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Zhao Q, Song SY, Zhang YQ, Ren X, Zhang P, Li X, Fu XM, Wang CY. The underlying mechanisms of anti-hepatitis B effects of formula Le-Cao-Shi and its single herbs by network pharmacology and gut microbiota analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112692. [PMID: 35151160 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Formula Le-Cao-Shi (LCS), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used as folk remedy for treating hepatitis B for a long time. In our previous study, the anti-hepatitis B effects of LCS have been verified. In the present study, the anti-hepatitis B activities of LCS and its three single herbs were investigated in vitro by HepG2.2.15 cellular model, and the mechanisms against hepatitis B were deciphered via network pharmacology and gut microbiota analysis. By network pharmacology method, twelve key compounds that played a vital role in LCS were filtered from 213 ingredients. The targets RORA, CDK2, RELA, AKT1, IKBKG, PRKCβ and CASP3 were directly related to hepatitis B pathway, which indicated that LCS could exert anti-hepatitis B effect by co-regulating cell cycle and inflammatory pathways. The interactions between candidate compounds and target proteins that were directly involved in hepatitis B pathway were validated by molecular docking simulation and RT-PCR. By gut microbiota analysis, it was revealed that LCS could alter the disordered microbial composition in the infected ducks towards normal, especially the restoration of three key strains, namely Streptococcus alactolyticus, Enterococcus cecorum and Bacteroides fragilis. The above findings could provide a scientific basis for further development and utilization of LCS against hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Shu-Yue Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yu-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xia Ren
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xiu-Mei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China; College of Economics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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Suresh M, Menne S. Application of the woodchuck animal model for the treatment of hepatitis B virus-induced liver cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:509-535. [PMID: 34163570 PMCID: PMC8204361 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i6.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) as an animal model for hepatocarcinogenesis and treatment of primary liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Since laboratory animal models susceptible to HBV infection are limited, woodchucks experimentally infected with WHV, a hepatitis virus closely related to HBV, are increasingly used to enhance our understanding of virus-host interactions, immune response, and liver disease progression. A correlation of severe liver pathogenesis with high-level viral replication and deficient antiviral immunity has been established, which are present during chronic infection after WHV inoculation of neonatal woodchucks for modeling vertical HBV transmission in humans. HCC in chronic carrier woodchucks develops 17 to 36 mo after neonatal WHV infection and involves liver tumors that are comparable in size, morphology, and molecular gene signature to those of HBV-infected patients. Accordingly, woodchucks with WHV-induced liver tumors have been used for the improvement of imaging and ablation techniques of human HCC. In addition, drug efficacy studies in woodchucks with chronic WHV infection have revealed that prolonged treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogs, alone or in combination with other compounds, minimizes the risk of liver disease progression to HCC. More recently, woodchucks have been utilized in the delineation of mechanisms involved in innate and adaptive immune responses against WHV during acute, self-limited and chronic infections. Therapeutic interventions based on modulating the deficient host antiviral immunity have been explored in woodchucks for inducing functional cure in HBV-infected patients and for reducing or even delaying associated liver disease sequelae, including the onset of HCC. Therefore, woodchucks with chronic WHV infection constitute a well-characterized, fully immunocompetent animal model for HBV-induced liver cancer and for preclinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of new modalities, which are based on chemo, gene, and immune therapy, for the prevention and treatment of HCC in patients for which current treatment options are dismal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Suresh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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Phylogeographic Genetic Diversity in the White Sucker Hepatitis B Virus across the Great Lakes Region and Alberta, Canada. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020285. [PMID: 33673082 PMCID: PMC7918172 DOI: 10.3390/v13020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B viruses belong to a family of circular, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a range of organisms, with host responses that vary from mild infection to chronic infection and cancer. The white sucker hepatitis B virus (WSHBV) was first described in the white sucker (Catostomus commersonii), a freshwater teleost, and belongs to the genus Parahepadnavirus. At present, the host range of WSHBV and its impact on fish health are unknown, and neither genetic diversity nor association with fish health have been studied in any parahepadnavirus. Given the relevance of genomic diversity to disease outcome for the orthohepadnaviruses, we sought to characterize genomic variation in WSHBV and determine how it is structured among watersheds. We identified WSHBV-positive white sucker inhabiting tributaries of Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Erie (USA), and Lake Athabasca (Canada). Copy number in plasma and in liver tissue was estimated via qPCR. Templates from 27 virus-positive fish were amplified and sequenced using a primer-specific, circular long-range amplification method coupled with amplicon sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq. Phylogenetic analysis of the WSHBV genome identified phylogeographical clustering reminiscent of that observed with human hepatitis B virus genotypes. Notably, most non-synonymous substitutions were found to cluster in the pre-S/spacer overlap region, which is relevant for both viral entry and replication. The observed predominance of p1/s3 mutations in this region is indicative of adaptive change in the polymerase open reading frame (ORF), while, at the same time, the surface ORF is under purifying selection. Although the levels of variation we observed do not meet the criteria used to define sub/genotypes of human and avian hepadnaviruses, we identified geographically associated genome variation in the pre-S and spacer domain sufficient to define five WSHBV haplotypes. This study of WSHBV genetic diversity should facilitate the development of molecular markers for future identification of genotypes and provide evidence in future investigations of possible differential disease outcomes.
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Insights into the genetic diversity, recombination, and systemic infections with evidence of intracellular maturation of hepadnavirus in cats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241212. [PMID: 33095800 PMCID: PMC7584178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human pathogen of global concern, while a high diversity of viruses related to HBV have been discovered in other animals during the last decade. Recently, the novel mammalian hepadnavirus, tentatively named domestic cat hepadnavirus (DCH), was detected in an immunocompromised cat. Herein, a collection of 209 cat sera and 15 hepato-diseased cats were screened for DCH using PCR, resulting in 12.4% and 20% positivity in the tested sera and necropsied cats, respectively. Among the DCH-positive sera, a significantly high level of co-detection with retroviral infection was found, with the highest proportion being co-detection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Full-length genome characterization of DCH revealed the genetic diversity between the nine Thai DCH sequences obtained, and that they phylogenetically formed three distinct monophyletic clades. A putative DCH recombinant strain was found, suggesting a possible role of recombination in DCH evolution. Additionally, quantitative PCR was used to determine the viral copy number in various organs of the DCH-moribund cats, while the pathological findings were compared to the viral localization in hepatocytes, adjacent to areas of hepatic fibrosis, by immunohistochemical (IHC) and western blot analysis. In addition to the liver, positive-DCH immunoreactivity was found in various other organs, including kidneys, lung, heart, intestine, brain, and lymph nodes, providing evidence of systemic infection. Ultrastructure of infected cells revealed electron-dense particles in the nucleus and cytoplasm of hepatocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. We propose the intracellular development mechanism of this virus. Although the definitive roles of pathogenicity of DCH remains undetermined, a contributory role of the virus associated with systemic diseases is possible.
