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Krishnan A, Ali LM, Prabhu SG, Pillai VN, Chameettachal A, Vivet-Boudou V, Bernacchi S, Mustafa F, Marquet R, Rizvi TA. Identification of a putative Gag binding site critical for feline immunodeficiency virus genomic RNA packaging. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 30:68-88. [PMID: 37914398 PMCID: PMC10726167 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079840.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The retroviral Gag precursor plays a central role in the selection and packaging of viral genomic RNA (gRNA) by binding to virus-specific packaging signal(s) (psi or ψ). Previously, we mapped the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) ψ to two discontinuous regions within the 5' end of the gRNA that assumes a higher order structure harboring several structural motifs. To better define the region and structural elements important for gRNA packaging, we methodically investigated these FIV ψ sequences using genetic, biochemical, and structure-function relationship approaches. Our mutational analysis revealed that the unpaired U85CUG88 stretch within FIV ψ is crucial for gRNA encapsidation into nascent virions. High-throughput selective 2' hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (hSHAPE) performed on wild type (WT) and mutant FIV ψ sequences, with substitutions in the U85CUG88 stretch, revealed that these mutations had limited structural impact and maintained nucleotides 80-92 unpaired, as in the WT structure. Since these mutations dramatically affected packaging, our data suggest that the single-stranded U85CUG88 sequence is important during FIV RNA packaging. Filter-binding assays performed using purified FIV Pr50Gag on WT and mutant U85CUG88 ψ RNAs led to reduced levels of Pr50Gag binding to mutant U85CUG88 ψ RNAs, indicating that the U85CUG88 stretch is crucial for ψ RNA-Pr50Gag interactions. Delineating sequences important for FIV gRNA encapsidation should enhance our understanding of both gRNA packaging and virion assembly, making them potential targets for novel retroviral therapeutic interventions, as well as the development of FIV-based vectors for human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lizna M Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Suresha G Prabhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vineeta N Pillai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Akhil Chameettachal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Valérie Vivet-Boudou
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Serena Bernacchi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Farah Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- ASPIRE Research Institute in Precision Medicine, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Roland Marquet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Tahir A Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- ASPIRE Research Institute in Precision Medicine, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Comparison of predictors for terminal disease progression in simian immunodeficiency virus/simian-HIV-infected rhesus macaques. AIDS 2021; 35:1021-1029. [PMID: 33710021 PMCID: PMC8102323 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CD4+ T-cell decline and increasing virus levels are considered hallmarks of HIV/AIDS pathogenesis but we previously demonstrated in rhesus macaques that tissue macrophage destruction by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection associated with increased monocyte turnover also appear to impact pathogenesis. It remains unclear, however, which factors best predict onset of terminal disease progression and survival time. The objective of this study, therefore, was to directly compare these co-variates of infection for predicting survival times in retrospective studies of SIV/simian-HIV (SHIV)-infected adult rhesus macaques. METHODS Rhesus macaques were infected with various strains of SIV/SHIV and evaluated longitudinally for monocyte turnover, CD4+ T-cell loss, plasma viral load, and SIV/SHIV strain. Correlation analyses and machine learning algorithm modeling were applied to compare relative contributions of each of the co-variates to survival time. RESULTS All animals with AIDS-related clinical signs requiring euthanasia exhibited increased monocyte turnover regardless of CD4+ T-cell level, viral strain, or plasma viral load. Regression analyses and machine learning algorithms indicated a stronger correlation and contribution between increased monocyte turnover and reduced survival time than between CD4+ T-cell decline, plasma viral load, or virus strain and reduced survival time. Decision tree modeling categorized monocyte turnover of 13.2% as the initial significant threshold that best predicted decreased survival time. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that monocytes/macrophages significantly affect HIV/SIV pathogenesis outcomes. Monocyte turnover analyses are not currently feasible in humans, so there is a need to identify surrogate biomarkers reflecting tissue macrophage damage that predict HIV infection disease progression.
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Lee J, Bayarsaikhan D, Bayarsaikhan G, Kim JS, Schwarzbach E, Lee B. Recent advances in genome editing of stem cells for drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Molecular characterization of circulating strains of small ruminant lentiviruses in Brazil based on complete gag and pol genes. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Variation in Intra-individual Lentiviral Evolution Rates: a Systematic Review of Human, Nonhuman Primate, and Felid Species. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00538-19. [PMID: 31167917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00538-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral replication mediated by reverse transcriptase is considered to be highly error prone, leading to a high intra-individual evolution rate that promotes evasion of neutralization and persistent infection. Understanding lentiviral intra-individual evolutionary dynamics on a comparative basis can therefore inform research strategies to aid in studies of pathogenesis, vaccine design, and therapeutic intervention. We conducted a systematic review of intra-individual evolution rates for three species groups of lentiviruses-feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, intra-individual rate estimates differed by virus but not by host, gene, or viral strain. Lentiviral infections in spillover (nonadapted) hosts approximated infections in primary (adapted) hosts. Our review consistently documents that FIV evolution rates within individuals are significantly lower than the rates recorded for HIV and SIV. FIV intra-individual evolution rates were noted to be equivalent to FIV interindividual rates. These findings document inherent differences in the evolution of FIV relative to that of primate lentiviruses, which may signal intrinsic difference of reverse transcriptase between these viral species or different host-viral interactions. Analysis of lentiviral evolutionary selection pressures at the individual versus population level is valuable for understanding transmission dynamics and the emergence of virulent and avirulent strains and provides novel insight for approaches to interrupt lentiviral infections.IMPORTANCE To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that compares intra-individual evolution rates for FIV, SIV, and HIV following systematic review of the literature. Our findings have important implications for informing research strategies in the field of intra-individual virus dynamics for lentiviruses. We observed that FIV evolves more slowly than HIV and SIV at the intra-individual level and found that mutation rates may differ by gene sequence length but not by host, gene, strain, an experimental setting relative to a natural setting, or spillover host infection relative to primary host infection.
