.F.), (L.M.W.), (K.C.)
| | - Laura M. Walker
- Adimab, LLC; Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.,Adagio Therapeutics, Inc.; Waltham, MA 02451, USA.,Correspondence: (T.S.), (A.S.H.), (M.N.E.F.), (L.M.W.), (K.C.)
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Correspondence: (T.S.), (A.S.H.), (M.N.E.F.), (L.M.W.), (K.C.)
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8
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Guardado-Calvo P, Rey FA. The Viral Class II Membrane Fusion Machinery: Divergent Evolution from an Ancestral Heterodimer. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122368. [PMID: 34960636 PMCID: PMC8706100 DOI: 10.3390/v13122368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A key step during the entry of enveloped viruses into cells is the merger of viral and cell lipid bilayers. This process is driven by a dedicated membrane fusion protein (MFP) present at the virion surface, which undergoes a membrane–fusogenic conformational change triggered by interactions with the target cell. Viral MFPs have been extensively studied structurally, and are divided into three classes depending on their three-dimensional fold. Because MFPs of the same class are found in otherwise unrelated viruses, their intra-class structural homology indicates horizontal gene exchange. We focus this review on the class II fusion machinery, which is composed of two glycoproteins that associate as heterodimers. They fold together in the ER of infected cells such that the MFP adopts a conformation primed to react to specific clues only upon contact with a target cell, avoiding premature fusion in the producer cell. We show that, despite having diverged in their 3D fold during evolution much more than the actual MFP, the class II accompanying proteins (AP) also derive from a distant common ancestor, displaying an invariant core formed by a β-ribbon and a C-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain playing different functional roles—heterotypic interactions with the MFP, and homotypic AP/AP contacts to form spikes, respectively. Our analysis shows that class II APs are easily identifiable with modern structural prediction algorithms, providing useful information in devising immunogens for vaccine design.
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Rissanen I, Krumm SA, Stass R, Whitaker A, Voss JE, Bruce EA, Rothenberger S, Kunz S, Burton DR, Huiskonen JT, Botten JW, Bowden TA, Doores KJ. Structural Basis for a Neutralizing Antibody Response Elicited by a Recombinant Hantaan Virus Gn Immunogen. mBio 2021; 12:e0253120. [PMID: 34225492 PMCID: PMC8406324 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02531-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are a group of emerging pathogens capable of causing severe disease upon zoonotic transmission to humans. The mature hantavirus surface presents higher-order tetrameric assemblies of two glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, which are responsible for negotiating host cell entry and constitute key therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that recombinantly derived Gn from Hantaan virus (HTNV) elicits a neutralizing antibody response (serum dilution that inhibits 50% infection [ID50], 1:200 to 1:850) in an animal model. Using antigen-specific B cell sorting, we isolated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exhibiting neutralizing and non-neutralizing activity, termed mAb HTN-Gn1 and mAb nnHTN-Gn2, respectively. Crystallographic analysis reveals that these mAbs target spatially distinct epitopes at disparate sites of the N-terminal region of the HTNV Gn ectodomain. Epitope mapping onto a model of the higher order (Gn-Gc)4 spike supports the immune accessibility of the mAb HTN-Gn1 epitope, a hypothesis confirmed by electron cryo-tomography of the antibody with virus-like particles. These data define natively exposed regions of the hantaviral Gn that can be targeted in immunogen design. IMPORTANCE The spillover of pathogenic hantaviruses from rodent reservoirs into the human population poses a continued threat to human health. Here, we show that a recombinant form of the Hantaan virus (HTNV) surface-displayed glycoprotein, Gn, elicits a neutralizing antibody response in rabbits. We isolated a neutralizing (HTN-Gn1) and a non-neutralizing (nnHTN-Gn2) monoclonal antibody and provide the first molecular-level insights into how the Gn glycoprotein may be targeted by the antibody-mediated immune response. These findings may guide rational vaccine design approaches focused on targeting the hantavirus glycoprotein envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Rissanen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, grid.4991.5University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefanie A. Krumm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Stass
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, grid.4991.5University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Annalis Whitaker
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, grid.59062.38University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, grid.59062.38University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - James E. Voss
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Emily A. Bruce
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, grid.59062.38University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, grid.59062.38University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sylvia Rothenberger
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Juha T. Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, grid.4991.5University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jason W. Botten
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, grid.59062.38University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, grid.59062.38University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, grid.4991.5University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Guardado-Calvo P, Rey FA. The surface glycoproteins of hantaviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 50:87-94. [PMID: 34418649 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are rodent-borne viruses distributed worldwide, transmitted through the air and with the ability to spread from person to person. They maintain a non-symptomatic persistent infection in their rodent hosts, but their spillover to humans produces a renal or pulmonary syndrome associated with high fatality rates. Hantavirus particles are lipid-enveloped and display a characteristic surface lattice built up of tetragonal spikes composed of two glycoproteins, Gn and Gc. The pleomorphism of these particles has hindered cryo-EM efforts to obtain detailed structural information and only by using a combination of X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron tomography it was possible to build an atomic model of the surface lattice. Here we review these structural efforts and the unanticipated evolutionary relations between hantaviruses and alphaviruses highlighted by these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Félix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Virology Unit, and CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
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11
