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Krivonogova AS, Bruter AV, Makutina VA, Okulova YD, Ilchuk LA, Kubekina MV, Khamatova AY, Egorova TV, Mymrin VS, Silaeva YY, Deykin AV, Filatov MA, Isaeva AG. AAV infection of bovine embryos: Novel, simple and effective tool for genome editing. Theriogenology 2022; 193:77-86. [PMID: 36156427 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are widely used in the field of genetically modified organism production. In this work, transduction of bovine embryos by AAV was selected as a potential approach to perform genetic modifications: we have used recombinant AAV to produce GFP-positive bovine embryos. Five different AAV serotypes were used to evaluate their ability to deliver genetic material into the bovine embryos. AAV9 serotype demonstrated minimal effectiveness (38,10%) as the genetic material transfer tool. Four other serotypes of AAVs (AAV1, AAV2, AAV6 and AAV-DJ) showed very close transduction efficiency (52,94-58,33%). CD209 is a C-type lectin receptor which is presented on the surface of macrophages and dendritic cells. CD209 recognizes a broad range of pathogens in a rather nonspecific manner. Production of CD209 knock-out is relevant for better understanding of infection mechanisms. Potentially, production of such knock-out may enable animals to become resistant to various infections. We have analyzed DNA samples from 22 blastocysts obtained after in vitro culture of zygotes subjected to recombinant AAV action. We have detected that 3 of 22 analyzed blastocysts contained mosaic CD209 frameshifts. Therefore, we have demonstrated proof of principle that application of AAV as a genome editing tool is an effective method for obtaining genetically modified cattle embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Krivonogova
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Bruter
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Valeria A Makutina
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Yuliya D Okulova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Leonid A Ilchuk
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Marina V Kubekina
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Alexandra Yu Khamatova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Egorova
- Laboratory of Modeling and Gene Therapy of Hereditary Diseases, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia; Marlin Biotech LLC, Sochi, 354340, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Mymrin
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Yuliya Yu Silaeva
- Core Facility Center, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Alexey V Deykin
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Maxim A Filatov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - Albina G Isaeva
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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2
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Teramoto S. The current definition, epidemiology, animal models and a novel therapeutic strategy for aspiration pneumonia. Respir Investig 2021; 60:45-55. [PMID: 34782300 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the 21st century, aspiration pneumonia (ASP) is very common in older patients, and has a high mortality rate. ASP is diagnosed following confirmation of inflammatory findings in the lungs and overt aspiration or the existence of dysphagia. It is dominant in hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia (NHCAP), and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). The incidence of ASP is increasing every year. The human and experimental animal data revealed that micro-aspiration due to dysphagia during the night is the central mechanism of ASP. Therefore, the precise assessment of swallowing function is the key to diagnose ASP. From a therapeutic point of view, an appropriate administration of antibiotics, as well as a comprehensive approach for dysphagia plays a pivotal role in the prognosis and recovery from ASP. The non-pharmacologic approach, including swallowing rehabilitation and oral care, and a pharmacologic approach including ACE inhibitors and bronchodilators, are essential modalities for treatment and prevention of ASP. The clinical data of NHCAP provides us with a promising treatment strategy for ASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Teramoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Japan.
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Song L, Samulski RJ, Hirsch ML. Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Mobilization, Risk Versus Reality. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 31:1054-1067. [PMID: 32829671 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector mobilization is a largely theoretical process in which intact AAV vectors spread or "mobilize" from transduced cells and infect additional cells within, or external of, the initial host. This process can be helper virus-independent (vector alone) or helper virus-dependent (de novo rAAV production facilitated by superinfection of both wild-type AAV [wtAAV] and Adenovirus 5 [Ad] helper virus). Herein, rAAV production and mobilization with and without wtAAV were analyzed following plasmid transfection or viral transduction utilizing well-established in vitro conditions and analytical measurements. During in vitro production, wtAAV produced the highest titer with rAAV-luc (4.1 kb), rAAV-IDUA (3.7 kb), and rAAV-Nano-dysferlin (4.9 kb) generating 2.5-, 5.9-, or 10.7-fold lower amounts, respectively. Surprisingly, cotransfection of a wtAAV and an rAAV plasmid resulted in a uniform decrease in production of wtAAV in all instances with a concomitant increase of rAAV such that wtAAV:rAAV titers were at a ratio of 1:1 for all constructs investigated. These results were shown to be independent of the rAAV transgenic sequence, size, transgene, or promoter choice and point to novel aspects of wtAAV complementation that enhance current vector production systems yet to be defined. In a mobilization assay, a sizeable amount of rAAV recovered from infected 293 cell lysate remained intact and competent for a secondary round of infection (termed Ad-independent mobilization). In rAAV-infected cells coinfected with Ad and wtAAV, rAAV particle production was increased >50-fold compared with no Ad conditions. In addition, Ad-dependent rAAV vectors mobilized and resulted in >1,000-fold transduction upon a subsequent second-round infection, highlighting the reality of these theoretical safety concerns that can be manifested under various conditions. Overall, these studies document and signify the need for mobilization-resistant vectors and the opportunity to derive better vector production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujiang Song
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Jude Samulski
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew L Hirsch
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Rambhai HK, Ashby FJ, Qing K, Srivastava A. Role of Essential Metal Ions in AAV Vector-Mediated Transduction. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:159-166. [PMID: 32637447 PMCID: PMC7321778 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metal elements are essential components of approximately half of all cellular proteins, and approximately one-third of all known enzymes thus far are metalloenzymes. Several cellular proteins and enzymes undoubtedly impact the transduction efficiency of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, but the precise role of metal ions in this process has not been studied in detail. In the present studies, we systematically evaluated the effects of all 10 essential metal ions (calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, potassium, sodium, and zinc) on the transduction efficiency of AAV vectors. We report herein that five essential metal ions (iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, and sodium) had little to no effect, and calcium strongly inhibited the transduction efficiency of AAV2 vectors. Whereas copper and potassium increased the transduction efficiency by ∼5-fold and ∼2-fold, respectively, at low concentrations, both essential metals were strongly inhibitory at higher concentrations. Calcium also inhibited the transduction efficiency by ∼3-fold. Two metal ions (cobalt and zinc) increased the transduction efficiency up to ∼10-fold in a dose-dependent manner. The combined use of cobalt and zinc resulted in more than an additive effect on AAV2 vector transduction efficiency (∼30-fold). The transduction efficiency of AAV serotypes 1 through 6 (AAV1-AAV6) vectors was also augmented by zinc. Similarly, the transduction of both single-stranded (ss) and self-complementary (sc) AAV3 vectors was enhanced by zinc. Zinc treatment also led to a dose-dependent increase in expression of a therapeutic protein, the human clotting factor IX (hF.IX), mediated by scAAV3 vectors in a human hepatic cell line. This simple strategy of essential metal ion-mediated enhancement may be useful to lower the dose of AAV vectors for their optimal use in human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu K. Rambhai
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611-3633, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Frederick J. Ashby
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611-3633, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Keyun Qing
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611-3633, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611-3633, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Constitutively active form of natriuretic peptide receptor 2 ameliorates experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:16044. [PMID: 27419193 PMCID: PMC4934588 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently found a constitutively active mutant of natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (caNPR2; V883M), which synthesizes larger amounts of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) intracellularly without any ligand stimulation than existing drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of gene transduction using caNPR2 for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In vitro gene transduction into human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells using Sendai virus (SeV) vectors carrying caNPR2 induced 10,000-fold increases in the synthesis of cGMP without ligand stimulation, and the proliferation of caNPR2-expressing cells was significantly attenuated. The PAH model rats generated by hypoxia and the administration of SU5416 were then treated with SeV vectors through a direct injection into the left pulmonary artery. Right ventricular systolic pressure was significantly decreased 2 weeks after the treatment, while systemic blood pressure remained unchanged. Histological analyses revealed that the medial wall thickness and occlusion rate of pulmonary arterioles were significantly improved in caNPR2-treated lungs. Neither the systemic integration of virus vectors nor side effects were observed. The massive stimulation of cGMP synthesis by gene therapy with caNPR2 was safe and effective in a PAH rat model and, thus, has potential as a novel therapy for patients with severe progressive PAH.
