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Teng D, Ueda K, Honda T. HAND2 suppresses favipiravir efficacy in treatment of Borna disease virus infection. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105812. [PMID: 38262560 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) is a bornavirus prototype that infects the central nervous system of various animal species and can cause fatal encephalitis in various animals including humans. Among the reported anti-BoDV-1 treatments, favipiravir (T-705) is one of the best candidates since it has been shown to be effective in reducing various bornavirus titers in cell culture. However, T-705 effectiveness on BoDV-1 is cell type-dependent, and the molecular mechanisms that explain this cell type-dependent difference remain unknown. In this study, we noticed a fact that T-705 efficiently suppressed BoDV-1 in infected 293T cells, but not in infected SH-SY5Y cells, and sought to identify protein(s) responsible for this cell-type-dependent difference in T-705 efficacy. By comparing the transcriptomes of BoDV-1-infected 293T and SH-SY5Y cells, we identified heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2 (HAND2) as a candidate involved in T-705 interference. HAND2 overexpression partly attenuated the inhibitory effect of T-705, whereas HAND2 knockdown enhanced this effect. We also demonstrated an interaction between T-705 and HAND2. Furthermore, T-705 impaired HAND2-mediated host gene expression. Because HAND2 is an essential transcriptional regulator of embryogenesis, T-705 may exhibit its adverse effects such as teratogenicity and embryotoxicity through the impairment of HAND2 function. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying T-705 interference in some cell types and inspires the development of improved T-705 derivatives for the treatment of RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Teng
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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2
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Yu X, Wang S, Wu W, Chang H, Shan P, Yang L, Zhang W, Wang X. Exploring New Mechanism of Depression from the Effects of Virus on Nerve Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1767. [PMID: 37443801 PMCID: PMC10340315 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with long-term recurrent depressed mood, pain and despair, pessimism and anxiety, and even suicidal tendencies as the main symptoms. Depression usually induces or aggravates the development of other related diseases, such as sleep disorders and endocrine disorders. In today's society, the incidence of depression is increasing worldwide, and its pathogenesis is complex and generally believed to be related to genetic, psychological, environmental, and biological factors. Current studies have shown the key role of glial cells in the development of depression, and it is noteworthy that some recent evidence suggests that the development of depression may be closely related to viral infections, such as SARS-CoV-2, BoDV-1, ZIKV, HIV, and HHV6, which infect the organism and cause some degree of glial cells, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. This can affect the transmission of related proteins, neurotransmitters, and cytokines, which in turn leads to neuroinflammation and depression. Based on the close relationship between viruses and depression, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the new mechanism of virus-induced depression, which is expected to provide a new perspective on the mechanism of depression and a new idea for the diagnosis of depression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Shihao Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (S.W.); (H.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenzheng Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Hongyuan Chang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (S.W.); (H.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Pufan Shan
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China;
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China;
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (S.W.); (H.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.)
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3
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Teng D, Ueda K, Honda T. Impact of Borna Disease Virus Infection on the Transcriptome of Differentiated Neuronal Cells and Its Modulation by Antiviral Treatment. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040942. [PMID: 37112922 PMCID: PMC10145824 DOI: 10.3390/v15040942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) is a highly neurotropic RNA virus that causes neurobehavioral disturbances such as abnormal social activities and memory impairment. Although impairments in the neural circuits caused by BoDV-1 infection induce these disturbances, the molecular basis remains unclear. Furthermore, it is unknown whether anti-BoDV-1 treatments can attenuate BoDV-1-mediated transcriptomic changes in neuronal cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of BoDV-1 infection on neuronal differentiation and the transcriptome of differentiated neuronal cells using persistently BoDV-1-infected cells. Although BoDV-1 infection did not have a detectable effect on intracellular neuronal differentiation processes, differentiated neuronal cells exhibited transcriptomic changes in differentiation-related genes. Some of these transcriptomic changes, such as the decrease in the expression of apoptosis-related genes, were recovered by anti-BoDV-1 treatment, while alterations in the expression of other genes remained after treatment. We further demonstrated that a decrease in cell viability induced by differentiation processes in BoDV-1-infected cells can be relieved with anti-BoDV-1 treatment. This study provides fundamental information regarding transcriptomic changes after BoDV-1 infection and the treatment in neuronal cells.
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Grants
- JP18H02664 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP18K19449 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP21H02738 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP22K19436 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- none Takeda Science Foundation
- none Kobayashi International Scholarship Foundation
- none Naito Foundation
- none Suzuken Memorial Foundation
- none SEI Group CSR Foundation
- none Ryobi Teien Memory Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Teng
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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4
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Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) strains attracted public interest by recently reported rare fatal encephalitis cases in Germany. Previously, human BoDV-1 infection was suggested to contribute to psychiatric diseases. Clinical outcomes (encephalitis vs. psychiatric disease) and epidemiology (zoonotic vs. human-to-human transmission) are still controversial. Here, phylogenetic analyses of 18 human and 4 laboratory strains revealed close genomic homologies both in distant geographical regions, and different clinical entities. Single unique amino acid mutations substantiated the authenticity of human strains. No matching was found with those of shrew strains in the same cluster 4, arguing against zoonosis. Opposite epidemiology concepts should be equally considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Joint Senior Scientists, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yujie Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Alwin Prem Anand A, Bode L, Ludwig H, Emrich HM, Dietrich DE. Word recognition memory and serum levels of Borna disease virus specific circulating immune complexes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:597. [PMID: 36076225 PMCID: PMC9454108 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA virus that persistently infects mammals including humans. BoDV-1 worldwide occurring strains display highly conserved genomes with overlapping genetic signatures between those of either human or animal origin. BoDV-1 infection may cause behavioral and cognitive disturbances in animals but has also been found in human major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the impact of BoDV-1 on memory functions in OCD is unknown. METHOD To evaluate the cognitive impact of BoDV-1 in OCD, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a continuous word recognition paradigm in OCD patients (n = 16) and in healthy controls (n = 12). According to the presence of BoDV-1-specific circulating immune complexes (CIC), they were divided into two groups, namely group H (high) and L (low), n = 8 each. Typically, ERPs to repeated items are characterized by more positive waveforms beginning approximately 250 ms post-stimulus. This "old/new effect" has been shown to be relevant for memory processing. The early old/new effect (ca. 300-500 ms) with a frontal distribution is proposed to be a neural correlate of familiarity-based recognition. The late old/new effect (post-500 ms) is supposed to reflect memory recollection processes. RESULTS OCD patients were reported to show a normal early old/new effect and a reduced late old/new effect compared to normal controls. In our study, OCD patients with a high virus load (group H) displayed exactly these effects, while patients with a low virus load (group L) did not differ from healthy controls. CONCLUSION These results confirmed that OCD patients had impaired memory recollection processes compared to the normal controls which may to some extent be related to their BoDV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany. .,Present Address: Social Psychiatry Counseling Center, Region Hannover, Podbielskistr. 157, 30177, Hanover, Germany.
| | - A Alwin Prem Anand
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hinderk M. Emrich
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Detlef E. Dietrich
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany ,AMEOS Klinikum Hildesheim, Goslarsche Landstr. 60, 31135 Hildesheim, Germany ,grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Hirai Y, Tomonaga K, Horie M. Borna disease virus phosphoprotein triggers the organization of viral inclusion bodies by liquid-liquid phase separation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:55-63. [PMID: 34606793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion bodies (IBs) are characteristic biomolecular condensates organized by the non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses belonging to the order Mononegavirales. Although recent studies have revealed the characteristics of IBs formed by cytoplasmic mononegaviruses, that of Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), a unique mononegavirus that forms IBs in the cell nucleus and establishes persistent infection remains elusive. Here, we characterize the IBs of BoDV-1 in terms of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). The BoDV-1 phosphoprotein (P) alone induces LLPS and the nucleoprotein (N) is incorporated into the P droplets in vitro. In contrast, co-expression of N and P is required for the formation of IB-like structure in cells. Furthermore, while BoDV-1 P binds to RNA, an excess amount of RNA dissolves the liquid droplets formed by N and P in vitro. Notably, the intrinsically disordered N-terminal region of BoDV-1 P is essential to drive LLPS and to bind to RNA, suggesting that both abilities could compete with one another. These features are unique among mononegaviruses, and thus this study will contribute to a deeper understanding of LLPS-driven organization and RNA-mediated regulation of biomolecular condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Hirai
- Department of Biology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha Hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (InFRONT), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan; Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Laboratory of RNA viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (InFRONT), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.