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Meier K, Thorkelsson SR, Quemin ERJ, Rosenthal M. Hantavirus Replication Cycle-An Updated Structural Virology Perspective. Viruses 2021; 13:1561. [PMID: 34452426 PMCID: PMC8402763 DOI: 10.3390/v13081561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses infect a wide range of hosts including insectivores and rodents and can also cause zoonotic infections in humans, which can lead to severe disease with possible fatal outcomes. Hantavirus outbreaks are usually linked to the population dynamics of the host animals and their habitats being in close proximity to humans, which is becoming increasingly important in a globalized world. Currently there is neither an approved vaccine nor a specific and effective antiviral treatment available for use in humans. Hantaviruses belong to the order Bunyavirales with a tri-segmented negative-sense RNA genome. They encode only five viral proteins and replicate and transcribe their genome in the cytoplasm of infected cells. However, many details of the viral amplification cycle are still unknown. In recent years, structural biology methods such as cryo-electron tomography, cryo-electron microscopy, and crystallography have contributed essentially to our understanding of virus entry by membrane fusion as well as genome encapsidation by the nucleoprotein. In this review, we provide an update on the hantavirus replication cycle with a special focus on structural virology aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Meier
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Sigurdur R. Thorkelsson
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Emmanuelle R. J. Quemin
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Maria Rosenthal
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Bae JY, Kim JI, Park MS, Lee GE, Park H, Song KJ, Park MS. The Immune Correlates of Orthohantavirus Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050518. [PMID: 34069997 PMCID: PMC8157935 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic transmission of orthohantaviruses from rodent reservoirs to humans has been the cause of severe fatalities. Human infections are reported worldwide, but vaccines have been approved only in China and Korea. Orthohantavirus vaccine development has been pursued with no sense of urgency due to the relative paucity of cases in countries outside China and Korea. However, the orthohantaviruses continuously evolve in hosts and thus the current vaccine may not work as well against some variants. Therefore, a more effective vaccine should be prepared against the orthohantaviruses. In this review, we discuss the issues caused by the orthohantavirus vaccine. Given the pros and cons of the orthohantavirus vaccine, we suggest strategies for the development of better vaccines in terms of pandemic preparedness.
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13
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Hulswit RJG, Paesen GC, Bowden TA, Shi X. Recent Advances in Bunyavirus Glycoprotein Research: Precursor Processing, Receptor Binding and Structure. Viruses 2021; 13:353. [PMID: 33672327 PMCID: PMC7926653 DOI: 10.3390/v13020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order accommodates related viruses (bunyaviruses) with segmented, linear, single-stranded, negative- or ambi-sense RNA genomes. Their glycoproteins form capsomeric projections or spikes on the virion surface and play a crucial role in virus entry, assembly, morphogenesis. Bunyavirus glycoproteins are encoded by a single RNA segment as a polyprotein precursor that is co- and post-translationally cleaved by host cell enzymes to yield two mature glycoproteins, Gn and Gc (or GP1 and GP2 in arenaviruses). These glycoproteins undergo extensive N-linked glycosylation and despite their cleavage, remain associated to the virion to form an integral transmembrane glycoprotein complex. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of bunyavirus glycoproteins, including their processing, structure, and known interactions with host factors that facilitate cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben J. G. Hulswit
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (R.J.G.H.); (G.C.P.)
| | - Guido C. Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (R.J.G.H.); (G.C.P.)
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (R.J.G.H.); (G.C.P.)
| | - Xiaohong Shi
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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14
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Detection of Envelope Glycoprotein Assembly from Old-World Hantaviruses in the Golgi Apparatus of Living Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01238-20. [PMID: 33239451 PMCID: PMC7851546 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01238-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are emerging pathogens that occasionally cause deadly outbreaks in the human population. While the structure of the viral envelope has been characterized with high precision, protein-protein interactions leading to the formation of new virions in infected cells are not fully understood yet. We use quantitative fluorescence microscopy (i.e., Number&Brightness analysis and fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy) to monitor the interactions that lead to oligomeric spike complex formation in the physiological context of living cells. To this aim, we quantified protein-protein interactions for the glycoproteins Gn and Gc from Puumala and Hantaan orthohantaviruses in several cellular models. The oligomerization of each protein was analyzed in relation to subcellular localization, concentration, and the concentration of its interaction partner. Our results indicate that when expressed separately, Gn and Gc form respectively homo-tetrameric and homo-dimeric complexes, in a concentration-dependent manner. Site-directed mutations or deletion mutants showed the specificity of their homotypic interactions. When both glycoproteins were co-expressed, we observed in the Golgi apparatus clear indication of Gn-Gc interactions and the formation of Gn-Gc multimeric protein complexes of different sizes, while using various labeling schemes to minimize the influence of the fluorescent tags. Such large glycoprotein multimers may be identified as multiple Gn viral spikes interconnected via Gc-Gc contacts. This observation provides a possible first evidence for the initial assembly steps of the viral envelope, within this organelle, directly in living cells.IMPORTANCE In this work, we investigate protein-protein interactions that drive the assembly of the hantaviruses envelope. These emerging pathogens have the potential to cause deadly outbreaks in the human population. Therefore, it is important to improve our quantitative understanding of the viral assembly process in infected cells, from a molecular point of view. By applying advanced fluorescence microscopy methods, we monitored the formation of viral spike complexes in different cell types. Our data support a model for hantavirus assembly according to which viral spikes are formed via the clustering of hetero-dimers of the two viral glycoproteins Gn and Gc. Furthermore, the observation of large Gn-Gc hetero-multimers provide a possible first evidence for the initial assembly steps of the viral envelope, directly in the Golgi apparatus of living cells.
