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Elliott KC, Mattapallil JJ. Zika Virus-A Reemerging Neurotropic Arbovirus Associated with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Neuropathogenesis. Pathogens 2024; 13:177. [PMID: 38392915 PMCID: PMC10892292 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a reemerging flavivirus that is primarily spread through bites from infected mosquitos. It was first discovered in 1947 in sentinel monkeys in Uganda and has since been the cause of several outbreaks, primarily in tropical and subtropical areas. Unlike earlier outbreaks, the 2015-2016 epidemic in Brazil was characterized by the emergence of neurovirulent strains of ZIKV strains that could be sexually and perinatally transmitted, leading to the Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) in newborns, and Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) along with encephalitis and meningitis in adults. The immune response elicited by ZIKV infection is highly effective and characterized by the induction of both ZIKV-specific neutralizing antibodies and robust effector CD8+ T cell responses. However, the structural similarities between ZIKV and Dengue virus (DENV) lead to the induction of cross-reactive immune responses that could potentially enhance subsequent DENV infection, which imposes a constraint on the development of a highly efficacious ZIKV vaccine. The isolation and characterization of antibodies capable of cross-neutralizing both ZIKV and DENV along with cross-reactive CD8+ T cell responses suggest that vaccine immunogens can be designed to overcome these constraints. Here we review the structural characteristics of ZIKV along with the evidence of neuropathogenesis associated with ZIKV infection and the complex nature of the immune response that is elicited by ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C. Elliott
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Henry M Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Joseph J. Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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2
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Zhang H, Xiao W, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Lu D, Lu S, Zhang Q, Peng W, Shu L, Zhang J, Liu S, Zong K, Wang P, Ye B, Zhang D, Li S, Tan S, Liu P, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang H, Lu X, Gao GF, Liu J. Characterization of CD8 + T cells in immune-privileged organs of ZIKV-infected Ifnar1-/- mice. J Virol 2024; 98:e0078923. [PMID: 38168677 PMCID: PMC10805016 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00789-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection caused neurological complications and male infertility, leading to the accumulation of antigen-specific immune cells in immune-privileged organs (IPOs). Thus, it is important to understand the immunological responses to ZIKV in IPOs. We extensively investigated the ZIKV-specific T cell immunity in IPOs in Ifnar1-/- mice, based on an immunodominant epitope E294-302 tetramer. The distinct kinetics and functions of virus-specific CD8+ T cells infiltrated into different IPOs were characterized, with late elevation in the brain and spinal cord. Single epitope E294-302-specific T cells can account for 20-60% of the total CD8+ T cells in the brain, spinal cord, and testicle and persist for at least 90 days in the brain and spinal cord. The E294-302-specific TCRαβs within the IPOs are featured with the majority of clonotypes utilizing TRAV9N-3 paired with diverse TRBV chains, but with distinct αβ paired clonotypes in 7 and 30 days post-infection. Specific chemokine receptors, Ccr2 and Ccr5, were selectively expressed in the E294-302-specific CD8+ T cells within the brain and testicle, indicating an IPO-oriented migration of virus-specific CD8+ T cells after infection. Overall, this study adds to the understanding of virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses for controlling and clearing ZIKV infection in IPOs.IMPORTANCEThe immune-privileged organs (IPOs), such as the central nervous system and testicles, presented pathogenicity and inflammation after Zika virus (ZIKV) infection with infiltrated CD8+ T cells. Our data show that CD8+ T cells keep up with virus increases and decreases in immune-privileged organs. Furthermore, our study provides the first ex vivo comparative analyses of the composition and diversity related to TCRα/β clonotypes across anatomical sites and ZIKV infection phases. We show that the vast majority of TCRα/β clonotypes in tissues utilize TRAV9N-3 with conservation. Specific chemokine expression, including Ccr2 and Ccr5, was found to be selectively expressed in the E294-302-specific CD8+ T cells within the brain and testicle, indicating an IPO-oriented migration of the virus-specific CD8+ T cells after the infection. Our study adds insights into the anti-viral immunological characterization and chemotaxis mechanism of virus-specific CD8+ T cells after ZIKV infection in different IPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjie Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenling Xiao
- Shunde Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (The Lecong Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Min Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Dan Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qingxu Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Weiyu Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Liumei Shu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Sai Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Zong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Pengyan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Beiwei Ye
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Danni Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Shuguang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Yingze Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Fuping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Xuancheng Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - George F. Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Ravindran S, Lahon A. Tropism and immune response of chikungunya and zika viruses: An overview. Cytokine 2023; 170:156327. [PMID: 37579710 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are two medically important vector-borne viruses responsible for causing significant disease burden in humans, including neurological sequelae/complications. Besides sharing some common clinical features, ZIKV has major shares in causing microcephaly and brain malformations in developing foetus, whereas CHIKV causes chronic joint pain/swelling in infected individuals. Both viruses have a common route of entry to the host body. i.e., dermal site of inoculation through the bite of an infected mosquito and later taken up by different immune cells for further dissemination to other areas of the host body that lead to a range of immune responses via different pathways. The immune responses generated by both viruses have similar characteristics with varying degrees of inflammation and activation of immune cells. However, the overall response of immune cells is not fully explored in the context of ZIKV and CHIKV infection. The knowledge of cellular tropism and the immune response is the key to understanding the mechanisms of viral immunity and pathogenesis, which may allow to develop novel therapeutic strategies for these viral infections. This review aims to discuss recent advancements and identify the knowledge gaps in understanding the mechanism of cellular tropism and immune response of CHIKV and ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Ravindran
- Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695317, India
| | - Anismrita Lahon
- Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695317, India.
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4
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Silva AJD, de Jesus ALS, Leal LRS, de Macêdo LS, da Silva Barros BR, de Sousa GF, da Paz Leôncio Alves S, Pena LJ, de Melo CML, de Freitas AC. Whole Yeast Vaccine Displaying ZIKV B and T Cell Epitopes Induces Cellular Immune Responses in the Murine Model. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1898. [PMID: 37514084 PMCID: PMC10385271 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving antigen presentation is crucial for the success of immunization strategies. Yeasts are classically used as biofactories to produce recombinant proteins and are efficient vehicles for antigen delivery, in addition to their adjuvant properties. Despite the absence of epidemic outbreaks, several vaccine approaches continue to be developed for Zika virus infection. The development of these prophylactic strategies is fundamental given the severity of clinical manifestations, mainly due to viral neurotropism. The present study aimed to evaluate in vivo the immune response induced by P. pastoris recombinant strains displaying epitopes of the envelope (ENV) and NS1 ZIKV proteins. Intramuscular immunization with heat-attenuated yeast enhanced the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, in addition to the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in BALB/c mice. P. pastoris displaying ENV epitopes induced a more robust immune response, increasing immunoglobulin production, especially IgG isotypes. Both proposed vaccines showed the potential to induce immune responses without adverse effects, confirming the safety of administering P. pastoris as a vaccine vehicle. Here, we demonstrated, for the first time, the evaluation of a vaccine against ZIKV based on a multiepitope construct using yeast as a delivery system and reinforcing the applicability of P. pastoris as a whole-cell vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jéssica Duarte Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy-LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | - Lígia Rosa Sales Leal
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy-LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Larissa Silva de Macêdo
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy-LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lindomar José Pena
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy-LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
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5
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Pattnaik A, Sahoo BR, Struble LR, Borgstahl GEO, Zhou Y, Franco R, Barletta RG, Osorio FA, Petro TM, Pattnaik AK. A Ferritin Nanoparticle-Based Zika Virus Vaccine Candidate Induces Robust Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses and Protects Mice from Lethal Virus Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:821. [PMID: 37112733 PMCID: PMC10143468 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe consequences of the Zika virus (ZIKV) infections resulting in congenital Zika syndrome in infants and the autoimmune Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults warrant the development of safe and efficacious vaccines and therapeutics. Currently, there are no approved treatment options for ZIKV infection. Herein, we describe the development of a bacterial ferritin-based nanoparticle vaccine candidate for ZIKV. The viral envelope (E) protein domain III (DIII) was fused in-frame at the amino-terminus of ferritin. The resulting nanoparticle displaying the DIII was examined for its ability to induce immune responses and protect vaccinated animals upon lethal virus challenge. Our results show that immunization of mice with a single dose of the nanoparticle vaccine candidate (zDIII-F) resulted in the robust induction of neutralizing antibody responses that protected the animals from the lethal ZIKV challenge. The antibodies neutralized infectivity of other ZIKV lineages indicating that the zDIII-F can confer heterologous protection. The vaccine candidate also induced a significantly higher frequency of interferon (IFN)-γ positive CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells suggesting that both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were induced by the vaccine candidate. Although our studies showed that a soluble DIII vaccine candidate could also induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity and protect from lethal ZIKV challenge, the immune responses and protection conferred by the nanoparticle vaccine candidate were superior. Further, passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies from the vaccinated animals to naïve animals protected against lethal ZIKV challenge. Since previous studies have shown that antibodies directed at the DIII region of the E protein do not to induce antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of ZIKV or other related flavivirus infections, our studies support the use of the zDIII-F nanoparticle vaccine candidate for safe and enhanced immunological responses against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryamav Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Bikash R. Sahoo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Lucas R. Struble
- The Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (L.R.S.); (G.E.O.B.)
| | - Gloria E. O. Borgstahl
- The Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (L.R.S.); (G.E.O.B.)