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6
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Hybrid nonviral/viral vector systems for improved piggyBac DNA transposon in vivo delivery. Mol Ther 2015; 23:667-74. [PMID: 25557623 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA transposon piggyBac is a potential therapeutic agent for multiple genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Recombinant piggyBac transposon and transposase are typically codelivered by plasmid transfection; however, plasmid delivery is inefficient in somatic cells in vivo and is a barrier to the therapeutic application of transposon-based vector systems. Here, we investigate the potential for hybrid piggyBac/viral vectors to transduce cells and support transposase-mediated genomic integration of the transposon. We tested both adenovirus (Ad) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) as transposon delivery vehicles. An Ad vector expressing hyperactive insect piggyBac transposase (iPB7) was codelivered. We show transposase-dependent transposition activity and mapped integrations in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo from each viral vector platform. We also demonstrate efficient and persistent transgene expression following nasal delivery of piggyBac/viral vectors to mice. Furthermore, using piggyBac/Ad expressing Cystic Fibrosis transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR), we show persistent correction of chloride current in well-differentiated primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells derived from CF patients. Combining the emerging technologies of DNA transposon-based vectors with well-studied adenoviral and AAV delivery provides new tools for in vivo gene transfer and presents an exciting opportunity to increase the delivery efficiency for therapeutic genes such as CFTR.
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Phase I/II Study of Intrapleural Administration of a Serotype rh.10 Replication-Deficient Adeno-Associated Virus Gene Transfer Vector Expressing the Human α1-Antitrypsin cDNA to Individuals with α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2014; 25:112-33. [DOI: 10.1089/humc.2014.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Nicolas A, Jolinon N, Alazard-Dany N, Barateau V, Epstein AL, Greco A, Büning H, Salvetti A. Factors influencing helper-independent adeno-associated virus replication. Virology 2012; 432:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Keeler AM, Flotte TR. Cell and gene therapy for genetic diseases: inherited disorders affecting the lung and those mimicking sudden infant death syndrome. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:548-56. [PMID: 22642257 PMCID: PMC3392613 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the first human gene therapy trials targeted diseases of the lung and provided important information that will continue to help shape future trials. Here we describe both cell and gene therapies for lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis and alpha-1 antitrypsin disorder as well as fatty acid oxidation disorders that mimic sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Human clinical gene therapy trials for cystic fibrosis and alpha-1 antitrypsin have been performed using a variety of vectors including adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, and nonviral vectors. No human clinical gene therapy trials have been performed for disorders of fatty acid oxidation; however, important proof-of-principle studies have been completed for multiple fatty acid oxidation disorders. Important achievements have been made and have yet to come for cell and gene therapies for disorders of the lung and those mimicking SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Keeler
- Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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10
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Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) significantly increases AAV2/5 transduction of human neuronal cells in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2011; 97:148-53. [PMID: 22197749 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) vectors have shown great promise in current ophthalmology clinical trials targeting gene delivery to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). To treat the majority of retinal diseases, however, gene delivery would need to be targeted to photoreceptor neurons of the outer retina. AAV2 pseudotyped with the AAV5 capsid (AAV2/5) has shown far greater transduction efficiency in photoreceptors compared to standard AAV2 vectors. For clinical trial applications using gene therapy, it is helpful to generate pre-clinical data in human cells wherever possible. There is however very little data, indeed some controversy, as to whether AAV2/5 can be used effectively in differentiated neurons in culture. In this study we show that transduction of the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y with recombinant AAV2/5 expressing GFP is well tolerated. Furthermore, we explore the mechanism whereby exposure to retinoic acid (RA) and the phorbol ester 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate (TPA) can induce this cell line to differentiate into a stable population of human neurons, with significantly increased levels of AAV2/5 transduction. These observations may be helpful for assessing AAV2/5 vectors in vitro, particularly where it is necessary to generate pre-clinical data for clinical trials of gene therapy to the human central nervous system.
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11
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Respiratory syncytial virus engineered to express the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator corrects the bioelectric phenotype of human cystic fibrosis airway epithelium in vitro. J Virol 2010; 84:7770-81. [PMID: 20504917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00346-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal recessive genetic disease in the Caucasian population. It is caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that is normally expressed in ciliated airway epithelial cells and the submucosal glands of the lung. Since the CFTR gene was first characterized in 1989, a major goal has been to develop an effective gene therapy for CF lung disease, which has the potential to ameliorate morbidity and mortality. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) naturally infects the ciliated cells in the human airway epithelium. In addition, the immune response mounted against an RSV infection does not prevent subsequent infections, suggesting that an RSV-based vector might be effectively readministered. To test whether the large 4.5-kb CFTR gene could be expressed by a recombinant RSV and whether infectious virus could be used to deliver CFTR to ciliated airway epithelium derived from CF patients, we inserted the CFTR gene into four sites in a recombinant green fluorescent protein-expressing RSV (rgRSV) genome to generate virus expressing four different levels of CFTR protein. Two of these four rgRSV-CFTR vectors were capable of expressing CFTR with little effect on viral replication. rgRSV-CFTR infection of primary human airway epithelial cultures derived from CF patients resulted in expression of CFTR protein that was properly localized at the luminal surface and corrected the chloride ion channel defect in these cells.
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Murakami Y, Ikeda Y, Yonemitsu Y, Miyazaki M, Inoue M, Hasegawa M, Sueishi K, Ishibashi T. Inhibition of Choroidal Neovascularization via Brief Subretinal Exposure to a Newly Developed Lentiviral Vector Pseudotyped with Sendai Viral Envelope Proteins. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:199-209. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yonemitsu
- Department of Gene Therapy, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masanori Miyazaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | - Katsuo Sueishi
- Division of Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that lead to defective ion transport in the conducting pulmonary airways and exocrine glands. Through a process that is not fully understood, CFTR defects predispose affected patients to chronic endobronchial infections with organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Following the discovery of the CFTR gene in 1989, CF became one of the primary targets for gene therapy research. Early enthusiasm surrounded the new field of gene therapy during most of the 1990s and it led academics and clinicians on a big effort to apply gene therapy for cystic fibrosis. Clinical studies have been pursued using recombinant adenovirus, recombinant adeno-associated virus, cationic liposomes, and cationic polymer vectors. Although to this date no dramatic therapeutic benefits have been observed, a lot of information has been gained from the pre-clinical and clinical studies that were performed. This learning curve has led to the optimization of vector technology and an appreciation of immune and mechanical barriers that have to be overcome for successful delivery.