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Characterization of an active LINE-1 in the naked mole-rat genome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5725. [PMID: 33707548 PMCID: PMC7952902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Naked mole-rats (NMRs, Heterocephalus glaber) are the longest-living rodent species. A reason for their long lifespan is pronounced cancer resistance. Therefore, researchers believe that NMRs have unknown secrets of cancer resistance and seek to find them. Here, to reveal the secrets, we noticed a retrotransposon, long interspersed nuclear element 1 (L1). L1s can amplify themselves and are considered endogenous oncogenic mutagens. Since the NMR genome contains fewer L1-derived sequences than other mammalian genomes, we reasoned that the retrotransposition activity of L1s in the NMR genome is lower than those in other mammalian genomes. In this study, we successfully cloned an intact L1 from the NMR genome and named it NMR-L1. An L1 retrotransposition assay using the NMR-L1 reporter revealed that NMR-L1 was active retrotransposon, but its activity was lower than that of human and mouse L1s. Despite lower retrotrasposition activity, NMR-L1 was still capable of inducing cell senescence, a tumor-protective system. NMR-L1 required the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) for retrotransposition, suggesting that NMR-L1 is a stringent-type of L1. We also confirmed the 5′ UTR promoter activity of NMR-L1. Finally, we identified the G-quadruplex structure of the 3′ UTR, which modulated the retrotransposition activity of NMR-L1. Taken together, the data indicate that NMR-L1 retrotranspose less efficiently, which may contribute to the cancer resistance of NMRs.
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8
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Effects of activation of the LINE-1 antisense promoter on the growth of cultured cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22136. [PMID: 33335226 PMCID: PMC7746726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1, or L1) is a retrotransposon that constitutes ~ 17% of the human genome. Although ~ 6000 full-length L1s spread throughout the human genome, their biological significance remains undetermined. The L1 5′ untranslated region has bidirectional promoter activity with a sense promoter driving L1 mRNA production and an antisense promoter (ASP) driving the production of L1-gene chimeric RNAs. Here, we stimulated L1 ASP activity using CRISPR-Cas9 technology to evaluate its biological impacts. Activation of the L1 ASP upregulated the expression of L1 ASP-driven ORF0 and enhanced cell growth. Furthermore, the exogenous expression of ORF0 also enhanced cell growth. These results indicate that activation of L1 ASP activity fuels cell growth at least through ORF0 expression. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the role of the L1 ASP in a biological context. Considering that L1 sequences are desilenced in various tumor cells, our results indicate that activation of the L1 ASP may be a cause of tumor growth; therefore, interfering with L1 ASP activity may be a potential strategy to suppress the growth.
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Guo Y, He P, Sun L, Zhang X, Xu X, Tang T, Zhou W, Li Q, Zou D, Bode L, Xie P. Full-length genomic sequencing and characterization of Borna disease virus 1 isolates: Lessons in epidemiology. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3125-3137. [PMID: 32343416 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus that infects mammals including humans. BoDV-1 strains occur globally, dominate the species Mammalian 1 bornavirus, and display highly conserved genomes and persistent infection (brain, blood). Subclinical infections prevail but the rare fatal outcomes even in people need awareness and risk assessment. Although BoDV-1 strains were successfully isolated, only limited full genomic sequences are available. In this study, the entire genomes of two natural BoDV-1 isolates (Hu-H2, Equ-Cres) and one vaccine strain (DessVac) were sequenced. They were compared with 20 genomes and 20 single-gene sequences (N and P) of worldwide human strains from psychiatric and neurologic patients and animal strains from horses with Borna disease available at GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed a low divergence not exceeding 5.55%, 5.34%, and 4.94% at the genome, P-gene, and N-gene level, respectively, characteristic of BoDV-1. Human viruses tended to cluster at the country level but appeared to be independent of hosts' diseases and/or time of isolation. Notably, our data also indicated that human viruses provided individual genetic signatures but exhibited no distinct genotypes that separated them from animal strains. Sequence similarities thus occurred between different host species and distant geographic regions, supporting global BoDV-1 prevalence. Overall low genetic divergence among BoDV-1 viruses shown here also argued against zoonotic concepts, requiring further clarification beyond sequence similarities. Finally, unlike shared sequence conservation, phenotyping of natural and laboratory variants revealed that they manipulated host cells differently, underpinning the authenticity of the human BoDV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Laboratory medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dezhi Zou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liv Bode
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Joint Senior Scientists, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Modeling Borna Disease Virus In Vitro Spread Reveals the Mode of Antiviral Effect Conferred by an Endogenous Bornavirus-Like Element. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01204-20. [PMID: 32817215 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01204-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses have demonstrated exaptation during long-term evolution with hosts, e.g., resulting in acquisition of antiviral effect on related extant viral infections. While empirical studies have found that an endogenous bornavirus-like element derived from viral nucleoprotein (itEBLN) in the ground squirrel genome shows antiviral effect on virus replication and de novo infection, the antiviral mechanism, dynamics, and quantitative effect of itEBLN remain unknown. In this study, we experimentally and theoretically investigated the dynamics of how an extant bornavirus, Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), spreads and replicates in uninfected, BoDV-1-infected, and itEBLN-expressing cultured cells. Quantifying antiviral effect based on time course data sets, we found that the antiviral effects of itEBLN are estimated to be 75% and 34% on intercellular virus spread and intracellular virus replication, respectively. This discrepancy between intercellular virus spread and intracellular viral replication suggests that viral processes other than the replication of viral ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) contributed to the suppression of virus spread in itEBLN-expressing cells. Because itEBLN binds to the BoDV-1 RNP, the suppression of viral RNP trafficking can be an attractive candidate explaining this discrepancy.IMPORTANCE Accumulating evidence suggests that some endogenous viral elements (EVEs), including endogenous retroviruses and endogenous nonretroviral virus elements, have acquired functions in the host as a result of long-term coevolution. Recently, an endogenous bornavirus-like element (itEBLN) found in the ground squirrel genome has been shown to have antiviral activity against exogenous bornavirus infection. In this study, we first quantified bornavirus spread in cultured cells and then calculated the antiviral activity of itEBLN on bornavirus infection. The calculated antiviral activity of itEBLN suggests its suppression of multiple processes in the viral life cycle. To our knowledge, this is the first study quantifying the antiviral activity of EVEs and speculating on a model of how some EVEs have acquired antiviral activity during host-virus arms races.