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Michalak TI. Diverse Virus and Host-Dependent Mechanisms Influence the Systemic and Intrahepatic Immune Responses in the Woodchuck Model of Hepatitis B. Front Immunol 2020; 11:853. [PMID: 32536912 PMCID: PMC7267019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Woodchuck infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) represents the pathogenically nearest model of hepatitis B and associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This naturally occurring animal model also is highly valuable for development and preclinical evaluation of new anti-HBV agents and immunotherapies against chronic hepatitis (CH) B and HCC. Studies in this system uncovered a number of molecular and immunological processes which contribute or likely contribute to the immunopathogenesis of liver disease and modulation of the systemic and intrahepatic innate and adaptive immune responses during hepadnaviral infection. Among them, inhibition of presentation of the class I major histocompatibility complex on chronically infected hepatocytes and a role of WHV envelope proteins in this process, as well as augmented hepatocyte cytotoxicity mediated by constitutively expressed components of CD95 (Fas) ligand- and perforin-dependent pathways, capable of eliminating cells brought to contact with hepatocyte surface, including activated T lymphocytes, were uncovered. Other findings pointed to a role of autoimmune response against hepatocyte asialoglycoprotein receptor in augmenting severity of liver damage in hepadnaviral CH. It was also documented that WHV in the first few hours activates intrahepatic innate immunity that transiently decreases hepatic virus load. However, this activation is not translated in a timely manner to induction of virus-specific T cell response which appears to be hindered by defective activation of antigen presenting cells and presentation of viral epitopes to T cells. The early WHV infection also induces generalized polyclonal activation of T cells that precedes emergence of virus-specific T lymphocyte reactivity. The combination of these mechanisms hinder recognition of virus allowing its dissemination in the initial, asymptomatic stages of infection before adaptive cellular response became apparent. This review will highlight a range of diverse mechanisms uncovered in the woodchuck model which affect effectiveness of the anti-viral systemic and intrahepatic immune responses, and modify liver disease outcomes. Further exploration of these and other mechanisms, either already discovered or yet unknown, and their interactions should bring more comprehensive understanding of HBV pathogenesis and help to identify novel targets for therapeutic and preventive interventions. The woodchuck model is uniquely positioned to further contribute to these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz I Michalak
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Zhao Q, Ren X, Chen M, Yue SJ, Zhang MQ, Chen KX, Guo YW, Shao CL, Wang CY. Effects of traditional Chinese medicine formula Le-Cao-Shi on hepatitis B: In vivo and in vitro studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 244:112132. [PMID: 31381954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Formula Le-Cao-Shi (LCS) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which has long been used as a folk remedy against hepatitis B in China. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-hepatitis B effects of aqueous extract of LCS in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHOD we investigated the anti-HBV effects of LCS in vivo and in vitro with duck hepatitis B model and HepG2.2.15 cell line model, respectively. The serologic and cellular biomarkers and the histopathological changes were examined. RESULTS By a duck hepatitis B model, the extract of LCS was found to restrain the expressions of duck hepatitis B surface antigen (DHBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen (DHBeAg), and HBV-DNA (DHBV-DNA). Moreover, LCS could decrease the levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST and ALT) and ameliorate duck liver histological lesions. Correspondingly, in a HepG2.2.15 cellular model, LCS could also significantly inhibit the secretions of HBsAg and HBeAg. CONCLUSION LCS exerted potent anti-hepatitis effects against the infection of HBV. The above results demonstrated the first-hand experimental evidences for the anti-hepatitis B efficiency of LCS. Our study provides a basis for further exploration and development of this promising compound prescription to treat hepatitis B disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- DNA, Viral
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Ducks
- Hepatitis B/drug therapy
- Hepatitis B/immunology
- Hepatitis B/pathology
- Hepatitis B/virology
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Duck/drug effects
- Hepatitis B Virus, Duck/genetics
- Hepatitis B Virus, Duck/immunology
- Hepatitis B e Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/drug therapy
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Humans
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/pathology
- Medicine, Chinese Traditional
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Xia Ren
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Marine Science & Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, PR China
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Kai-Xian Chen
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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Ishida Y, Chung TL, Imamura M, Hiraga N, Sen S, Yokomichi H, Tateno C, Canini L, Perelson AS, Uprichard SL, Dahari H, Chayama K. Acute hepatitis B virus infection in humanized chimeric mice has multiphasic viral kinetics. Hepatology 2018; 68:473-484. [PMID: 29572897 PMCID: PMC6097938 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chimeric urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA)/severely severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice reconstituted with humanized livers are useful for studying hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the absence of an adaptive immune response. However, the detailed characterization of HBV infection kinetics necessary to enable in-depth mechanistic studies in this in vivo HBV infection model is lacking. To characterize HBV kinetics post-inoculation (p.i.) to steady state, 42 mice were inoculated with HBV. Serum HBV DNA was frequently measured from 1 minute to 63 days p.i. Total intrahepatic HBV DNA, HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), and HBV RNA was measured in a subset of mice at 2, 4, 6, 10, and 13 weeks p.i. HBV half-life (t1/2 ) was estimated using a linear mixed-effects model. During the first 6 hours p.i., serum HBV declined in repopulated uPA/SCID mice with a t1/2 = 62 minutes (95% confidence interval [CI] = 59-67). Thereafter, viral decline slowed followed by a 2-day lower plateau. Subsequent viral amplification was multiphasic with an initial mean doubling time of t2 = 8 ± 3 hours followed by an interim plateau before prolonged amplification (t2 = 2 ± 0.5 days) to a final HBV steady state of 9.3 ± 0.3 log copies (cps)/mL. Serum HBV and intrahepatic HBV DNA were positively correlated (R2 = 0.98). CONCLUSION HBV infection in uPA/SCID chimeric mice is highly dynamic despite the absence of an adaptive immune response. Serum HBV t1/2 in humanized uPA/SCID mice was estimated to be ∼1 hour regardless of inoculum size. The HBV acute infection kinetics presented here is an important step in characterizing this experimental model system so that it can be effectively used to elucidate the dynamics of the HBV life cycle and thus possibly reveal effective antiviral drug targets. (Hepatology 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishida
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tje Lin Chung
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA,Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Department of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michio Imamura
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hiraga
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Suranjana Sen
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | - Chise Tateno
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Laetitia Canini
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA,Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Susan L. Uprichard
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Harel Dahari
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Tolerance and immunity to pathogens in early life: insights from HBV infection. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:643-652. [PMID: 28685270 PMCID: PMC5711997 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunity is not static but varies with age. The immune system of a newborn infant is not "defective" or "immature." Rather, there are distinct features of innate and adaptive immunity from fetal life to adulthood, which may alter the susceptibility of newborn infants to infections compared to adults. Increased protection to certain infectious diseases during early life may benefit from a dampened immune response as a result of decreased immune pathology. This concept may offer an alternative interpretation of the different pathological manifestations clinically observed in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients during the natural history of infection. Herein, we review the immune pathological features of HBV infection from early life to adulthood and challenge the concept of a generic immune tolerant state in young people. We then discuss how the different clinical and virological manifestations during HBV infection may be related to the differential antiviral immunity and pro-inflammatory capacity generated at different ages. Lastly, we address the potential to consider earlier therapeutic intervention in HBV-infected young patients to achieve effective immune control leading to better outcomes.