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Purification and Functional Characterization of a Biologically Active Full-Length Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Pr50 Gag. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080689. [PMID: 31357656 PMCID: PMC6723490 DOI: 10.3390/v11080689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) full-length Pr50Gag precursor is a key player in the assembly of new viral particles. It is also a critical component of the efficient selection and packaging of two copies of genomic RNA (gRNA) into the newly formed virus particles from a wide pool of cellular and spliced viral RNA. To understand the molecular mechanisms involved during FIV gRNA packaging, we expressed the His6-tagged and untagged recombinant FIV Pr50Gag protein both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The recombinant Pr50Gag-His6-tag fusion protein was purified from soluble fractions of prokaryotic cultures using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). This purified protein was able to assemble in vitro into virus-like particles (VLPs), indicating that it preserved its ability to oligomerize/multimerize. Furthermore, VLPs formed in eukaryotic cells by the FIV full-length Pr50Gag both in the presence and absence of His6-tag could package FIV sub-genomic RNA to similar levels, suggesting that the biological activity of the recombinant full-length Pr50Gag fusion protein was retained in the presence of His6-tag at the carboxy terminus. Successful expression and purification of a biologically active, recombinant full-length Pr50Gag-His6-tag fusion protein will allow study of the intricate RNA-protein interactions involved during FIV gRNA encapsidation.
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Yong KSM, Her Z, Chen Q. Humanized Mice as Unique Tools for Human-Specific Studies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 66:245-266. [PMID: 29411049 PMCID: PMC6061174 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With an increasing human population, medical research is pushed to progress into an era of precision therapy. Humanized mice are at the very heart of this new forefront where it is acutely required to decipher human-specific disease pathogenesis and test an array of novel therapeutics. In this review, “humanized” mice are defined as immunodeficient mouse engrafted with functional human biological systems. Over the past decade, researchers have been conscientiously making improvements on the development of humanized mice as a model to closely recapitulate disease pathogenesis and drug mechanisms in humans. Currently, literature is rife with descriptions of novel and innovative humanized mouse models that hold a significant promise to become a panacea for drug innovations to treat and control conditions such as infectious disease and cancer. This review will focus on the background of humanized mice, diseases, and human-specific therapeutics tested on this platform as well as solutions to improve humanized mice for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Su Mei Yong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Her
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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Ajema C, Mbugua C, Memiah P, Wood C, Cook C, Kotut R, Digolo L. Addressing the dual health epidemics of HIV and sexual abuse among children and adolescents in Kenya: uptake of HIV counseling and post-exposure prophylaxis. ADOLESCENT HEALTH MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS 2017; 9:1-9. [PMID: 29296104 PMCID: PMC5741064 DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s149416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Child sexual abuse and HIV are key health challenges in Kenya. In 2015, LVCT Health conducted a study aimed at assessing the quality of HIV-related services offered to child survivors of sexual violence in public health facilities. Materials and methods A qualitative data collection approach was utilized. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with 31 providers. Quantitative methods included a retrospective review of 164 records of child survivors of rape who had accessed services 6 months prior to the commencement of the study. SPSS Version 22 was used in the descriptive analysis of the medical records. Client exit interviews and observation data were analyzed using MS Excel. In-depth interviews were analyzed using a thematic analytical approach. Results Twenty-seven percent (n=164) survivors were documented to have received the first dose of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Providers did not conduct HIV pre- and posttest counseling for the survivors. There were no longitudinal follow-up mechanisms to ensure child survivors initiated on PEP adhered to the treatment plan. Less than 30% of survivors returned to the facility for PEP adherence counseling and follow-up HIV testing. Twenty providers cited capacity gaps in undertaking HIV risk assessment for child survivors. Limited availability of PEP is a barrier to HIV prevention, as most departments only offer services between 8 am and 5 pm. HIV tests were only available on weekdays before 5 pm. PEP being out of stock remains a barrier to HIV prevention. Conclusion Existing post-rape care services are not adequately structured to facilitate delivery of quality HIV-related services to child survivors. Health provider capacity in the management of children remains weak due to lack of skill-based training on the dynamics of responding to the needs of child survivors. There is a need for standard operating procedures and training modules on the prevention of HIV in the context of child sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne Ajema
- Research and Strategic Information Department, LVCT Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Peter Memiah
- Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, University Parkway, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - Camille Wood
- Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, University Parkway, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - Courtney Cook
- Biology Department, University of West Florida, University Parkway, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - Ronald Kotut
- Post Rape Care Department, LVCT Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lina Digolo
- Research and Strategic Information Department, LVCT Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Kerr TJ, Matthee C, Matthee S, Govender D, Engelbrecht S. Evaluating the Diversity of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV): A Leopard Perspective. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3957/056.047.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J. Kerr
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriScience, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
| | - Conrad Matthee
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Sonja Matthee
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriScience, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Danny Govender
- Scientific Services, SANParks, Private Bag X402, Skukuza, 1350 South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Susan Engelbrecht