| | - You Zhou
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Raul G. Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Fernando A. Osorio
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Thomas M. Petro
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Asit K. Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
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Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging virus from the Flaviviridae family that is transmitted to humans by mosquito vectors and represents an important health problem. Infections in pregnant women are of major concern because of potential devastating consequences during pregnancy and have been associated with microcephaly in newborns. ZIKV has a unique ability to use the host machinery to promote viral replication in a tissue-specific manner, resulting in characteristic pathological disorders. Recent studies have proposed that the host ubiquitin system acts as a major determinant of ZIKV tropism by providing the virus with an enhanced ability to enter new cells. In addition, ZIKV has developed mechanisms to evade the host immune response, thereby allowing the establishment of viral persistence and enhancing viral pathogenesis. We discuss recent reports on the mechanisms used by ZIKV to replicate efficiently, and we highlight potential new areas of research for the development of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Giraldo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; ,
| | - Maria Gonzalez-Orozco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; ,
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; ,
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Current affiliation: Center for Virus-Host-Innate-Immunity; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases; and Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA;
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7
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Yan Q, Zheng W, Jiang Y, Zhou P, Lai Y, Liu C, Wu P, Zhuang H, Huang H, Li G, Zhan S, Lao Z, Liu X. Transcriptomic reveals the ferroptosis features of host response in a mouse model of Zika virus infection. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28386. [PMID: 36477858 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neurotropic flavivirus. The outbreak of ZIKV in 2016 created a global health emergency. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain elusive. We investigated the host response features of in vivo replication in a mouse model of ZIKV infection, by performing a series of transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses of ZIKV and mock-infected brain tissue. Tissue damage, inflammatory cells infiltration and high viral replication were observed in the brain tissue of ZIKV infected mice. RNA-Seq of the brain indicated the activation of ferroptosis pathways. Enrichment analysis of ferroptosis regulators revealed their involvement in pathways such as mineral absorption, fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid degradation, PPAR signaling pathway, peroxidase, and adipokinesine signalling pathway. We then identified 12 interacted hub ferroptosis regulators (CYBB, HMOX1, CP, SAT1, TF, SLC39A14, FTL, LPCAT3, FTH1, SLC3A2, TP53, and SLC40A1) that were related to the differential expression of CD8+ T cells, microglia and monocytes. CYBB, HMOX1, SALT, and SLAC40A1 were selected as potential biomarkers of ZIKV infection. Finally, we validated our results using RT-qPCR and outside available datasets. For the first time, we proposed a possible mechanism of ferroptosis in brain tissue infected by ZIKV in mice and identified the four key ferroptosis regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (PCCM), The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Animal Biosafety Level 2 laboratory (ABSL-2), Animal Laboratory Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjiang Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (PCCM), The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Animal Biosafety Level 2 laboratory (ABSL-2), Animal Laboratory Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peiwen Zhou
- Animal Biosafety Level 3 laboratory (ABSL-3), Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Yanni Lai
- Department of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Basic Medical Sciences School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengxin Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongfa Zhuang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (PCCM), The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiting Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (PCCM), The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geng Li
- Animal Biosafety Level 2 laboratory (ABSL-2), Animal Laboratory Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaofeng Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (PCCM), The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zizhao Lao
- Animal Biosafety Level 2 laboratory (ABSL-2), Animal Laboratory Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (PCCM), The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Antonelli AC, Almeida VP, da Fonseca SG. Immunoinformatics Vaccine Design for Zika Virus. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2673:411-429. [PMID: 37258930 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3239-0_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging virus from the Flaviviridae family and Flavivirus genus that has caused important outbreaks around the world. ZIKV infection is associated with severe neuropathology in newborns and adults. Until now, there is no licensed vaccine available for ZIKV infection. Therefore, the development of a safe and effective vaccine against ZIKV is an urgent need. Recently, we designed an in silico multi-epitope vaccine for ZIKV based on immunoinformatics tools. To construct this in silico ZIKV vaccine, we used a consensus sequence generated from ZIKV sequences available in databank. Then, we selected CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes from all ZIKV proteins based on the binding prediction to class II and class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules, promiscuity, and immunogenicity. ZIKV Envelope protein domain III (EDIII) was added to the construct and B cell epitopes were identified. Adjuvants were associated to increase immunogenicity. Distinct linkers were used for connecting the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes, EDIII, and adjuvants. Several analyses, such as antigenicity, population coverage, allergenicity, autoimmunity, and secondary and tertiary structures of the vaccine, were evaluated using various immunoinformatics tools and online web servers. In this chapter, we present the protocols with the rationale and detailed steps needed for this in silico multi-epitope ZIKV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Antonelli
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vinnycius Pereira Almeida
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Simone Gonçalves da Fonseca
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Lee CYP, Carissimo G, Teo TH, Tong SJM, Chang ZW, Rajarethinam R, Chua TK, Chen Z, Chee RSL, Tay A, Howland SW, Ang KS, Chen J, Renia L, Ng LFP. CD8+ T Cells Trigger Auricular Dermatitis and Blepharitis in Mice after Zika Virus Infection in the Absence of CD4+ T Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 143:1031-1041.e8. [PMID: 36566875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) became a public health concern when it re-emerged in 2015 owing to its ability to cause congenital deformities in the fetus and neurological complications in adults. Despite extensive data on protection, the interplay of protective and pathogenic adaptive immune responses toward ZIKV infection remains poorly understood. In this study, using a T-cell‒deficient mouse model that retains persistent ZIKV viral titers in the blood and organs, we show that the adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells led to a significant reduction in viral load. This mouse model reveals that ZIKV can induce grossly visible auricular dermatitis and blepharitis, mediated by ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing of these causative CD8+ T cells from the ears shows an overactivated and elevated cytotoxic signature in mice with severe symptoms. Our results strongly suggest a role for CD8+ T-cell‒associated pathologies after ZIKV infection in CD4+ T-cell‒immunodeficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Yi-Pin Lee
- A(∗)STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Carissimo
- A(∗)STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore; Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teck-Hui Teo
- A(∗)STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samuel Jia Ming Tong
- A(∗)STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi Wei Chang
- A(∗)STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ravisankar Rajarethinam
- Advanced Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Kwang Chua
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zheyuan Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rhonda Sin-Ling Chee
- A(∗)STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alicia Tay
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shanshan Wu Howland
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Siong Ang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- A(∗)STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- A(∗)STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute of Health Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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10
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Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Generates Cross-Reactive Memory T Cell Responses to Zika Virus in Humans. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:8379286. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8379286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Zika virus (ZIKV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses with sequence homology. ZIKV circulates in some regions where JEV also circulates, or where JE vaccination is used. Cross-immunity between flaviviruses exists, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear. We previously demonstrated that T cell immunity induced by the live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis (JE) SA14-14-2 vaccine conferred protective immunity against ZIKV infection in mice, which could even bypass antibody-dependent enhancement. However, the role of T cell immune, especially memory T cell subsets, in cross-reactive immune responses between JE vaccine and ZIKV in humans has not been reported. Methods. We examined central and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell (TCM and TEM) responses (including degranulation, cytokines, and chemokines) in the presence of JEV and ZIKV, respectively, by using qualified peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from 18 children who had recently received a two-dose course of JE vaccine SA14-14-2 as well as seven children without JE vaccination. Results. Cross-reactive CD8+ TCM in response to ZIKV was characterized by secretion of IFN-γ, whereas CD8+ TEM did not show significant upregulation of functional factors. In the presence of ZIKV, IFN-γ and TNF-α expression was upregulated by CD4+ TEM, and the expression signature of CD4+ TCM is more cytotoxic potential. Conclusions. We profiled the cross-reactive memory T cell responses to ZIKV in JE vaccine recipients. These data will provide evidence for the mechanism of cross-reactive memory T cell immune responses between JEV and ZIKV and a more refined view of bivalent vaccine design strategy.
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11
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The CD8+ and CD4+ T Cell Immunogen Atlas of Zika Virus Reveals E, NS1 and NS4 Proteins as the Vaccine Targets. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112332. [PMID: 36366430 PMCID: PMC9696057 DOI: 10.3390/v14112332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV)-specific T cells are activated by different peptides derived from virus structural and nonstructural proteins, and contributed to the viral clearance or protective immunity. Herein, we have depicted the profile of CD8+ and CD4+ T cell immunogenicity of ZIKV proteins in C57BL/6 (H-2b) and BALB/c (H-2d) mice, and found that featured cellular immunity antigens were variant among different murine alleles. In H-2b mice, the proteins E, NS2, NS3 and NS5 are recognized as immunodominant antigens by CD8+ T cells, while NS4 is dominantly recognized by CD4+ T cells. In contrast, in H-2d mice, NS1 and NS4 are the dominant CD8+ T cell antigen and NS4 as the dominant CD4+ T cell antigen, respectively. Among the synthesized 364 overlapping polypeptides spanning the whole proteome of ZIKV, we mapped 91 and 39 polypeptides which can induce ZIKV-specific T cell responses in H-2b and H-2d mice, respectively. Through the identification of CD8+ T cell epitopes, we found that immunodominant regions E294-302 and NS42351-2360 are hotspots epitopes with a distinct immunodominance hierarchy present in H-2b and H-2d mice, respectively. Our data characterized an overall landscape of the immunogenic spectrum of the ZIKV polyprotein, and provide useful insight into the vaccine development.
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12
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Testosterone protects mice against zika virus infection and suppresses the inflammatory response in the brain. iScience 2022; 25:105300. [PMID: 36304103 PMCID: PMC9593801 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone is essential to human growth and development as well as immune regulation. Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging arbovirus associated with neurological complications including neuroinflammation, can also cause testicular damage and decrease testosterone secretion. However, whether the dysregulation of testosterone plays a role in the process of neuroinflammation during ZIKV pathogenesis is still unclear. In this study, we found that ZIKV infection caused testicular damage and decreased testosterone secretion in male mice, and testosterone supplementation after ZIKV infection reduced their mortality and attenuated the pathological symptoms. Further investigation revealed that testosterone treatment after ZIKV infection alleviated inflammation and nerve injury in the mouse brain. Additionally, reduced CD8+ T cell infiltration and interferon-gamma production were observed in brains of testosterone-treated mice. Overall, our results demonstrated that testosterone plays a protective role in ZIKV-infected mice, and thus it can be developed as a potential therapeutic drug against ZIKV infection.