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Gosztonyi G, Ludwig H, Bode L, Kao M, Sell M, Petrusz P, Halász B. Obesity induced by Borna disease virus in rats: key roles of hypothalamic fast-acting neurotransmitters and inflammatory infiltrates. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1459-1482. [PMID: 32394093 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human obesity epidemic is increasing worldwide with major adverse consequences on health. Among other possible causes, the hypothesis of an infectious contribution is worth it to be considered. Here, we report on an animal model of virus-induced obesity which might help to better understand underlying processes in human obesity. Eighty Wistar rats, between 30 and 60 days of age, were intracerebrally inoculated with Borna disease virus (BDV-1), a neurotropic negative-strand RNA virus infecting an unusually broad host spectrum including humans. Half of the rats developed fatal encephalitis, while the other half, after 3-4 months, continuously gained weight. At tripled weights, rats were sacrificed by trans-cardial fixative perfusion. Neuropathology revealed prevailing inflammatory infiltrates in the median eminence (ME), progressive degeneration of neurons of the paraventricular nucleus, the entorhinal cortex and the amygdala, and a strikingly high-grade involution of the hippocampus with hydrocephalus. Immune histology revealed that major BDV-1 antigens were preferentially present at glutamatergic receptor sites, while GABAergic areas remained free from BDV-1. Virus-induced suppression of the glutamatergic system caused GABAergic predominance. In the hypothalamus, this shifted the energy balance to the anabolic appetite-stimulating side governed by GABA, allowing for excessive fat accumulation in obese rats. Furthermore, inflammatory infiltrates in the ME and ventro-medial arcuate nucleus hindered free access of appetite-suppressing hormones leptin and insulin. The hormone transport system in hypothalamic areas outside the ME became blocked by excessively produced leptin, leading to leptin resistance. The resulting hyperleptinemic milieu combined with suppressed glutamatergic mechanisms was a characteristic feature of the found metabolic pathology. In conclusion, the study provided clear evidence that BDV-1 induced obesity in the rat model is the result of interdependent structural and functional metabolic changes. They can be explained by an immunologically induced hypothalamic microcirculation-defect, combined with a disturbance of neurotransmitter regulatory systems. The proposed mechanism may also have implications for human health. BDV-1 infection has been frequently found in depressive patients. Independently, comorbidity between depression and obesity has been reported, either. Future studies should address the exciting question of whether BDV-1 infection could be a link, whatsoever, between these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gosztonyi
- Institute of Neuropathology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moujahed Kao
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Sell
- Division of Pathology, Martin Luther Hospital, 12351, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Petrusz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Béla Halász
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Semmelweis University, 1094, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Dietrich DE, Bode L, Spannhuth CW, Hecker H, Ludwig H, Emrich HM. Antiviral treatment perspective against Borna disease virus 1 infection in major depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:12. [PMID: 32066504 PMCID: PMC7027224 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-0391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whether Borna disease virus (BDV-1) is a human pathogen remained controversial until recent encephalitis cases showed BDV-1 infection could even be deadly. This called to mind previous evidence for an infectious contribution of BDV-1 to mental disorders. Pilot open trials suggested that BDV-1 infected depressed patients benefitted from antiviral therapy with a licensed drug (amantadine) which also tested sensitive in vitro. Here, we designed a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT) which cross-linked depression and BDV-1 infection, addressing both the antidepressant and antiviral efficacy of amantadine. Methods The interventional phase II RCT (two 7-weeks-treatment periods and a 12-months follow-up) at the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany, assigned currently depressed BDV-1 infected patients with either major depression (MD; N = 23) or bipolar disorder (BD; N = 13) to amantadine sulphate (PK-Merz®; twice 100 mg orally daily) or placebo treatment, and contrariwise, respectively. Clinical changes were assessed every 2–3 weeks by the 21-item Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAMD) (total, single, and combined scores). BDV-1 activity was determined accordingly in blood plasma by enzyme immune assays for antigens (PAG), antibodies (AB) and circulating immune complexes (CIC). Results Primary outcomes (≥25% HAMD reduction, week 7) were 81.3% amantadine vs. 35.3% placebo responder (p = 0.003), a large clinical effect size (ES; Cohen’s d) of 1.046, and excellent drug tolerance. Amantadine was safe reducing suicidal behaviour in the first 2 weeks. Pre-treatment maximum infection levels were predictive of clinical improvement (AB, p = 0.001; PAG, p = 0.026; HAMD week 7). Respective PAG and CIC levels correlated with AB reduction (p = 0,001 and p = 0.034, respectively). Follow-up benefits (12 months) correlated with dropped cumulative infection measures over time (p < 0.001). In vitro, amantadine concentrations as low as 2.4–10 ng/mL (50% infection-inhibitory dose) prevented infection with human BDV Hu-H1, while closely related memantine failed up to 100,000-fold higher concentration (200 μg/mL). Conclusions Our findings indicate profound antidepressant efficacy of safe oral amantadine treatment, paralleling antiviral effects at various infection levels. This not only supports the paradigm of a link of BDV-1 infection and depression. It provides a novel possibly practice-changing low cost mental health care perspective for depressed BDV-1-infected patients addressing global needs. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Registry on 04th of March 2015. The trial ID is DRKS00007649; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef E Dietrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Burghof-Clinic, Ritterstr. 19, 31737, Rinteln, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hanover, Germany. .,Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Liv Bode
- Joint Senior Scientists, Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carsten W Spannhuth
- Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hecker
- Department of Biometrics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Joint Senior Scientists, Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hinderk M Emrich
- Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
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Niller HH, Angstwurm K, Rubbenstroth D, Schlottau K, Ebinger A, Giese S, Wunderlich S, Banas B, Forth LF, Hoffmann D, Höper D, Schwemmle M, Tappe D, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Nobach D, Herden C, Brochhausen C, Velez-Char N, Mamilos A, Utpatel K, Evert M, Zoubaa S, Riemenschneider MJ, Ruf V, Herms J, Rieder G, Errath M, Matiasek K, Schlegel J, Liesche-Starnecker F, Neumann B, Fuchs K, Linker RA, Salzberger B, Freilinger T, Gartner L, Wenzel JJ, Reischl U, Jilg W, Gessner A, Jantsch J, Beer M, Schmidt B. Zoonotic spillover infections with Borna disease virus 1 leading to fatal human encephalitis, 1999-2019: an epidemiological investigation. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:467-477. [PMID: 31924550 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2018-19, Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), the causative agent of Borna disease in horses, sheep, and other domestic mammals, was reported in five human patients with severe to fatal encephalitis in Germany. However, information on case frequencies, clinical courses, and detailed epidemiological analyses are still lacking. We report the occurrence of BoDV-1-associated encephalitis in cases submitted to the Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany, and provide a detailed description of newly identified cases of BoDV-1-induced encephalitis. METHODS All brain tissues from 56 encephalitis cases from Bavaria, Germany, of putative viral origin (1999-2019), which had been submitted for virological testing upon request of the attending clinician and stored for stepwise diagnostic procedure, were systematically screened for BoDV-1 RNA. Two additional BoDV-1-positive cases were contributed by other diagnostic centres. Positive results were confirmed by deep sequencing, antigen detection, and determination of BoDV-1-reactive antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Clinical and epidemiological data from infected patients were collected and analysed. FINDINGS BoDV-1 RNA and bornavirus-reactive antibodies were detected in eight newly analysed encephalitis cases and the first human BoDV-1 isolate was obtained from an unequivocally confirmed human BoDV-1 infection from the endemic area. Six of the eight BoDV-1-positive patients had no record of immunosuppression before the onset of fatal disease, whereas two were immunocompromised after solid organ transplantation. Typical initial symptoms were headache, fever, and confusion, followed by various neurological signs, deep coma, and severe brainstem involvement. Seven of nine patients with fatal encephalitis of unclear cause were BoDV-1 positive within one diagnostic centre. BoDV-1 sequence information and epidemiological analyses indicated independent spillover transmissions most likely from the local wild animal reservoir. INTERPRETATION BoDV-1 infection has to be considered as a potentially lethal zoonosis in endemic regions with reported spillover infections in horses and sheep. BoDV-1 infection can result in fatal encephalitis in immunocompromised and apparently healthy people. Consequently, all severe encephalitis cases of unclear cause should be tested for bornaviruses especially in endemic regions. FUNDING German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kore Schlottau
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Arnt Ebinger
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sebastian Giese
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silke Wunderlich
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Banas
- Department of Nephrology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Leonie F Forth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Nobach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Mamilos
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Utpatel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Saida Zoubaa
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Viktoria Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Rieder
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Traunstein, Traunstein, Germany
| | - Mario Errath
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Traunstein, Traunstein, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Department of Neuropathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Neumann
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kornelius Fuchs
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Salzberger
- Infectious Diseases, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Freilinger
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Passau, Passau, Germany; Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Gartner
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Passau, Passau, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Wenzel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reischl
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jilg
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe? Viruses 2019; 12:v12010023. [PMID: 31878129 PMCID: PMC7019608 DOI: 10.3390/v12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent an important sanitary and economic threat for the equine industry worldwide. Among nervous diseases, viral encephalitis is of growing concern, due to the emergence of arboviruses and to the high contagiosity of herpesvirus-infected horses. The nature, severity and duration of the clinical signs could be different depending on the etiological agent and its virulence. However, definite diagnosis generally requires the implementation of combinations of direct and/or indirect screening assays in specialized laboratories. The equine practitioner, involved in a mission of prevention and surveillance, plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis. The general management of the horse is essentially supportive, focused on controlling pain and inflammation within the central nervous system, preventing injuries and providing supportive care. Despite its high medical relevance and economic impact in the equine industry, vaccines are not always available and there is no specific antiviral therapy. In this review, the major virological, clinical and epidemiological features of the main neuropathogenic viruses inducing encephalitis in equids in Europe, including rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae), Equid herpesviruses (Herpesviridae), Borna disease virus (Bornaviridae) and West Nile virus (Flaviviridae), as well as exotic viruses, will be presented.