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg Coastal, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
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Reyniers T, Hoornenborg E, Vuylsteke B, Wouters K, Laga M. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for men who have sex with men in Europe: review of evidence for a much needed prevention tool. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 93:363-367. [PMID: 27872326 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2016-052699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In many Western countries with good coverage of antiretroviral treatment (ART) programmes the annual number of HIV infections is still high and not (yet) declining among men who have sex with men (MSM). This might indicate that antiretroviral treatment roll-out alone will not turn around the course of the epidemic and that new, additional tools are needed. Antiretrovirals used as prevention tools for people not yet infected with HIV, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could be such important additional tools. PrEP is a new type of biomedical prevention, which involves the use of antiretrovirals before, during and after (periods of) sexual exposure to HIV. In this review, we will focus on PrEP as a new prevention tool for MSM at high risk in Europe, including its evidence for effectiveness, challenges for implementation, ongoing European demonstration studies; as well as how PrEP relates to other existing prevention tools. In light of European Medicines Agency's recent recommendation for approval of PrEP we briefly review the potential implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Reyniers
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elske Hoornenborg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bea Vuylsteke
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristien Wouters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marie Laga
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Phylogenetic characterisation of feline immunodeficiency virus in naturally infected cats in Croatia indicates additional heterogeneity of subtype B in Europe. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2567-73. [PMID: 27318929 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed on 29 domestic cats with a variety of clinical signs, possibly related to FIV infection. Blood samples were tested by a rapid immunochromatographic (ICA) procedure for detection of FIV antibodies. Subsequently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify a portion of the proviral gag gene. All 11 positive PCR products were sequenced and compared with previously reported FIV sequences. Croatian proviral isolates that could be amplified were clustered within subtype B, and additional heterogeneity was confirmed by the formation of three separate clusters. Phylogenetic analysis of circulating strains in Croatia and in southeast Europe is necessary to improve diagnostic methods and selection of the appropriate vaccinal strains.
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Evolutionary study of leporid CD4 reveals a hotspot of genetic variability within the D2 domain. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:477-482. [PMID: 26979977 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4 is the major receptor on T helper cells involved in the uptake of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) into their host cells. Evolutionary studies of CD4 in primates revealed signatures of positive selection in the D1 domain that interacts with primate exogenous lentivirus gp120 proteins. Here, we studied the evolution of CD4 in lagomorphs by comparing sequences obtained for the genera Oryctolagus, Sylvilagus, Lepus, and Ochotona. Our results reveal an overall higher divergence in lagomorphs compared to primates with highest divergence in the D2 domain. A detailed analysis of a small fragment of 33 nucleotides coding for amino acids 169 to 179 in the D2 domain showed dramatic amino acid alterations with a dN/dS value of 3.2 for lagomorphs, suggesting that CD4 is under strong positive selection in this particular region. Within each leporid genus, no significant amino acid changes were observed for the D2 domain which indicates that the genetic differentiation occurred in the ancestor of each genus before the species radiation. The rabbit endogenous lentivirus type K (RELIK) found in leporids shares high structural similarity with HIV which suggests a possible interaction between RELIK and CD4. The presence of RELIK in the studied leporids, the high structural similarity to modern-day exogenous lentiviruses and the absence of exogenous lentiviruses in leporids, allows us to hypothesize that this endogenous retrovirus, that was most probably exogenous in the past, drove the divergent evolution of leporid CD4.
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Aminde LN, Takah NF, Noubiap JJN, Tindong M, Ngwasiri C, Jingi AM, Kengne AP, Dzudie A. Awareness and low uptake of post exposure prophylaxis for HIV among clinical medical students in a high endemicity setting. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1104. [PMID: 26545721 PMCID: PMC4636782 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adequate knowledge and practices on post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV among health care providers are crucial for HIV prevention. However there is limited data on PEP knowledge and practice from developing countries where the burden of HIV infection continues to increase. We assessed the knowledge of clinical medical students on PEP, their practices in response to occupational exposure to HIV, as well as the determinants of good knowledge on PEP. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2014 involving 154 consecutively recruited clinical medical students (4th-6th year undergraduates). Data were acquired using a structured questionnaire. Knowledge on PEP was assessed using a questionnaire comprising 25 questions and categorized as: good (20 or more correct answers), moderate (13–19 correct answers) and poor (12 or fewer correct answers). Results For the 154 students included (57.8 % being male), the mean age was 23.2 ± 2.4 years, and 89 % had heard about PEP for HIV. The majority of students had moderate (61.7 %) and poor (32.5 %) knowledge on PEP. Overall knowledge score increased with increasing level of studies (p < 0.05). Only 10 (6.5 %) had had previous training on PEP, most of whom were senior level students (p = 0.01). Fifty-four students (35.1 %) knew the appropriate duration of PEP and this awareness increased with level of studies (p = 0.001). Of the 81 (52.6 %) who reported occupational exposure to HIV in the past, only 4 (4.9 %) received PEP. Conclusions Overall, knowledge on PEP among clinical medical students in this setting was non-optimal with very low uptake PEP. Intensification of HIV curricula to involve PEP as well as continuous medical education programs and workshops are potential avenues to improve awareness in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Ndemnge Aminde
- Clinical Research Education, Networking & Consultancy, Douala, B.P. 3480, Cameroon. .,Internal Medicine Unit & HIV Treatment Centre, District Hospital Nanga-Eboko, Nanga-Eboko, Cameroon.