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15
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Rissanen I, Stass R, Krumm SA, Seow J, Hulswit RJG, Paesen GC, Hepojoki J, Vapalahti O, Lundkvist Å, Reynard O, Volchkov V, Doores KJ, Huiskonen JT, Bowden TA. Molecular rationale for antibody-mediated targeting of the hantavirus fusion glycoprotein. eLife 2020; 9:e58242. [PMID: 33349334 PMCID: PMC7755396 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate lattice of Gn and Gc glycoprotein spike complexes on the hantavirus envelope facilitates host-cell entry and is the primary target of the neutralizing antibody-mediated immune response. Through study of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody termed mAb P-4G2, which neutralizes the zoonotic pathogen Puumala virus (PUUV), we provide a molecular-level basis for antibody-mediated targeting of the hantaviral glycoprotein lattice. Crystallographic analysis demonstrates that P-4G2 binds to a multi-domain site on PUUV Gc and may preclude fusogenic rearrangements of the glycoprotein that are required for host-cell entry. Furthermore, cryo-electron microscopy of PUUV-like particles in the presence of P-4G2 reveals a lattice-independent configuration of the Gc, demonstrating that P-4G2 perturbs the (Gn-Gc)4 lattice. This work provides a structure-based blueprint for rationalizing antibody-mediated targeting of hantaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Rissanen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, The Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Robert Stass
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Stefanie A Krumm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ruben JG Hulswit
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Guido C Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Departments of Virology and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Olivier Reynard
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université LyonLyonFrance
| | - Viktor Volchkov
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université LyonLyonFrance
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, The Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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16
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Wright D, Allen ER, Clark MH, Gitonga JN, Karanja HK, Hulswit RJ, Taylor I, Biswas S, Marshall J, Mwololo D, Muriuki J, Bett B, Bowden TA, Warimwe GM. Naturally Acquired Rift Valley Fever Virus Neutralizing Antibodies Predominantly Target the Gn Glycoprotein. iScience 2020; 23:101669. [PMID: 33134899 PMCID: PMC7588868 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease first discovered in Kenya in 1930. Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that protective immunity is acquired following RVF virus (RVFV) infection and that this correlates with acquisition of virus-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that target the viral envelope glycoproteins. However, naturally acquired immunity to RVF in humans is poorly described. Here, we characterized the immune response to the viral envelope glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, in RVFV-exposed Kenyan adults. Long-lived IgG (dominated by IgG1 subclass) and T cell responses were detected against both Gn and Gc. However, antigen-specific antibody depletion experiments showed that Gn-specific antibodies dominate the RVFV nAb response. IgG avidity against Gn, but not Gc, correlated with nAb titers. These data are consistent with the greater level of immune accessibility of Gn on the viral envelope surface and confirm the importance of Gn as an integral component for RVF vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wright
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, CGMRC, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth R. Allen
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - John N. Gitonga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, CGMRC, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Henry K. Karanja
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, CGMRC, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Ruben J.G. Hulswit
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Iona Taylor
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Damaris Mwololo
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - John Muriuki
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - George M. Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, CGMRC, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
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17
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Koban R, Lam T, Schwarz F, Kloke L, Bürge S, Ellerbrok H, Neumann M. Simplified Bioprinting-Based 3D Cell Culture Infection Models for Virus Detection. Viruses 2020; 12:E1298. [PMID: 33198291 PMCID: PMC7698278 DOI: 10.3390/v12111298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of virus-host interactions in vitro may be hindered by biological characteristics of conventional monolayer cell cultures that differ from in vivo infection. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures show more in vivo-like characteristics and may represent a promising alternative for characterisation of infections. In this study, we established easy-to-handle cell culture platforms based on bioprinted 3D matrices for virus detection and characterisation. Different cell types were cultivated on these matrices and characterised for tissue-like growth characteristics regarding cell morphology and polarisation. Cells developed an in vivo-like morphology and long-term cultivation was possible on the matrices. Cell cultures were infected with viruses which differed in host range, tissue tropism, cytopathogenicity, and genomic organisation and virus morphology. Infections were characterised on molecular and imaging level. The transparent matrix substance allowed easy optical monitoring of cells and infection even via live-cell microscopy. In conclusion, we established an enhanced, standardised, easy-to-handle bioprinted 3D-cell culture system. The infection models are suitable for sensitive monitoring and characterisation of virus-host interactions and replication of different viruses under physiologically relevant conditions. Individual cell culture models can further be combined to a multicellular array. This generates a potent diagnostic tool for propagation and characterisation of viruses from diagnostic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Koban
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.K.); (F.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Tobias Lam
- Cellbricks GmbH, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (T.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Franziska Schwarz
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.K.); (F.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Lutz Kloke
- Cellbricks GmbH, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (T.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Silvio Bürge
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Heinz Ellerbrok
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.K.); (F.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Markus Neumann
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.K.); (F.S.); (M.N.)