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Salem N, Kuang Y, Corn D, Erokwu B, Kolthammer JA, Tian H, Wu C, Wang F, Wang Y, Lee Z. [(Methyl)1-(11)c]-acetate metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:140-51. [PMID: 20401538 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies have established the value of [(methyl)1-(11)C]-acetate ([(11)C]Act) combined with 2-deoxy-2[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using positron emission tomography (PET). In this study, the metabolic fate of [(11)C]Act in HCC was characterized. METHODS Experiments with acetic acid [1-(14)C] sodium salt ([(14)C]Act) were carried out on WCH-17 cells and freshly derived rat hepatocytes. PET scans with [(11)C]Act were also carried out on woodchucks with HCC before injection of [(14)C]Act. The radioactivity levels in different metabolites were quantified with thin-layer chromatography. RESULTS In WCH-17 cells, the predominant metabolite was phosphatidylcholine (PC). Regions of HCCs with the highest [(11)C]Act uptake had higher radioactivity accumulation in lipid-soluble compounds than surrounding hepatic tissues. In those regions, PC and triacylglycerol (TG) accumulated more radioactivity than in surrounding hepatic tissues. CONCLUSIONS High [(11)C]Act uptake in HCC is associated with increased de novo lipogenesis. PC and TG are the main metabolites into which the radioactive label from [(11)C]Act is incorporated in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Salem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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10
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von Freyend MJ, Untergasser A, Arzberger S, Oberwinkler H, Drebber U, Schirmacher P, Protzer U. Sequential control of hepatitis B virus in a mouse model of acute, self-resolving hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18:216-26. [PMID: 20367794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The determinants of an immune response to the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) are poorly understood. As studies in man and chimpanzees are limited, we aimed at developing a model of self-limiting hepatitis B in mice that helps to dissect the control of HBV by humoral and cellular immune responses. Adenoviral vectors containing 1.3-fold HBV genomes allowed an efficient and reproducible transfer of HBV genomes into mouse livers and initiated HBV replication in mice. HBV transcripts were detected in mouse livers for more than 3 months. HBsAg and HBeAg peaked around day 6 and slowly declined thereafter. A two-phase mild to moderate liver inflammation with elevated serum alanine transaminase activities was observed around day 7 and around day 70 when the vast majority of HBV-specific T cells were detected in the liver. HBV was initially controlled when specific and nonspecific T cells infiltrated the liver and intrahepatic interferon γ levels peaked around day 7, but replicated again from day 10 to day 24 and persisted at low levels thereafter despite the presence of HBV-specific T cells. Finally, HBV replication was terminated after a sufficient B-cell response had been mounted- indicated by anti-HBs seroconversion around day 35. HBV-specific T cells infiltrated the liver a second time around day 70 postinfection. This demonstrates that the established mouse model allows studying the onset and termination of HBV infection and will help to dissect the determinants of HBV control and clearance by the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M John von Freyend
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects more than 300 million people worldwide and is a common cause of liver disease and liver cancer. HBV, a member of the Hepadnaviridae family, is a small DNA virus with unusual features similar to retroviruses. HBV replicates through an RNA intermediate and can integrate into the host genome. The unique features of the HBV replication cycle confer a distinct ability of the virus to persist in infected cells. Virological and serological assays have been developed for diagnosis of various forms of HBV-associated disease and for treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. HBV infection leads to a wide spectrum of liver disease ranging from acute (including fulminant hepatic failure) to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Acute HBV infection can be either asymptomatic or present with symptomatic acute hepatitis. Most adults infected with the virus recover, but 5%-10% are unable to clear the virus and become chronically infected. Many chronically infected persons have mild liver disease with little or no long-term morbidity or mortality. Other individuals with chronic HBV infection develop active disease, which can progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. These patients require careful monitoring and warrant therapeutic intervention. Extrahepatic manifestations of HBV infection are rare but can be difficult to diagnose and manage. The challenges in the area of HBV-associated disease are the lack of knowledge in predicting outcome and progression of HBV infection and an unmet need to understand the molecular, cellular, immunological, and genetic basis of various disease manifestations associated with HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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12
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Tan AT, Koh S, Goh V, Bertoletti A. Understanding the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B virus: an Asian prospective. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:833-43. [PMID: 18565018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study of hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunity has been mainly focused on understanding the differences between subjects who are able to control HBV infection and patients with persistent infection. These studies have been instrumental in increasing our knowledge on the pathogenesis of the disease caused by HBV. However, it is possible that heterogeneity of host and virus factors which segregate in ethnically distinct HBV infected populations might modify important aspects of the immune response against HBV. In this review, we reexamine the kinetics and the pattern of HBV-specific immunity associated with control or persistence of infection. We then discuss how the epidemiological, genetic and viral characteristics peculiar to Asian patients can impact the profile of HBV-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tanoto Tan
- Viral Hepatitis Unit, Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, A*STAR, Singapore
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13
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Michalak TI, Pham TNQ, Mulrooney-Cousins PM. Molecular diagnosis of occult HCV and HBV infections. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.5.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Presentation of HCV antigens to naive CD8+T cells: why the where, when, what and how are important for virus control and infection outcome. Clin Immunol 2007; 124:5-12. [PMID: 17540619 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated protection against HCV depends on constantly activated effector CD8(+)T cells that control emergence, spread and expansion of the virus. Why these cells fail to contain HCV replication in 70-80% of the individuals who develop persistent viremia is not clear. Although many reviews have focused on HCV's ability to interfere with the process of antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DC), only few have discussed the mechanisms whereby HCV-derived antigens become available for presentation to naive CD8(+)T cells. The importance of these mechanisms has been recently brought to light by new insight into DC biology, antigen processing, HCV replication and the immune system's functional anatomy. This review explores the different immunological scenarios in which CD8(+)T cell responses against HCV may be initiated. It describes the critical factors limiting antigen sensing and capture by APC and antigen recognition by T cells, and discusses how these factors may favor chronicity of HCV infection. Despite the lack of critical detail and hard experimental proof, this review proposes a model whereby liver seclusion, unproductive infection of professional antigen presenting cells and lack of direct tissue damage hamper the launch of a virus-specific CD8(+)T cell response. The implications for vaccine development are also discussed.
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15
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Menne S, Cote PJ. The woodchuck as an animal model for pathogenesis and therapy of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:104-24. [PMID: 17206759 PMCID: PMC4065868 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i1.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the woodchuck and the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) as an animal model for pathogenesis and therapy of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and disease in humans. The establishment of woodchuck breeding colonies, and use of laboratory-reared woodchucks infected with defined WHV inocula, have enhanced our understanding of the virology and immunology of HBV infection and disease pathogenesis, including major sequelae like chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The role of persistent WHV infection and of viral load on the natural history of infection and disease progression has been firmly established along the way. More recently, the model has shed new light on the role of host immune responses in these natural processes, and on how the immune system of the chronic carrier can be manipulated therapeutically to reduce or delay serious disease sequelae through induction of the recovery phenotype. The woodchuck is an outbred species and is not well defined immunologically due to a limitation of available host markers. However, the recent development of several key host response assays for woodchucks provides experimental opportunities for further mechanistic studies of outcome predictors in neonatal- and adult-acquired infections. Understanding the virological and immunological mechanisms responsible for resolution of self-limited infection, and for the onset and maintenance of chronic infection, will greatly facilitate the development of successful strategies for the therapeutic eradication of established chronic HBV infection. Likewise, the results of drug efficacy and toxicity studies in the chronic carrier woodchucks are predictive for responses of patients chronically infected with HBV. Therefore, chronic WHV carrier woodchucks provide a well-characterized mammalian model for preclinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of drug candidates, experimental therapeutic vaccines, and immunomodulators for the treatment and prevention of HBV disease sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Menne
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic liver inflammation worldwide. Recent knowledge of the virological and immunological events secondary to HBV infection has increased our understanding of the mechanisms involved in viral clearance and persistence. In this review, how the early virological and immunological events might influence the development of a coordinate activation of adaptive immunity necessary to control HBV infection is analysed. The mechanism(s) by which high levels of viral antigens, liver immunological features, regulatory cells and dendritic cell defects might maintain the HBV-specific immunological collapse, typical of chronic hepatitis B patients, is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- The UCL Institute of Hepatology, University College of London, 69-75 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Adam J Gehring
- The UCL Institute of Hepatology, University College of London, 69-75 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
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17
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Singh M, Kumar V. Transgenic mouse models of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Rev Med Virol 2003; 13:243-53. [PMID: 12820186 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The multi-factorial and multi-step nature of cancer development makes analysis difficult in cell culture and non-genetic animal models. Recent progress in technology has allowed the development of several transgenic animal models addressing various aspects of liver diseases caused by hepatitis B virus in human patients. The experimental data from these studies in vivo highlight the importance of HBV gene products that alone or in conjunction with other host cellular protein(s) can deregulate the cell cycle control checkpoints in the hepatocytes of transgenic mice leading to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, these models are extremely useful in analysing and ascertaining the stages of malignant transformation linked to multiple genetic and non-genetic events of cancer development and in developing novel strategies of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
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18
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Abstract
The innate immune system has a role not only in protecting the host during the initial period of virus infection, but also in shaping the nature of the adaptive immune response. In this review, we follow the kinetics of the virologic and immunologic events occurring from the time of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We primarily discuss how the early events after infection might influence the development of the adaptive immune response in these 2 important viral infections and how new strategies for more efficient preventive and therapeutic vaccines can be derived from this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- Institute of Hepatology, University College London, Royal Free and University College of London Medical School, London, UK.