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Sekaran SD, Ismail AA, Thergarajan G, Chandramathi S, Rahman SKH, Mani RR, Jusof FF, Lim YAL, Manikam R. Host immune response against DENV and ZIKV infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:975222. [PMID: 36159640 PMCID: PMC9492869 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.975222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a major public health concern, affecting almost 400 million people worldwide, with about 70% of the global burden of disease in Asia. Despite revised clinical classifications of dengue infections by the World Health Organization, the wide spectrum of the manifestations of dengue illness continues to pose challenges in diagnosis and patient management for clinicians. When the Zika epidemic spread through the American continent and then later to Africa and Asia in 2015, researchers compared the characteristics of the Zika infection to Dengue, considering both these viruses were transmitted primarily through the same vector, the Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes. An important difference to note, however, was that the Zika epidemic diffused in a shorter time span compared to the persisting feature of Dengue infections, which is endemic in many Asian countries. As the pathogenesis of viral illnesses is affected by host immune responses, various immune modulators have been proposed as biomarkers to predict the risk of the disease progression to a severe form, at a much earlier stage of the illness. However, the findings for most biomarkers are highly discrepant between studies. Meanwhile, the cross-reactivity of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells response to Dengue and Zika viruses provide important clues for further development of potential treatments. This review discusses similarities between Dengue and Zika infections, comparing their disease transmissions and vectors involved, and both the innate and adaptive immune responses in these infections. Consideration of the genetic identity of both the Dengue and Zika flaviviruses as well as the cross-reactivity of relevant T cells along with the actions of CD4+ cytotoxic cells in these infections are also presented. Finally, a summary of the immune biomarkers that have been reported for dengue and Zika viral infections are discussed which may be useful indicators for future anti-viral targets or predictors for disease severity. Together, this information appraises the current understanding of both Zika and Dengue infections, providing insights for future vaccine design approaches against both viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amni Adilah Ismail
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gaythri Thergarajan
- Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Samudi Chandramathi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S. K. Hanan Rahman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ravishankar Ram Mani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Felicita Fedelis Jusof
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rishya Manikam
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Aggio JB, Porto BN, Duarte dos Santos CN, Mosimann ALP, Wowk PF. Human Neutrophils Present Mild Activation by Zika Virus But Reduce the Infection of Susceptible Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:784443. [PMID: 35747137 PMCID: PMC9210994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.784443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) has highlighted the need for a deeper understanding of virus-host interactions in order to pave the way for the development of antiviral therapies. The present work aimed to address the response of neutrophils during ZIKV infection. Neutrophils are important effector cells in innate immunity implicated in the host’s response to neurotropic arboviruses. Our results indicate that human neutrophils were not permissive to Asian or African ZIKV strain replication. In fact, after stimulation with ZIKV, neutrophils were mild primed against the virus as evaluated through CD11b and CD62L modulation, secretion of inflammatory cytokines and granule content, production of reactive oxygen species, and neutrophil extracellular traps formation. Overall, neutrophils did not affect ZIKV infectivity. Moreover, in vitro ZIKV infection of primary innate immune cells did not trigger neutrophil migration. However, neutrophils co-cultured with ZIKV susceptible cell lineages resulted in lower cell infection frequencies, possibly due to cell-to-cell contact. In vivo, neutrophil depletion in immunocompetent mice did not affect ZIKV spreading to the draining lymph nodes. The data suggest that human neutrophils do not play an antiviral role against ZIKV per se, but these cells might participate in an infected environment shaping the ZIKV infection in other target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bernardi Aggio
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Nery Porto
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Ana Luiza Pamplona Mosimann
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Pryscilla Fanini Wowk, ; Ana Luiza Pamplona Mosimann,
| | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Pryscilla Fanini Wowk, ; Ana Luiza Pamplona Mosimann,
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15
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Rong H, Qi M, Pan J, Sun Y, Gao J, Zhang X, Li W, Zhang B, Zhang XE, Cui Z. Self-Assembling Nanovaccine Confers Complete Protection Against Zika Virus Without Causing Antibody-Dependent Enhancement. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905431. [PMID: 35615356 PMCID: PMC9124840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic poses a substantial threat to the public, and the development of safe and effective vaccines is a demanding challenge. In this study, we constructed a kind of self-assembling nanovaccine which confers complete protection against ZIKV infection. The ZIKV envelop protein domain III (zEDIII) was presented on recombinant human heavy chain ferritin (rHF) to form the zEDIII-rHF nanoparticle. Immunization of mice with zEDIII-rHF nanoparticle in the absence of an adjuvant induced robust humoral and cellular immune responses. zEDIII-rHF vaccination conferred complete protection against lethal infection with ZIKV and eliminated pathological symptoms in the brain. Importantly, the zEDIII-rHF nanovaccine induced immune response did not cross-react with dengue virus-2, overcoming the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) problem that is a safety concern for ZIKV vaccine development. Our constructed zEDIII-rHF nanovaccine, with superior protective performance and avoidance of ADE, provides an effective and safe vaccine candidate against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mi Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingdi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zongqiang Cui,
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16
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Mapalagamage M, Weiskopf D, Sette A, De Silva AD. Current Understanding of the Role of T Cells in Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020242. [PMID: 35215836 PMCID: PMC8878350 DOI: 10.3390/v14020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviral infections such as Chikungunya (CHIKV), Dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) are a major disease burden in tropical and sub-tropical countries, and there are no effective vaccinations or therapeutic drugs available at this time. Understanding the role of the T cell response is very important when designing effective vaccines. Currently, comprehensive identification of T cell epitopes during a DENV infection shows that CD8 and CD4 T cells and their specific phenotypes play protective and pathogenic roles. The protective role of CD8 T cells in DENV is carried out through the killing of infected cells and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, as CD4 T cells enhance B cell and CD8 T cell activities. A limited number of studies attempted to identify the involvement of T cells in CHIKV and ZIKV infection. The identification of human immunodominant ZIKV viral epitopes responsive to specific T cells is scarce, and none have been identified for CHIKV. In CHIKV infection, CD8 T cells are activated during the acute phase in the lymph nodes/blood, and CD4 T cells are activated during the chronic phase in the joints/muscles. Studies on the role of T cells in ZIKV-neuropathogenesis are limited and need to be explored. Many studies have shown the modulating actions of T cells due to cross-reactivity between DENV-ZIKV co-infections and have repeated heterologous/homologous DENV infection, which is an important factor to consider when developing an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheshi Mapalagamage
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 00700, Sri Lanka;
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aruna Dharshan De Silva
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Colombo 10390, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence:
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17
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Antonelli ACB, Almeida VP, de Castro FOF, Silva JM, Pfrimer IAH, Cunha-Neto E, Maranhão AQ, Brígido MM, Resende RO, Bocca AL, Fonseca SG. In silico construction of a multiepitope Zika virus vaccine using immunoinformatics tools. Sci Rep 2022; 12:53. [PMID: 34997041 PMCID: PMC8741764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus from the Flaviviridae family and Flavivirus genus. Neurological events have been associated with ZIKV-infected individuals, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, an autoimmune acute neuropathy that causes nerve demyelination and can induce paralysis. With the increase of ZIKV infection incidence in 2015, malformation and microcephaly cases in newborns have grown considerably, which suggested congenital transmission. Therefore, the development of an effective vaccine against ZIKV became an urgent need. Live attenuated vaccines present some theoretical risks for administration in pregnant women. Thus, we developed an in silico multiepitope vaccine against ZIKV. All structural and non-structural proteins were investigated using immunoinformatics tools designed for the prediction of CD4 + and CD8 + T cell epitopes. We selected 13 CD8 + and 12 CD4 + T cell epitopes considering parameters such as binding affinity to HLA class I and II molecules, promiscuity based on the number of different HLA alleles that bind to the epitopes, and immunogenicity. ZIKV Envelope protein domain III (EDIII) was added to the vaccine construct, creating a hybrid protein domain-multiepitope vaccine. Three high scoring continuous and two discontinuous B cell epitopes were found in EDIII. Aiming to increase the candidate vaccine antigenicity even further, we tested secondary and tertiary structures and physicochemical parameters of the vaccine conjugated to four different protein adjuvants: flagellin, 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12, heparin-binding hemagglutinin, or RS09 synthetic peptide. The addition of the flagellin adjuvant increased the vaccine's predicted antigenicity. In silico predictions revealed that the protein is a probable antigen, non-allergenic and predicted to be stable. The vaccine’s average population coverage is estimated to be 87.86%, which indicates it can be administered worldwide. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) of individuals with previous ZIKV infection were tested for cytokine production in response to the pool of CD4 and CD8 ZIKV peptide selected. CD4 + and CD8 + T cells showed significant production of IFN-γ upon stimulation and IL-2 production was also detected by CD8 + T cells, which indicated the potential of our peptides to be recognized by specific T cells and induce immune response. In conclusion, we developed an in silico universal vaccine predicted to induce broad and high-coverage cellular and humoral immune responses against ZIKV, which can be a good candidate for posterior in vivo validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Barbosa Antonelli
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235 s/n, sala 335, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Vinnycius Pereira Almeida
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235 s/n, sala 335, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Oliveira Feitosa de Castro
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235 s/n, sala 335, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil.,Departament of Master in Environmental Sciences and Health, School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Irmtraut Araci Hoffmann Pfrimer
- Departament of Master in Environmental Sciences and Health, School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) - National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréa Queiroz Maranhão
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) - National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Brígido
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) - National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Simone Gonçalves Fonseca
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235 s/n, sala 335, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil. .,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) - National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil.
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18
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Decidual NK cells kill Zika virus-infected trophoblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2115410118. [PMID: 34785597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115410118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) during pregnancy infects fetal trophoblasts and causes placental damage and birth defects including microcephaly. Little is known about the anti-ZIKV cellular immune response at the maternal-fetal interface. Decidual natural killer cells (dNK), which directly contact fetal trophoblasts, are the dominant maternal immune cells in the first-trimester placenta, when ZIKV infection is most hazardous. Although dNK express all the cytolytic molecules needed to kill, they usually do not kill infected fetal cells but promote placentation. Here, we show that dNK degranulate and kill ZIKV-infected placental trophoblasts. ZIKV infection of trophoblasts causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which makes them dNK targets by down-regulating HLA-C/G, natural killer (NK) inhibitory receptor ligands that help maintain tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus. ER stress also activates the NK activating receptor NKp46. ZIKV infection of Ifnar1 -/- pregnant mice results in high viral titers and severe intrauterine growth restriction, which are exacerbated by depletion of NK or CD8 T cells, indicating that killer lymphocytes, on balance, protect the fetus from ZIKV by eliminating infected cells and reducing the spread of infection.
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19
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Balint E, Montemarano A, Feng E, Ashkar AA. From Mosquito Bites to Sexual Transmission: Evaluating Mouse Models of Zika Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112244. [PMID: 34835050 PMCID: PMC8625727 DOI: 10.3390/v13112244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in Latin America, ZIKV has emerged as a global health threat due to its ability to induce neurological disease in both adults and the developing fetus. ZIKV is largely mosquito-borne and is now endemic in many parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. However, several reports have demonstrated persistent ZIKV infection of the male reproductive tract and evidence of male-to-female sexual transmission of ZIKV. Sexual transmission may broaden the reach of ZIKV infections beyond its current geographical limits, presenting a significant threat worldwide. Several mouse models of ZIKV infection have been developed to investigate ZIKV pathogenesis and develop effective vaccines and therapeutics. However, the majority of these models focus on mosquito-borne infection, while few have considered the impact of sexual transmission on immunity and pathogenesis. This review will examine the advantages and disadvantages of current models of mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted ZIKV and provide recommendations for the effective use of ZIKV mouse models.