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18
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Bahat Y, Alter J, Dessau M. Crystal structure of tomato spotted wilt virus G N reveals a dimer complex formation and evolutionary link to animal-infecting viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26237-26244. [PMID: 33020295 PMCID: PMC7584872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004657117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tospoviridae is a family of enveloped RNA plant viruses that infect many field crops, inflicting a heavy global economic burden. These tripartite, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses are transmitted from plant to plant by thrips as the insect vector. The medium (M) segment of the viral genome encodes two envelope glycoproteins, GN and GC, which together form the envelope spikes. GC is considered the virus fusogen, while the accompanying GN protein serves as an attachment protein that binds to a yet unknown receptor, mediating the virus acquisition by the thrips carrier. Here we present the crystal structure of glycoprotein N (GN) from the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a representative member of the Tospoviridae family. The structure suggests that GN is organized as dimers on TSWV's outer shell. Our structural data also suggest that this dimerization is required for maintaining GN structural integrity. Although the structure of the TSWV GN is different from other bunyavirus GN proteins, they all share similar domain connectivity that resembles glycoproteins from unrelated animal-infecting viruses, suggesting a common ancestor for these accompanying proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Bahat
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed , Israel 1311502
| | - Joel Alter
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed , Israel 1311502
| | - Moshe Dessau
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed , Israel 1311502
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19
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Serris A, Stass R, Bignon EA, Muena NA, Manuguerra JC, Jangra RK, Li S, Chandran K, Tischler ND, Huiskonen JT, Rey FA, Guardado-Calvo P. The Hantavirus Surface Glycoprotein Lattice and Its Fusion Control Mechanism. Cell 2020; 183:442-456.e16. [PMID: 32937107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are rodent-borne viruses causing serious zoonotic outbreaks worldwide for which no treatment is available. Hantavirus particles are pleomorphic and display a characteristic square surface lattice. The envelope glycoproteins Gn and Gc form heterodimers that further assemble into tetrameric spikes, the lattice building blocks. The glycoproteins, which are the sole targets of neutralizing antibodies, drive virus entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis and endosomal membrane fusion. Here we describe the high-resolution X-ray structures of the heterodimer of Gc and the Gn head and of the homotetrameric Gn base. Docking them into an 11.4-Å-resolution cryoelectron tomography map of the hantavirus surface accounted for the complete extramembrane portion of the viral glycoprotein shell and allowed a detailed description of the surface organization of these pleomorphic virions. Our results, which further revealed a built-in mechanism controlling Gc membrane insertion for fusion, pave the way for immunogen design to protect against pathogenic hantaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Serris
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Virology Unit, and CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Robert Stass
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Eduardo A Bignon
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Molecular Virology Laboratory, Santiago, Chile; Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás A Muena
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Molecular Virology Laboratory, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence (CIBU), Paris, France
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sai Li
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole D Tischler
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Molecular Virology Laboratory, Santiago, Chile; Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Felix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Virology Unit, and CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.
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Singh H, Kaur H, Medhi B. Novel therapeutic approaches toward Hantaan virus and its clinical features' similarity with COVID-19. Indian J Pharmacol 2020; 52:347-355. [PMID: 33283765 PMCID: PMC8025769 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_1001_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic virus spill over in human community has been an intensive area of viral pathogenesis and the outbreak of Hantaan virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV2) after late December 2019 caused a global threat. Hantaan virus is second to the COVID-19 outbreak in China with seven cases positive and one death. Both RNA viruses have opposite sense as in (-) for Hantaan virus and (+) for SARS CoV2 but have similarity in the pathogenesis and relevant clinical features including dry cough, high fever, shortness of breath, and SARS associated with pneumonia and certain reported cases with multiple organ failure. Although COVID-19 has global impact with high death toll, Hantaan virus has varyingly high mortality rate between 1% and 40%. Hence, there is a need to explore novel therapeutic targets in Hantaan virus due to its rapid evolution rate in its genetic makeup which governs virulence and target host cells. This review emphasizes the importance of structural and nonstructural proteins of Hantaan virus with relevant insight from SARS CoV2. The envelope glycoproteins such as Gn, Gc, and nucleocapsid protein (N) direct the viral assembly and replication in host cells. Therapeutic treatment has similarity in using ribavirin and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation but lack of efficacious treatment in both cases of SARAS CoV2 and Hantaan virus. Therefore, potential features regarding therapeutic targets for drug discovery for Hantaan viruses are discussed herewith. The conclusive description highlights that N protein is substantially involved in evoking immune response and induces symptoms and could be precursive target for drug discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Abstract
Hantaviruses are pathogens that sometimes pass from animals to humans, and they are found in parts of Europe, Asia, and North and South America. When human infection occurs, these viruses can cause kidney or lung failure, and as many as 40% of infected people die. Currently, there are no vaccines or therapeutics for hantavirus-related diseases available. A first step in developing prevention measures is determining what type of immune response is protective. Increasingly it has become clear that the induction of a type of response called a neutralizing antibody response is critical for protection from severe disease. Although virologists first described this family of viruses in the 1950s, there is limited information on what features on the surface of hantaviruses are recognized by the immune system. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of this information, which is critical for the design of effective therapeutics and vaccines. Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens found in parts of Europe, Asia, South America, and North America, which can cause renal and respiratory failure with fatality rates up to 40%. There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics for hantavirus-related diseases; however, it is evident that a robust neutralizing antibody response is critical for protection from severe disease. Although virologists first described this family of viruses in the 1950s, there is limited information on the neutralizing epitopes that exist on the hantavirus antigenic glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, and sites important for the design of effective therapeutics and vaccines. We provide a thorough summary of the hantavirus field from an immunological perspective. In particular, we discuss our current structural knowledge of antigenic proteins Gn and Gc, identification of B cell neutralizing epitopes, previously isolated monoclonal antibodies and their cross-reactivity between different hantavirus strains, and current developments toward vaccines and therapeutics. We conclude with some outstanding questions in the field and emphasize the need for additional studies of the human antibody response to hantavirus infection. IMPORTANCE Hantaviruses are pathogens that sometimes pass from animals to humans, and they are found in parts of Europe, Asia, and North and South America. When human infection occurs, these viruses can cause kidney or lung failure, and as many as 40% of infected people die. Currently, there are no vaccines or therapeutics for hantavirus-related diseases available. A first step in developing prevention measures is determining what type of immune response is protective. Increasingly it has become clear that the induction of a type of response called a neutralizing antibody response is critical for protection from severe disease. Although virologists first described this family of viruses in the 1950s, there is limited information on what features on the surface of hantaviruses are recognized by the immune system. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of this information, which is critical for the design of effective therapeutics and vaccines.