| | - Noah F Takah
- Clinical Research Education, Networking & Consultancy, Douala, B.P. 3480, Cameroon. .,Global Health Systems Solutions, Limbe, Cameroon.
| | - Jean Jacques N Noubiap
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Medical Diagnostic Center, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Maxime Tindong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | | | - Ahmadou M Jingi
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- Clinical Research Education, Networking & Consultancy, Douala, B.P. 3480, Cameroon. .,Non-Communicable Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Anastase Dzudie
- Clinical Research Education, Networking & Consultancy, Douala, B.P. 3480, Cameroon. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon. .,Department of Medicine, General Hospital Douala, Douala, Cameroon. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Kurapati KRV, Samikkannu T, Atluri VSR, Nair MPN. Cell cycle checkpoints and pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection: a brief overview. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 26:1-11. [PMID: 25046311 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To understand HIV pathogenesis or development is no simple undertaking and neither is the cell cycle which is highly complex that requires the coordination of multiple events and machinery. It is interesting that these two processes are interrelated, intersect and interact as HIV-1 infection results in cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase which is accompanied by massive CD4+ T cell death. For its own benefit, in an impressive manner and with the overabundance of tactics, HIV maneuvers DNA damage responses and cell cycle check points for viral replication at different stages from infection, to latency and to pathogenesis. Although the cell cycle is the most critical aspect involved in both viral and cellular replication, in this review, our main focus is on recent developments, including our own observations in the field of cell cycle proteins, checkpoints and strategies utilized by the viruses to manipulate these pathways to promote their own replication and survival. We will also discuss the emerging concept of targeting the replication initiation machinery for HIV therapy.
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15
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Ghys LFE, Paepe D, Taffin ERL, Vandermeulen E, Duchateau L, Smets PMY, Delanghe J, Daminet S. Serum and urinary cystatin C in cats with feline immunodeficiency virus infection and cats with hyperthyroidism. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 18:658-65. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15592343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate serum cystatin C (sCysC) and urinary cystatin C (uCysC) in cats with hyperthyroidism and cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Methods Thirty cats with FIV, 26 hyperthyroid cats and 28 healthy cats were included. sCysC and uCysC:creatinine (uCysC/uCr) ratio were measured with a human particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay, previously validated for feline CysC measurement. Routine renal variables (serum creatinine [sCr], urine specific gravity, urinary protein:creatinine ratio [UPC]) were also measured in the three groups. Results Cats with hyperthyroidism had significantly higher sCysC and higher uCysC/uCr ratio, lower sCr and a higher UPC than healthy cats. Cats with FIV infection did not show a significantly higher sCysC concentration but had a significantly higher sCr and UPC than healthy cats. uCysC could be detected in only four of them. Conclusions and relevance This study demonstrated that sCysC is increased in cats with hyperthyroidism, in contrast with sCr, but not in cats with FIV. Many hyperthyroid cats, but only four cats with FIV, had an elevated uCysC/uCr ratio. Further studies may reveal if uCysC might be a valuable marker for tubular dysfunction in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth FE Ghys
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elien RL Taffin
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Orthopaedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke
| | - Pascale MY Smets
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV research is limited by the fact that lentiviruses are highly species specific. The need for appropriate models to promote research has led to the development of many elaborate surrogate animal models. AREAS COVERED This review looks at the history of animal models for HIV research. Although natural animal lentivirus infections and chimeric viruses such as chimera between HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus and simian-tropic HIV are briefly discussed, the main focus is on small animal models, including the complex design of the 'humanized' mouse. The review also traces the historic evolution and milestones as well as depicting current models and future prospects for HIV research. EXPERT OPINION HIV research is a complex and challenging task that is highly manpower-, money- and time-consuming. Besides factors such as hypervariability and latency, the lack of appropriate animal models that exhibit and recapitulate the entire infectious process of HIV, is one of the reasons behind the failure to eliminate the lentivirus from the human population. This obstacle has led to the exploitation and further development of many sophisticated surrogate animal models for HIV research. While there is no animal model that perfectly mirrors and mimics HIV infections in humans, there are a variety of host species and viruses that complement each other. Combining the insights from each model, and critically comparing the results obtained with data from human clinical trials should help expand our understanding of HIV pathogenesis and drive future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Sliva
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Department of Virology, Section 2/2 AIDS, New and Emerging pathogens , Paul-Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen , Germany +0049 6103 774017 ; +0049 6103 771234 ;
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17
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Abstract