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19
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Zhou JH, Ferencik S, Rebmann V, Yang DL, Lu M, Roggendorf M, Grosse-Wilde H. Molecular genetic and biochemical analysis of woodchuck (Marmota monax) MHC class I polymorphism. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2003; 61:240-8. [PMID: 12694573 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The woodchuck (Marmota monax) is an animal model that is used in the study of human hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection. A knowledge of woodchuck MHC class I (Mamo-I) genes and gene products is therefore essential for understanding the antigen-specific T-cell responses in this animal model. A number of Mamo-I genes have been identified by molecular cloning and sequencing. However, the allelic nature of these genes has not been proven by classical genetics like the segregation analysis in families. In this study, we analyzed the allelic diversity of Mamo-I in two three-generation woodchuck families including 15 members by sequencing of Mamo-I genes and immunoblotting of Mamo-I proteins after one-dimensional isoelectric focusing (1D-IEF). In addition to four published Mamo-I alleles, six new alleles that belonged to the same locus as the known Mamo-I alleles (Mamo-A) were found within the two woodchuck families. A typical Mendelian segregation of Mamo-I gene and antigens was observed in the families studied. For simple and rapid detection of allelic variability of Mamo-I gene, a typing method based on the detection of PCR products amplified by sequence specific primers (SSP) has been developed and tested in 41 unrelated animals. The most prevalent allele was Mamo-A*01 with a frequency of 21.9% followed by Mamo-A*07 (12.2%). Our study established Mamo-A as a classical MHC class I locus by the polymorphic and allelic nature of Mamo-I gene in the woodchuck.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Virchowstrasse 171, 45122 Essen, Germany
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert E Blum
- Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Dahmen U, Li J, Dirsch O, Fiedler M, Roggendorf M, Broelsch CE. Establishment of liver transplantation in woodchuck. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:2314-5. [PMID: 12270413 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)03250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U Dahmen
- Klinik für Allgemein und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
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22
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Lee JY, Culvenor JG, Angus P, Smallwood R, Nicoll A, Locarnini S. Duck hepatitis B virus replication in primary bile duct epithelial cells. J Virol 2001; 75:7651-61. [PMID: 11462037 PMCID: PMC115000 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.16.7651-7661.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cultures of intrahepatic bile duct epithelial (IBDE) cells isolated from duckling livers were successfully grown for studies of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV). The primary IBDE cells were characterized by immunohistochemistry using CAM 5.2, a cytokeratin marker which was shown to react specifically to IBDE cells in duck liver tissue sections and in primary cultures of total duck liver cells. Immunofluorescence assay using anti-duck albumin, a marker for hepatocytes, revealed that these IBDE cultures did not appear to contain hepatocytes. A striking feature of these cultures was the duct-like structures present within each cell colony of multilayered IBDE cells. Normal duck serum in the growth medium was found to be essential for the development of these cells into duct-like structures. When the primary cultures of duck IBDE cells were acutely infected with DHBV, dual-labeled confocal microscopy using a combination of anti-DHBV core proteins and CAM 5.2 or a combination of anti-pre-S1 proteins and CAM 5.2 revealed that the IBDE cell colonies contained DHBV proteins. Immunoblot analysis of these cells showed that the DHBV pre-S1 and core proteins were similar to their counterparts in infected primary duck hepatocyte cultures. Southern blot analysis of infected IBDE preparations using a digoxigenin-labeled positive-sense DHBV riboprobe revealed the presence of hepadnavirus covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA, minus-sense single-stranded (SS) DNA, double-stranded linear DNA, and relaxed circular DNA. The presence of minus-sense SS DNA in the acutely infected IBDE cultures is indicative of DHBV reverse transcriptase activity, while the establishment of a pool of viral CCC DNA reveals the ability of these cells to maintain persistent infection. Taken collectively, the results from this study demonstrated that primary duck IBDE cells supported hepadnavirus replication as shown by the de novo synthesis of DHBV proteins and DNA replicative intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Lee
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia.
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23
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Abstract
The narrow host range of infection and lack of suitable tissue culture systems for the propagation of hepatitis B and C viruses are limitations that have prevented a more thorough understanding of persistent infection and the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. With hepatitis B virus (HBV), this lack of knowledge has been partially overcome by the discovery and characterization of HBV-like viruses in wild animals. With hepatitis C virus (HCV), related flaviviruses have been used as surrogate systems for such studies. Other laboratories have developed transgenic mice that express virus gene products and/or support virus replication. Some HBV transgenic mouse models develop fulminant hepatitis, acute hepatitis, or chronic liver disease after adoptive transfer, and others spontaneously develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as in human infections. Among HCV transgenic mice, most develop no disease, but acute hepatitis has been observed in one model, and HCC in another. Although mice are not susceptible to HBV and HCV, their ability to replicate these viruses and to develop liver diseases characteristic of human infections provides new opportunities to study pathogenesis and develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Feitelson
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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24
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Lu X, Hazboun T, Block T. Limited proteolysis induces woodchuck hepatitis virus infectivity for human HepG2 cells. Virus Res 2001; 73:27-40. [PMID: 11163642 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous work from our laboratory has shown that digestion of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with V8 protease rendered the virus infectious for human hepatoblastoma cell line (HepG2). It was hypothesized that the cleavage exposes a 16 amino acid region that includes a consensus 'fusion' motif necessary to mediate infectivity. Since woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and HBV possess significant homology in this region of their envelope proteins, including the V8 protease cleavage site, the possibility that WHV infectivity for HepG2 cells could be induced by V8 digestion was explored. WHV isolated from the serum of chronically infected woodchucks, digested with V8 protease, was shown to loose its preS domain. V8 digested WHV eluted from gel filtration columns with a size similar to that of undigested virus, suggesting that digestion with V8 protease did not cause significant changes in virion size. The amount of progeny virus secreted into the culture medium following infection of HepG2 cells with V8 digested WHV reached 2.5 pg/ml, after 8 days. Moreover, WHV DNA replicative intermediates could be detected in the cells following infection with protease digested, but not undigested, viruses. These data suggest that protease modification of WHV, a non-human virus, induced infectivity for human tissue culture cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that exposure of an amino acid region of the envelope polypeptide that contains a consensus fusion motif is important in Hepadnavirus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Lu
- Jefferson Center for Medical Research at DVC, Thomas Jefferson University, Doylestown, PA 18901, USA.