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22
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Duehr J, McMahon M, Williamson B, Amanat F, Durbin A, Hawman DW, Noack D, Uhl S, Tan GS, Feldmann H, Krammer F. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies against the Gn and the Gc of the Andes Virus Glycoprotein Spike Complex Protect from Virus Challenge in a Preclinical Hamster Model. mBio 2020; 11:e00028-20. [PMID: 32209676 PMCID: PMC7157512 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00028-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are the etiological agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). The latter is associated with case fatality rates ranging from 30% to 50%. HCPS cases are rare, with approximately 300 recorded annually in the Americas. Recently, an HCPS outbreak of unprecedented size has been occurring in and around Epuyén, in the southwestern Argentinian state of Chubut. Since November of 2018, at least 29 cases have been laboratory confirmed, and human-to-human transmission is suspected. Despite posing a significant threat to public health, no treatment or vaccine is available for hantaviral disease. Here, we describe an effort to identify, characterize, and develop neutralizing and protective antibodies against the glycoprotein complex (Gn and Gc) of Andes virus (ANDV), the causative agent of the Epuyén outbreak. Using murine hybridoma technology, we generated 19 distinct monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against ANDV GnGc. When tested for neutralization against a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the Andes glycoprotein (GP) (VSV-ANDV), 12 MAbs showed potent neutralization and 8 showed activity in an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity reporter assay. Escape mutant analysis revealed that neutralizing MAbs targeted both the Gn and the Gc. Four MAbs that bound different epitopes were selected for preclinical studies and were found to be 100% protective against lethality in a Syrian hamster model of ANDV infection. These data suggest the existence of a wide array of neutralizing antibody epitopes on hantavirus GnGc with unique properties and mechanisms of action.IMPORTANCE Infections with New World hantaviruses are associated with high case fatality rates, and no specific vaccine or treatment options exist. Furthermore, the biology of the hantaviral GnGc complex, its antigenicity, and its fusion machinery are poorly understood. Protective monoclonal antibodies against GnGc have the potential to be developed into therapeutics against hantaviral disease and are also great tools to elucidate the biology of the glycoprotein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Duehr
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brandi Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alan Durbin
- Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David W Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Danny Noack
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Skyler Uhl
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gene S Tan
- Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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23
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Evolutionary Dynamics of Oropouche Virus in South America. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01127-19. [PMID: 31801869 PMCID: PMC7022353 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01127-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and reemergence of pathogens such as Zika virus, chikungunya virus, and yellow fever virus have drawn attention toward other cocirculating arboviruses in South America. Oropouche virus (OROV) is a poorly studied pathogen responsible for over a dozen outbreaks since the early 1960s and represents a public health burden to countries such as Brazil, Panama, and Peru. OROV is likely underreported since its symptomatology can be easily confounded with other febrile illnesses (e.g., dengue fever and leptospirosis) and point-of-care testing for the virus is still uncommon. With limited data, there is a need to optimize the information currently available. Analysis of OROV genomes can help us understand how the virus circulates in nature and can reveal the evolutionary forces that shape the genetic diversity of the virus, which has implications for molecular diagnostics and the design of potential vaccines. The Amazon basin is home to numerous arthropod-borne viral pathogens that cause febrile disease in humans. Among these, Oropouche orthobunyavirus (OROV) is a relatively understudied member of the genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae, that causes periodic outbreaks in human populations in Brazil and other South American countries. Although several studies have described the genetic diversity of the virus, the evolutionary processes that shape the OROV genome remain poorly understood. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the genomic dynamics of OROV that encompasses phylogenetic analysis, evolutionary rate estimates, inference of natural selective pressures, recombination and reassortment, and structural analysis of OROV variants. Our study includes all available published sequences, as well as a set of new OROV genome sequences obtained from patients in Ecuador, representing the first set of genomes from this country. Our results show differing evolutionary processes on the three segments that comprise the viral genome. We infer differing times of the most recent common ancestors of the genome segments and propose that this can be explained by cryptic reassortment. We also present the discovery of previously unobserved putative N-linked glycosylation sites, as well as codons that evolve under positive selection on the viral surface proteins, and discuss the potential role of these features in the evolution of OROV through a combined phylogenetic and structural approach. IMPORTANCE The emergence and reemergence of pathogens such as Zika virus, chikungunya virus, and yellow fever virus have drawn attention toward other cocirculating arboviruses in South America. Oropouche virus (OROV) is a poorly studied pathogen responsible for over a dozen outbreaks since the early 1960s and represents a public health burden to countries such as Brazil, Panama, and Peru. OROV is likely underreported since its symptomatology can be easily confounded with other febrile illnesses (e.g., dengue fever and leptospirosis) and point-of-care testing for the virus is still uncommon. With limited data, there is a need to optimize the information currently available. Analysis of OROV genomes can help us understand how the virus circulates in nature and can reveal the evolutionary forces that shape the genetic diversity of the virus, which has implications for molecular diagnostics and the design of potential vaccines.