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20
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Ashrafi F, Nematollahi P, Salmasi M, Hedayat A, Amra B. Association of lymphocyte subsets with mortality in severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e24046. [PMID: 34626490 PMCID: PMC8605151 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have investigated the alterations in the T and B cell counts and related subgroups in pulmonary infections especially COVID‐19. Here, we aimed to evaluate total T and B lymphocytes and T cell subgroup counts to find the possible correlation between number of these cells and severity and mortality in COVID‐19 patients. Methods This study was performed on 40 patients with severe COVID‐19 infection confirmed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and chest HRCT in August 2020. By the time of admission, T lymphocytes profile in peripheral blood was investigated using multicolor flow cytometry. The total number of T lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B lymphocytes were calculated. Expression of CD2, CD3, CD5, and CD7 as pan T cell surface markers and expression of CD38 and HLA‐DR as activated markers on T lymphocytes were also evaluated. Results Nine patients (22.5%) died during the study and 16 patients (40%) were admitted to ICU. Deceased patients demonstrated lower amounts of T cell count and CD4+ T cell count (with a marginal difference (p = 0.07)) compared with survived patients at the time of admission. The chance of mortality was significantly higher for patients with CD7 loss (OR = 14.89). A marginally significant relationship was also indicated between CD4<200/ml and mortality (OR = 8.65), but no other significant relationships were observed between variables and ICU admission. Conclusion Altogether, CD7 loss on T lymphocytes and CD4+ T cell count below 200/ml revealed a significant relationship with mortality. Considering T lymphocytes and T cell subgroup count could have a predictive value for patients suffering from COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Ashrafi
- Hematology Oncology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pardis Nematollahi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Salmasi
- Internal Medicine Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arash Hedayat
- Internal Medicine Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Amra
- Bamdad Respiratory and Sleep Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Sleep Ward, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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21
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Cavazzoni CB, Bozza VB, Lucas TC, Conde L, Maia B, Mesin L, Schiepers A, Ersching J, Neris RL, Conde JN, Coelho DR, Lima TM, Alvim RG, Castilho LR, de Paula Neto HA, Mohana-Borges R, Assunção-Miranda I, Nobrega A, Victora GD, Vale AM. The immunodominant antibody response to Zika virus NS1 protein is characterized by cross-reactivity to self. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210580. [PMID: 34292314 PMCID: PMC8302445 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides antigen-specific responses to viral antigens, humoral immune response in virus infection can generate polyreactive and autoreactive antibodies. Dengue and Zika virus infections have been linked to antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders, including Guillain-Barré syndrome. A unique feature of flaviviruses is the secretion of nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) by infected cells. NS1 is highly immunogenic, and antibodies targeting NS1 can have both protective and pathogenic roles. In the present study, we investigated the humoral immune response to Zika virus NS1 and found NS1 to be an immunodominant viral antigen associated with the presence of autoreactive antibodies. Through single B cell cultures, we coupled binding assays and BCR sequencing, confirming the immunodominance of NS1. We demonstrate the presence of self-reactive clones in germinal centers after both infection and immunization, some of which present cross-reactivity with NS1. Sequence analysis of anti-NS1 B cell clones showed sequence features associated with pathogenic autoreactive antibodies. Our findings demonstrate NS1 immunodominance at the cellular level as well as a potential role for NS1 in ZIKV-associated autoimmune manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia B. Cavazzoni
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Vicente B.T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tostes C.V. Lucas
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Conde
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Maia
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ariën Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Romulo L.S. Neris
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonas N. Conde
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego R. Coelho
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tulio M. Lima
- Programa de Engenharia Química, Laboratório de Engenharia de Cultivos Celulares, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata G.F. Alvim
- Programa de Engenharia Química, Laboratório de Engenharia de Cultivos Celulares, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leda R. Castilho
- Programa de Engenharia Química, Laboratório de Engenharia de Cultivos Celulares, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor A. de Paula Neto
- Laboratório de Alvos Moleculares, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iranaia Assunção-Miranda
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Nobrega
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel D. Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Andre M. Vale
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Pinto AK, Hassert M, Han X, Barker D, Carnelley T, Branche E, Steffen TL, Stone ET, Geerling E, Viramontes KM, Nykiforuk C, Toth D, Shresta S, Kodihalli S, Brien JD. The Ability of Zika virus Intravenous Immunoglobulin to Protect From or Enhance Zika Virus Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:717425. [PMID: 34552587 PMCID: PMC8450494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.717425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The closely related flaviviruses, dengue and Zika, cause significant human disease throughout the world. While cross-reactive antibodies have been demonstrated to have the capacity to potentiate disease or mediate protection during flavivirus infection, the mechanisms responsible for this dichotomy are still poorly understood. To understand how the human polyclonal antibody response can protect against, and potentiate the disease in the context of dengue and Zika virus infection we used intravenous hyperimmunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations in a mouse model of the disease. Three IVIGs (ZIKV-IG, Control-Ig and Gamunex®) were evaluated for their ability to neutralize and/or enhance Zika, dengue 2 and 3 viruses in vitro. The balance between virus neutralization and enhancement provided by the in vitro neutralization data was used to predict the IVIG concentrations which could protect or enhance Zika, and dengue 2 disease in vivo. Using this approach, we were able to define the unique in vivo dynamics of complex polyclonal antibodies, allowing for both enhancement and protection from flavivirus infection. Our results provide a novel understanding of how polyclonal antibodies interact with viruses with implications for the use of polyclonal antibody therapeutics and the development and evaluation of the next generation flavivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Xiaobing Han
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | - Emilie Branche
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tara L. Steffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Karla M. Viramontes
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Derek Toth
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sujan Shresta
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
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23
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Sun J, Zheng Z, Li M, Liu Z, Su X, Jin X. Development of a novel ZIKV vaccine comprised of immunodominant CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes identified through comprehensive epitope mapping in Zika virus infected mice. Vaccine 2021; 39:5173-5186. [PMID: 34353682 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) caused over two million human infections in more than 80 countries around 2015-2016. Current vaccines under development are mostly focused on inducing antibodies that despite capable of inhibiting the virus, may have the potential to trigger antibody dependent enhancement (ADE). T cell vaccines that do not induce antibodies targeting viral surface will unlikely cause ADE, but be capable of potentiating the effectiveness of an antibody-inducing vaccine. To develop such a protective T cell vaccine, we first examined the repertoire of antigen-specific T cells in immunocompetent mice that have been transiently infected by ZIKV. Through epitope mapping using 427 overlapping peptides spanning the entire length of ZIKV polyprotein, we discovered 27 immunodominant epitopes scattered throughout the virus on C, E, NS1-NS5 proteins. Among them, 8 were confirmed as CD4+ T cell epitopes, and 16 as CD8+ T cell epitopes, while 3 for both T cell subsets. From these 27 newly identified epitopes, the top 10 epitopes were selected to formulate three T cell vaccines comprised of either CD4+ T cell epitopes, or CD8+ T cell epitopes, or a mixture of both. Immunization with these T cell epitopes induced T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production, and conferred varying degrees of protection against ZIKV challenge. Moreover, these new T cell vaccines also improved the protective efficacy of a neutralizing antibody-inducing recombinant E80 protein vaccine. Together, our results provided additional evidence in support of the protective role of ZIKV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and laid foundation for future development of T cell vaccines for ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhihang Zheng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201058, China
| | - Min Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201058, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201058, China
| | - Xiao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201058, China.
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24
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Pardy RD, Valbon SF, Cordeiro B, Krawczyk CM, Richer MJ. An epidemic Zika virus isolate suppresses antiviral immunity by disrupting antigen presentation pathways. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4051. [PMID: 34193875 PMCID: PMC8245533 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as an important global health threat, with the recently acquired capacity to cause severe neurological symptoms and to persist within host tissues. We previously demonstrated that an early Asian lineage ZIKV isolate induces a highly activated CD8 T cell response specific for an immunodominant epitope in the ZIKV envelope protein in wild-type mice. Here we show that a contemporary ZIKV isolate from the Brazilian outbreak severely limits CD8 T cell immunity in mice and blocks generation of the immunodominant CD8 T cell response. This is associated with a more sustained infection that is cleared between 7- and 14-days post-infection. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that infection with the Brazilian ZIKV isolate reduces the cross-presentation capacity of dendritic cells and fails to fully activate the immunoproteasome. Thus, our study provides an isolate-specific mechanism of host immune evasion by one Brazilian ZIKV isolate, which differs from the early Asian lineage isolate and provides potential insight into viral persistence associated with recent ZIKV outbreaks. The CD8 T cell response to Zika virus is known to be a critical component of the host immune response to infection. Here the authors show a Zika virus isolate specific disruption of antigen processing that impacts the host response and impairs viral clearance providing evidence of isolate specific impacts on the immune response to infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Pardy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stefanie F Valbon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brendan Cordeiro
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Connie M Krawczyk
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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25
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CD4 + T Cells Cross-Reactive with Dengue and Zika Viruses Protect against Zika Virus Infection. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107566. [PMID: 32348763 PMCID: PMC7261136 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms by which prior immunity to dengue virus (DENV) affords cross-protection against the related flavivirus Zika virus (ZIKV) are poorly understood. Here, we examine the ability of DENV/ZIKV-cross-reactive CD4+ T cells to protect against versus exacerbate ZIKV infection by using a histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*0101 transgenic, interferon α/β receptor-deficient mouse model that supports robust DENV and ZIKV replication. By mapping the HLA-DRB1*0101-restricted T cell response, we identify DENV/ZIKV-cross-reactive CD4+ T cell epitopes that stimulate interferon gamma (IFNγ) and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. Vaccination of naive HLA-DRB1*0101 transgenic mice with these peptides induces a CD4+ T cell response sufficient to reduce tissue viral burden following ZIKV infection. Notably, this protective response requires IFNγ and/or TNF secretion but not anti-ZIKV immunoglobulin G (IgG) production. Thus, DENV/ZIKV-cross-reactive CD4+ T cells producing canonical Th1 cytokines can suppress ZIKV replication in an antibody-independent manner. These results may have important implications for increasing the efficacy and safety of DENV/ZIKV vaccines and for developing pan-flavivirus vaccines.