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25
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Cote PJ, Toshkov I, Bellezza C, Ascenzi M, Roneker C, Ann Graham L, Baldwin BH, Gaye K, Nakamura I, Korba BE, Tennant BC, Gerin JL. Temporal pathogenesis of experimental neonatal woodchuck hepatitis virus infection: increased initial viral load and decreased severity of acute hepatitis during the development of chronic viral infection. Hepatology 2000; 32:807-17. [PMID: 11003627 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.17681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections either resolve or progress to chronicity. Identification of early deviations in host-virus responses associated with these outcomes can further differentiate cause-effect mechanisms that initiate and maintain chronicity. Neonatal woodchucks were infected experimentally with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) at 3 days of age. At 8 or 14 weeks of age (i.e. , the early- or mid-acute stage of infection), whole blood and large surgical biopsies of the liver were obtained from infected animals and uninfected controls. These were stored for later correlating histopathologic responses and viral load with the subsequently determined outcome of infection. As of 1 year postinfection, half of the surgically treated infected woodchucks had developed self-limited infections, while the other half developed chronic infections. The self-limited outcome was characterized by decreased viral load in acute-phase liver and plasma and a generally robust acute hepatic inflammatory response. Comparisons at the same early time points revealed that the chronic outcome was characterized by increasing initial viral load in liver and plasma, and a detectable, but diminished, acute hepatic inflammation. These cotemporal comparisons indicate that there is an early host-response deviation during the acute phase of a developing chronic infection. Continued analysis of the tissues banked from this study will facilitate further temporal characterization of acute-phase mechanisms that determine resolution versus chronicity in WHV infection. Understanding such mechanisms may be useful in the rational design of therapy for established chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Cote
- Division of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Rockville, MD, USA
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26
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Cote PJ, Korba BE, Miller RH, Jacob JR, Baldwin BH, Hornbuckle WE, Purcell RH, Tennant BC, Gerin JL. Effects of age and viral determinants on chronicity as an outcome of experimental woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. Hepatology 2000; 31:190-200. [PMID: 10613745 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510310128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepadnavirus infections either resolve or progress to chronicity. Factors that influence chronicity as an outcome of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in humans can be studied experimentally in the woodchuck model. Accordingly, several woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) inocula were characterized. Representative inocula had high titers of infectious virus (approximately 10(7.7)-10(9.5) woodchuck 50% infectious doses per milliliter [WID(50%)/mL] by subcutaneous inoculation), with 1 WID(50%) ranging between 21 and 357 physical virion particles. WHV7P1 (standard high dose, 5 x 10(6) WID(50%)) produced a 72% chronicity rate (i.e., percent chronic of total infected) in neonatal woodchucks (1-3 days old). Comparable doses of WHV8P1 resulted in a lower chronicity rate in neonates (34% chronic) indicating that it represented a strain different from WHV7P1. Neonatal woodchucks were more susceptible to chronic infection by high doses of WHV7P1 (range, 65%-75% chronic) compared with 8-week-old weanlings (33% chronic) and adult woodchucks (0% chronic; i.e., all resolved). High doses of cloned wild-type viruses also induced high rates of chronicity in neonates (70%-80% chronic). Chronicity rates in neonates were decreased for low doses of WHV7P1 (500 WID(50%), 9% chronic) and for high doses of a precore WHeAg-minus mutant WHV8 clone (17% chronic). Thus, both age and viral determinants can influence chronicity as an outcome of experimental WHV infection. Standardized inocula will enable the study of mechanisms that initiate and maintain chronic hepadnavirus infection and also provide a means for developing WHV carriers for therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Cote
- Division of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Rockville 20852, MD, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important etiologic agent of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although the mechanism whereby HBV causes HCC is not fully understood, it is likely that there are many relevant molecular pathways that contribute to the development of HBV-associated HCC. This review provides an overview of some of these proposed pathways and their relative importance. It also raises questions on basic and translational research that will signficantly contribute to the better understanding of underlying mechanisms, prevention, and treatment of this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Feitelson
- Department of Pathology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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28
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Michalak TI, Pardoe IU, Coffin CS, Churchill ND, Freake DS, Smith P, Trelegan CL. Occult lifelong persistence of infectious hepadnavirus and residual liver inflammation in woodchucks convalescent from acute viral hepatitis. Hepatology 1999; 29:928-38. [PMID: 10051500 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traces of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome can persist for years following recovery from hepatitis B. To determine overall duration, molecular characteristics, and pathological implications of this serologically undetectable form of hepadnaviral carriage, we have analyzed the expression of transcriptionally active virus genomes, their infectivity, and examined liver alterations during the natural lifespan of woodchucks convalescent from acute infection with HBV- related woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). In this study, we document lifelong persistence of scanty amounts of replicating virus both in the liver and lymphatic system after spontaneous resolution of an episode of experimental hepadnaviral hepatitis. Antibodies to virus nucleocapsid (core) were found to be the most reliable immunovirological marker coexisting with occult infection. In the majority of convalescent woodchucks, serial liver biopsies showed protracted minimal to mild necroinflammation with periods of normal morphology; however, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ultimately developed in 2 of 9 animals studied. Inocula derived from lymphoid cells of convalescent animals induced classical acute hepatitis in virus-naive woodchucks that progressed to chronic hepatitis and HCC in 1 of the animals, demonstrating infectivity and pathogenic competence of the carried virus. Our results reveal that low levels of infectious WHV and residual hepatic inflammation usually continue for life after resolution of hepatitis and that this recovery does not avert HCC development. They also demonstrate that, in addition to the liver, the lymphatic system is the site of the occult lifelong maintenance of replicating hepadnavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Michalak
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.
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29
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Chen HS, Miller RH, Hornbuckle WE, Tennant BC, Cote PJ, Gerin JL, Purcell RH. Titration of recombinant woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA in adult woodchucks. J Med Virol 1998; 54:92-4. [PMID: 9496365 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199802)54:2<92::aid-jmv4>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In vivo transfection of Eastern woodchucks (Marmota monax) with recombinant woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNA is effective in inducing virus infection for the study of replication, pathogenicity, and oncogenicity of wild-type and mutated WHV. The one drawback to this procedure is the need for preparation of large amounts of WHV DNA. Reduction of the amount of WHV DNA in the transfection protocol necessary to induce infection would save considerable time and resources. Therefore, we conducted a titration of WHV DNA, ranging from 50 micrograms to 50 pg of DNA, in adult woodchucks to determine the minimum infectious dose of recombinant WHV DNA. As little as 50 ng of transfected WHV DNA induced productive infection in adult woodchucks. Thus, transfection with large amounts of recombinant WHV DNA appears to be unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Chen
- Hepatitis Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7620, USA
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30
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Petersen J, Dandri M, Gupta S, Rogler CE. Liver repopulation with xenogenic hepatocytes in B and T cell-deficient mice leads to chronic hepadnavirus infection and clonal growth of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:310-5. [PMID: 9419372 PMCID: PMC18210 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.1.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate host and viral mechanisms determining hepadnaviral persistence and hepatocarcinogenesis, we developed a mouse model by transplanting woodchuck hepatocytes into the liver of mice that contain the urokinase-type plasminogen activator transgene (uPA) and lack mature B and T lymphocytes due to a recombination activation gene 2 (RAG-2) gene knockout. The woodchuck hepatocytes were transplanted via intrasplenic injection and were found to integrate into the recipient mouse liver cord structure. Normal adult woodchuck hepatocytes proliferated and reconstituted up to 90% of the uPA/RAG-2 mouse liver. uPA/RAG-2 mice containing woodchuck hepatocytes were infectable with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and showed WHV replication for at least 10 months with titers up to 1 x 10(11) virions per ml in the peripheral blood. WHV-infected hepatocytes from chronic carrier woodchucks also established a persistent infection in uPA/RAG-2 mice after an 8- to 12-week lag period of viremia. Although WHV envelope, core, and X proteins were produced in the uPA/RAG-2 mice, no inflammatory host immune response was observed in the liver of WHV-replicating mice. A first antiviral test demonstrated a greater than four orders of magnitude drop in WHV titer in response to interferon alpha treatment. WHV replication was up-regulated by dexamethasone treatment. Comparison of precancerous lesions in donor woodchucks versus recipient uPA/RAG-2 mice revealed an enrichment of dysplastic precancerous hepatocytes in transplanted mice. Clonal amplification of hepatocytes from a woodchuck with hepatocellular carcinomas was demonstrated by the detection of unique WHV DNA integration patterns in hepatocellular carcinomas that arose in uPA/RAG-2 mice. In the absence of B or T cell-mediated immune responses, WHV establishes a persistent noncytotoxic infection of woodchuck hepatocytes in uPA/RAG-2 chimeric mouse livers. Further studies of the kinetics of hepadnavirus infection and replication in quiescent and proliferating hepatocytes should increase our understanding of hepadnavirus spread and aid in the design of therapies to block or cure persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Petersen
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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31
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Lazizi Y, Badur S, Perk Y, Ilter O, Pillot J. Selective unresponsiveness to HBsAg vaccine in newborns related with an in utero passage of hepatitis B virus DNA. Vaccine 1997; 15:1095-100. [PMID: 9269052 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thirty four out of 158 (22%) newborns to mothers chronically infected by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) did not produce antibodies (Ab) to HBsAg 1 month after the last injection of the HBV vaccine supplemented with HBV specific immunoglobulins. At birth, HBV genome was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of a large majority (28 out of 34) of these non-responder newborns but never in the other newborns who responded to the HBsAg vaccine. HBV genome was detected in serum, only in some cases (nine out of 34) and never in the absence of HBV DNA in PBMC. For nine out of 14 followed newborns, the absence of response was transitory since anti-HBs Abs appeared after 15 months, without booster, while the HBV genome had disappeared. Unresponsiveness was specific to the HBV envelope protein since all late responders and 15-months-non-responders to the HBsAg vaccine produced normal levels of Abs to the three poliovirus serotypes, to tetanus toxoid and to the pneumococcus polysaccharides. An in utero induced immune tolerance to low doses of HBsAg appears as the most plausible hypothesis to explain this unresponsiveness to HBV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lazizi