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24
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Liu R, Ma H, Shu J, Zhang Q, Han M, Liu Z, Jin X, Zhang F, Wu X. Vaccines and Therapeutics Against Hantaviruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2989. [PMID: 32082263 PMCID: PMC7002362 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses (HVs) are rodent-transmitted viruses that can cause hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia. Together, these viruses have annually caused approximately 200,000 human infections worldwide in recent years, with a case fatality rate of 5–15% for HFRS and up to 40% for HCPS. There is currently no effective treatment available for either HFRS or HCPS. Only whole virus inactivated vaccines against HTNV or SEOV are licensed for use in the Republic of Korea and China, but the protective efficacies of these vaccines are uncertain. To a large extent, the immune correlates of protection against hantavirus are not known. In this review, we summarized the epidemiology, virology, and pathogenesis of four HFRS-causing viruses, HTNV, SEOV, PUUV, and DOBV, and two HCPS-causing viruses, ANDV and SNV, and then discussed the existing knowledge on vaccines and therapeutics against these diseases. We think that this information will shed light on the rational development of new vaccines and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiayi Shu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Viral Disease and Vaccine Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingwei Han
- Cadet Brigade, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanglin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingan Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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25
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Allen ER, Krumm SA, Raghwani J, Halldorsson S, Elliott A, Graham VA, Koudriakova E, Harlos K, Wright D, Warimwe GM, Brennan B, Huiskonen JT, Dowall SD, Elliott RM, Pybus OG, Burton DR, Hewson R, Doores KJ, Bowden TA. A Protective Monoclonal Antibody Targets a Site of Vulnerability on the Surface of Rift Valley Fever Virus. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3750-3758.e4. [PMID: 30590046 PMCID: PMC6315105 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gn subcomponent of the Gn-Gc assembly that envelopes the human and animal pathogen, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), is a primary target of the neutralizing antibody response. To better understand the molecular basis for immune recognition, we raised a class of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) against RVFV Gn, which exhibited protective efficacy in a mouse infection model. Structural characterization revealed that these nAbs were directed to the membrane-distal domain of RVFV Gn and likely prevented virus entry into a host cell by blocking fusogenic rearrangements of the Gn-Gc lattice. Genome sequence analysis confirmed that this region of the RVFV Gn-Gc assembly was under selective pressure and constituted a site of vulnerability on the virion surface. These data provide a blueprint for the rational design of immunotherapeutics and vaccines capable of preventing RVFV infection and a model for understanding Ab-mediated neutralization of bunyaviruses more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Allen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Stefanie A Krumm
- Kings College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jayna Raghwani
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Steinar Halldorsson
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Angela Elliott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Victoria A Graham
- National Infection Service, Virology & Pathogenesis, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG Wiltshire, UK
| | - Elina Koudriakova
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - George M Warimwe
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Stuart D Dowall
- National Infection Service, Virology & Pathogenesis, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG Wiltshire, UK
| | - Richard M Elliott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roger Hewson
- National Infection Service, Virology & Pathogenesis, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG Wiltshire, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Kings College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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26
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Stass R, Ng WM, Kim YC, Huiskonen JT. Structures of enveloped virions determined by cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography. Adv Virus Res 2019; 105:35-71. [PMID: 31522708 PMCID: PMC7112279 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses enclose their genomes inside a lipid bilayer which is decorated by membrane proteins that mediate virus entry. These viruses display a wide range of sizes, morphologies and symmetries. Spherical viruses are often isometric and their envelope proteins follow icosahedral symmetry. Filamentous and pleomorphic viruses lack such global symmetry but their surface proteins may display locally ordered assemblies. Determining the structures of enveloped viruses, including the envelope proteins and their protein-protein interactions on the viral surface, is of paramount importance. These structures can reveal how the virions are assembled and released by budding from the infected host cell, how the progeny virions infect new cells by membrane fusion, and how antibodies bind surface epitopes to block infection. In this chapter, we discuss the uses of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) in elucidating structures of enveloped virions. Starting from a detailed outline of data collection and processing strategies, we highlight how cryo-EM has been successfully utilized to provide unique insights into enveloped virus entry, assembly, and neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stass
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Weng M Ng
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Young Chan Kim
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE and Research Programme in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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27