The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to rise among core groups and efforts to reduce the numbers of new infections are being redoubled. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the use of short-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) to reduce the risk of acquisition of HIV infection following exposure. Current guidelines recommend a 28-day course of ART within 36-72 hours of exposure to HIV. As long as individuals continue to be exposed to HIV there will be a role for PEP in the foreseeable future. Nonoccupational PEP, the vast majority of which is for sexual exposure (PEPSE), has a significant role to play in HIV prevention efforts. Awareness of PEP and its availability for both clinicians and those who are eligible to receive it are crucial to ensure that PEP is used to its full potential in any HIV prevention strategy. In this review, we provide current evidence for the use of PEPSE, assessment of the risk of HIV transmission, indications for PEP, drug regimens, and management of patients started on PEP. We summarize national and international guidelines for the use of PEPSE. We explore the place of PEP within the wider strategy of reducing HIV incidence rates in the era of treatment as prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis. We also consider the implications of recent data from interventional and observational studies demonstrating significant reductions in the risk of HIV transmission within a serodiscordant relationship if the HIV-positive partner is taking effective ART upon PEP guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binta Sultan
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Benn
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Laura Waters
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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18
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Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus detection in blood by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the proviral gag region. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 79:37-42. [PMID: 24630755 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), of the genus Lentivirus of the Retroviridae family, causes persistent disease, which is characterized by polyarthritis and mastitis in adult goats and progressive paresis (leukoencephalomyelitis) in kids. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the detection of CAEV in blood samples. Species-specific primers amplifying the gag gene region in the provirus were used for the detection of CAEV. The LAMP assay result was obtained 30 min after incubation on a constant temperature at 63 °C in a heat block. Resulting amplicons were visualized by addition of SYBR green dye after the reaction and checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. The sensitivity of LAMP assay was evaluated by comparing the result with the nested polymerase chain reaction. Based on the experiments, the result of the assay indicated a rapid and sensitive test for the detection of CAEV.
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19
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Burand JP, Kim W, Afonso CL, Tulman ER, Kutish GF, Lu Z, Rock DL. Analysis of the genome of the sexually transmitted insect virus Helicoverpa zea nudivirus 2. Viruses 2012; 4:28-61. [PMID: 22355451 PMCID: PMC3280521 DOI: 10.3390/v4010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The sexually transmitted insect virus Helicoverpa zea nudivirus 2 (HzNV-2) was determined to have a circular double-stranded DNA genome of 231,621 bp coding for an estimated 113 open reading frames (ORFs). HzNV-2 is most closely related to the nudiviruses, a sister group of the insect baculoviruses. Several putative ORFs that share homology with the baculovirus core genes were identified in the viral genome. However, HzNV-2 lacks several key genetic features of baculoviruses including the late transcriptional regulation factor, LEF-1 and the palindromic hrs, which serve as origins of replication. The HzNV-2 genome was found to code for three ORFs that had significant sequence homology to cellular genes which are not generally found in viral genomes. These included a presumed juvenile hormone esterase gene, a gene coding for a putative zinc-dependent matrix metalloprotease, and a major facilitator superfamily protein gene; all of which are believed to play a role in the cellular proliferation and the tissue hypertrophy observed in the malformation of reproductive organs observed in HzNV-2 infected corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa zea.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Burand
- Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Woojin Kim
- Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Claudio L. Afonso
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (C.L.A.); (E.R.T.); (G.F.K.); (Z.L.); (D.L.R.)
| | - Edan R. Tulman
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (C.L.A.); (E.R.T.); (G.F.K.); (Z.L.); (D.L.R.)
| | - Gerald F. Kutish
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (C.L.A.); (E.R.T.); (G.F.K.); (Z.L.); (D.L.R.)
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (C.L.A.); (E.R.T.); (G.F.K.); (Z.L.); (D.L.R.)
| | - Daniel L. Rock
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (C.L.A.); (E.R.T.); (G.F.K.); (Z.L.); (D.L.R.)
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20
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Dietrich I, Hosie MJ, Willett BJ. The role of BST2/tetherin in feline retrovirus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:255-64. [PMID: 21715020 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic retroviral infections of mammals have induced the evolution of cellular anti-viral restriction factors and have shaped their biological activities. This intrinsic immunity plays an important role in controlling viral replication and imposes a barrier to viral cross-species transmission. Well-studied examples of such host restriction factors are TRIM5α, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that binds incoming retroviral capsids in the cytoplasm via its C-terminal PRY/SPRY (B30.2) domain and targets them for proteasomal degradation, and APOBEC3 proteins, cytidine deaminases that induce hypermutation and impair viral reverse transcription. Tetherin (BST-2, CD317) is an interferon-inducible transmembrane protein that potently inhibits the release of nascent retrovirus particles in single-cycle replication assays. However, whether the primary biological activity of tetherin in vivo is that of a restriction factor remains uncertain as recent studies on human tetherin suggest that it is unable to prevent spreading infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The feline tetherin homologue resembles human tetherin in amino acid sequence, protein topology and anti-viral activity. Transiently expressed feline tetherin displays potent inhibition of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and HIV-1 particle release. However, stable ectopic expression of feline tetherin in a range of feline cell lines has no inhibitory effect on the growth of either primary or cell culture-adapted strains of FIV. By comparing and contrasting the activities of the felid and primate tetherins against their respective immunodeficiency-causing lentiviruses we may gain insight into the contribution of tetherins to the control of lentiviral replication and the evolution of lentiviral virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Dietrich
- Retrovirus Research Laboratory, MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G611QH, United Kingdom.