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15
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Teng D, Obika S, Ueda K, Honda T. A Small Interfering RNA Cocktail Targeting the Nucleoprotein and Large Protein Genes Suppresses Borna Disease Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2781. [PMID: 31849913 PMCID: PMC6895540 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Borna disease virus (BoDV-1)-related fatal encephalitis human cases have been reported, which highlights the potential of BoDV-1 to cause fatal human diseases. To protect the infected brain from lethal damage, it is critical to control BoDV-1 as quickly as possible. At present, antivirals against BoDV-1 are limited, and therefore, novel types of antivirals are needed. Here, we developed a novel treatment using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against BoDV-1. We screened several siRNAs targeting the viral N, M, and L genes for BoDV-1-reducing activity. Among the screened candidates, we chose two siRNAs that efficiently decreased the BoDV-1 load in persistently BoDV-1-infected cells to prepare a siRNA cocktail (TD-Borna) for BoDV-1 treatment. TD-Borna successfully reduced the BoDV-1 load without enhancing the risk of emergence of escape mutants. The combination of TD-Borna and T-705, a previously reported antiviral agent against bornaviruses, decreased the BoDV-1 load more efficiently than TD-Borna or T-705 alone. Furthermore, TD-Borna efficiently decreased the BoDV-1 load in BoDV-1-infected neuron-derived cells, in which T-705 did not decrease the viral load. Overall, we developed a novel antiviral candidate against BoDV-1, TD-Borna, that can be used in combination with T-705 and is effective against BoDV-1 in neuron-derived cells, in which T-705 is less effective. Considering that BoDV-1 is highly neurotropic, TD-Borna can offer a promising option to improve the outcome of BoDV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Teng
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Obika
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Splicing-Dependent Subcellular Targeting of Borna Disease Virus Nucleoprotein Isoforms. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01621-18. [PMID: 30541858 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01621-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting of viral proteins to specific subcellular compartments is a fundamental step for viruses to achieve successful replication in infected cells. Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus, uniquely replicates and persists in the cell nucleus. Here, it is demonstrated that BoDV nucleoprotein (N) transcripts undergo mRNA splicing to generate truncated isoforms. In combination with alternative usage of translation initiation sites, the N gene potentially expresses at least six different isoforms, which exhibit diverse intracellular localizations, including the nucleoplasm, cytoplasm, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as well as intranuclear viral replication sites. Interestingly, the ER-targeting signal peptide in N is exposed by removing the intron by mRNA splicing. Furthermore, the spliced isoforms inhibit viral polymerase activity. Consistently, recombinant BoDVs lacking the N-splicing signals acquire the ability to replicate faster than wild-type virus in cultured cells, suggesting that N isoforms created by mRNA splicing negatively regulate BoDV replication. These results provided not only the mechanism of how mRNA splicing generates viral proteins that have distinct functions but also a novel strategy for replication control of RNA viruses using isoforms with different subcellular localizations.IMPORTANCE Borna disease virus (BoDV) is a highly neurotropic RNA virus that belongs to the orthobornavirus genus. A zoonotic orthobornavirus that is genetically related to BoDV has recently been identified in squirrels, thus increasing the importance of understanding the replication and pathogenesis of orthobornaviruses. BoDV replicates in the nucleus and uses alternative mRNA splicing to express viral proteins. However, it is unknown whether the virus uses splicing to create protein isoforms with different functions. The present study demonstrated that the nucleoprotein transcript undergoes splicing and produces four new isoforms in coordination with alternative usage of translation initiation codons. The spliced isoforms showed a distinct intracellular localization, including in the endoplasmic reticulum, and recombinant viruses lacking the splicing signals replicated more efficiently than the wild type. The results provided not only a new regulation of BoDV replication but also insights into how RNA viruses produce protein isoforms from small genomes.
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17
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Hirai Y, Domae E, Yoshikawa Y, Okamura H, Makino A, Tomonaga K. Intracellular dynamics of actin affects Borna disease virus replication in the nucleus. Virus Res 2019; 263:179-183. [PMID: 30769121 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BoDV) is a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus that uniquely replicates and establishes persistent infection in cell nucleus. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of actin in the nucleus and its role in intranuclear phenomena such as transcription and DNA repair. Although nuclear actin is involved in the life cycle of some intranuclear DNA viruses, the interaction between BoDV and nuclear actin has not been reported. In this study, we show that the inhibition of the nucleocytoplasmic transport of actin affects the replication of BoDV in the nucleus. The knockdown of a nuclear export factor of actin, exportin 6, results in the induction of structural aberration in intranuclear viral factories of BoDV. Furthermore, the inhibition of the nuclear export of actin promotes accumulation of viral matrix protein in the cytoplasm and periphery of the infected cells. These results suggest that the dynamics of actin affect the replication of BoDV by disturbing the structure of viral factories in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Hirai
- Department of Biology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Eisuke Domae
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1121, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1121, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okamura
- Department of Biology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Akiko Makino
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFront), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFront), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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18
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Arab A, Mohebbi A, Afshar H, Moradi A. Multi-factorial Etiology of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia in Iran: No Evidence of Borna Disease Virus Genome. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.12.5.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Azami M, Jalilian FA, Khorshidi A, Mohammadi Y, Tardeh Z. The association between Borna Disease Virus and schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr 2018; 34:67-73. [PMID: 29660614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a disabling psychiatric disorder. The role of Borna Disease Virus (BDV) in the etiology of schizophrenia has been suggested by several studies. However, the existence of such association remained controversial. The present meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate this association. METHOD This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA). Online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Science direct, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Google scholar search engine were searched until January 15, 2017. The heterogeneity of the studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic. Finally, random effects model was used for combining the results using Stata software version 11.1. RESULT Overall, 30 studies containing 2533 cases and 4004 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The combined odds ratio (OR) for the relationship between BDV and schizophrenia was estimated to be 2.72 (95%CI: 1.75-4.20). This association based on RT-PCR, WB, IFA, EIA, RLA, ECLIA methods was estimated to be 3.83 (95%CI: 1.59-9.20), 4.99 (95%CI: 1.80-13.85), 1.27 (95%CI: 0.23-7.12), 2.26 (95%CI: 0.48-10.64), 1.67 (95%CI: 0.50-5.56) and 2.88 (95%CI: 1.38-6.01), respectively. Subgroup analysis according to WBC, serum and plasma samples was estimated to be 3.31 (95%CI: 1.19-9.25), 2.21 (95% CI: 1.17-4.17), 2.21 (95%CI: 1.03-4.73) and 7.89 (95%CI: 1.75-35.53), respectively. CONCLUSION The results indicated the role of BDV in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Azami
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Khorshidi
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Tardeh
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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Huang Y, Li XM, Chen SG, Deng J, Lei Y, Li WJ, Zhang HZ, Zhang H, Li D, Xie P. Application of antibodies against Borna disease virus phosphoprotein and nucleoprotein on paraffin sections. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5416-5422. [PMID: 29363723 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the application of antibodies against recombinant proteins for detecting Borna disease virus (BDV) phosphoprotein (p24) and nucleoprotein (p40) (BDV‑p24/p40) on paraffin sections by immunohistochemistry. The purified fusion p24 and p40 proteins were used for the preparation of polyclonal and monoclonal anti‑p24 and anti‑40 antibodies, which were confirmed by ELISA and western blotting. Paraffin sections were made from BDV‑infected Sprague‑Dawley (SD) rats (n=20), PBS‑injected SD rats (n=20), normal SD rats (n=20) and normal C57 mice (n=20). Immunohistochemical staining was performed according to the EnVision™ two‑step protocol. Heat‑mediated antigen retrieval was performed using the retrieval buffer sodium citrate (1 mM; pH 6.0). All the antibodies against recombinant proteins exhibited good sensitivity and specificity. There were significant differences between the BDV‑infected group and the BDV‑uninfected group for poly‑ and monoclonal anti‑p24 and ‑p40 antibodies. These antibodies against recombinant proteins may be used effectively to detect BDV p24 and p40 in paraffin sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Gang Chen
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Deng
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yang Lei
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Zhi Zhang
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Zaliunaite V, Steibliene V, Bode L, Podlipskyte A, Bunevicius R, Ludwig H. Primary psychosis and Borna disease virus infection in Lithuania: a case control study. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:369. [PMID: 27809822 PMCID: PMC5093928 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothesis that microbial infections may be linked to mental disorders has long been addressed for Borna disease virus (BDV), but clinical and epidemiological evidence remained inconsistent due to non-conformities in detection methods. BDV circulating immune complexes (CIC) were shown to exceed the prevalence of serum antibodies alone and to comparably screen for infection in Europe (DE, CZ, IT), the Middle East (IR) and Asia (CN), still seeking general acceptance. METHODS We used CIC and antigen (Ag) tests to investigate BDV infection in Lithuania through a case-control study design comparing in-patients suffering of primary psychosis with blood donors. One hundred and six acutely psychotic in-patients with no physical illness, consecutively admitted to the regional mental hospital, and 98 blood donors from the Blood Donation Centre, Lithuania, were enrolled in the study. The severity of psychosis was assessed twice, prior and after acute antipsychotic therapy, by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). BDV-CIC and Ag markers were tested once after therapy was terminated. RESULTS What we found was a significantly higher prevalence of CIC, indicating a chronic BDV infection, in patients with treated primary psychosis than in blood donor controls (39.6 % vs. 22.4 %, respectively). Free BDV Ag, indicating currently active infection, did not show significant differences among study groups. Higher severity of psychosis prior to treatment was inversely correlated to the presence of BDV Ag (42.6 vs. 34.1 BPRS, respectively; p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS The study concluded significantly higher BDV infection rates in psychotic than in healthy Lithuanians, thus supporting similar global trends for other mental disorders. The study raised awareness to consider the integration of BDV infection surveillance in psychiatry research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Zaliunaite
- Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno str. 4, Palanga, LT-00135, Lithuania.