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Mittler E, Dieterle ME, Kleinfelter LM, Slough MM, Chandran K, Jangra RK. Hantavirus entry: Perspectives and recent advances. Adv Virus Res 2019; 104:185-224. [PMID: 31439149 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are important zoonotic pathogens of public health importance that are found on all continents except Antarctica and are associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the New World. Despite the significant disease burden they cause, no FDA-approved specific therapeutics or vaccines exist against these lethal viruses. The lack of available interventions is largely due to an incomplete understanding of hantavirus pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of virus replication, including cellular entry. Hantavirus Gn/Gc glycoproteins are the only viral proteins exposed on the surface of virions and are necessary and sufficient to orchestrate virus attachment and entry. In vitro studies have implicated integrins (β1-3), DAF/CD55, and gC1qR as candidate receptors that mediate viral attachment for both Old World and New World hantaviruses. Recently, protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) was demonstrated as a requirement for cellular attachment and entry of New World hantaviruses in vitro and lethal HPS in vivo, making it the first clade-specific host factor to be identified. Attachment of hantavirus particles to cellular receptors induces their internalization by clathrin-mediated, dynamin-independent, or macropinocytosis-like mechanisms, followed by particle trafficking to an endosomal compartment where the fusion of viral and endosomal membranes can occur. Following membrane fusion, which requires cholesterol and acid pH, viral nucleocapsids escape into the cytoplasm and launch genome replication. In this review, we discuss the current mechanistic understanding of hantavirus entry, highlight gaps in our existing knowledge, and suggest areas for future inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maria Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Lara M Kleinfelter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Megan M Slough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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28
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DeFord DM, Nosek JM, Castiglia KR, Hasik EF, Franke ME, Nick BC, Abdelnour AM, Haas CE, Junod NA, Latsko KN, Moore ML, Berthrong ST, Rostad CA, Stobart CC. Evaluation of the role of respiratory syncytial virus surface glycoproteins F and G on viral stability and replication: implications for future vaccine design. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1112-1122. [PMID: 31184573 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide and exhaustive international efforts are underway to develop a vaccine. However, vaccine development has been hindered by a legacy of vaccine-enhanced disease, poor viral immunogenicity in infants, and genetic and physical instabilities. Natural infection with RSV does not prime for enhanced disease encouraging development of live-attenuated RSV vaccines for infants; however, physical instabilities of RSV may limit vaccine development. The role of RSV strain-specific differences on viral physical stability remains unclear. We have previously demonstrated that the RSV fusion (F) surface glycoprotein is responsible for mediating significant differences in thermostability between strains A2 and A2-line19F. In this study, we performed a more comprehensive analysis to characterize the replication and physical stability of recombinant RSV A and B strains that differed only in viral attachment (G) and/or F surface glycoprotein expression. We observed significant differences in thermal stability, syncytia size, pre-fusion F incorporation and viral growth kinetics in vitro, but limited variations to pH and freeze-thaw inactivation among several tested strains. Consistent with earlier studies, A2-line19F showed significantly enhanced thermal stability over A2, but also restricted growth kinetics in both HEp2 and Vero cells. As expected, no significant differences in susceptibility to UV inactivation were observed. These studies provide the first analysis of the physical stability of multiple strains of RSV, establish a key virus strain associated with enhanced thermal stability compared to conventional lab strain A2, and further support the pivotal role RSV F plays in virus stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby M DeFord
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jenna M Nosek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Emily F Hasik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Megan E Franke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Benjamin C Nick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alyssa M Abdelnour
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Caitlin E Haas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nathan A Junod
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karina N Latsko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Martin L Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean T Berthrong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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29
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Bignon EA, Albornoz A, Guardado-Calvo P, Rey FA, Tischler ND. Molecular organization and dynamics of the fusion protein Gc at the hantavirus surface. eLife 2019; 8:46028. [PMID: 31180319 PMCID: PMC6609335 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hantavirus envelope glycoproteins Gn and Gc mediate virion assembly and cell entry, with Gc driving fusion of viral and endosomal membranes. Although the X-ray structures and overall arrangement of Gn and Gc on the hantavirus spikes are known, their detailed interactions are not. Here we show that the lateral contacts between spikes are mediated by the same 2-fold contacts observed in Gc crystals at neutral pH, allowing the engineering of disulfide bonds to cross-link spikes. Disrupting the observed dimer interface affects particle assembly and overall spike stability. We further show that the spikes display a temperature-dependent dynamic behavior at neutral pH, alternating between ‘open’ and ‘closed’ forms. We show that the open form exposes the Gc fusion loops but is off-pathway for productive Gc-induced membrane fusion and cell entry. These data also provide crucial new insights for the design of optimized Gn/Gc immunogens to elicit protective immune responses. Hantaviruses infect rodents and other small mammals, but do not harm them. When transmitted to humans, often through rodent urine, feces or saliva, they can cause serious and even fatal diseases. Currently, there are no known methods that effectively prevent hantavirus infections or treat the diseases that they cause. During an infection, viruses invade the cells of their host. A hantavirus interacts with target cells through proteins on its surface called Gn and Gc glycoproteins. Previous work has shown that these glycoproteins are organized in bundles of four Gn and four Gc proteins, termed spikes, which project from the membrane that surrounds the virus. The Gc protein changes shape when it is activated and exposes a hidden region that can insert into the membrane of the target cell. The Gc proteins then change shape again to force the cell to fuse with the viral membrane. This process allows the virus to be taken up into the cell, where it can replicate. While the structures of each viral glycoprotein have been determined in isolation, it was not known how they interact within the Gn/Gc spike. Such information is crucial to understand how the viruses infect cells and which areas are exposed to the immune system of the host – and so could be targeted by antiviral treatments. Bignon et al. have now identified the molecular contacts that occur between spikes and interconnect them into a grid-like lattice on the surface of the virus. Genetically altering specific sections of the Gc glycoprotein strengthened or weakened these contacts, which correspondingly increased or decreased how stable the spike was. Preventing the contacts from forming resulted in cells releasing fewer virus-like particles. Bignon et al. also show that at the body temperature of mammals, the shape of the spike fluctuates between an ‘open’ form that exposes the region of Gc that inserts into the cell membrane, and a ‘closed’ form that hides this region. However, when Gc is activated, the open form becomes unable to cause the viral and cell membranes to fuse together. Together, the results presented by Bignon et al. help us to understand how changes to the hantavirus surface enable the virus to infect cells. This knowledge will help researchers to design vaccines that protect against hantavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Bignon