- Unité d'Immunologie Microbienne, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, WHO Center of Reference and Research for Viral Hepatitis, Clamart, France
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32
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Abstract
More than 500 million people world-wide suffer from viral hepatitis which can be caused by a variety of distinct infectious agents. The spectrum of disease, which ranges from acute self-limited hepatitis to liver cirrhosis, not only reflects the different biological properties and pathogenicity of the hepatitis viruses, but is also the result of the specific interaction between each virus and the immune system of the infected host. The immune response plays a crucial role in the elimination of the infecting virus as well as in disease pathogenesis and is described in detail for acute and chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection. Acute hepatitis B virus infection is characterized by a vigorous, polyclonal cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against HBV that is not readily detectable in patients with chronic hepatitis B, suggesting that resolution of disease is mediated by the HBV-specific CTL response in these patients. Because traces of virus as well as HBV-specific CTL can persist for decades after clinical recovery, continuous priming of new CTL by minute traces of virus is thought to protect from reactivation of disease. In contrast, the hepatitis C virus causes chronic liver disease despite a polyclonal and multispecific immune response, suggesting that distinct immunological and viral mechanisms determine the different clinical outcome of HBV and HCV infection. Their implications for the development of immunomodulatory vaccines to cure patients with chronic viral hepatitis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rehermann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical School of Hannover, Germany
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33
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Brechot C. Hepatitis B and C viruses and primary liver cancer. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY 1996; 10:335-73. [PMID: 8864037 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3528(96)90010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The data presented indicate that viral agents (namely, HBV and HCV) are major environmental aetiological factors for human primary liver cancer. It is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms further because HCC is one of the few examples of virus-related human cancers. In addition, the available evidence points to the possibility of at least partial prevention of the tumour by large-scale vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brechot
- INSERM U370 and Liver Unit, CHU Necker, Paris, France
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Chisari FV. Hepatitis B virus transgenic mice: models of viral immunobiology and pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 206:149-73. [PMID: 8608715 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-85208-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It should be apparent from the foregoing that the transgenic mouse model system has contributed substantially to our understanding of many aspects of HBV biology, immunobiology and pathogenesis in the past several years. We have learned that HBV can replicate within the mouse hepatocyte, as well as other mouse cell types, suggesting that there are probably no strong tissue or species specific constraints to viral replication once the viral genome enters the cell. However, the failure thus far to detect viral cccDNA in the hepatocyte nucleus in several independently derived transgenic lineages suggests that other, currently undefined, constraints on host range and tissue specificity may also be operative. Thanks to the transgenic mouse model we now understand the pathophysiological basis for HBsAg filament formation and ground glass cell production, and we have learned that at least this viral gene product can be toxic for the hepatocyte, first by compromising its ability to survive the hepatocytopathic effects of LPS and IFN alpha and eventually by causing it to die in the absence of any obvious exogenous stimulus. In recent studies, it has been shown that preformed nucleocapsid particles do not cross the nuclear membrane in either direction at least in the mouse hepatocyte. If this is confirmed, it will have two important implications: first, that nucleocapsid disassembly must occur in the cytoplasm before the nascent viral genome can enter the nucleus; second, that the intranuclear nucleocapsid particles are empty, and therefore serve no currently defined purpose in the viral life cycle. This should stimulate new interest in the analysis of the function of these particles that are a prominent feature of mammalian hepadnavirus infection. The transgenic mouse model has also established definitively that HBV-induced liver disease has an immunological basis, and that the class I-restricted CTL response plays a central role in this process. Additionally, the mouse studies have taught us that when the CTL recognize their target antigen on the hepatocytes they cause them to undergo apoptosis, forming the acidophilic, Councilman bodies that are characteristic of viral hepatitis. Further, we have learned that although the CTL initiate the liver disease, they actually contribute more to disease severity indirectly by recruiting antigen nonspecific effector cells into the liver than by directly killing the hepatocytes themselves. In addition, by releasing IFN gamma when they recognize antigen, the CTL can destroy enough of the liver to cause fulminant hepatitis in mice whose hepatocytes overproduce the large envelope protein and are hypersensitive to the cytopathic effects of this cytokine. We have also learned that the CTL are unable to recognize HBV-positive parenchymal cells outside of the liver, apparently because they cannot traverse the microvascular barriers that exist at most extrahepatic tissue sites. This important new discovery may permit the virus to survive a vigorous CTL response and contribute not only to the maintenance of memory T cells following acute hepatitis but also to serve as a reservoir to reseed the liver in patients with chronic hepatitis. The transgenic mouse model has also revealed that activated CTL and the cytokines they secrete can down-regulate HBV gene expression, and possibly even control viral replication, by noncytotoxic intracellular inactivation mechanisms involving the degradation of viral RNA and, perhaps, the degradation of viral nucleocapsids and replicative DNA intermediates without killing the cell. If HBV replication is indeed interrupted by this previously unsuspected activity, it could contribute substantially to viral clearance during acute infection when the immune response to HBV is vigorous. Alternatively, it could also contribute to viral persistence, by only partially down-regulating the virus during chronic infection when the immune response is weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V Chisari
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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36
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Bartholomew RM, Carmichael EP, Findeis MA, Wu CH, Wu GY. Targeted delivery of antisense DNA in woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks. J Viral Hepat 1995; 2:273-8. [PMID: 8732172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.1995.tb00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An asialoglycoprotein-based DNA delivery system containing an antisense oligo DNA against the polyadenylation region and adjacent upstream sequences of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) was prepared. Experimental woodchucks were inoculated neonatally with the woodchuck virus 23 weeks before initiating the study, and all animals subsequently developed hepatitis as evidenced by the presence of measurable levels of circulating viral DNA. Animals were injected intravenously (i.v.) with asialoorosomucoid (AsOR)-poly-L-lysine complexes containing 0.1 mg kg-1 antisense DNA for five consecutive days. Levels of surface antigen did not differ substantially between treated and control animals. However, intravenous administration of complexed antisense DNA significantly decreased viraemia, as shown by a five- to 10-fold decrease in circulating viral DNA 25 days post treatment. The decline lasted for at least 2 weeks, after which there was a gradual increase in DNA levels. Antisense DNA alone or a complex containing a random oligo DNA of the same size and linkage failed to have any significant effect on viral DNA levels. We conclude that antisense oligo DNA can be targeted to the liver in vivo, resulting in a substantial and prolonged decrease in viral DNA levels in WHV-infected woodchucks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Bartholomew
- Department of Gene Therapy, TargeTech, Inc./The Immune Response Corporation, Carlsbad, CA, USA
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37
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Michalak TI, Churchill ND, Codner D, Drover S, Marshall WH. Identification of woodchuck class I MHC antigens using monoclonal antibodies. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1995; 45:333-42. [PMID: 7652741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1995.tb02463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins with molecular masses of 43- and 39-kDa were identified in the cell surface membranes of normal woodchucks using a newly developed antiwoodchuck class I monoclonal antibody (mAb) B1b.B9 and immunoblotting. B1b.B9 was generated by immunizing mice with viable woodchuck peripheral blood mononuclear cells and was selected for anti-class I MHC reactivity using a cellular enzyme-linked immunoassay, indirect immunofluorescence on tissue sections and flow cytofluorimetry. The distribution pattern of class I MHC antigen on woodchuck lymphoid cells was found to be similar to that reported in other species. Also, the antigen expression on normal woodchuck hepatocytes was comparable to that observed on normal human liver parenchymal cells; thus, the antigen was not detected on hepatocytes by staining of liver tissue sections, but was found by indirect immunofluorescence staining of isolated liver cells. Western blot analysis of the plasma membranes from normal woodchuck hepatocytes revealed the presence of a single species of class I MHC heavy chain protein with a molecular mass of 43-kDa, whereas splenocyte plasma membranes showed intense expression of a 43-kDa species, as well as the presence of a 39-kDa protein. The 39- and 43-kDa proteins were extracted with Triton X-114 to the hydrophobic protein phase, suggesting that they both contain a hydrophobic transmembrane domain. The data obtained indicate that the B1b.B9 identifies a nonpolymorphic epitope of woodchuck class I MHC heavy chains, providing an important reagent for the study of the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection in a woodchuck model.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Michalak
- Liver Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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38
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Chemin I, Vermot-Desroches C, Baginski I, Saurin JC, Laurent F, Zoulim F, Bernaud J, Lamelin JP, Hantz O, Rigal D. Selective detection of human hepatitis B virus surface and core antigens in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets by flow cytometry. J Viral Hepat 1994; 1:39-44. [PMID: 8790558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.1994.tb00060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of hepatitis B surface protein (HBs) and hepatitis B core protein (HBc) was investigated, by flow cytometry, on the surface of peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) from cells of the following phenotype: CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD4 (T helper/ inducer), CD8 (T cytotoxic/suppressor), CD19 (B lymphocytes) and CD56 [natural killer (NK) cells] among eight patients suffering from chronic hepatitis B and five healthy HBV-negative subjects. This study demonstrated the presence of HBsAg and HBcAg on the lymphocyte surface for most of the patients. The mean percentage of labelled cells was 17% for HBsAg and 15% for HBcAg. Among the different lymphocyte subsets only B lymphocytes and the NK cells expressed HBsAg for 57% and 26% of cells, respectively. Similarly HBcAg was also detected among CD19 and CD56 cells only. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to search for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and RNA in PBMC, using primers located in the S gene. HBV DNA was detected with variable intensity in the CD3, CD4, CD19 and CD56 subsets following their separation with a cell sorter. For HBV RNA the signal obtained after PCR and Southern blotting was higher for CD56 and CD19 cells than for CD3 cells and undetectable for CD4 cells. This study demonstrates that replication and transcription of the HBV can occur in CD19- and CD56-positive cells. Positive signals in CD3 cells may be due to contamination of this subpopulation by NK cells.