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Zhang X, Xu J, Lawler J, Terwilliger E, Parangi S. Adeno-associated virus-mediated antiangiogenic gene therapy with thrombospondin-1 type 1 repeats and endostatin. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3968-76. [PMID: 17606731 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated antiangiogenic gene therapy offers a powerful strategy for cancer treatment, maintaining sustained levels of antiangiogenic factors with coincident enhanced therapeutic efficacy. We aimed to develop rAAV-mediated antiangiogenic gene therapy delivering endostatin and 3TSR, the antiangiogenic domain of thrombospondin-1. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN rAAV vectors were constructed to express endostatin (rAAV-endostatin) or 3TSR (rAAV-3TSR). The antiangiogenic efficacy of the vectors was characterized using a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced mouse ear angiogenesis model. To evaluate the antitumor effects of the vectors, immunodeficient mice were pretreated with rAAV-3TSR or rAAV-endostatin and received orthotopic implantation of cancer cells into the pancreas. To mimic clinical situations, mice bearing pancreatic tumors were treated with intratumoral injection of rAAV-3TSR or rAAV-endostatin. RESULTS rAAV-mediated i.m. gene delivery resulted in expression of the transgene in skeletal muscle with inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis at a distant site (the ear). Local delivery of the vectors into the mouse ear also inhibited VEGF-induced ear angiogenesis. Pretreatment of mice with i.m. or intrasplenic injection of rAAV-endostatin or rAAV-3TSR significantly inhibited tumor growth. A single intratumoral injection of each vector also significantly decreased the volume of large established pancreatic tumors. Tumor microvessel density was significantly decreased in each treatment group and was well correlated with tumor volume reduction. Greater antiangiogenic and antitumor effects were achieved when rAAV-3TSR and rAAV-endostatin were combined. CONCLUSIONS rAAV-mediated 3TSR and endostatin gene therapy showed both localized and systemic therapeutic effects against angiogenesis and tumor growth and may provide promise for patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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15
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Flotte TR, Ng P, Dylla DE, McCray PB, Wang G, Kolls JK, Hu J. Viral Vector–mediated and Cell-based Therapies for Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis. Mol Ther 2007; 15:229-41. [PMID: 17235299 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene and cell-based therapies are considered to be potentially powerful new approaches for the management of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Despite tremendous efforts that have been made, especially in studies to understand the obstacles to gene delivery, major challenges to the application of these approaches remain to be solved. This article will review the advancements made and challenges remaining in the development of viral vector-mediated and cell-based approaches to treat patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence R Flotte
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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16
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Stachler MD, Bartlett JS. Mosaic vectors comprised of modified AAV1 capsid proteins for efficient vector purification and targeting to vascular endothelial cells. Gene Ther 2006; 13:926-31. [PMID: 16482202 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vascular-targeted gene therapies have the potential to treat many of the leading causes of mortality in the western world. Unfortunately, these therapies have been ineffective due to poor vascular gene transfer. The use of alternative virus serotypes and the incorporation of vascular targeting ligands into vectors has resulted in only modest increases in vascular gene transfer. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) 1 has shown the most promise among the AAV vectors for the transduction of vascular endothelial cells. However, no straightforward small-scale purification strategy exists for AAV1 as it does for AAV2 making it difficult to quickly produce AAV1 vector for analysis. Here we have combined two AAV1 capsid protein modifications to enhance vascular gene transfer and allow easy purification of vector particles. Mosaic vector particles have been produced comprised of capsid proteins containing the well-characterized RGD4C modification to target integrins present on the vasculature, and capsid proteins containing a modification that permits metabolic biotinylation and efficient purification of mosaic particles by avidin affinity chromatography. We show that the RGD modification results in a 50-100-fold enhancement in endothelial cell gene transfer that is maintained in biotinylated mosaic AAV1 particles. These results suggest that mosaic virions hold significant promise for targeted gene delivery to the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Stachler
- Gene Therapy Center, Columbus Children's Research Institute, Columbus Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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17
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Shi W, Hemminki A, Bartlett JS. Capsid modifications overcome low heterogeneous expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycan that limits AAV2-mediated gene transfer and therapeutic efficacy in human ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 103:1054-62. [PMID: 16870238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Capsid-modified AAV vectors can mediate enhanced gene transfer to neoplasms characterized by low AAV receptor expression. Here we sought to determine the therapeutic potential of a capsid-modified AAV vector for gene therapy of ovarian carcinoma (OvCa). METHODS We tested a panel of OvCa cell lines for AAV2-mediated gene transduction and for sensitivity to ganciclovir (GCV) following AAVHSVtk administration. Levels of AAV internalization and attachment receptor were assessed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The role of receptors in AAV-mediated gene transfer was assessed by competition assays. Finally, we examined the ability of a modified vector with an integrin-binding RGD motif inserted into the AAV capsid to improve gene delivery to OvCa and enhance AAVHSVtk/GCV-mediated killing by cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS All OvCa cell lines were poorly transduced with AAV2 vectors and showed variably sensitive to AAVHSVtk/GCV. While OvCa cell lines expressed AAV2 internalization receptors (alphav integrins), expression of the AAV2 attachment receptor, HSPG, was variable and not detected on many lines. Analysis of archived clinical specimens showed no detectable HSPG expression on approximately 45% of primary human tumors. Gene transfer to OvCa was increased several fold using the RGD-modified vector. Gene transfer was independent of HSPG and specific to the targeted receptor. Importantly, the RGD-modified capsid markedly increased the ability of the AAVHSVtk to kill OvCa cells in the presence of GCV. CONCLUSIONS The development of AAV vectors targeted to cell surface receptors other than HSPG will be critical to the advancement of AAV-mediated gene therapy for treating OvCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Shi
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1393, USA, and Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Abstract
Adeno-associated virus vectors are capable of long-term gene transfer without obvious adverse effects in a number of animal models. Over the last two decades, preclinical and early phase clinical trials in cystic fibrosis and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency were undertaken to test the feasibility of this approach. The results of those studies have been important since they have indicated that in vivo gene transfer is feasible and relatively safe. In addition, a number of key limitations to the current generation of AAV2 gene therapy vectors have been defined. The information about these limitations has been used to develop newer AAV vector approaches, based on new mutant and alternative serotype capsids and enhanced promoter systems. The evaluation of safety and efficacy of these newer agents is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence R Flotte
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
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Fleurence E, Riviere C, Lacaze-Masmonteil T, Franco-Motoya ML, Waszak P, Bourbon J, Danos O, Douar AM, Delacourt C. Comparative Efficacy of Intratracheal Adeno-Associated Virus Administration to Newborn Rats. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:1298-306. [PMID: 16259563 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient local overexpression of genes that promote lung defense or repair may help to protect or promote alveolar development in premature neonates. We showed that the use of adenoviral vectors in neonates was limited by the induction of lung growth disorders. In the present work we compare the efficiency of gene transfer to the neonatal lung by three adeno-associated viral vectors: rAAV1, rAAV2, and rAAV5. Transduction efficiency was first measured in vitro, by infecting A549 immortalized human lung epithelial cells, and primary epithelial and mesenchymal cells isolated from human fetal lung. AAV vectors yielded similar low levels of luciferase gene expression in the different cell types. In vivo transduction efficiency was evaluated in newborn rats, with AAV-LacZ vectors being intratracheally instilled at 3 days of age. Both rAAV5 and rAAV1, but not rAAV2, induced significant lung beta-galactosidase expression, which persisted on day 35. Highest beta- galactosidase levels were measured with rAAV5, but remained far lower than those obtained with adenoviral vectors. A transient increase in alveolar macrophages was observed on day 6, but not on day 8, after rAAV5-LacZ instillation. Morphometric evaluation of lung structures was performed on day 21, and showed no altered lung growth. We conclude that rAAV1 or rAAV5 was more efficient at mediating gene transfer in the neonatal lung than was rAAV2, without adversely affecting lung development. However, in vivo transgene expression was relatively low, and needs to be improved for future therapeutic use of these adeno-associated vectors.