| | - Vesta Steibliene
- Psychiatry Clinic, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, Kaunas, LT-44307 Lithuania
| | - Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Joint Senior Scientists, Beerenstr. 41, Berlin, D-14163 Germany
| | - Aurelija Podlipskyte
- Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno str. 4, Palanga, LT-00135 Lithuania
| | - Robertas Bunevicius
- Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno str. 4, Palanga, LT-00135 Lithuania
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Joint Senior Scientists, Beerenstr. 41, Berlin, D-14163 Germany
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Hirai Y, Hirano Y, Matsuda A, Hiraoka Y, Honda T, Tomonaga K. Borna Disease Virus Assembles Porous Cage-like Viral Factories in the Nucleus. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25789-25798. [PMID: 27803166 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-derived RNA viruses frequently generate viral factories in infected cells. However, the details of how RNA viruses build such intracellular structures are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the structure and formation of the viral factories, called viral speckle of transcripts (vSPOTs), that are produced in the nuclei of host cells by Borna disease virus (BDV). Super-resolution microscopic analysis showed that BDV assembled vSPOTs as intranuclear cage-like structures with 59-180-nm pores. The viral nucleoprotein formed the exoskeletons of vSPOTs, whereas the other viral proteins appeared to be mainly localized within these structures. In addition, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy revealed that filamentous structures resembling viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) appeared to protrude from the outer surfaces of the vSPOTs. We also found that vSPOTs disintegrated into RNPs concurrently with the breakdown of the nuclear envelope during mitosis. These observations demonstrated that BDV generates viral replication factories whose shape and formation are regulated, suggesting the mechanism of the integrity of RNA virus persistent infection in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Hirai
- From the Department of Biology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata 573-1121.,the Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (InFRONT)
| | - Yasuhiro Hirano
- the Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, and
| | - Atsushi Matsuda
- the Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, and.,the Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- the Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, and.,the Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- the Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (InFRONT)
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- the Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (InFRONT), .,Departments of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, and.,Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507
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Soltani H, Mohammadzadeh S, Makvandi M, Pakseresht S, Samarbaf-Zadeh A. Detection of Borna Disease Virus (BDV) in Patients with First Episode of Schizophrenia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2016; 11:257-261. [PMID: 28050187 PMCID: PMC5206329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Schizophrenia is a complex widespread neuropsychiatric disorder. This illness encompasses a complex debilitating mental disorder causing illusion, delusion, disturbed relationship, low motivation and decline of emotion. Viral infection of the brain including Borna Disease Virus (BDV) may play a role in transient or permanent neurological and behavioral abnormalities. This role of Borna virus has not been resolved outright yet, and based on published papers investigation examining the role of this virus in schizophrenia is in progress worldwide. Method: In this study, Nested Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nested RT-PCR) was used for detection of BDV Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) of a group of patients experiencing the first episode of schizophrenia. The results were compared with a normal group. Results: In our study, no BDV-positive was found in PBMCs of the case group. Out of 40 participants of control group one was positive for P24 gene of BDV. This result are similar to several published papers about this topic. Conclusion: An etiological relationship between Bornavirus and schizophrenia was not found in this study. More investigations are warranted to illustrate the probable relationship between bornavirus infection and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Soltani
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Serwa Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics & Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Department of Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Siroos Pakseresht
- Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Samarbaf-Zadeh
- Department of Pathology, Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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24
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Knock-Down of Endogenous Bornavirus-Like Nucleoprotein 1 Inhibits Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis in Human Oligodendroglia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:435. [PMID: 27023521 PMCID: PMC4848891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous bornavirus-like nucleoprotein elements (EBLNs) have been discovered in the genomes of various animals including humans, whose functions have been seldom studied. To explore the biological functions of human EBLNs, we constructed a lentiviral vector expressing a short-hairpin RNA against human EBLN1, which successfully inhibited EBLN1 expression by above 80% in infected human oligodendroglia cells (OL cells). We found that EBLN1 silencing suppressed cell proliferation, induced G2/M phase arrest, and promoted apoptosis in OL cells. Gene expression profiling demonstrated that 1067 genes were up-regulated, and 2004 were down-regulated after EBLN1 silencing. The top 10 most upregulated genes were PI3, RND3, BLZF1, SOD2, EPGN, SBSN, INSIG1, OSMR, CREB3L2, and MSMO1, and the top 10 most-downregulated genes were KRTAP2-4, FLRT2, DIDO1, FAT4, ESCO2, ZNF804A, SUV420H1, ZC3H4, YAE1D1, and NCOA5. Pathway analysis revealed that these differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in pathways related to the cell cycle, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, p53 signaling, and apoptosis. The gene expression profiles were validated by using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detecting these 20 most-changed genes. Three genes closely related to glioma, RND3, OSMR, and CREB3L2, were significantly upregulated and might be the key factors in EBLN1 regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of OL cells. This study provides evidence that EBLN1 plays a key role in regulating cell life and death, thereby opening several avenues of investigation regarding EBLN1 in the future.