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amelina Albornoz
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- Structural Virology Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Félix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Nicole D Tischler
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
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30
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Levanov L, Iheozor-Ejiofor RP, Lundkvist Å, Vapalahti O, Plyusnin A. Defining of MAbs-neutralizing sites on the surface glycoproteins Gn and Gc of a hantavirus using vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes and site-directed mutagenesis. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:145-155. [PMID: 30624178 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against surface glycoproteins Gn and Gc of puumala virus (PUUV, genus Orthohantavirus, family Hantaviridae, order Bunyavirales) were generated and for three MAbs with neutralizing capacity the localization of binding epitopes was predicted using pepscan and phage-display techniques. In this work, we produced vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) particles pseudotyped with the Gn and Gc glycoproteins of PUUV and applied site-directed mutagenesis to dissect the structure of neutralizing epitopes. Replacement of cysteine amino acid (aa) residues with alanines resulted in pseudotype particles with diminished (16 to 18 %) neut-titres; double Cys→Ala mutants, as well as mutants with bulky aromatic and charged residues replaced with alanines, have shown even stronger reduction in neut-titres (from 25 % to the escape phenotype). In silico modelling of the neut-epitopes supported the hypothesis that these critical residues are located on the surface of viral glycoprotein molecules and thus can be recognized by the antibodies indeed. A similar pattern was observed in experiments with mutant pseudotypes and sera collected from patients suggesting that these neut-epitopes are utilized in a course of human PUUV infection. These data will help understanding the mechanisms of hantavirus neutralization and assist construction of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Levanov
- 1Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Åke Lundkvist
- 2Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Microbiology-Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- 1Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki, Finland
- 3Department of Virology and Immunology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- 4Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexander Plyusnin
- 1Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki, Finland
- 2Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Microbiology-Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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IFN-λs inhibit Hantaan virus infection through the JAK-STAT pathway and expression of Mx2 protein. Genes Immun 2018; 20:234-244. [PMID: PMID: 29765118 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-018-0028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hantaan virus (HTNV), member of the newly defined Hantaviridae family, within the order Bunyavirales, can cause a hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome with high fatality rates in humans. However, no specific antiviral agents are currently available for HTNV infection approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Although interferon lambdas (IFN-λs) have been shown to induce an antiviral state against HTNV, the molecular mechanisms remain to be determined. In this study, we found that IFN-λs exerted its anti-HTNV effect by activating Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway-mediated antiviral immunity in A549 cells. Simultaneously, IFN-λs downregulated suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins, which are the known negative feedback regulators of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Additionally, we demonstrated the role of IFN-λs-induced myxovirus resistance 2 (Mx2, also known as MxB) protein as a potential inhibitor for HTNV infection. These findings indicate that IFN-λs play an important role in cellular defenses against HTNV infection at an early stage and that human Mx2 may represent a potential therapeutic target for HTNV infection.
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32
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Halldorsson S, Li S, Li M, Harlos K, Bowden TA, Huiskonen JT. Shielding and activation of a viral membrane fusion protein. Nat Commun 2018; 9:349. [PMID: 29367607 PMCID: PMC5783950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Entry of enveloped viruses relies on insertion of hydrophobic residues of the viral fusion protein into the host cell membrane. However, the intermediate conformations during fusion remain unknown. Here, we address the fusion mechanism of Rift Valley fever virus. We determine the crystal structure of the Gn glycoprotein and fit it with the Gc fusion protein into cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of the virion. Our analysis reveals how the Gn shields the hydrophobic fusion loops of the Gc, preventing premature fusion. Electron cryotomography of virions interacting with membranes under acidic conditions reveals how the fusogenic Gc is activated upon removal of the Gn shield. Repositioning of the Gn allows extension of Gc and insertion of fusion loops in the outer leaflet of the target membrane. These data show early structural transitions that enveloped viruses undergo during host cell entry and indicate that analogous shielding mechanisms are utilized across diverse virus families. Viral fusion proteins undergo extensive conformational changes during entry but intermediate conformations often remain unknown. Here, the authors show how Gn of Rift Valley fever virus fusion protein shields hydrophobic fusion loops of Gc and how these loops embed in the target membrane at acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinar Halldorsson
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sai Li
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mengqiu Li
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK. .,Helsinki Institute of Life Science and Faculty of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.
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