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Fleurence E, Riviere C, Lacaze-Masmonteil T, Franco-Motoya ML, Waszak P, Bourbon J, Danos O, Douar AM, Delacourt C. Comparative Efficacy of Intratracheal Adeno-Associated Virus Administration to Newborn Rats. Hum Gene Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.ft-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence R Flotte
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, Genetics Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are based on a non-pathogenic human parvovirus (AAV) that is unique in its ability to persist in human cells without causing any pathologic effects. Studies of the potential barriers to rAAV-mediated transduction of relatively resistant cells has led to an understanding of the mechanisms of cell attachment and entry, cytoplasmic translocation, nuclear entry, conversion to active double-stranded DNA, activation of transcription and establishment of persistent molecular forms. Each of these areas is individually discussed, as are recent applications in vivo in preclinical models and clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biological Transport
- Capsid/ultrastructure
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- DNA, Single-Stranded/genetics
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Dependovirus/pathogenicity
- Dependovirus/ultrastructure
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genes, Synthetic
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/virology
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Receptors, Virus/physiology
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Conlon
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Box 100296, Gainesville, FL 32610-0296, USA
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23
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Walters RW, Agbandje-McKenna M, Bowman VD, Moninger TO, Olson NH, Seiler M, Chiorini JA, Baker TS, Zabner J. Structure of adeno-associated virus serotype 5. J Virol 2004; 78:3361-71. [PMID: 15016858 PMCID: PMC371067 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.7.3361-3371.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) requires sialic acid on host cells to bind and infect. Other parvoviruses, including Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV), canine parvovirus (CPV), minute virus of mice, and bovine parvovirus, also bind sialic acid. Hence, structural homology may explain this functional homology. The amino acids required for CPV sialic acid binding map to a site at the icosahedral twofold axes of the capsid. In contrast to AAV5, AAV2 does not bind sialic acid, but rather binds heparan sulfate proteoglycans at its threefold axes of symmetry. To explore the structure-function relationships among parvoviruses with respect to cell receptor attachment, we determined the structure of AAV5 by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and image reconstruction at a resolution of 16 A. Surface features common to some parvoviruses, namely depressions encircling the fivefold axes and protrusions at or surrounding the threefold axes, are preserved in the AAV5 capsid. However, even though there were some similarities, a comparison of the AAV5 structure with those of ADV and CPV failed to reveal a feature which could account for the sialic acid binding phenotype common to all three viruses. In contrast, the overall surface topologies of AAV5 and AAV2 are similar. A pseudo-atomic model generated for AAV5 based on the crystal structure of AAV2 and constrained by the AAV5 cryo-EM envelope revealed differences only in surface loop regions. Surprisingly, the surface topologies of AAV5 and AAV2 are remarkably similar to that of ADV despite only exhibiting approximately 20% identity in amino acid sequences. Thus, capsid surface features are shared among parvoviruses and may not be unique to their replication phenotypes, i.e., whether they require a helper or are autonomous. Furthermore, specific surface features alone do not explain the variability in carbohydrate requirements for host cell receptor interactions among parvoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Walters
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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24
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Keswani SG, Crombleholme TM. Gene transfer to the tracheobronchial tree: implications for fetal gene therapy for cystic fibrosis. Semin Pediatr Surg 2004; 13:44-52. [PMID: 14765370 DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer to the tracheobronchial tree has been an active area of investigation since the discovery of the genetic defect in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator over two decades ago. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal monogeneic disorder for which there is no cure short of lung transplantation. The ultimate goal of gene therapy in CF is to achieve efficient gene transfer at a level and distribution in target tracheobronchial epithelial cells and submucosal gland cells, which results in the genotypic and phenotypic correction of CF. This article reviews the current challenges and limitations of postnatal gene therapy to the tracheobronchial tree, and the potential advantages of fetal gene therapy for CF. We review recent work with novel viral vectors to achieve extremely efficient gene transfer in target cells in the respiratory epithelium and submucosal glands in models that are representative of the developing human fetal trachea. Finally, we will examine the prospects for, limitations of, and regulatory challenges facing the translation of fetal gene therapy from research to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep G Keswani
- Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, The Division of General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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25
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Smith-Arica JR, Thomson AJ, Ansell R, Chiorini J, Davidson B, McWhir J. Infection efficiency of human and mouse embryonic stem cells using adenoviral and adeno-associated viral vectors. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2003; 5:51-62. [PMID: 12713701 DOI: 10.1089/153623003321512166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells have the capacity to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers, suggesting novel therapies for degenerative, metabolic, and traumatic disorders. ES-based regenerative medicine will be further advanced by the development of reliable methods for transgene introduction and expression. Here, we show infection of human and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with two of the most popular vectors in gene transfer, adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and adeno-associated virus (AAV; serotypes 2, 4, and 5). All vectors express the nuclear-localized marker gene beta-galactosidase expressed from the Rous Sarcoma Virus long terminal repeat (RSV-LTR). Both Ad5 and AAV2 infected human and mouse ES cells and gave rise to beta-galactosidase expression. AAV4 and 5 did not yield detectable levels of beta-galactosidase expression. Quantitative PCR analysis of virally infected human and mouse ES cells revealed that only Ad5 and AAV2 are capable of transducing both cell-types. No viral DNA was detected in cells infected with either AAV4 or AAV5. Infection and subsequent differentiation of mouse and human ES cells with Ad5 showed that beta-galactosidase-expressing cells were restricted to cells in the interior of the embryoid body mass. No beta-galactosidase expression was observed in AAV-infected cells following differentiation. There was no difference in morphology or differentiation patterns between infected and noninfected differentiating mouse and human ES cells. Differentiation of hES cells prior to infection led to transduction of neuronally differentiated cells with good efficiency using all vectors. These data show that Ad5- and AAV2-based vectors are capable of infecting both human and mouse ES cells, in both their undifferentiated and differentiated states, whereas AAV4 and AAV5 can infect human and mouse ES cells only following differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Smith-Arica
- Department of Gene Expression and Development, Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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26
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27
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Shi W, Bartlett JS. RGD inclusion in VP3 provides adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2)-based vectors with a heparan sulfate-independent cell entry mechanism. Mol Ther 2003; 7:515-25. [PMID: 12727115 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) has become an attractive vector system for a number of gene therapy paradigms. However, the utility of AAV vectors is often limited by the absence of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), the virus's primary attachment receptor, on the desired target cell population. In order to achieve HSPG-independent gene delivery, several groups have shown that the endogenous tropism of AAV can be expand by genetically altering the viral capsid. However, the parameters of this developing technology have yet to be defined and it has not yet been determined if these modified vectors actually infect cells via these engineered interactions. Previously we constructed a series of insertion mutants spanning the AAV capsid protein gene and identified specific sites that can tolerate the insertion of small exogenous peptides. Here we describe a number of sites within the AAV capsid gene that can be used for the insertion of integrin-targeting peptide epitopes. Incorporation of an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing peptide at these sites enables AAV to infect integrin-expressing cells independent of HSPG. Mutant AAV vectors displaying these peptide ligands can be produced to wild-type titer and have been shown to specifically interact with the targeted integrin receptors and mediate infection via this interaction. We report significant increases in gene transfer to Raji, K562, and SKOV-3 cell lines that express integrin, but little HSPG, suggesting that rAAV vectors displaying RGD peptides may be of great utility for treatment of neoplasms characterized by the deficiency of HSPG expression. We have also demonstrated that due to their expanded tropism, these novel vectors are capable of efficient transduction of AAV2-resistant tumors in vivo suggesting that they may offer significant therapeutic advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Shi