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39
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Kajino K, Jilbert AR, Saputelli J, Aldrich CE, Cullen J, Mason WS. Woodchuck hepatitis virus infections: very rapid recovery after a prolonged viremia and infection of virtually every hepatocyte. J Virol 1994; 68:5792-803. [PMID: 7914548 PMCID: PMC236983 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.9.5792-5803.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies have suggested that transient hepadnavirus infections in mammals are associated with virus replication in a large fraction of hepatocytes. Although the viremia that occurred during transient infections in some individuals would presumably lead to virus replication in all hepatocytes, these studies did not reveal if this was the case. The question of the extent of hepatocyte infection was therefore reinvestigated because of the implications of the results for the mechanisms of virus clearance. Woodchucks were inoculated with woodchuck hepatitis virus, and the course of hepatic infection was determined. These studies indicated that essentially 100% of the hepatocytes became infected in the majority of woodchucks. In 7 of 10 woodchucks, the viral infection was then rapidly cleared from the liver, generally in less than 4 weeks. In another three woodchucks, though productive infection was just as rapidly cleared, viral covalently closed circular DNA remained for weeks to months after other indicators of virus infection had disappeared from the liver. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling and anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining to detect hepatocytes passing through S phase indicated an increase in hepatocyte proliferation during the recovery phase of infection. The rate of cell division appeared to be sufficient to replace no more than 2 to 3% of the hepatocytes per day, at the times at which the biopsies were performed. Histopathologic evaluation of the biopsy samples did not provide evidence for a massive amount of liver regeneration. Models to explain virus clearance, with or without massive immune system-mediated destruction of infected hepatocytes, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kajino
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
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40
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Abstract
The use of HBV and HDV experimental models has significantly contributed to understand the viral life cycle and to systematically test antiviral effects of various drugs on a pre-clinical level. Similar replication strategies of related hepadna viruses permit the use of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), woodchucks (Marmota monax), ground and tree squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) or Pekin ducks (Anas domesticus) as appropriate animal models. Cell culture systems for in vitro infection or transfection using both primary cultures of human and non-human hepatocytes and non-hepatocytes and cell lines have recently been identified. The advantages and restrictions of these experimental models with respect to evaluation of interferon effects on viral and hepatocellular gene expression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Caselmann
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich
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41
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Hostetler KY, Korba BE, Sridhar CN, Gardner MF. Antiviral activity of phosphatidyl-dideoxycytidine in hepatitis B-infected cells and enhanced hepatic uptake in mice. Antiviral Res 1994; 24:59-67. [PMID: 7944313 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(94)90052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dideoxycytidine (ddC) inhibits the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) but its clinical use is limited by peripheral neuropathy. We synthesized dioleoylphosphatidyl-ddC (DOP-ddC), a phospholipid prodrug of ddC which forms lipid bilayers and is readily incorporated into liposomes. The 90% effective dose (ED90) of DOP-ddC was 18 microM vs. 7 microM for ddC. However, in HBV-infected human hepatoma cells (2.2.15 cells), DOP-ddC was less toxic in vitro. When liposomal DOP-[5,6-3H]ddC was administered intraperitoneally to mice, drug levels in liver were 40 times greater than [5,6-3H]ddC when expressed as area under curve. Liposomal DOP-ddC also provided higher levels of drug in lymph nodes and spleen, important accessory sites of HBV replication. Plasma levels of drug remained above the ED90 six times longer with DOP-ddC than with ddC. DOP-ddC levels in sciatic nerve, the major site of toxicity, were not significantly different from levels observed with free ddC. The phospholipid prodrug approach is a general one which may readily be applied to other antiviral nucleosides for HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Hostetler
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0676
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42
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Chemin I, Vermot-Desroches C, Baginski I, Lamelin JP, Hantz O, Jacquet C, Rigal D, Trepo C. Monitoring of early events of experimental woodchuck hepatitis infection: studies of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by cytofluorometry and PCR. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 7:241-9. [PMID: 8275055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1993.tb00404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of woodchucks experimentally infected by woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were examined simultaneously for the presence of membrane associated WHV antigens by cytofluorometry, and for WHV DNA and RNA sequences by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Four woodchucks were inoculated: two with a well-defined infectious inoculum and two with an inoculum obtained from an animal at the late incubation phase, which was positive for WHV DNA by PCR but still devoid of WHV markers. Infection was demonstrated in all four inoculated woodchucks by the appearance at different times of WHV DNA and WHV antigens in both leucocytes and serum. WHV DNA was first detected by PCR either in the serum (two cases) or in leucocytes (two cases). The mean percentage of cells positive for membrane associated WHsAg or WHcAg detected by cytofluorometry were 37% +/- 25 and 17% +/- 15 respectively. After 8 weeks, all inoculated animals were WHsAg positive in serum. These data suggest that PBMC are involved in the early events of hepadnavirus infection. They also show that sera which are positive by PCR for WHV DNA may transmit viral infection even while still seronegative for WHV markers and for WHV DNA by dot blot.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Biomarkers/blood
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- DNA, Viral/blood
- Flow Cytometry
- Hepatitis B/microbiology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/growth & development
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/immunology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/isolation & purification
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology
- Marmota/microbiology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/blood
- Radioimmunoassay
- Viremia
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chemin
- Unité de recherche sur les hépatites et les rétrovirus humains, INSERM U271, Lyon, France
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43
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Chen HS, Kaneko S, Girones R, Anderson RW, Hornbuckle WE, Tennant BC, Cote PJ, Gerin JL, Purcell RH, Miller RH. The woodchuck hepatitis virus X gene is important for establishment of virus infection in woodchucks. J Virol 1993; 67:1218-26. [PMID: 8437213 PMCID: PMC237487 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.3.1218-1226.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
All mammalian hepadnaviruses possess a gene, termed X, that encodes a protein capable of transactivating virus gene expression. The X gene overlaps the polymerase and precore genes as well as two newly identified open reading frames (ORFs) termed ORF5 and ORF6. In this investigation, we examined whether ORF5, ORF6, and the X gene were important for the replication of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in susceptible woodchucks. First, we investigated whether proteins were produced from ORF5 and ORF6 by in vitro translation of appropriate viral transcripts, searched for antibodies against the putative proteins in the sera of animals infected with wild-type virus, and looked for an antisense WHV transcript, necessary for expression of a protein from ORF6, in the livers of acutely or chronically infected woodchucks. All such experiments yielded negative results. Next, we used oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to introduce termination codons into ORF5 and ORF6 at two locations within each ORF. Adult woodchucks in groups of three were transfected with one of the four mutant genomes. All of these woodchucks developed WHV infections that were indistinguishable from those of animals transfected with the wild-type WHV recombinant. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct DNA sequencing confirmed that reversion of the mutants to a wild-type genotype did not occur. Taken together, these data indicate that ORF5 and ORF6 are not essential for virus replication and are unlikely to represent authentic genes. Finally, we generated five WHV X-gene mutants that either removed the initiation codon for protein synthesis or truncated the carboxyl terminus of the protein by 3, 16, 31, or 52 amino acids. Groups of three adult woodchucks were transfected with one of the five X-gene mutants. Only the mutant that possessed an X gene lacking 3 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus was capable of replication within the 6-month time frame of the experiment. In contrast, all seven woodchucks transfected with wild-type WHV DNA developed markers consistent with viral infection. Thus, it is likely (P < 0.01) that the WHV X gene is important for virus replication in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Chen