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Hirai Y, Honda T, Makino A, Watanabe Y, Tomonaga K. X-linked RNA-binding motif protein (RBMX) is required for the maintenance of Borna disease virus nuclear viral factories. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3198-3203. [PMID: 26333388 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA virus that establishes persistent infection in the nucleus. Although BDV forms viral inclusion bodies, termed viral speckles of transcripts (vSPOTs), which are associated with chromatin in the nucleus, the host factors involved in the maintenance of vSPOTs remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified X-linked RNA-binding motif protein (RBMX) as a nuclear factor interacting with BDV nucleoprotein. Interestingly, knockdown of RBMX led to disruption of the formation of vSPOTs and reduced both transcription and replication of BDV. Our results indicate that RBMX is involved in the maintenance of the structure of the virus factory in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Hirai
- Department of Biology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Makino
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for Emerging Virus Research, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuzo Watanabe
- Department of Proteomics Facility, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Tumor Viruses, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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26
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Scordel C, Huttin A, Cochet-Bernoin M, Szelechowski M, Poulet A, Richardson J, Benchoua A, Gonzalez-Dunia D, Eloit M, Coulpier M. Borna disease virus phosphoprotein impairs the developmental program controlling neurogenesis and reduces human GABAergic neurogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004859. [PMID: 25923687 PMCID: PMC4414417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that persistent viral infection may impair cellular function of specialized cells without overt damage. This concept, when applied to neurotropic viruses, may help to understand certain neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases. Borna disease virus (BDV) is an excellent example of a persistent virus that targets the brain, impairs neural functions without cell lysis, and ultimately results in neurobehavioral disturbances. Recently, we have shown that BDV infects human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) and impairs neurogenesis, revealing a new mechanism by which BDV may interfere with brain function. Here, we sought to identify the viral proteins and molecular pathways that are involved. Using lentiviral vectors for expression of the bdv-p and bdv-x viral genes, we demonstrate that the phosphoprotein P, but not the X protein, diminishes human neurogenesis and, more particularly, GABAergic neurogenesis. We further reveal a decrease in pro-neuronal factors known to be involved in neuronal differentiation (ApoE, Noggin, TH and Scg10/Stathmin2), demonstrating that cellular dysfunction is associated with impairment of specific components of the molecular program that controls neurogenesis. Our findings thus provide the first evidence that a viral protein impairs GABAergic human neurogenesis, a process that is dysregulated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. They improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which a persistent virus may interfere with brain development and function in the adult. When a virus enters the brain, it most often induces inflammation, fever, and brain injury, all signs that are indicative of acute encephalitis. Under certain conditions, however, some neurotropic viruses may cause disease in a subtler manner. The Borna disease virus (BDV) is an excellent example of this second class of viruses, as it impairs neural function without cell lysis and induces neurobehavioral disturbances. Recently, we have shown that BDV infects human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) and impairs neurogenesis, revealing a new mechanism by which BDV may interfere with brain function. In the present study, we identify that a singled-out BDV protein called P causes similar impairment of human neurogenesis, and further show that it leads to diminution in the genesis of a particular neuronal subtype, the GABAergic neurons. We have also found that the expression of several genes involved in the generation and the maturation of neurons is dysregulated by this viral protein, which strongly suggests their implication in P-induced impairment of GABAergic neurogenesis. This study is the first to demonstrate that a viral protein interferes with human GABAergic neurogenesis, a process that is frequently impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders. It may thus contribute to elucidating the molecular bases of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Scordel
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alexandra Huttin
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marielle Cochet-Bernoin
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marion Szelechowski
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1043, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jennifer Richardson
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Daniel Gonzalez-Dunia
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1043, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Pasteur Institute, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM U1117, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Coulpier
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
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27
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Mazaheri-Tehrani E, Maghsoudi N, Shams J, Soori H, Atashi H, Motamedi F, Bode L, Ludwig H. Borna disease virus (BDV) infection in psychiatric patients and healthy controls in Iran. Virol J 2014; 11:161. [PMID: 25186971 PMCID: PMC4167498 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Borna disease virus (BDV) is an evolutionary old RNA virus, which infects brain and blood cells of humans, their primate ancestors, and other mammals. Human infection has been correlated to mood disorders and schizophrenia, but the impact of BDV on mental-health still remains controversial due to poor methodological and cross-national comparability. Method This first report from the Middle East aimed to determine BDV infection prevalence in Iranian acute psychiatric disorder patients and healthy controls through circulating immune complexes (CIC), antibodies (Ab) and antigen (pAg) in blood plasma using a standardized triple enzyme immune assay (EIA). Samples of 314 subjects (114 psychiatric cases, 69 blood donors, and 131 healthy controls) were assayed and data analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results CICs revealed a BDV prevalence of one third (29.5%) in healthy Iranian controls (27.5% controls; 33.3% blood donors). In psychiatric patients CIC prevalence was higher than in controls (40.4%) and significantly correlating with bipolar patients exhibiting overt clinical symptoms (p = 0.005, OR = 1.65). CIC values were significantly elevated in bipolar (p = 0.001) and major depressive disorder (p = 0.029) patients as compared to controls, and in females compared to males (p = 0.031). Conclusion This study supports a similarly high prevalence of subclinical human BDV infections in Iran as reported for central Europe, and provides again an indication for the correlation of BDV infection and mood disorders. Further studies should address the morbidity risk for healthy carriers and those with elevated CIC levels, along with gender disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mazaheri-Tehrani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P,O, Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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Evolutionarily conserved interaction between the phosphoproteins and X proteins of bornaviruses from different vertebrate species. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51161. [PMID: 23236446 PMCID: PMC3517445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bornavirus, a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA viruses, is currently classified into several genetically distinct genotypes, such as Borna disease virus (BDV) and avian bornaviruses (ABVs). Recent studies revealed that bornavirus genotypes show unique sequence variability in the putative 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) of X/P mRNA, a bicistronic mRNA for the X protein and phosphoprotein (P). In this study, to understand the evolutionary relationship among the bornavirus genotypes, we investigated the functional interaction between the X and P proteins of four bornavirus genotypes, BDV, ABV genotype 4 and 5 and reptile bornavirus (RBV), the putative 5′ UTRs of which exhibit variation in the length. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation analyses using mammalian and avian cell lines revealed that the X proteins of bornaviruses conserve the ability to facilitate the export of P from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via interaction with P. Furthermore, we showed that inter-genotypic interactions may occur between X and P among the genotypes, except for X of RBV. In addition, a BDV minireplicon assay demonstrated that the X and P proteins of ABVs, but not RBV, can affect the polymerase activity of BDV. This study demonstrates that bornaviruses may have conserved the fundamental function of a regulatory protein during their evolution, whereas RBV has evolved distinctly from the other bornavirus genotypes.
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29
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Bornavirus Closely Associates and Segregates with Host Chromosomes to Ensure Persistent Intranuclear Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:492-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Arias I, Sorlozano A, Villegas E, de Dios Luna J, McKenney K, Cervilla J, Gutierrez B, Gutierrez J. Infectious agents associated with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2012; 136:128-36. [PMID: 22104141 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly disabling and limiting disorder for patients and the possibility that infections by some microorganisms may be associated to its development may allow prevention and recovery. In the current study we have done a meta-analysis of studies that have assessed the possible association between detection of different infectious agents and schizophrenia. We report results that support the idea that there is a statistically significant association between schizophrenia and infection by Human Herpesvirus 2 (OR=1.34; CI 95%: 1.09-1.70; p=0.05), Borna Disease Virus (OR=2.03; CI 95%: 1.35-3.06; p<0.01), Human Endogenous Retrovirus W (OR=19.31; CI 95%: 6.74-55.29; p<0.001), Chlamydophila pneumoniae (OR=6.34; CI 95%: 2.83-14.19; p<0.001), Chlamydophila psittaci (OR=29.05; CI 95%: 8.91-94.70; p<0.001) and Toxoplasma gondii (OR=2.70; CI 95%: 1.34-4.42; p=0.005). The implications of these findings are discussed and further research options are also explicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Arias
- CAP El Clot, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Bornaviridae is an enveloped animal virus carrying an 8.9 kb non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genome. The genus bornavirus contains two members infecting vertebrates, Borna disease virus (BDV) and avian bornavirus (ABV), which could preferably infect the nervous systems. BDV causes classical Borna disease, a progressive meningoencephalomyelitis, in horses and sheep, and ABV is known to induce proventricular dilatation disease, a fatal disease characterized by a lymphocytic, plasmacytic inflammation of central and peripheral nervous tissues, in multiple avian species. Recent evidences have demonstrated that bornavirus is unique among RNA viruses as they not only establish a long-lasting, persistent infection in the nucleus, but also integrate their own DNA genome copy into the host chromosome. In this review, I outline the recent knowledge about the unique virological characteristics of bornaviruses, as well as the diseases caused by the infection of BDV and ABV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Tomonaga
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University
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32
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Borna disease virus infects human neural progenitor cells and impairs neurogenesis. J Virol 2011; 86:2512-22. [PMID: 22190725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05663-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complex mechanisms by which infectious agents can disrupt behavior represents a major challenge. The Borna disease virus (BDV), a potential human pathogen, provides a unique model to study such mechanisms. Because BDV induces neurodegeneration in brain areas that are still undergoing maturation at the time of infection, we tested the hypothesis that BDV interferes with neurogenesis. We showed that human neural stem/progenitor cells are highly permissive to BDV, although infection does not alter their survival or undifferentiated phenotype. In contrast, upon the induction of differentiation, BDV is capable of severely impairing neurogenesis by interfering with the survival of newly generated neurons. Such impairment was specific to neurogenesis, since astrogliogenesis was unaltered. In conclusion, we demonstrate a new mechanism by which BDV might impair neural function and brain plasticity in infected individuals. These results may contribute to a better understanding of behavioral disorders associated with BDV infection.
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Lipkin WI, Briese T, Hornig M. Borna disease virus - fact and fantasy. Virus Res 2011; 162:162-72. [PMID: 21968299 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The occasion of Brian Mahy's retirement as editor of Virus Research provides an opportunity to reflect on the work that led one of the authors (Lipkin) to meet him shortly after the molecular discovery and characterization of Borna disease virus in the late 1980s, and work with authors Briese and Hornig to investigate mechanisms of pathogenesis and its potential role in human disease. This article reviews the history, molecular biology, epidemiology, and pathobiology of bornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St., 17th Floor, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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Abstract
Thanks to new technologies which enable rapid and unbiased screening for viral nucleic acids in clinical specimens, an impressive number of previously unknown viruses have recently been discovered. Two research groups independently identified a novel negative-strand RNA virus, now designated avian bornavirus (ABV), in parrots with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a severe lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis of the gastrointestinal tract of psittacine birds that is frequently accompanied by encephalomyelitis. Since its discovery, ABV has been detected worldwide in many captive parrots and in one canary with PDD. ABV induced a PDD-like disease in experimentally infected cockatiels, strongly suggesting that ABV is highly pathogenic in psittacine birds. Until the discovery of ABV, the Bornaviridae family consisted of a single species, classical Borna disease virus (BDV), which is the causative agent of a progressive neurological disorder that affects primarily horses, sheep, and some other farm animals in central Europe. Although ABV and BDV share many biological features, there exist several interesting differences, which are discussed in this review.