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21
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Juganaru M, Reina R, Bertolotti L, Stella M, Profiti M, Armentano M, Bollo E, Amorena B, Rosati S. In vitro properties of small ruminant lentivirus genotype E. Virology 2011; 410:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Liu L, Wan Y, Wu L, Sun J, Li H, Li H, Ma L, Shao Y. Broader HIV-1 neutralizing antibody responses induced by envelope glycoprotein mutants based on the EIAV attenuated vaccine. Retrovirology 2010; 7:71. [PMID: 20807451 PMCID: PMC2940887 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to induce a potent and cross-reactive neutralizing antibody (nAb), an effective envelope immunogen is crucial for many viral vaccines, including the vaccine for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The Chinese equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) attenuated vaccine has controlled the epidemic of this virus after its vaccination in over 70 million equine animals during the last 3 decades in China. Data from our past studies demonstrate that the Env protein of this vaccine plays a pivotal role in protecting horses from both homologous and heterogeneous EIAV challenges. Therefore, the amino acid sequence information from the Chinese EIAV attenuated vaccine, in comparison with the parental wild-type EIAV strains, was applied to modify the corresponding region of the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 CN54. The direction of the mutations was made towards the amino acids conserved in the two EIAV vaccine strains, distinguishing them from the two wild-type strains. The purpose of the modification was to enhance the immunogenicity of the HIV Env. RESULTS The induced nAb by the modified HIV Env neutralized HIV-1 B and B'/C viruses at the highest titer of 1:270. Further studies showed that a single amino acid change in the C1 region accounts for the substantial enhancement in induction of anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that an HIV envelope modified by the information of another lentivirus vaccine induces effective broadly neutralizing antibodies. A single amino acid mutation was found to increase the immunogenicity of the HIV Env.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
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23
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Rizvi TA, Kenyon JC, Ali J, Aktar SJ, Phillip PS, Ghazawi A, Mustafa F, Lever AML. Optimal packaging of FIV genomic RNA depends upon a conserved long-range interaction and a palindromic sequence within gag. J Mol Biol 2010; 403:103-119. [PMID: 20732330 PMCID: PMC2987497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that is related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), causing a similar pathology in cats. It is a potential small animal model for AIDS and the FIV-based vectors are also being pursued for human gene therapy. Previous studies have mapped the FIV packaging signal (ψ) to two or more discontinuous regions within the 5' 511 nt of the genomic RNA and structural analyses have determined its secondary structure. The 5' and 3' sequences within ψ region interact through extensive long-range interactions (LRIs), including a conserved heptanucleotide interaction between R/U5 and gag. Other secondary structural elements identified include a conserved 150 nt stem-loop (SL2) and a small palindromic stem-loop within gag open reading frame that might act as a viral dimerization initiation site. We have performed extensive mutational analysis of these sequences and structures and ascertained their importance in FIV packaging using a trans-complementation assay. Disrupting the conserved heptanucleotide LRI to prevent base pairing between R/U5 and gag reduced packaging by 2.8-5.5 fold. Restoration of pairing using an alternative, non-wild type (wt) LRI sequence restored RNA packaging and propagation to wt levels, suggesting that it is the structure of the LRI, rather than its sequence, that is important for FIV packaging. Disrupting the palindrome within gag reduced packaging by 1.5-3-fold, but substitution with a different palindromic sequence did not restore packaging completely, suggesting that the sequence of this region as well as its palindromic nature is important. Mutation of individual regions of SL2 did not have a pronounced effect on FIV packaging, suggesting that either it is the structure of SL2 as a whole that is necessary for optimal packaging, or that there is redundancy within this structure. The mutational analysis presented here has further validated the previously predicted RNA secondary structure of FIV ψ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir A Rizvi
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE.