- Hepatitis Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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44
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Cote PJ, Roneker C, Cass K, Schödel F, Peterson D, Tennant B, De Noronha F, Gerin J. New enzyme immunoassays for the serologic detection of woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. Viral Immunol 1993; 6:161-9. [PMID: 8216715 DOI: 10.1089/vim.1993.6.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The woodchuck and the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) have been used as a model of hepatitis B virus infection and its disease sequelas. Serologic responses to WHV infection have been described in previous reports from this laboratory by using virus-specific radioimmunoassays (RIAs) for WHV surface antigen, antibody to WHV core antigen, and antibody to WHsAg. In this study, we developed and evaluated new enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for these WHV serologic markers. Relative to the established RIAs, the EIAs were either improved or comparable in their sensitivity and specificity, and in their utility for monitoring experimental WHV infection and classifying woodchucks into serological diagnostic categories. These EIA systems are amenable to the quantitative titration of antibodies and quantitation of WHV antigens in serum, and ultimately should allow improved resolution of virologic and humoral immune responses of woodchucks to WHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Cote
- Department of Microbiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Rockville, Maryland
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45
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Cova L, Fourel I, Vitvitski L, Lambert V, Chassot S, Hantz O, Trepo C. Animal models for the understanding and control of HBV and HDV infections. J Hepatol 1993; 17 Suppl 3:S143-8. [PMID: 8509630 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Cova
- Hepatitis Research Unit (INSERM U-271), Lyons, France
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46
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Wei Y, Fourel G, Ponzetto A, Silvestro M, Tiollais P, Buendia MA. Hepadnavirus integration: mechanisms of activation of the N-myc2 retrotransposon in woodchuck liver tumors. J Virol 1992; 66:5265-76. [PMID: 1323693 PMCID: PMC289080 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.9.5265-5276.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In persistent hepadnavirus infections, a distinctive feature of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) is the coupling of frequent viral integrations into myc family genes with the rapid onset of primary liver tumors. We have investigated the patterns of WHV DNA insertion into N-myc2, a newly identified retroposed oncogene, in woodchuck hepatomas resulting from either natural or experimental infections. In both cases, integrated viral sequences were preferentially associated with the N-myc2 locus. In more than 40% of the woodchuck tumors analyzed, viral insertion sites were clustered in a 3-kb region upstream of N-myc2 or in the 3' noncoding region. Insertion of WHV sequences homologous to the human hepatitis B virus enhancers, either upstream or downstream of the N-myc2 coding domain, was associated with the production of normal N-myc2 mRNA or hybrid N-myc2-WHV transcripts, initiated at the normal N-myc2 transcriptional start site. Transient-transfection assays with different N-myc2-WHV constructs in HepG2 cells demonstrated that the viral enhancers could efficiently activate the N-myc2 promoter. These results, showing that cis activation of preferred cellular targets through enhancer insertion is a common strategy for tumor induction by WHV, emphasize the previously noted similarities between hepadnaviruses and nonacute oncogenic retroviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/microbiology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Chromosome Mapping
- DNA Transposable Elements/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, myc/genetics
- Hepadnaviridae/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/microbiology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Marmota
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Virus Integration
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wei
- Unité de Recombinaison et Expression Génétique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.163, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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47
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Peters DN, Steinberg H, Anderson WI, Hornbuckle WE, Cote PJ, Gerin JL, Lewis RM, Tennant BC. Immunopathology of glomerulonephritis associated with chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection in woodchucks (Marmota monax). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1992; 141:143-52. [PMID: 1632459 PMCID: PMC1886578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Retrospective analysis of necropsy findings of 705 woodchucks was performed to determine the prevalence and morphology of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis, its relationship to woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection, and the presence of major WHV antigens. Twenty-six woodchucks had glomerular lesions. Renal tissue of the 26 animals was evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically for immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. Of these 26 animals, immune-mediated glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in six, all of which were chronic WHV carriers. Membranous glomerulonephritis was identified in three animals, two of which also had mesangial proliferation. Host immunoglobulin was present within the mesangium and along capillary loops in all three. Woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen (WHcAg) was present along capillary loops of two of these animals, one membranous and one mixed, and in the mesangium of all three. Woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen (WHsAg) deposition was similar to WHcAg deposition but was only present along capillaries in those animals with mixed nephritis. The remaining three animals had mesangial proliferation. WHsAg and host immunoglobulin deposition were predominately mesangial; WHcAg was not detected. Transmission electron microscopy showed thickening of the capillary loop basement membranes and subepithelial electron-dense deposits in animal one, and deposits in the mesangium in animal six.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Peters
- Department of Pathology, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca
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48
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Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate RNA splicing in liver of woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). Two spliced species were detected, and the splice junctions were sequenced. The larger spliced RNA has an intron of 1300 nucleotides, and the smaller spliced sequence shows an additional downstream intron of 1104 nucleotides. We did not detect singly spliced sequences from which the smaller intron alone was removed. Control experiments showed that spliced sequences are present in both RNA and DNA in infected liver, showing that the viral reverse transcriptase can use spliced RNA as template. Spliced sequences were detected also in virion DNA prepared from serum. The upstream intron produces a reading frame that fuses the core to the polymerase polypeptide, while the downstream intron causes an inframe deletion in the polymerase open reading frame. Whereas the splicing patterns in WHV are superficially similar to those reported recently in hepatitis B virus, we detected no obvious homology in the coding capacity of spliced RNAs from these two viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ogston
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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Kelleher PC, Walters CJ, Myhre BD, Tennant BC, Gerin JL, Cote PJ. Altered glycosylation of alpha-fetoprotein in hepadnavirus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma of the woodchuck. Cancer Lett 1992; 63:93-9. [PMID: 1373341 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(92)90058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Altered glycosylation of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been proposed as a marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans. The lectin-binding properties of woodchuck AFP were investigated to determine if woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV)-induced HCCs are also accompanied by changes in AFP glycosylation. Ninety-eight to 100% of the AFP from normal, WHV-free woodchucks with physiologic AFP elevations and from WHV-carrier woodchucks with HCC bound to concanavalin A, indicating that virtually all of the AFP was glycosylated. Three percent or less of the serum AFP of normal woodchucks bound to Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA). In contrast, the AFP from woodchucks with HCC had an increased LCA-binding fraction (range, 8-77%). The increased LCA-binding AFP in WHV-induced HCC is analogous to that which frequently accompanies hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced HCC in humans. This study corroborates the relationship of altered glycoconjugate synthesis to virus-induced malignant transformation, confirms the importance of AFP glycoforms as markers of HCC, and demonstrates that the WHV-infected woodchuck should be useful in investigating changes in AFP glycosylation during hepadnavirus hepatocarcinogenesis and HCC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Kelleher
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington 05405
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Buendia
- Département des Rétrovirus, INSERM U163, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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