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35
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Na KS, Tae SH, Song JW, Kim YK. Failure to detect borna disease virus antibody and RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Investig 2009; 6:306-12. [PMID: 20140130 PMCID: PMC2808801 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2009.6.4.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Borna disease virus (BDV) is a highly neurotropic agent causing various neuropsychiatric symptoms in animals. Over the past two decades, it has been suggested that BDV might be associated with human psychiatric diseases. We aimed to investigate whether BDV is associated with psychiatric patients in Korea. METHODS We recruited 60 normal controls and 198 psychiatric patients (98 patients with depressive disorder, 60 with schizophrenia, and 40 with bipolar disorder). We used an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test for the BDV antibody and a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay for p24 and p40 RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS Neither the BDV antibody nor p24, p40 RNA was detected in controls and patients groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that BDV might not be associated with psychiatric patients in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Tae
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Watanabe Y, Ohtaki N, Hayashi Y, Ikuta K, Tomonaga K. Autogenous translational regulation of the Borna disease virus negative control factor X from polycistronic mRNA using host RNA helicases. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000654. [PMID: 19893625 PMCID: PMC2766071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus that employs several unique strategies for gene expression. The shortest transcript of BDV, X/P mRNA, encodes at least three open reading frames (ORFs): upstream ORF (uORF), X, and P in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The X is a negative regulator of viral polymerase activity, while the P phosphoprotein is a necessary cofactor of the polymerase complex, suggesting that the translation of X is controlled rigorously, depending on viral replication. However, the translation mechanism used by the X/P polycistronic mRNA has not been determined in detail. Here we demonstrate that the X/P mRNA autogenously regulates the translation of X via interaction with host factors. Transient transfection of cDNA clones corresponding to the X/P mRNA revealed that the X ORF is translated predominantly by uORF-termination-coupled reinitiation, the efficiency of which is upregulated by expression of P. We found that P may enhance ribosomal reinitiation at the X ORF by inhibition of the interaction of the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX21 with the 5′ untranslated region of X/P mRNA, via interference with its phosphorylation. Our results not only demonstrate a unique translational control of viral regulatory protein, but also elucidate a previously unknown mechanism of regulation of polycistronic mRNA translation using RNA helicases. All viruses rely on host cell factors to complete their life cycles. Therefore, the replication strategies of viruses may provide not only the understanding of virus pathogenesis but also useful models to disentangle the complex machinery of host cells. Translation regulation of viral mRNA is a good example of this. Borna disease virus (BDV) is a highly neurotropic RNA virus which is characterized by persistent infection. BDV expresses mRNAs as polycistronic coding transcripts. Among them, the 0.8 kb X/P mRNA encodes at least three open reading frames (ORFs), upstream ORF, X, and P. Although BDV X and P have opposing effects in terms of viral polymerase activity, the translational regulation of X/P polycistronic mRNA has not been elucidated. In this study, we show an ingenious strategy of translational control of viral regulatory protein using host factors. We demonstrate that host RNA helicases, mainly DDX21, can affect ribosomal reinitiation of X via interaction with the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of X/P mRNA and that the downstream P protein autogenously controls the translation of X by interfering with the binding of DDX21 to the 5′ UTR. Our findings uncover not only a unique translational control of viral regulatory protein but also a previously unknown mechanism of translational regulation of polycistronic mRNA using RNA helicases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ohtaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ikuta
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Section of Viral Infections, Thailand–Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections (RCC-ERI), Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Thakur R, Sarma S, Sharma B. Role of Borna disease virus in neuropsychiatric illnesses: are we inching closer? Indian J Med Microbiol 2009; 27:191-201. [PMID: 19584498 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.53200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The biological cause of psychiatric illnesses continues to be under intense scrutiny. Among the various neurotropic viruses, Borna disease virus (BDV) is another virus that preferentially targets the neurons of the limbic system and has been shown to be associated with behavioural abnormalities. Presence of various BDV markers, including viral RNA, in patients with affective and mood disorders have triggered ongoing debate worldwide regarding its aetiopathogenic relationship. This article analyses its current state of knowledge and recent advances in diagnosis in order to prove or refute the association of BDV in causation of human neuropsychiatric disorders. This emerging viral causative association of behavioural disorders, which seems to be inching closer, has implication not only for a paradigm shift in the treatment and management of neuropsychiatric illnesses but also has an important impact on the public health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, IHBAS, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India.
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Hayashi Y, Horie M, Daito T, Honda T, Ikuta K, Tomonaga K. Heat shock cognate protein 70 controls Borna disease virus replication via interaction with the viral non-structural protein X. Microbes Infect 2009; 11:394-402. [PMID: 19397879 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a non-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus and has the property of persistently infecting the cell nucleus. BDV encodes a 10-kDa non-structural protein, X, which is a negative regulator of viral polymerase activity but is essential for virus propagation. Recently, we have demonstrated that interaction of X with the viral polymerase cofactor, phosphoprotein (P), facilitates translocation of P from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. However, the mechanism by which the intracellular localization of X is controlled remains unclear. In this report, we demonstrate that BDV X interacts with the 71kDa molecular chaperon protein, Hsc70. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Hsc70 associates with the same region of X as P and, interestingly, that expression of P interferes competitively with the interaction between X and Hsc70. A heat shock experiment revealed that BDV X translocates into the nucleus, dependent upon the nuclear accumulation of Hsc70. Furthermore, we show that knockdown of Hsc70 by short interfering RNA decreases the nuclear localization of both X and P and markedly reduces the expression of viral genomic RNA in persistently infected cells. These data indicate that Hsc70 may be involved in viral replication by regulating the intracellular distribution of X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Nunes SOV, Itano EN, Amarante MK, Reiche EMV, Miranda HC, de Oliveira CEC, Matsuo T, Vargas HO, Watanabe MAE. RNA from Borna disease virus in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective patients, and in their biological relatives. J Clin Lab Anal 2008; 22:314-20. [PMID: 18623121 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous interactions of the immune system with the central nervous system have been described recently. Mood and psychotic disorders, such as severe depression and schizophrenia, are both heterogeneous disorders regarding clinical symptomatology, the acuity of symptoms, the clinical course, the treatment response, and probably also the etiology. Detection of p24 RNA from Borna disease virus (BDV) by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and in their biological relatives was evaluated. The subjects were 27 schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients, 27 healthy controls, 20 relatives without psychiatric disease, and 24 relatives with mood disorder, who attended the Psychiatric Ambulatory of Londrina State University, Paraná, Brazil. The subjects were interviewed by structured diagnostic criteria categorized according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV, axis I, (SCID-IV). The mean duration of illness in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients was 15.341+/-1.494 years and the median age at onset was 22.4+/-7.371 years. There were no significant differences in gender (P=0.297), age (P=0.99), albumin (P=0.26), and body mass index (kg/m(2)) (p=0.28), among patients, controls, and relatives. Patients and biological relatives had significantly higher positive p24 RNA BDV detection than controls (P=0.04); however, the clinical significance of BDV remains to be clarified.