| | - Julia C Kenyon
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Jahabar Ali
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE
| | - Suriya J Aktar
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE
| | - Pretty S Phillip
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE
| | - Akela Ghazawi
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE
| | - Farah Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE
| | - Andrew M L Lever
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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24
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Kuroda MJ. Macrophages: do they impact AIDS progression more than CD4 T cells? J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:569-73. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0909626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Samman A, Logan N, McMonagle EL, Ishida T, Mochizuki M, Willett BJ, Hosie MJ. Neutralization of feline immunodeficiency virus by antibodies targeting the V5 loop of Env. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:242-9. [PMID: 19776242 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.015404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) play a vital role in vaccine-induced protection against infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). However, little is known about the appropriate presentation of neutralization epitopes in order to induce NAbs effectively; the majority of the antibodies that are induced are directed against non-neutralizing epitopes. Here, we demonstrate that a subtype B strain of FIV, designated NG4, escapes autologous NAbs, but may be rendered neutralization-sensitive following the insertion of two amino acids, KT, at positions 556-557 in the fifth hypervariable (V5) loop of the envelope glycoprotein. Consistent with the contribution of this motif to virus neutralization, an additional three subtype B strains retaining both residues at the same position were also neutralized by the NG4 serum, and serum from an unrelated cat (TOT1) targeted the same sequence in V5. Moreover, when the V5 loop of subtype B isolate KNG2, an isolate that was moderately resistant to neutralization by NG4 serum, was mutated to incorporate the KT motif, the virus was rendered sensitive to neutralization. These data suggest that, even in a polyclonal serum derived from FIV-infected cats following natural infection, the primary determinant of virus-neutralizing activity may be represented by a single, dominant epitope in V5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Samman
- Retrovirus Research Laboratory, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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26
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Hosie MJ, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Feline immunodeficiency. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:575-84. [PMID: 19481037 PMCID: PMC7129779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Overview Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a retrovirus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus. Most felids are susceptible to FIV, but humans are not. Feline immunodeficiency virus is endemic in domestic cat populations worldwide. The virus loses infectivity quickly outside the host and is susceptible to all disinfectants. Infection Feline immunodeficiency virus is transmitted via bites. The risk of transmission is low in households with socially well-adapted cats. Transmission from mother to kittens may occur, especially if the queen is undergoing an acute infection. Cats with FIV are persistently infected in spite of their ability to mount antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Disease signs Infected cats generally remain free of clinical signs for several years, and some cats never develop disease, depending on the infecting isolate. Most clinical signs are the consequence of immunodeficiency and secondary infection. Typical manifestations are chronic gingivostomatitis, chronic rhinitis, lymphadenopathy, weight loss and immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis Positive in-practice ELISA results obtained in a low-prevalence or low-risk population should always be confirmed by a laboratory. Western blot is the ‘gold standard’ laboratory test for FIV serology. PCR-based assays vary in performance. Disease management Cats should never be euthanased solely on the basis of an FIV-positive test result. Cats infected with FIV may live as long as uninfected cats, with appropriate management. Asymptomatic FIV-infected cats should be neutered to avoid fighting and virus transmission. Infected cats should receive regular veterinary health checks. They can be housed in the same ward as other patients, but should be kept in individual cages. Vaccination recommendations At present, there is no FIV vaccine commercially available in Europe. Potential benefits and risks of vaccinating FIV-infected cats should be assessed on an individual cat basis. Needles and surgical instruments used on FIV-positive cats may transmit the virus to other cats, so strict hygiene is essential.
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Poss M, Ross H. Evolution of the long terminal repeat and accessory genes of feline immunodeficiency virus genomes from naturally infected cougars. Virology 2008; 370:55-62. [PMID: 17904608 PMCID: PMC2215318 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
FIVpco is a member of the feline immunodeficiency virus family that is endemic in wild cougar populations. Virus replication is robust in FIVpco-infected cougars but there are no consequences of infection to cougar survival, fecundity or susceptibility to other infections. Unlike pathogenic lentiviruses, there is no evidence for positive selection on FIVpco gag or env. To better understand how lentivirus genomes evolve in natural infections, we evaluated the regulatory region and accessory genes from fourteen full-length FIVpco genomes, which represent the FIVpco diversity in the Northern Rockies Ecosystem. Our data demonstrate that the two sister groups of FIVpco have each acquired binding sites for different interferon response factors (IRF). The most variable gene in the FIVpco genome encodes OrfA, although there is no indication that it, or any other accessory gene, is under positive selection. There is a single-splice acceptor site for vif expression, which is conserved among all FIVpco genomes. However, there are several putative means to express rev and orfA, which differ between the phylogenetic groups of FIVpco. Our comparative study on divergent FIVpco genomes indicates that variation in potential gene regulation mechanisms, not changes in structural proteins, characterize the evolution of FIVpco in natural infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Poss
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, 208 Mueller Lab, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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28
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Soutullo A, Santi MN, Perin JC, Beltramini LM, Borel IM, Frank R, Tonarelli GG. Systematic epitope analysis of the p26 EIAV core protein. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:227-37. [PMID: 17705340 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The major core protein of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), p26, is one of the primary immunogenic structural proteins during a persistent infection of horses and is highly conserved among antigenically variants of viral isolates. In order to investigate its immune profile in more detail for a better diagnostic, an epitope mapping was carried out by means of two libraries of overlapping peptide fragments prepared by simultaneous and parallel SPPS on derivatized cellulose membranes (SPOT synthesis). Polyclonal equine sera from infected horses were used for the biological assay. Particularly two promising continuous epitopes (NAMRHL and MYACRD) were localized on the C-terminal extreme of p26, region 194-222. A cyclic synthetic fragment of 29 amino acid residues containing the identified epitopes was designed and studied. A significant conformational change towards a helical structure was observed when the peptide was cyclized by a bridge between Cys198 and Cys218. This observation correlated with an improvement of its ability to be recognized by specific antibodies in an EIA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay). These results suggest that the conformationally restricted synthetic antigen adequately mimics the native structure of this region of p26 core protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Soutullo