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26
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Gambino F, Tai W, Voronin D, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Shi J, Wang X, Wang N, Du L, Qiao L. A vaccine inducing solely cytotoxic T lymphocytes fully prevents Zika virus infection and fetal damage. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109107. [PMID: 33979612 PMCID: PMC8742672 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As vaccine-induced non-neutralizing antibodies may cause antibody-dependent enhancement of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, we test a vaccine that induces only specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) without specific antibodies. We construct a DNA vaccine expressing a ubiquitinated and rearranged ZIKV non-structural protein 3 (NS3). The protein is immediately degraded and processed in the proteasome for presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I for CTL generation. We immunize Ifnar1-/- adult mice with the ubiquitin/NS3 vaccine, impregnate them, and challenge them with ZIKV. Our data show that the vaccine greatly reduces viral titers in reproductive organs and other tissues of adult mice. All mice immunized with the vaccine survived after ZIKV challenge. The vaccine remarkably reduces placenta damage and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and it fully protects fetuses from damage. CD8+ CTLs are essential in protection, as demonstrated via depletion experiments. Our study provides a strategy to develop safe and effective vaccines against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Gambino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Wanbo Tai
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Denis Voronin
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juan Shi
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA,Senior author,Correspondence: (L.D.), (L.Q.)
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA,Senior author,Lead contact,Correspondence: (L.D.), (L.Q.)
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27
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Schouest B, Beddingfield BJ, Gilbert MH, Bohm RP, Schiro F, Aye PP, Panganiban AT, Magnani DM, Maness NJ. Zika virus infection during pregnancy protects against secondary infection in the absence of CD8 + cells. Virology 2021; 559:100-110. [PMID: 33865073 PMCID: PMC8212702 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
While T cell immunity is an important component of the immune response to Zika virus (ZIKV) infection generally, the efficacy of these responses during pregnancy remains unknown. Here, we tested the capacity of CD8 lymphocytes to protect from secondary challenge in four macaques, two of which were depleted of CD8+ cells prior to rechallenge with a heterologous ZIKV isolate. The initial challenge during pregnancy produced transcriptional signatures suggesting complex patterns of immune modulation as well as neutralizing antibodies that persisted until rechallenge, which all animals efficiently controlled, demonstrating that the primary infection conferred adequate protection. The secondary challenge promoted activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, possibly suggesting a brief period of infection prior to clearance. These data confirm that ZIKV infection during pregnancy induces sufficient immunity to protect from a secondary challenge and suggest that this protection is not dependent on CD8 T cells. Zika infection during pregnancy provides protection from secondary infection. CD8 T cell responses are not needed for protection from secondary infection. Zika infection during pregnancy results in immunomodulatory transcriptional signatures but little IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Schouest
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Margaret H Gilbert
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Faith Schiro
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Pyone P Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Antonito T Panganiban
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Diogo M Magnani
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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28
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Silva AJD, Jesus ALS, Leal LRS, Silva GAS, Melo CML, Freitas AC. Pichia pastoris displaying ZIKV protein epitopes from the Envelope and NS1 induce in vitro immune activation. Vaccine 2021; 39:2545-2554. [PMID: 33814233 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The severe consequences of ZIKV infection and its emergence and re-emergence in several countries have boosted vaccines' development. Yeasts such as Pichia pastoris has been widely employed as antigen carriers for immunization against infectious agents. Components of the yeast cell wall have immunostimulatory properties, and recombinant antigens can be anchored to the cell surface to enhance the presentation to the immune system. Here we aimed at producing and anchoring ZIKV proteins in the P. pastoris surface as a vaccine approach. Expression cassettes were designed with epitopes of the Envelope and NS1 proteins. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the anchoring of recombinant proteins. Yeasts' ability to stimulate immune cells was evaluated in vitro by incubation with lymphocytes and monocytes isolated from mouse spleen. P. pastoris expressing EnvNS1 epitopes promoted increased levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α cytokines and an increase in the number of CD4+, CD8+, and CD16+ lymphocytes, similarly to ZIKV. This profile is indicative of the activation of immunological cells and suggests an immunogenic potential of the proposed yeast vaccines against ZIKV, reinforcing the possibility of P. pastoris as adjuvant and carrier of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jéssica D Silva
- Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - André Luiz S Jesus
- Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Lígia Rosa S Leal
- Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Antonio S Silva
- Laboratório de Análises Imunológicas e Antitumorais, Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Moutinho L Melo
- Laboratório de Análises Imunológicas e Antitumorais, Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Freitas
- Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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29
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Evaluation of potential MHC-I allele-specific epitopes in Zika virus proteins and the effects of mutations on peptide-MHC-I interaction studied using in silico approaches. Comput Biol Chem 2021; 92:107459. [PMID: 33636637 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2021.107459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a global health concern due to its association with microcephaly and neurological complications. The development of a T-cell vaccine is important to combat this disease. In this study, we propose ZIKV major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) epitopes based on in silico screening consensus followed by molecular docking, PRODIGY, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analyses. The effects of the reported mutations on peptide-MHC-I (pMHC-I) complexes were also evaluated. In general, our data indicate an allele-specific peptide-binding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and potential epitopes. For HLA-B44, we showed that the absence of acidic residue Glu at P2, due to the loss of the electrostatic interaction with Lys45, has a negative impact on the pMHC-I complex stability and explains the low free energy estimated for the immunodominant peptide E-4 (IGVSNRDFV). Our MD data also suggest the deleterious effects of acidic residue Asp at P1 on the pMHC-I stability of HLA-B8 due to destabilization of the α-helix and β-strand. Free energy estimation further indicated that the mutation from Val to Ala at P9 of peptide E-247 (DAHAKRQTV), which was found exclusively in microcephaly samples, did not reduce HLA-B8 affinity. In contrast, the mutation from Thr to Pro at P2 of the peptide NS5-832 (VTKWTDIPY) decreased the interaction energy, number of intermolecular interactions, and adversely affected its binding mode with HLA-A1. Overall, our findings are important with regard to the design of T-cell peptide vaccines and for understanding how ZIKV escapes recognition by CD8 + T-cells.
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Immunity to TBEV Related Flaviviruses with Reduced Pathogenicity Protects Mice from Disease but Not from TBEV Entry into the CNS. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030196. [PMID: 33652698 PMCID: PMC7996866 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a leading cause of vector-borne viral encephalitis with expanding endemic regions across Europe. In this study we tested in mice the efficacy of preinfection with a closely related low-virulent flavivirus, Langat virus (LGTV strain TP21), or a naturally avirulent TBEV strain (TBEV-280) in providing protection against lethal infection with the highly virulent TBEV strain (referred to as TBEV-Hypr). We show that prior infection with TP21 or TBEV-280 is efficient in protecting mice from lethal TBEV-Hypr challenge. Histopathological analysis of brains from nonimmunized mice revealed neuronal TBEV infection and necrosis. Neuroinflammation, gliosis, and neuronal necrosis was however also observed in some of the TP21 and TBEV-280 preinfected mice although at reduced frequency as compared to the nonimmunized TBEV-Hypr infected mice. qPCR detected the presence of viral RNA in the CNS of both TP21 and TBEV-280 immunized mice after TBEV-Hypr challenge, but significantly reduced compared to mock-immunized mice. Our results indicate that although TBEV-Hypr infection is effectively controlled in the periphery upon immunization with low-virulent LGTV or naturally avirulent TBEV 280, it may still enter the CNS of these animals. These findings contribute to our understanding of causes for vaccine failure in individuals vaccinated with TBE vaccines.