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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28
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Beck SE, Laube BL, Barberena CI, Fischer AC, Adams RJ, Chesnut K, Flotte TR, Guggino WB. Deposition and expression of aerosolized rAAV vectors in the lungs of Rhesus macaques. Mol Ther 2002; 6:546-54. [PMID: 12387250 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of these experiments were to efficiently deliver aerosolized adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector to the lungs of Rhesus macaques and to measure gene transfer and expression. To determine optimal lung deposition, we compared four techniques of delivering aerosolized saline admixed with the radioisotope (99m)technetium ((99m)Tc) nebulized through a mouthpiece (Neb Oral), a laryngeal airway mask (Neb LMA), or an endotracheal tube (Neb ETT), or bronchoscopically delivered by Microsprayer (PennCentury). Total lung deposition fraction, as indicated by gamma scintigraphy, averaged 0.5% (Neb Oral), 1.2% (Neb LMA), 1.8+/-0.4% (Neb ETT), and 62.3+/-11.3% (Microsprayer). Because microspraying was the most efficient method of delivery, we used it to administer saline with (99m)Tc-labeled diethylene-triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) admixed with 9 x 10(11) infectious units (i.u.) of AAV serotype 2 (rAAV2) vector encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP; rAAV2-GFP). Initial total and regional lung depositions were quantified by scintigraphy. We analyzed the tissue three weeks later for vector-specific DNA transduction and RNA expression. Radioisotope was detected in all lung regions, reflecting an average dose of 1.33 x 10(10)+/-9.5 x 10(9) i.u. per region. Regional data indicated an increase in expression when the dose exceeded 3 x 10(9) i.u. (P=0.030). We conclude that expression of rAAV2-GFP in lungs appears to be related to depositing a regional threshold dose greater than 3 x 10(9) i.u., easily achieved by bronchoscopic microspraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Beck
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respitarory Sciences and Departments of Pediatrics, and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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29
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Pilewski JM. Gene therapy for airway diseases: continued progress toward identifying and overcoming barriers to efficiency. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27:117-21. [PMID: 12151301 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.27.2.f244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Pilewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PIttsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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30
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Lim FY, Martin BG, Sena-Esteves M, Radu A, Crombleholme TM. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer in respiratory epithelium and submucosal gland cells in human fetal tracheal organ culture. J Pediatr Surg 2002; 37:1051-7; discussion 1051-7. [PMID: 12077770 DOI: 10.1053/jpsu.2002.33843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Since the discovery of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene, cystic fibrosis has been an attractive target for gene therapy. Postnatal gene transfer in the respiratory epithelium has been difficult and particularly inefficient in the submucosal gland cells, the target cells for CFTR gene transfer. The authors hypothesized that during development, there is a favorable environment for fetal gene therapy with fewer physical barriers to efficient gene transfer and more accessible epithelial and submucosal gland precursor cells. The authors tested this hypothesis in a novel human fetal tracheal organ culture system using a serotype 2 recombinant AAV that contains an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter gene (AAV-CMV-eGFP). METHODS Human fetal tracheas at between 16 and 20 weeks' gestation age were used in this study. The distal end of each trachea was ligated and secured in an upright position with the open proximal end facing up. Only the ante-lumenal surface was exposed to culture media. 5 x 10(9) particles of AAV-CMV-eGFP were administered intratracheally through the open end. Fetal tracheas were maintained in tracheal organ culture media and harvested at either 2 weeks (n = 3) or 4 weeks (n = 7) after injection. The fetal tracheas were processed for routine H&E, standard electron microscopy (EM), and fluorescence microscopy for analysis of eGFP transgene expression. RESULTS Histology confirmed the preservation of structural integrity out to 4 weeks of fetal tracheal organ culture. EM showed intact tight junctions of the apical respiratory epithelium. At 2 weeks after AAV-CMV-eGFP injection, there was minimal transgene expression. However, at 4 weeks there was extensive transgene expression in not only the respiratory surface epithelium but also the submucosal gland cells of the human fetal tracheal organ culture. Transgene expression was seen in nearly all cells in the submucosal glands. CONCLUSIONS AAV-mediated gene transfer in human fetal tracheal organ culture was highly efficient with excellent transgene expression at 4 weeks in both respiratory surface epithelium and submucosal gland cells. This highly efficient gene transfer may result from fewer physical barriers and more accessible target precursor cells. These results are consistent with more efficient gene transfer in fetal tracheobronchial epithelium and show the potential for fetal gene therapy using AAV for the treatment of congenital airway disease such as cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foong-Yen Lim
- Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Institute for Surgical Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Walters RW, Pilewski JM, Chiorini JA, Zabner J. Secreted and transmembrane mucins inhibit gene transfer with AAV4 more efficiently than AAV5. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:23709-13. [PMID: 11925433 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200292200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a promising vector for gene transfer in cystic fibrosis. AAV4 and AAV5 both bind to the apical surface of differentiated human airway epithelia, but only AAV5 infects. Both AAV4 and AAV5 require 2,3-linked sialic acid for binding. However, AAV5 interacts with sialic acid on N-linked carbohydrates, whereas AAV4 interacts with sialic acid on O-linked carbohydrates. Because mucin is decorated with O-linked carbohydrates, we hypothesized that mucin binds AAV4 and inhibits gene transfer. To evaluate the effect of secreted mucin, we studied mucin binding and gene transfer to COS cells and the basolateral membrane of well differentiated human airway epithelia. AAV4 bound mucin more efficiently than AAV5, and mucin inhibited gene transfer with AAV4. Moreover, O-glycosidase-pretreated mucin did not block gene transfer with AAV4. Similar to secreted mucin, the transmembrane mucin MUC1 inhibited gene transfer with AAV4 but not AAV5. MUC1 inhibited AAV4 by blocking internalization of the virus. Thus, O-linked carbohydrates of mucin are potent inhibitors of AAV4. Furthermore, whereas mucin plays an important role in innate host defense, its activity is specific; some vectors or pathogens are more resistant to its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Walters
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Flotte TR. Recombinant adeno-associated virus gene therapy for cystic fibrosis and alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency. Chest 2002; 121:98S-102S. [PMID: 11893723 DOI: 10.1378/chest.121.3_suppl.98s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Terence R Flotte
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA
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Herold BC, Marcellino D, Marcelin G, Wilson P, Burrow C, Satlin LM. Herpes simplex virus as a model vector system for gene therapy in renal disease. Kidney Int 2002; 61:S3-8. [PMID: 11841605 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.0610s1003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has been marked by significant advances in the application of gene transfer into living cells of animals and humans. These approaches have been tested in a few animal models of inherited and acquired renal diseases, including carbonic anhydrase II deficiency [1] and experimental glomerulonephritis [2, 3]. Gene transfer into proximal tubular cells has been successfully accomplished by intrarenal arterial infusion of a liposomal complex [4] or an adenoviral vector [5]. Tubular cells from the papilla and medulla have been selectively transduced by retrograde infusion into the pelvi-calyceal system of an adenoviral vector containing a reporter for beta-galactosidase [5]. Although the results of these initial studies are promising, further studies to optimize viral vectors, maximize gene delivery, minimize side-effects, and develop cell-specific and long-term regulated gene expression are critical to the success of gene therapy targeted to specific compartments of the kidney. Our recent efforts have focused on defining the cellular pathways responsible for viral entry and infection into renal epithelial cells using herpes simplex virus (HSV) as a model vector. We anticipate that a solid understanding of the basic scientific principles underlying viral entry and gene expression into specific populations of renal cells will facilitate the design of successful therapeutic viral-based gene transfer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy C Herold
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York Women's Hospital and Health Centre, USA.