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DIETRICH DETLEFE, BODE LIV. Human Borna disease virus-infection and its therapy in affective disorders. APMIS 2008:61-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00m10.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Herzog S, Nowotny N. Meta-analysis of putative human bornavirus sequences fails to provide evidence implicating Borna disease virus in mental illness. Rev Med Virol 2007; 17:181-203. [PMID: 17342788 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
All Borna disease virus (BDV) sequences derived from human specimens published till date were thoroughly analysed and compared to sequences of BDV laboratory strains and to BDV sequences from animals which succumbed to classical Borna disease (BD). Despite high sequence conservation of the BDV genome, animal-derived BDV sequences clustered according to their geographic origin. However, in marked contrast, human-derived BDV sequences did not cluster according to their geographic origin but showed high sequence identities to BDV laboratory strains and animal-derived BDVs handled in the laboratories reporting the human strains. Japanese, US, Australian and French human-derived BDV sequences proved to be identical or very similar to animal-derived BDV sequences from Germany, although the human specimens were collected hundreds to thousands of miles away from the central European BD endemic regions. These findings suggest that previous studies linking BDV to human neuropsychiatric disease may have been compromised by inadvertent sample contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dürrwald
- Impfstoffwerk Dessau-Tornau GmbH (IDT), Rodleben, Germany
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Ohtaki N, Kamitani W, Watanabe Y, Hayashi Y, Yanai H, Ikuta K, Tomonaga K. Downregulation of an astrocyte-derived inflammatory protein, S100B, reduces vascular inflammatory responses in brains persistently infected with Borna disease virus. J Virol 2007; 81:5940-8. [PMID: 17376896 PMCID: PMC1900267 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02137-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic virus that causes a persistent infection in the central nervous system (CNS) of many vertebrate species. Although a severe reactive gliosis is observed in experimentally BDV-infected rat brains, little is known about the glial reactions contributing to the viral persistence and immune modulation in the CNS. In this regard, we examined the expression of an astrocyte-derived factor, S100B, in the brains of Lewis rats persistently infected with BDV. S100B is a Ca(2+)-binding protein produced mainly by astrocytes. A prominent role of this protein appears to be the promotion of vascular inflammatory responses through interaction with the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Here we show that the expression of S100B is significantly reduced in BDV-infected brains despite severe astrocytosis with increased glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity. Interestingly, no upregulation of the expression of S100B, or RAGE, was observed in the persistently infected brains even when incited with several inflammatory stimuli, including lipopolysaccharide. In addition, expression of the vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), as well as the infiltration of encephalitogenic T cells, was significantly reduced in persistently infected brains in which an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced by immunization with myelin-basic protein. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the continuous activation of S100B in the brain may be necessary for the progression of vascular immune responses in neonatally infected rat brains. Our results suggested that BDV infection may impair astrocyte functions via a downregulation of S100B expression, leading to the maintenance of a persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Ohtaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Schindler A, Vögtlin A, Hilbe M, Puorger M, Zlinszky K, Ackermann M, Ehrensperger F. Reverse transcription real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of Borna disease virus in diseased hosts. Mol Cell Probes 2007; 21:47-55. [PMID: 17014984 PMCID: PMC7127217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease is a severe, immunopathological disorder of the central nervous system caused by the infection with the Borna disease virus (BDV). The detection of BDV in diseased animals, mainly sheep and horses, is achieved by histological, immunohistochemical and serological approaches and/or PCR-based technologies. In the present study, reverse transcription, real-time PCR assays were established for the detection of BDV in the brain tissue from sheep and horses, using loci for the p40 (nucleoprotein) and the p24 (phosphoprotein) genes. The PCRs were equally specific and sensitive, detecting 10 target molecules per reaction and one BDV-infected cell among 10(6) non-infected cells. In tissues from BDV-diseased sheep and horses, the p24 target was detected at higher abundance than for p40. Therefore, the p24 test is suggested to be of higher value in the diagnostic laboratory. However, both assays should be useful for addressing questions in pathogenesis and for detecting BDV reservoirs in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Schindler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. Vögtlin
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. Puorger
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K. Zlinszky
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F. Ehrensperger
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Watanabe Y, Ibrahim MS, Hagiwara K, Okamoto M, Kamitani W, Yanai H, Ohtaki N, Hayashi Y, Taniyama H, Ikuta K, Tomonaga K. Characterization of a Borna disease virus field isolate which shows efficient viral propagation and transmissibility. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:417-27. [PMID: 17306587 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the biological characteristics of field isolates of Borna disease virus (BDV), as well as to understand BDV infections outside endemic countries, we isolated the virus from brain samples of a heifer with Borna disease in Japan. We demonstrate that the brain lysate contained replication products of BDV and induced viral propagation in rat glioma cells, suggesting that a replication-competent BDV existed in the bovine brain. This field strain of BDV, named Bo/04w, showed efficient viral release and transmissibility and also displayed a distinct pattern of expression of viral phosphoprotein (P) during infection, as compared with laboratory-adapted BDV strains. Interestingly, we found the level of P to be significantly low in cells infected with Bo/04w, and the transcription of this isolate to be more efficient than that of laboratory strain of BDV. These results indicated that the field isolate may regulate the expression of P at an optimal level in infected cells. We also confirmed that Bo/04w maintains biological significance in neonatal gerbil brain. Sequencing revealed that despite the biological differences, the field isolate is closely related genetically to the laboratory strains of BDV. We discuss here the sequence similarities between BDV isolates from endemic and nonendemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Fujiyuki T, Takeuchi H, Ono M, Ohka S, Sasaki T, Nomoto A, Kubo T. Kakugo virus from brains of aggressive worker honeybees. Adv Virus Res 2006; 65:1-27. [PMID: 16387192 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(05)65001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Fujiyuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Miranda HC, Nunes SOV, Calvo ES, Suzart S, Itano EN, Watanabe MAE. Detection of Borna disease virus p24 RNA in peripheral blood cells from Brazilian mood and psychotic disorder patients. J Affect Disord 2006; 90:43-7. [PMID: 16324750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 10/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus (BDV) is a virus that naturally infects a broad range of warm-blooded animals. BDV is an enveloped virus, non-segmented, negative-stranded RNA genome and has an organization characteristic of a member of Bornaviridae in the order of Mononegavirale. In the present work we investigated the presence of BDV p24 RNA in peripheral blood cells from 30 psychiatric patients (19 with mood disorder and 11 with psychotic disorder) and 30 healthy volunteers as the control group. METHODS All subjects were interviewed by structured diagnostic criteria categorized according to the DSM-IV, Axis I (SCID-V). The presence of BDV p24 RNA was investigated by nested reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) using specific primers to p24 from BDV. The specificity of the detection was analyzed by the sequencing of PCR products. RESULTS The mean duration of illness in mood and psychotic patients with p24 RNA of BDV was 25 (+/-12.3) years and the median age was 43.77 (+/-15.2) years. There were no significant differences in gender and age among patients and control group, neither duration of illness among patients with mood and psychotic disorders in the presence or absence of p24 RNA of BDV. We found a frequency of 33.33% (10/30) of BDV-RNA on patient's group and 13.33% (4/30) on control group. The given sequences revealed identity with GenBank database sequence for BDV. CONCLUSION The detection of a higher level of BDV-RNA in the peripheral blood cells of patients than on control group should help our understanding of the pathogenesis in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Cristina Miranda
- Department of Pathological Sciences-Immunology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Matsunaga H, Tanaka S, Sasao F, Nishino Y, Takeda M, Tomonaga K, Ikuta K, Amino N. Detection by radioligand assay of antibodies against Borna disease virus in patients with various psychiatric disorders. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:671-6. [PMID: 15879032 PMCID: PMC1112074 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.5.671-676.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using a radioligand assay, which preserves the natural form of the antigen, antibodies against Borna disease virus nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein were detected in 11 and 19 sera of 171 psychiatric patients, respectively. Compared with results by Western blotting, three and nine sera were concordantly positive, respectively. The four sera showing the highest levels of antibodies by radioligand assay were all negative by Western blotting; however, dilution and inhibition tests supported the positive results. Our results suggest the importance of conformational structure to detect human anti-Borna disease virus antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsunaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka General Medical Center, Bandai-higashi 3-1-56, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8558, Japan.
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Yamashita M, Yamate M, Li GM, Ikuta K. Susceptibility of human and rat neural cell lines to infection by SARS-coronavirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:79-85. [PMID: 15992768 PMCID: PMC7092822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pathological characterization of autopsied tissues from patients with SARS revealed severe damage in restricted tissues, such as lung, with no apparent cell damage in other tissues, such as intestine and brain. Here, we examined the susceptibility of neural cell lines of human (OL) and rat (C6) origins to SARS-associated coronavirus. Both of the neural cell lines showed no apparent cytopathic effects (CPE) by infection but produced virus with infectivity of 102–5 per ml, in sharp contrast to the production by infected Vero E6 cells of >109 per ml that showed a lytic infection with characteristic rounding CPE. Interestingly, the infection of intestinal cell line CaCo-2 also induced no apparent CPE, with production of the virus at a slightly lower level as that of the Vero E6 cell culture. Notably, the cellular receptor for the virus, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 was expressed at similar levels on Vero E6 and CaCo-2 cells, but at undetectable levels on OL and C6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Yamashita
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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