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Badolato-Corrêa J, Carvalho FR, Paiva IA, Familiar-Macedo D, Dias HG, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Fernandes-Santos C, Lima MDRQ, Gandini M, Silva AA, Baeta Cavalcanti SM, de Oliveira SA, de Oliveira Vianna RA, de Azeredo EL, Cardoso CAA, Grifoni A, Sette A, Weiskopf D, de-Oliveira-Pinto LM. Differential Longevity of Memory CD4 and CD8 T Cells in a Cohort of the Mothers With a History of ZIKV Infection and Their Children. Front Immunol 2021; 12:610456. [PMID: 33679748 PMCID: PMC7928292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.610456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes for mild and self-limiting disease in healthy adults. In newborns, it can occasionally lead to a spectrum of malformations, the congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Thus, little is known if mothers and babies with a history of ZIKV infection were able to develop long-lasting T-cell immunity. To these issues, we measure the prevalence of ZIKV T-cell immunity in a cohort of mothers infected to the ZIKV during pregnancy in the 2016–2017 Zika outbreak, who gave birth to infants affected by neurological complications or asymptomatic ones. Results: Twenty-one mothers and 18 children were tested for IFN-γ ELISpot and T-cell responses for flow cytometry assays in response to CD4 ZIKV and CD8 ZIKV megapools (CD4 ZIKV MP and CD8 ZIKV MP). IFN-γ ELISpot responses to ZIKV MPs showed an increased CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in mothers compared to children. The degranulation activity and IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells were detected in most mothers, and children, while in CD8 T-cells, low responses were detected in these study groups. The total Temra T cell subset is enriched for IFN-γ+ CD4 T cells after stimulation of CD4 ZIKV MP. Conclusion: Donors with a history of ZIKV infection demonstrated long-term CD4 T cell immunity to ZIKV CD4 MP. However, the same was not observed in CD8 T cells with the ZIKV CD8 MP. One possibility is that the cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory activities of CD8 T cells are markedly demonstrated in the early stages of infection, but less detected in the disease resolution phase, when the virus has already been eliminated. The responses of mothers' T cells to ZIKV MPs do not appear to be related to their children's clinical outcome. There was also no marked difference in the T cell responses to ZIKV MP between children affected or not with CZS. These data still need to be investigated, including the evaluation of the response of CD8 T cells to other ZIKV peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana Rabe Carvalho
- Multiuser Laboratory for Research in Nephrology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Iury Amancio Paiva
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Gandini
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréa Alice Silva
- Multiuser Laboratory for Research in Nephrology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudete Aparecida Araújo Cardoso
- Multiuser Laboratory for Research in Nephrology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Department of Maternal and Child, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), San Diego, CA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), San Diego, CA, United States
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Corrêa R, de Oliveira Santos I, Braz-de-Melo HA, de Sant’Ana LP, das Neves Almeida R, Pasquarelli-do-Nascimento G, Prado PS, Kobinger GP, Maurice CF, Magalhães KG. Gut microbiota modulation induced by Zika virus infection in immunocompetent mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1421. [PMID: 33446825 PMCID: PMC7809017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota composition can modulate neuroendocrine function, inflammation, and cellular and immunological responses against different pathogens, including viruses. Zika virus (ZIKV) can infect adult immunocompetent individuals and trigger brain damage and antiviral responses. However, it is not known whether ZIKV infection could impact the gut microbiome from adult immunocompetent mice. Here, we investigated modifications induced by ZIKV infection in the gut microbiome of immunocompetent C57BL/6J mice. Adult C57BL/6J mice were infected with ZIKV and the gut microbiota composition was analyzed by next-generation sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region present in the bacterial 16S rDNA gene. Our data showed that ZIKV infection triggered a significant decrease in the bacteria belonging to Actinobacteria and Firmicutes phyla, and increased Deferribacteres and Spirochaetes phyla components compared to uninfected mice. Interestingly, ZIKV infection triggered a significant increase in the abundance of bacteria from the Spirochaetaceae family in the gut microbiota. Lastly, we demonstrated that modulation of microbiota induced by ZIKV infection may lead to intestinal epithelium damage and intense leukocyte recruitment to the intestinal mucosa. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ZIKV infection can impact the gut microbiota composition and colon tissue homeostasis in adult immunocompetent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Corrêa
- grid.7632.00000 0001 2238 5157Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF Brazil
| | - Igor de Oliveira Santos
- grid.7632.00000 0001 2238 5157Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF Brazil
| | - Heloísa Antoniella Braz-de-Melo
- grid.7632.00000 0001 2238 5157Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF Brazil
| | - Lívia Pimentel de Sant’Ana
- grid.7632.00000 0001 2238 5157Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF Brazil
| | - Raquel das Neves Almeida
- grid.7632.00000 0001 2238 5157Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pasquarelli-do-Nascimento
- grid.7632.00000 0001 2238 5157Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF Brazil
| | | | - Gary P. Kobinger
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’Immunologie, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Corinne F. Maurice
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kelly Grace Magalhães
- grid.7632.00000 0001 2238 5157Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF Brazil
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Pereira LR, Alves RPDS, Sales NS, Andreata-Santos R, Venceslau-Carvalho AA, Pereira SS, Castro-Amarante MF, Rodrigues-Jesus MJ, Favaro MTDP, Chura-Chambi RM, Morganti L, Ferreira LCDS. Enhanced Immune Responses and Protective Immunity to Zika Virus Induced by a DNA Vaccine Encoding a Chimeric NS1 Fused With Type 1 Herpes Virus gD Protein. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:604160. [PMID: 35047887 PMCID: PMC8757838 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.604160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a globally-distributed flavivirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes, usually causing mild symptoms that may evolve to severe conditions, including neurological alterations, such as neonatal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Due to the absence of specific and effective preventive methods, we designed a new subunit vaccine based on a DNA vector (pgDNS1-ZIKV) encoding the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) genetically fused to the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) glycoprotein D (gD) protein. Recombinant plasmids were replicated in Escherichia coli and the expression of the target protein was confirmed in transfected HEK293 cells. C57BL/6 and AB6 (IFNAR1-/-) mice were i.m. immunized by electroporation in order to evaluate pgDNS1-ZIKV immunogenicity. After two doses, high NS1-specific IgG antibody titers were measured in serum samples collected from pgDNS1-ZIKV-immunized mice. The NS1-specific antibodies were capable to bind the native protein expressed in infected mammalian cells. Immunization with pgDNS1-ZIKV increased both humoral and cellular immune responses regarding mice immunized with a ZIKV NS1 encoding vaccine. Immunization with pgDNS1-ZIKV reduced viremia and morbidity scores leading to enhanced survival of immunodeficient AB6 mice challenged with a lethal virus load. These results give support to the use of ZIKV NS1 as a target antigen and further demonstrate the relevant adjuvant effects of HSV-1 gD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennon Ramos Pereira
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rúbens Prince dos Santos Alves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natiely Silva Sales
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert Andreata-Santos
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aléxia Adrianne Venceslau-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel Santos Pereira
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Castro-Amarante
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mônica Josiane Rodrigues-Jesus
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marianna Teixeira de Pinho Favaro
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ligia Morganti
- Biotechnology Center, Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research (IPEN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos de Souza Ferreira
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Luís Carlos de Souza Ferreira
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Ireland DDC, Manangeeswaran M, Lewkowicz AP, Engel K, Clark SM, Laniyan A, Sykes J, Lee HN, McWilliams IL, Kelley-Baker L, Tonelli LH, Verthelyi D. Long-term persistence of infectious Zika virus: Inflammation and behavioral sequela in mice. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008689. [PMID: 33301527 PMCID: PMC7728251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental defects associated with ZIKV infections early in pregnancy are well documented, however the potential defects and long-term consequences associated with milder infections in late pregnancy and perinatal period are less well understood. To model these, we challenged 1 day old (P1) immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice with ZIKV. The animals developed a transient neurological syndrome including unsteady gait, kinetic tremors, severe ataxia and seizures 10-15 days post-infection (dpi) but symptoms subsided after a week, and most animals survived. Despite apparent recovery, MRI of convalescent mice show reduced cerebellar volume that correlates with altered coordination and motor function as well as hyperactivity and impulsivity. Persistent mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory genes including Cd80, Il-1α, and Ifn-γ together with Cd3, Cd8 and perforin (PrfA), suggested persistence of low-grade inflammation. Surprisingly, the brain parenchyma of convalescent mice harbor multiple small discrete foci with viral antigen, active apoptotic processes in neurons, and cellular infiltrates, surrounded by activated astrocytes and microglia as late as 1-year post-infection. Detection of negative-sense strand viral RNA and isolation of infectious virus derived from these convalescent mice by blinded passage in Vero cells confirmed long-term persistence of replicating ZIKV in CNS of convalescent mice. Although the infection appears to persist in defined reservoirs within CNS, the resulting inflammation could increase the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. This raises concern regarding possible long-term effects in asymptomatic children exposed to the virus and suggests that long-term neurological and behavioral monitoring as well as anti-viral treatment to clear virus from the CNS may be useful in patients exposed to ZIKV at an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D. C. Ireland
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mohanraj Manangeeswaran
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aaron P. Lewkowicz
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kaliroi Engel
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Clark
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adelle Laniyan
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob Sykes
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ha-Na Lee
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian L. McWilliams
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Logan Kelley-Baker
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leonardo H. Tonelli
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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Chen D, Duan Z, Zhou W, Zou W, Jin S, Li D, Chen X, Zhou Y, Yang L, Zhang Y, Shresta S, Wen J. Japanese encephalitis virus-primed CD8+ T cells prevent antibody-dependent enhancement of Zika virus pathogenesis. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20192152. [PMID: 32501510 PMCID: PMC7478723 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive anti-flaviviral immunity can influence the outcome of infections with heterologous flaviviruses. However, it is unclear how the interplay between cross-reactive antibodies and T cells tilts the balance toward pathogenesis versus protection during secondary Zika virus (ZIKV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections. We show that sera and IgG from JEV-vaccinated humans and JEV-inoculated mice cross-reacted with ZIKV, exacerbated lethal ZIKV infection upon transfer to mice, and promoted viral replication and mortality upon ZIKV infection of the neonates born to immune mothers. In contrast, transfer of CD8+ T cells from JEV-exposed mice was protective, reducing the viral burden and mortality of ZIKV-infected mice and abrogating the lethal effects of antibody-mediated enhancement of ZIKV infection in mice. Conversely, cross-reactive anti-ZIKV antibodies or CD8+ T cells displayed the same pathogenic or protective effects upon JEV infection, with the exception that maternally acquired anti-ZIKV antibodies had no effect on JEV infection of the neonates. These results provide clues for developing safe anti-JEV/ZIKV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- The Sixth People’s Hospital of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiliang Duan
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weiwei Zou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shengwei Jin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dezhou Li
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongchao Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jinsheng Wen
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Liang Y, Yi P, Ru W, Jie Z, Wang H, Ghanayem T, Wang X, Alamer E, Liu J, Hu H, Soong L, Cai J, Sun J. IL-22 hinders antiviral T cell responses and exacerbates ZIKV encephalitis in immunocompetent neonatal mice. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:249. [PMID: 32843067 PMCID: PMC7448338 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak that occurred in multiple countries was linked to increased risk of nervous system injuries and congenital defects. However, host immunity- and immune-mediated pathogenesis in ZIKV infection are not well understood. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a crucial cytokine for regulating host immunity in infectious diseases. Whether IL-22 plays, a role in ZIKV infection is unknown. METHODS The cellular source of IL-22 was identified in IFNAR-/- mice and wild-type (WT) neonatal mice during ZIKV infection. To determine the role of IL-22, we challenged 1-day-old WT and IL-22-/- mice with ZIKV and monitored clinical manifestations. Glial cell activation in the brain was assessed by confocal imaging. ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in both the spleen and brain were analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, glial cells were cultured in vitro and infected with ZIKV in the presence of IL-22, followed by the evaluation of cell proliferation, cytokine expression, and viral loads. RESULTS We found that γδ T cells were the main source of IL-22 during ZIKV infection in both the spleen and brain. WT mice began to exhibit weight loss, staggered steps, bilateral hind limb paralysis, and weakness at 10 days post-infection (dpi) and ultimately succumbed to infection at 16-19 dpi. IL-22 deficiency lessened weight loss, moderated the systemic inflammatory response, and greatly improved clinical signs of neurological disease and mortality. ZIKV infection also induced the activation of microglia and astrocytes in vitro. Additional analysis demonstrated that the absence of IL-22 resulted in reduced activation of microglia and astrocytes in the cortex. Although IL-22 displayed a negligible effect on glial cells in vitro, IL-22-/- mice mounted more vigorous ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cell responses, which led to a more effective control of ZIKV in the brain. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed a pathogenic role of IL-22 in ZIKV encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Panpan Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjuan Ru
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zuliang Jie
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tamer Ghanayem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Edrous Alamer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jinjun Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Haitao Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Nazerai L, Schøller AS, Bassi MR, Buus S, Stryhn A, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Effector CD8 T Cell-Dependent Zika Virus Control in the CNS: A Matter of Time and Numbers. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1977. [PMID: 32973802 PMCID: PMC7461798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, came into the spotlight in 2016 when it was found to be associated with an increased rate of microcephalic newborns in Brazil. The virus has further been recognized to cause neurologic complications in children and adults in the form of myelitis, encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and Guillain Barre Syndrome in a fraction of infected individuals. With the ultimate goal of identifying correlates of protection to guide the design of an effective vaccine, the study of the immune response to ZIKV infection has become the focus of research worldwide. Both innate and adaptive immune responses seem to be essential for controlling the infection. Induction of sufficient levels of neutralizing antibodies has been strongly correlated with protection against reinfection in various models, while the role of CD8 T cells as antiviral effectors in the CNS has been controversial. In an attempt to improve our understanding regarding the role of ZIKV-induced CD8 T cells in protective immunity inside the CNS, we have expanded on previous studies in intracranially infected mice. In a recent study, we have demonstrated that, peripheral ZIKV infection in adult C57BL/6 mice induces a robust CD8 T cell response that peaks within a week. In the present study, we used B cell deficient as well as wild-type mice to show that there is a race between CXCR3-dependent recruitment of the effector CD8 T cells and local ZIKV replication, and that CD8 T cells are capable of local viral control if they arrive in the brain early after viral invasion, in appropriate numbers and differentiation state. Our data highlight the benefits of considering this subset when designing vaccines against Zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loulieta Nazerai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amalie Skak Schøller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Rosaria Bassi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Stryhn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Immune outcomes of Zika virus infection in nonhuman primates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13069. [PMID: 32747639 PMCID: PMC7400481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic is subsiding, immune responses that are important for controlling acute infection have not been definitively characterized. Nonhuman primate (NHP) models were rapidly developed to understand the disease and to test vaccines, and these models have since provided an understanding of the immune responses that correlate with protection during natural infection and vaccination. Here, we infected a small group of male rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques with a minimally passaged Brazilian ZIKV isolate and used multicolor flow cytometry and transcriptional profiling to describe early immune patterns following infection. We found evidence of strong innate antiviral responses together with induction of neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses. We also assessed the relative importance of CD8 T cells in controlling infection by carrying out CD8 T cell depletion in an additional two animals of each species. CD8 depletion appeared to dysregulate early antiviral responses and possibly increase viral persistence, but the absence of CD8 T cells ultimately did not impair control of the virus. Together, these data describe immunological trends in two NHP species during acute ZIKV infection, providing an account of early responses that may be important in controlling infection.