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Ponnazhagan S, Mahendra G, Curiel DT, Shaw DR. Adeno-associated virus type 2-mediated transduction of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells: implications for ex vivo immunotherapy. J Virol 2001; 75:9493-501. [PMID: 11533211 PMCID: PMC114516 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.19.9493-9501.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal antigen-presenting cells for regulating immune responses. A major focus of contemporary vaccine research is the genetic modification of DCs to express antigens or immunomodulatory molecules, utilizing a variety of viral and nonviral vectors, to induce antigen-specific immune responses that ameliorate disease states as diverse as malignancy, infection, autoimmunity, and allergy. The present study has evaluated adeno-associated virus (AAV) type 2 as a vector for ex vivo gene transfer to human peripheral blood monocyte (MO)-derived DCs. AAV is a nonpathogenic parvovirus that infects a wide variety of human cell lineages in vivo and in vitro, for long-term transgene expression without requirements for cell proliferation. The presented data demonstrate that recombinant AAV (rAAV) can efficiently transduce MOs as well as DCs generated by MO culture with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin in vitro. rAAV transgene expression in MO-derived DCs could be enhanced by etoposide, previously reported to enhance AAV gene expression. rAAV transduction of freshly purified MO followed by 7 days of culture with cytokines to generate DCs, and subsequent sorting for coexpression of DC markers CD1a and CD40, showed robust transgene expression as well as evidence of nuclear localization of the rAAV genome in the DC population. Phenotypic analyses using multiple markers and functional assays of one-way allogeneic mixed leukocyte reactions indicated that rAAV-transduced MO-derived DCs were as equivalent to nontransduced DCs. These results support the utility of rAAV vectors for future human DC vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ponnazhagan
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0007, USA.
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Teramoto S, Ishii T, Matsuse T. Variables pertinent to the efficiency of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors mediated gene transfer to human vascular endothelial cells. Hypertens Res 2001; 24:437-43. [PMID: 11510757 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.24.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Factors influencing adeno-associated virus (AAV) - mediated gene transfer to endothelial cells are not fully determined. We tested the variables pertinent to the efficiency of AAV-mediated gene transfer to human vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) including: (i) kinetics of transduction efficiency of LacZ gene to HUVEC, (ii) the concentration and volume of vector-containing medium, (iii) the period of incubation time of AAV vectors with HUVEC, (iv) the target cell density/proliferation, (v) the duration of transgene expression. There is a dose-response relationship between moi of vectors and transduction efficiency in HUVEC. The higher moi of AAV vectors achieved more than 80% of transduction efficiency in cultured HUVEC. AAV vectors showed incubation time dependent increase in transduction efficiency of LacZ gene to the HUVEC up to 24 h of vector exposure. The foreign gene of AAV vectors preferably transduces the lower density of cells being proliferated. These results indicate that AAV-vector is efficient for gene transfer to HUVEC, and higher moi of vectors or a longer period exposure of vectors to proliferating HUVEC can facilitate efficient tranduction of foreign gene into human vascular endothelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Teramoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, San-no Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan.
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Xin KQ, Urabe M, Yang J, Nomiyama K, Mizukami H, Hamajima K, Nomiyama H, Saito T, Imai M, Monahan J, Okuda K, Ozawa K, Okuda K. A novel recombinant adeno-associated virus vaccine induces a long-term humoral immune response to human immunodeficiency virus. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:1047-61. [PMID: 11399227 DOI: 10.1089/104303401750214276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) has attracted tremendous interest as a promising vector for gene delivery. In this study we have developed an HIV-1 vaccine, using an AAV vector expressing HIV-1 env, tat, and rev genes (AAV-HIV vector). A single injection of the AAV-HIV vector induced strong production of HIV-1-specific serum IgG and fecal secretory IgA antibodies as well as MHC class I-restricted CTL activity in BALB/c mice. The titer of HIV-1-specific serum IgG remained stable for 10 months. When AAV-HIV vector was coadministered with AAV-IL2 vector, the HIV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was significantly enhanced. Boosting with AAV-HIV vector strongly enhanced the humoral response. Furthermore, the mouse antisera neutralized an HIV-1 homologous strain, and BALB/c mice immunized via the intranasal route with an AAV vector expressing the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene showed protective immunity against homologous influenza virus challenge. These results demonstrate that AAV-HIV vector immunization may provide a novel and promising HIV vaccination strategy.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Dependovirus/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Products, rev/immunology
- Gene Products, tat/immunology
- Genes, env/genetics
- Genes, tat/genetics
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Antibodies/blood
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Sera/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- K Q Xin
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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37
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Walters RW, Yi SM, Keshavjee S, Brown KE, Welsh MJ, Chiorini JA, Zabner J. Binding of adeno-associated virus type 5 to 2,3-linked sialic acid is required for gene transfer. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:20610-6. [PMID: 11262413 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101559200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are promising gene therapy vectors. Whereas AAV serotype 2-mediated gene transfer to muscle has partially replaced factor IX deficiency in hemophilia patients, its ability to mediate gene transfer to the lungs for cystic fibrosis is hindered by lack of apical receptors. However, AAV serotype 5 infects human airway epithelia from the lumenal surface. We found that in contrast to AAV2, the apical membrane of airway epithelia contains abundant high affinity receptors for AAV5. Binding and gene transfer with AAV5 was abolished by genetic or enzymatic removal of sialic acid from the cell surface. Furthermore, binding and gene transfer to airway epithelia was competed by lectins that specifically bind 2,3-linked sialic acid. These observations suggest that 2,3-linked sialic acid is either a receptor for AAV5 or it is a necessary component of a receptor complex. Further elucidation of the receptor for this virus should enhance understanding of parvovirus biology and expand the therapeutic targets for AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Walters
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, and Otolaryngology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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38
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Weiss DJ, Bonneau L, Allen JM, Miller AD, Halbert CL. Perfluorochemical liquid enhances adeno-associated virus-mediated transgene expression in lungs. Mol Ther 2000; 2:624-30. [PMID: 11124064 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for lung gene therapy is limited, in part, by low levels of AAV-mediated transgene expression in lungs. Generally, less than 1% of total airway and alveolar epithelial cells express transgene activity following vector administration. A means of improving AAV vector delivery could potentially enhance AAV-mediated gene expression in lungs. We have previously demonstrated that use of perfluorochemical (PFC) liquids improved overall levels of adenovirus vector-mediated gene expression as well as distribution of expression in lungs of spontaneously breathing rodents. To evaluate whether use of PFC liquids might similarly enhance AAV-mediated expression, spontaneously breathing rodents received intratracheal instillation of the AAV vectors CWRAP and ARAP4 (2-5 x 10(8) FFU/animal) with or without 10 cc/kg body wt PFC liquid (FC-75, ACROS). Animals were sacrificed 4 weeks later and lungs assessed for overall and in situ alkaline phosphatase (AP) expression. Animals receiving vector alone exhibited scattered sparse in situ activity, predominantly in alveolar epithelium. In contrast, animals receiving vector with FC-75 exhibited increased and more widespread AP expression as well as up to a 26-fold increase in AP activity. These results demonstrate that use of the PFC liquid FC-75 improves overall and in situ AAV-mediated gene expression in rodent lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weiss
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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39
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Wheeler MD, Kono H, Rusyn I, Arteel GE, McCarty D, Samulski RJ, Thurman RG. Chronic ethanol increases adeno-associated viral transgene expression in rat liver via oxidant and NFkappaB-dependent mechanisms. Hepatology 2000; 32:1050-9. [PMID: 11050056 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.19339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) transduction is limited in vivo, yet can be enhanced by hydroxyurea, ultraviolet-irradiation, or adenovirus coinfection, possibly via mechanisms involving stress in the host cell. Because chronic ethanol induces oxidative stress, it was hypothesized that chronic ethanol would increase rAAV transduction in vivo. To test this hypothesis, rAAV encoding beta-galactosidase was given to Wistar rats that later received either ethanol diet or high-fat control diet via an enteral-feeding protocol for 3 weeks. Expression and activity of beta-galactosidase in the liver were increased nearly 5-fold by ethanol. The increase in transgene expression was inhibited by antioxidant diphenylene iodonium (DPI), which is consistent with the hypothesis that ethanol causes an increase in rAAV transduction via oxidative stress. Ethanol increased DNA synthesis only slightly; however, it increased the nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NFkappaB) 4-fold, a phenomenon also sensitive to DPI. Moreover, a 6-fold increase in rAAV transgene expression was observed in an acute ischemia-reperfusion model of oxidative stress. Transgene expression was transiently increased 24 hours after ischemia-reperfusion 3 days and 3 weeks after rAAV infection. Further, adenoviral expression of superoxide dismutase or IkappaBalpha superrepressor inhibited rAAV transgene expression caused by ischemia-reperfusion. Therefore, it is concluded that ethanol increases rAAV transgene expression via mechanisms dependent on oxidative stress, and NFkappaB likely through enhancement of cytomegaloviral (CMV) promoter elements. Alcoholic liver disease is an attractive target for gene therapy because consumption of ethanol could theoretically increase expression of therapeutic genes (e.g., superoxide dismutase). Moreover, this study has important implications for rAAV gene therapy and potential enhancement and regulation of transgene expression in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Wheeler
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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40
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Teramoto S, Ishii T, Matsuse T, Fukuchi Y. Recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors efficiently transduce foreign gene into bovine aortic endothelial cells: comparison with adenovirus vectors. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2000; 84:206-12. [PMID: 11128044 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.84.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Because the features and kinetics of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer to endothelial cells (EC) are yet to be ultimately determined, we tested variables pertinent to the efficiency of AAV-mediated gene transfer to bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). The variables with AAV vectors were compared with the better characterized adenovirus (Ad) vectors. There is a dose-response relationship between multiplicity of infection (moi) of AAV or Ad vectors and transduction efficiency in BAEC. The higher moi of AAV vectors achieved more than 80% of transduction efficiency in cultured BAEC. AAV and Ad vectors showed an incubation-time-dependent increase in transduction efficiency of LacZ gene to the BAEC up to 12 h of vector exposure. Although the similar kinetics of transduction efficiency of LacZ gene to BAEC was found in both vectors, the duration of gene expression was longer in AAV vector than that in Ad vectors in vitro. These results indicate that AAV-vector is efficient for gene transfer to EC, and higher moi of vectors or a longer period exposure of vectors to EC can facilitate efficient transduction of a foreign gene into cultured EC. For the duration of gene expression, the AAV vectors may be better than Ad vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Teramoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, San-no Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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41
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Matsuse T, Teramoto S. Progress in adenovirus-mediated gene therapy for cystic fibrosis lung disease. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-393x(00)80025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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42
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Abstract
The gene for cystic fibrosis was identified in 1989 and this together with the emerging technology of gene therapy heralded a new dawn for the treatment of genetic disease. The initial optimism however gave way to the realisation that gene therapy for cystic fibrosis was unlikely to be straightforward. The lung was considered an ideal organ to target due to ease of access, but subsequent research has shown that the airway surface provides an efficient barrier to topically applied gene transfer agents. A number of Phase I clinical safety trials were carried out through the 1990s and provided proof of concept evidence that delivery of DNA by either viral or non-viral means was safe though not clinically efficacious. Current research is now focusing more on the barriers faced by delivery agents, with the aim that more efficient gene delivery will lead to a gene therapeutic for cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alton
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Ion Transport Unit, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LR, UK.
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43
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Duan D, Yue Y, Yan Z, Yang J, Engelhardt JF. Endosomal processing limits gene transfer to polarized airway epithelia by adeno-associated virus. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:1573-87. [PMID: 10841516 PMCID: PMC300848 DOI: 10.1172/jci8317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The restriction of viral receptors and coreceptors to the basolateral surface of airway epithelial cells has been blamed for the inefficient transfer of viral vectors to the apical surface of this tissue. We now report, however, that differentiated human airway epithelia internalize rAAV type-2 virus efficiently from their apical surfaces, despite the absence of known adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV-2) receptors or coreceptors at these sites. The dramatically lower transduction efficiency of rAAV infection from the apical surface of airway cells appears to result instead from differences in endosomal processing and nuclear trafficking of apically or basolaterally internalized virions. AAV capsid proteins are ubiquitinated after endocytosis, and gene transfer can be significantly enhanced by proteasome or ubiquitin ligase inhibitors. Tripeptide proteasome inhibitors increased persistent rAAV gene delivery from the apical surface >200-fold, to a level nearly equivalent to that achieved with basolateral infection. In vivo application of proteasome inhibitor in mouse lung augmented rAAV gene transfer from undetectable levels to a mean of 10.4 +/- 1.6% of the epithelial cells in large bronchioles. Proteasome inhibitors also increased rAAV-2-mediated gene transfer to the liver tenfold, but they did not affect transduction of skeletal or cardiac muscle. These findings suggest that tissue-specific ubiquitination of viral capsid proteins interferes with rAAV-2 transduction and provides new approaches to circumvent this barrier for gene therapy of diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Duan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Gene Therapy, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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44
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Kreda SM, Pickles RJ, Lazarowski ER, Boucher RC. G-protein-coupled receptors as targets for gene transfer vectors using natural small-molecule ligands. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:635-40. [PMID: 10835601 DOI: 10.1038/76479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF) has focused on correcting electrolyte transport in airway epithelia. However, success has been limited by the failure of vectors to attach and enter into airway epithelia, and may require redirecting vectors to targets on the apical membrane of airway cells that mediate these functions. The G-protein-coupled P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2-R) is abundantly expressed on the airway lumenal surface and internalizes into coated pits upon agonist activation. We tested whether a small-molecule-agonist (UTP) could direct vectors to P2Y2-R and mediate attachment, internalization, and gene transfer. Fluorescein-UTP studies demonstrated that P2Y2-R agonists internalized with their receptor, and biotinylated UTP (BUTP) mediated P2Y2-R-specific internalization of fluorescently labeled streptavidin (SAF) or SAF conjugated to biotinylated Cy3 adenoviral-vector (BCAV). BUTP conjugated to BCAV mediated P2Y2-R-specific gene transfer in (1) adenoviral-resistant A9 and polarized MDCK cells by means of heterologous P2Y2-R, and (2) well-differentiated human airway epithelial cells by means of endogenous P2Y2-R. Targeting vectors with small-molecule-ligands to apical membrane G-protein-coupled receptors may be a feasible approach for successful CF gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kreda
- CF/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7248, USA
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45
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Abstract
Gene therapy, the treatment of any disorder or pathophysiologic state on the basis of the transfer of genetic information, was a high-priority goal in the 1990s. The lung is a major target of gene therapy for genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, and for other diseases, including lung cancer, malignant mesothelioma, pulmonary inflammation, surfactant deficiency, and pulmonary hypertension. This paper examines general concepts in gene therapy, summarizes the results of published clinical trials, and highlights areas of research aimed at overcoming challenges in the field. Although progress has been slower than anticipated, gene transfer has been safely achieved in patients with lung diseases. Recent advancements in understanding of the molecular basis of lung disease and the development of improved vector systems make it likely that gene therapy will be an important tool for the 21st-century clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Albelda
- University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA.