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39
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Valentine KM, Croft M, Shresta S. Protection against dengue virus requires a sustained balance of antibody and T cell responses. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 43:22-27. [PMID: 32798886 PMCID: PMC7655611 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pre-existing immunity to dengue virus (DENV) can either protect against or exacerbate, a phenomenon known as antibody dependent enhancement (ADE), a secondary DENV infection. DENV, as an escalating health problem worldwide, has increased the urgency to understand the precise parameters shaping the anti-DENV antibody (Ab) and T cell responses, thereby tipping the balance towards protection versus pathogenesis. Herein, we present the current state of knowledge of about the interplay between the Ab and T cell responses that dictate the outcome of DENV infection and discuss how this newfound knowledge is reshaping strategies for developing safe and effective DENV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Valentine
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Croft
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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40
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Burg AR, Erickson JJ, Turner LH, Pham G, Kinder JM, Way SS. Persistent Zika Virus Clinical Susceptibility despite Reduced Viral Burden in Mice with Expanded Virus-Specific CD8 + T Cells Primed by Recombinant Listeria monocytogenes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:447-453. [PMID: 32522837 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against Zika virus (ZIKV) infection that target CD8+ T cells are of considerable interest because Abs may enhance infection susceptibility. However, whether CD8+ T cells are protective or promote susceptibility to clinical infection symptoms remains uncertain. To more precisely investigate ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cells in isolation, we engineered a Listeria monocytogenes-based vector to express a single MHC class I-restricted immune dominant peptide, E294-302, from ZIKV envelope protein. We show accumulation of activated ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cells primed by recombinant L. monocytogenes is associated with reductions in circulating virus levels after ZIKV challenge in type I IFN receptor-deficient mice and wildtype mice administered neutralizing Abs against type I IFN receptor. Interestingly, susceptibility to ZIKV clinical infection including weight loss and mortality each persists and is neither significantly improved nor worsened compared with isogenic L. monocytogenes-primed control mice. These data demonstrating persistent ZIKV clinical susceptibility despite reduced viral burden in mice with expanded virus-specific CD8+ T cells highlights the need for targeting other adaptive immune components in developing vaccines against ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Burg
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - John J Erickson
- Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Lucien H Turner
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Giang Pham
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Jeremy M Kinder
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229; .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
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Pattnaik A, Sahoo BR, Pattnaik AK. Current Status of Zika Virus Vaccines: Successes and Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020266. [PMID: 32486368 PMCID: PMC7349928 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently emerged Zika virus (ZIKV) spread to the Americas, causing a spectrum of congenital diseases including microcephaly in newborn and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in adults. The unprecedented nature of the epidemic and serious diseases associated with the viral infections prompted the global research community to understand the immunopathogenic mechanisms of the virus and rapidly develop safe and efficacious vaccines. This has led to a number of ZIKV vaccine candidates that have shown significant promise in human clinical trials. These candidates include nucleic acid vaccines, inactivated vaccines, viral-vectored vaccines, and attenuated vaccines. Additionally, a number of vaccine candidates have been shown to protect animals in preclinical studies. However, as the epidemic has waned in the last three years, further development of the most promising vaccine candidates faces challenges in clinical efficacy trials, which is needed before a vaccine is brought to licensure. It is important that a coalition of government funding agencies and private sector companies is established to move forward with a safe and effective vaccine ready for deployment when the next ZIKV epidemic occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryamav Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Bikash R. Sahoo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Asit K. Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-472-1067
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Pierson TC, Diamond MS. The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:796-812. [PMID: 32367055 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are vector-borne RNA viruses that can emerge unexpectedly in human populations and cause a spectrum of potentially severe diseases including hepatitis, vascular shock syndrome, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, congenital abnormalities and fetal death. This epidemiological pattern has occurred numerous times during the last 70 years, including epidemics of dengue virus and West Nile virus, and the most recent explosive epidemic of Zika virus in the Americas. Flaviviruses are now globally distributed and infect up to 400 million people annually. Of significant concern, outbreaks of other less well-characterized flaviviruses have been reported in humans and animals in different regions of the world. The potential for these viruses to sustain epidemic transmission among humans is poorly understood. In this Review, we discuss the basic biology of flaviviruses, their infectious cycles, the diseases they cause and underlying host immune responses to infection. We describe flaviviruses that represent an established ongoing threat to global health and those that have recently emerged in new populations to cause significant disease. We also provide examples of lesser-known flaviviruses that circulate in restricted areas of the world but have the potential to emerge more broadly in human populations. Finally, we discuss how an understanding of the epidemiology, biology, structure and immunity of flaviviruses can inform the rapid development of countermeasures to treat or prevent human infections as they emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore C Pierson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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43
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Schrauf S, Tschismarov R, Tauber E, Ramsauer K. Current Efforts in the Development of Vaccines for the Prevention of Zika and Chikungunya Virus Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:592. [PMID: 32373111 PMCID: PMC7179680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses represent major challenges to public health, particularly in tropical, and subtropical regions, and a substantial risk to other parts of the world as respective vectors extend their habitats. In recent years, two viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, Chikungunya and Zika virus, have gathered increased interest. After decades of regionally constrained outbreaks, both viruses have recently caused explosive outbreaks on an unprecedented scale, causing immense suffering and massive economic burdens in affected regions. Chikungunya virus causes an acute febrile illness that often transitions into a chronic manifestation characterized by debilitating arthralgia and/or arthritis in a substantial subset of infected individuals. Zika infection frequently presents as a mild influenza-like illness, often subclinical, but can cause severe complications such as congenital malformations in pregnancy and neurological disorders, including Guillain-Barré syndrome. With no specific treatments or vaccines available, vector control remains the most effective measure to manage spread of these diseases. Given that both viruses cause antibody responses that confer long-term, possibly lifelong protection and that such responses are cross-protective against the various circulating genetic lineages, the development of Zika and Chikungunya vaccines represents a promising route for disease control. In this review we provide a brief overview on Zika and Chikungunya viruses, the etiology and epidemiology of the illnesses they cause and the host immune response against them, before summarizing past and current efforts to develop vaccines to alleviate the burden caused by these emerging diseases. The development of the urgently needed vaccines is hampered by several factors including the unpredictable epidemiology, feasibility of rapid clinical trial implementation during outbreaks and regulatory pathways. We will give an overview of the current developments.
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44
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Steffen T, Hassert M, Hoft SG, Stone ET, Zhang J, Geerling E, Grimberg BT, Roberts MS, Pinto AK, Brien JD. Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Recombinant Human Adenovirus Type 5 Vaccine against Zika Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020170. [PMID: 32272595 PMCID: PMC7349816 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a significant public health concern due to the pathogen's ability to be transmitted by either mosquito bite or sexual transmission, allowing spread to occur throughout the world. The potential consequences of ZIKV infection to human health, specifically neonates, necessitates the development of a safe and effective Zika virus vaccine. Here, we developed an intranasal Zika vaccine based upon the replication-deficient human adenovirus serotype 5 (hAd5) expressing ZIKV pre-membrane and envelope protein (hAd5-ZKV). The hAd5-ZKV vaccine is able to induce both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to ZIKV epitopes. Importantly, this vaccine generated CD8+ T cells specific for a dominant ZIKV T cell epitope and is shown to be protective against a ZIKV challenge by using a pre-clinical model of ZIKV disease. We also demonstrate that the vaccine expresses pre-membrane and envelope protein in a confirmation recognized by ZIKV experienced individuals. Our studies demonstrate that this adenovirus-based vaccine expressing ZIKV proteins is immunogenic and protective in mice, and it encodes ZIKV proteins in a conformation recognized by the human antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Steffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63103, USA; (T.S.); (M.H.); (S.G.H.); (E.T.S.); (E.G.)
| | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63103, USA; (T.S.); (M.H.); (S.G.H.); (E.T.S.); (E.G.)
| | - Stella G. Hoft
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63103, USA; (T.S.); (M.H.); (S.G.H.); (E.T.S.); (E.G.)
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63103, USA; (T.S.); (M.H.); (S.G.H.); (E.T.S.); (E.G.)
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Altimmune, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (J.Z.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63103, USA; (T.S.); (M.H.); (S.G.H.); (E.T.S.); (E.G.)
| | - Brian T. Grimberg
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - M. Scot Roberts
- Altimmune, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (J.Z.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63103, USA; (T.S.); (M.H.); (S.G.H.); (E.T.S.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63103, USA; (T.S.); (M.H.); (S.G.H.); (E.T.S.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
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Subramaniam KS, Lant S, Goodwin L, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Turtle L. Two Is Better Than One: Evidence for T-Cell Cross-Protection Between Dengue and Zika and Implications on Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2020; 11:517. [PMID: 32269575 PMCID: PMC7109261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV, family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) exists as four distinct serotypes. Generally, immunity after infection with one serotype is protective and lifelong, though exceptions have been described. However, secondary infection with a different serotype can result in more severe disease for a minority of patients. Host responses to the first DENV infection involve the development of both cross-reactive antibody and T cell responses, which, depending upon their precise balance, may mediate protection or enhance disease upon secondary infection with a different serotype. Abundant evidence now exists that responses elicited by DENV infection can cross-react with other members of the genus Flavivirus, particularly Zika virus (ZIKV). Cohort studies have shown that prior DENV immunity is associated with protection against Zika. Cross-reactive antibody responses may enhance infection with flaviviruses, which likely accounts for the cases of severe disease seen during secondary DENV infections. Data for T cell responses are contradictory, and even though cross-reactive T cell responses exist, their clinical significance is uncertain. Recent mouse experiments, however, show that cross-reactive T cells are capable of mediating protection against ZIKV. In this review, we summarize and discuss the evidence that T cell responses may, at least in part, explain the cross-protection seen against ZIKV from DENV infection, and that T cell antigens should therefore be included in putative Zika vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanthi S Subramaniam
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Suzannah Lant
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsey Goodwin
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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46
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Sun J, Du S, Zheng Z, Cheng G, Jin X. Defeat Dengue and Zika Viruses With a One-Two Punch of Vaccine and Vector Blockade. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:362. [PMID: 32265852 PMCID: PMC7100368 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are two mosquito-borne flaviviruses afflicting nearly half of the world population. Human infection by these viruses can either be asymptomatic or manifest as clinical diseases from mild to severe. Despite more cases are presented as self-limiting febrile illness, severe dengue disease can be manifested as hemorrhagic fever and hemorrhagic shock syndrome, and ZIKV infection has been linked to increased incidence of peripheral neuropathy Guillain-Barre syndrome and central neural disease such as microcephaly. The current prevention and treatment of these infectious diseases are either non-satisfactory or entirely lacking. Because DENV and ZIKV have much similarities in genomic and structural features, almost identical mode of mosquito-mediated transmission, and probably the same pattern of host innate and adaptive immunity toward them, it is reasonable and often desirable to investigate these two viruses side-by-side, and thereby devise common countermeasures against both. Here, we review the existing knowledge on DENV and ZIKV regarding epidemiology, molecular virology, protective immunity and vaccine development, discuss recent new discoveries on the functions of flavivirus NS1 protein in viral pathogenesis and transmission, and propose a one-two punch strategy using vaccine and vector blockade to overcome antibody-dependent enhancement and defeat Dengue and Zika viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- Viral Disease and Vaccine Translational Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Senyan Du
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihang Zheng
- Viral Disease and Vaccine Translational Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Viral Disease and Vaccine Translational Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Xia Jin, ;
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Characterization of a Species E Adenovirus Vector as a Zika virus vaccine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3613. [PMID: 32107394 PMCID: PMC7046724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a safe and efficacious Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccine remains a global health priority. In our previous work, we developed an Adenovirus vectored ZIKV vaccine using a low-seroprevalent human Adenovirus type 4 (Ad4-prM-E) and compared it to an Ad5 vector (Ad5-prM-E). We found that vaccination with Ad4-prM-E leads to the development of a strong anti-ZIKV T-cell response without eliciting significant anti-ZIKV antibodies, while vaccination with Ad5-prM-E leads to the development of both anti-ZIKV antibody and T-cell responses in C57BL/6 mice. However, both vectors conferred protection against ZIKV infection in a lethal challenge model. Here we continued to characterize the T-cell biased immune response observed in Ad4 immunized mice. Vaccination of BALB/c mice resulted in immune correlates similar to C57BL/6 mice, confirming that this response is not mouse strain-specific. Vaccination with an Ad4 expressing an influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein resulted in anti-HA T-cell responses without the development of significant anti-HA antibodies, indicating this unique response is specific to the Ad4 serotype rather than the transgene expressed. Co-administration of a UV inactivated Ad4 vector with the Ad5-prM-E vaccine led to a significant reduction in anti-ZIKV antibody development suggesting that this serotype-specific immune profile is capsid-dependent. These results highlight the serotype-specific immune profiles elicited by different Adenovirus vector types and emphasize the importance of continued characterization of these alternative Ad serotypes.
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Long-Term Protection of Rhesus Macaques from Zika Virus Reinfection. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01881-19. [PMID: 31801867 PMCID: PMC7022347 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01881-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
By the end of the 2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak, it is estimated that there were up to 100 million infections in the Americas. In approximately one in seven infants born to mothers infected during pregnancy, ZIKV has been linked to microcephaly, developmental delays, or other congenital disorders collectively known as congenital Zika syndrome, as well as Guillain-Barré syndrome, in ZIKV-infected adults. It is a global health priority to develop a vaccine against ZIKV that elicits long-lasting immunity; however, the durability of immunity to ZIKV is unknown. Previous studies in mice and nonhuman primates have been crucial in vaccine development but have not defined the duration of immunity generated by ZIKV infection. In this study, we rechallenged five rhesus macaques with ZIKV 22 to 28 months after a primary ZIKV infection. We show that primary ZIKV infection generates high titers of neutralizing antibodies that protect from detectable plasma viremia following rechallenge and persist for at least 22 to 28 months. While additional longitudinal studies are necessary with longer time frames, this study establishes a new experimentally defined minimal length of protective ZIKV immunity.IMPORTANCE ZIKV emerged as a vector-borne pathogen capable of causing illness in infected adults and congenital birth defects in infants born to mothers infected during pregnancy. Despite the decrease in ZIKV cases since the 2015-2016 epidemic, questions concerning the prevalence and longevity of protective immunity have left vulnerable communities fearful that they may become the center of next ZIKV outbreak. Although preexisting herd immunity in regions of past outbreaks may dampen the potential for future outbreaks to occur, we currently do not know the longevity of protective immunity to ZIKV after a person becomes infected. Here, we establish a new experimentally defined minimal length of protective ZIKV immunity. We show that five rhesus macaques initially infected with ZIKV 22 to 28 months prior to rechallenge elicit a durable immune response that protected from detectable plasma viremia. This study establishes a new minimal length of protective immunity.
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Vδ2 T-Cells Kill ZIKV-Infected Cells by NKG2D-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090350. [PMID: 31547470 PMCID: PMC6781265 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An expansion of effector/activated Vδ2 T-cells was recently described in acute Zika virus (ZIKV)-infected patients, but their role in the protective immune response was not clarified. The aim of this study was to define the antiviral activity of Vδ2 T-cells against ZIKV-infected cells. The Vδ2 T-cells expansion and their cytotoxic activity against ZIKV-infected cells were tested in vitro and analyzed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. We found that ZIKV infection was able to induce Vδ2 T-cells expansion and sensitized A549 cells to Vδ2-mediated killing. Indeed, expanded Vδ2 T-cells killed ZIKV-infected cells through degranulation and perforin release. Moreover, ZIKV infection was able to increase the expression on A549 cells of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs), namely MICA, MICB, and ULBP2, at both the mRNA and protein levels, suggesting the possible involvement of these molecules in the recognition by NKG2D-expressing Vδ2 T-cells. Indeed, the killing of ZIKV-infected cells by expanded Vδ2 T-cells was mediated by NKG2D/NKG2DL interaction as NKG2D neutralization abrogated Vδ2 cytotoxicity. Our data showed a strong antiviral activity of Vδ2 T-cells against ZIKV-infected cells, suggesting their involvement in the protective immune response. Other studies are necessary to investigate whether the lack of Vδ2 T-cells expansion in vivo may be associated with disease complications.
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Hayashida E, Ling ZL, Ashhurst TM, Viengkhou B, Jung SR, Songkhunawej P, West PK, King NJC, Hofer MJ. Zika virus encephalitis in immunocompetent mice is dominated by innate immune cells and does not require T or B cells. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:177. [PMID: 31511023 PMCID: PMC6740023 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Until the end of the twentieth century, Zika virus (ZIKV) was thought to cause a mostly mild, self-limiting disease in humans. However, as the geographic distribution of ZIKV has shifted, so too has its pathogenicity. Modern-day ZIKV infection is now known to cause encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome in otherwise healthy adults. Nevertheless, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for this shift in virulence remain unclear. Methods Here, we investigated the contribution of the innate versus the adaptive immune response using a new mouse model involving intracranial infection of adult immunocompetent mice with a moderately low dose of ZIKV MR766. To determine the contribution of type I interferons (IFN-Is) and adaptive immune cells, we also studied mice deficient for the IFN-I receptor 1 (Ifnar1−/−) and recombination-activating gene 1 (Rag1−/−). Results We show that intracranial infection with ZIKV resulted in lethal encephalitis. In wild-type mice, ZIKV remained restricted predominantly to the central nervous system (CNS) and infected neurons, whereas astrocytes and microglia were spared. Histological and molecular analysis revealed prominent activation of resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes that were accompanied by an expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The disease was independent of T and B cells. Importantly, unlike peripheral infection, IFN-Is modulated but did not protect from infection and lethal disease. Lack of IFN-I signaling resulted in spread of the virus, generalized inflammatory changes, and accelerated disease onset. Conclusions Using intracranial infection of immunocompetent wild-type mice with ZIKV, we demonstrate that in contrast to the peripheral immune system, the CNS is susceptible to infection and responds to ZIKV by initiating an antiviral immune response. This response is dominated by resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes and macrophages but does not require T or B cells. Unlike in the periphery, IFN-Is in the CNS cannot prevent the establishment of infection. Our findings show that ZIKV encephalitis in mice is dependent on the innate immune response, and adaptive immune cells play at most a minor role in disease pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1566-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Hayashida
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zheng Lung Ling
- Discipline of Pathology, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas M Ashhurst
- Discipline of Pathology, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Cytometry Facility, The University of Sydney and the Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barney Viengkhou
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - So Ri Jung
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pattama Songkhunawej
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phillip K West
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Discipline of Pathology, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Cytometry Facility, The University of Sydney and the Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Molecular Bioscience Bldg., Maze Crescent G08, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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