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46
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Zabner J, Seiler M, Walters R, Kotin RM, Fulgeras W, Davidson BL, Chiorini JA. Adeno-associated virus type 5 (AAV5) but not AAV2 binds to the apical surfaces of airway epithelia and facilitates gene transfer. J Virol 2000; 74:3852-8. [PMID: 10729159 PMCID: PMC111893 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.8.3852-3858.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the genetic disease cystic fibrosis, recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) is being investigated as a vector to transfer CFTR cDNA to airway epithelia. However, earlier work has shown that the apical surface of human airway epithelia is resistant to infection by AAV2, presumably as a result of a lack of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the apical surface. This inefficiency can be overcome by increasing the amount of vector or by increasing the incubation time. However, these interventions are not very practical for translation into a therapeutic airway-directed vector. Therefore, we examined the efficiency of other AAV serotypes at infecting human airway epithelia. When applied at low multiplicity of infection to the apical surface of differentiated airway epithelia we found that a recombinant AAV5 bound and mediated gene transfer 50-fold more efficiently than AAV2. Furthermore, in contrast to AAV2, AAV5-mediated gene transfer was not inhibited by soluble heparin. Recombinant AAV5 was also more efficient than AAV2 in transferring beta-galactosidase cDNA to murine airway and alveolar epithelia in vivo. These data suggest that AAV5-derived vectors bind and mediate gene transfer to human and murine airway epithelia, and the tropism of AAV5 may be useful to target cells that are not permissive for AAV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zabner
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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47
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Bartlett JS, Wilcher R, Samulski RJ. Infectious entry pathway of adeno-associated virus and adeno-associated virus vectors. J Virol 2000; 74:2777-85. [PMID: 10684294 PMCID: PMC111768 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.6.2777-2785.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the infectious entry pathway of adeno-associated virus (AAV) and recombinant AAV vectors by assessing AAV-mediated gene transfer and by covalently conjugating fluorophores to AAV and monitoring entry by fluorescence microscopy. We examined AAV entry in HeLa cells and in HeLa cell lines which inducibly expressed a dominant interfering mutant of dynamin. The data demonstrate that AAV internalizes rapidly by standard receptor-mediated endocytosis from clathrin-coated pits (half-time <10 min). The lysosomotropic agents ammonium chloride and bafilomycin A(1) prevent AAV-mediated gene transfer when present during the first 30 min after the onset of endocytosis, indicating that AAV escapes from early endosomes yet requires an acidic environment for penetration into the cytosol. Following release from the endosome, AAV rapidly moves to the cell nucleus and accumulates perinuclearly beginning within 30 min after the onset of endocytosis. We present data indicating that escape of AAV from the endosome and trafficking of viral particles to the nucleus are unaffected by the presence of adenovirus, the primary helper virus for a productive AAV infection. Within 2 h, viral particles could be detected within the cell nucleus, suggesting that AAV enters the nucleus prior to uncoating. Interestingly, the majority of the intracellular virus particles remain in a stable perinuclear compartment even though gene expression from nuclear AAV genomes can be detected. This suggests that the process of nuclear entry is rate limiting or that AAV entry involves multiple pathways. Nevertheless, these data establish specific points in the AAV infectious entry process and have allowed the generation of a model for future expansion to specific cell types and AAV vector analysis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bartlett
- Gene Therapy Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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48
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Drapkin PT, O'Riordan CR, Yi SM, Chiorini JA, Cardella J, Zabner J, Welsh MJ. Targeting the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor enhances gene transfer to human airway epithelia. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:589-96. [PMID: 10712430 PMCID: PMC292456 DOI: 10.1172/jci8858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing gene therapy for cystic fibrosis has been hindered by limited binding and endocytosis of vectors by human airway epithelia. Here we show that the apical membrane of airway epithelia express the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), or a 7-residue peptide derived from this protein (u7-peptide), bound the receptor and stimulated apical endocytosis. Both ligands enhanced gene transfer by nonspecifically bound adenovirus and adeno-associated virus vectors and by a modified adenovirus vector that had been coupled to the u7-peptide. These data provide the first evidence that targeting an apical receptor can circumvent the two most important barriers to gene transfer in airway epithelia. Thus, the uPA/uPAR system may offer significant advantages for delivering genes and other pharmaceuticals to airway epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Drapkin
- Program in Gene Therapy, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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49
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Wang G, Zabner J, Deering C, Launspach J, Shao J, Bodner M, Jolly DJ, Davidson BL, McCray PB. Increasing epithelial junction permeability enhances gene transfer to airway epithelia In vivo. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:129-38. [PMID: 10657931 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.2.3938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer to airway epithelia is the most direct approach for treating the progressive lung disease associated with cystic fibrosis. However, the transduction efficiency is poor when viral vectors are applied to the mucosal surface. We reported previously that gene transfer via the apical surface of human airway epithelia in vitro was improved by formulating vectors with ethyleneglycol-bis-(2-aminoethyl ether)- N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) in a hypotonic buffer. First, we investigated the mechanism for this enhancement. When 100-nm fluorescent beads were applied to the apical surface in the presence of EGTA, paracellular deposition of the particles was noted. Transmission electron microscopy verified that the epithelial junction complex was disrupted under these conditions. The Ca(2+) chelators EGTA, 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid all caused a rapid, reversible drop in transepithelial resistance and facilitated gene transfer with retrovirus or adenovirus in vitro. When Ca(2+) chelators were applied to rabbit tracheal epithelia or human nasal epithelia in vivo, the transepithelial voltage decreased, and amiloride sensitivity was lost, suggesting that epithelial junctions opened. Importantly, this novel formulation enhanced both retroviral- and adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to rabbit tracheal epithelia in vivo. This technique may have applications for vector or drug delivery to airway epithelia and other polarized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Program in Gene Therapy, Central Microscopy Research Facility, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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50
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Walters RW, Duan D, Engelhardt JF, Welsh MJ. Incorporation of adeno-associated virus in a calcium phosphate coprecipitate improves gene transfer to airway epithelia in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 2000; 74:535-40. [PMID: 10590145 PMCID: PMC111567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.1.535-540.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is inefficient at infecting differentiated airway epithelia because of a lack of receptors at the apical surface. We hypothesized that incorporation of AAV in a calcium phosphate coprecipitate would circumvent this barrier. Interestingly, coprecipitation of AAV type 2 improved gene transfer to differentiated human airway epithelia in vitro and to the mouse lung in vivo. These results suggest that delivery of AAV as a CaP(i) coprecipitate may significantly enhance its utility for gene transfer to the airway epithelia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Walters
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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