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Dirección de Sanidad Animal, Ministerio de la Producción, Bv. Pellegrini 3100, Santa Fe, Argentina
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29
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Brellou GD, Angelopoulou K, Poutahidis T, Vlemmas I. Detection of maedi-visna virus in the liver and heart of naturally infected sheep. J Comp Pathol 2007; 136:27-35. [PMID: 17258227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Maedi-visna virus (MVV) in sheep, which infects mainly cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, produces changes in the lung, mammary gland, brain and joints. In this study, however, the liver and heart of six naturally infected sheep were examined for the presence of the virus. MVV proviral DNA was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and immunohistochemical examination revealed viral antigens in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cardiac myocytes. Although histopathological examination showed mild to moderate, chronic lymphocytic cholangiohepatitis and myocarditis and the presence of small lymphoid aggregates, the typical maedi lymphoproliferative lesions (lymphoid follicle-like structures of considerable size with germinal centres) were not seen in the liver and heart. These novel findings suggest that, although the macrophage is the main cell for productive viral replication, the liver and heart represent additional MVV targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Brellou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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30
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VandeWoude S, Apetrei C. Going wild: lessons from naturally occurring T-lymphotropic lentiviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:728-62. [PMID: 17041142 PMCID: PMC1592692 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00009-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 40 nonhuman primate (NHP) species harbor species-specific simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). Similarly, more than 20 species of nondomestic felids and African hyenids demonstrate seroreactivity against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antigens. While it has been challenging to study the biological implications of nonfatal infections in natural populations, epidemiologic and clinical studies performed thus far have only rarely detected increased morbidity or impaired fecundity/survival of naturally infected SIV- or FIV-seropositive versus -seronegative animals. Cross-species transmissions of these agents are rare in nature but have been used to develop experimental systems to evaluate mechanisms of pathogenicity and to develop animal models of HIV/AIDS. Given that felids and primates are substantially evolutionarily removed yet demonstrate the same pattern of apparently nonpathogenic lentiviral infections, comparison of the biological behaviors of these viruses can yield important implications for host-lentiviral adaptation which are relevant to human HIV/AIDS infection. This review therefore evaluates similarities in epidemiology, lentiviral genotyping, pathogenicity, host immune responses, and cross-species transmission of FIVs and factors associated with the establishment of lentiviral infections in new species. This comparison of consistent patterns in lentivirus biology will expose new directions for scientific inquiry for understanding the basis for virulence versus avirulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80538-1619, USA
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Jiang YL, Chung S, Krosky DJ, Stivers JT. Synthesis and high-throughput evaluation of triskelion uracil libraries for inhibition of human dUTPase and UNG2. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5666-72. [PMID: 16678429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human nuclear uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG2) and deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) are the primary enzymes that prevent the incorporation and accumulation of deoxyuridine in genomic DNA. These enzymes are desirable targets for small molecule inhibitors given their roles in a wide range of biological processes ranging from chromosomal rearrangements that lead to cancer, viral DNA replication, and the formation of toxic DNA strand breaks during anticancer drug therapy. To accelerate the discovery of such inhibitors, we have developed a high-throughput approach for directed library synthesis and screening. In this efficient technology, a uracil-aldehyde ligand is covalently tethered to one position of a trivalent alkyloxyamine linker via an oxime linkage, and then the vacant linker positions are derivatized with a library of aldehydes. The resulting triskelion oximes were directly screened for inhibitory activity and the most potent of these showed micromolar binding affinities to UNG2 and dUTPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Dunham SP, Bruce J, Klein D, Flynn JN, Golder MC, MacDonald S, Jarrett O, Neil JC. Prime-boost vaccination using DNA and whole inactivated virus vaccines provides limited protection against virulent feline immunodeficiency virus. Vaccine 2006; 24:7095-108. [PMID: 17049683 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Protection against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has been achieved using a variety of vaccines notably whole inactivated virus (WIV) and DNA. However protection against more virulent isolates, typical of those encountered in natural infections, has been difficult to achieve. In an attempt to improve protection against virulent FIV(GL8), we combined both DNA and WIV vaccines in a "prime-boost" approach. Thirty cats were divided into four groups receiving vaccinations and one unvaccinated control group. Following viral challenge, two vaccinated animals, one receiving DNA alone and one the prime-boost vaccine remained free of viraemia, whilst all controls became viraemic. Animals vaccinated with WIV showed apparent early enhancement of infection at 2 weeks post challenge (pc) with higher plasma viral RNA loads than control animals or cats immunised with DNA alone. Despite this, animals vaccinated with WIV or DNA alone showed significantly lower proviral loads in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and mesenteric lymph node cells, whilst those receiving the DNA-WIV prime-boost vaccine showed significantly lower proviral loads in PBMC, than control animals, at 35 weeks pc. Therefore both DNA and WIV vaccines conferred limited protection against viral challenge but the combination of WIV and DNA in a prime-boost approach appeared to offer no significant advantage over either vaccine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Dunham
- Retrovirus Research Laboratory, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
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Poss M, Ross HA, Painter SL, Holley DC, Terwee JA, Vandewoude S, Rodrigo A. Feline lentivirus evolution in cross-species infection reveals extensive G-to-A mutation and selection on key residues in the viral polymerase. J Virol 2006; 80:2728-37. [PMID: 16501082 PMCID: PMC1395431 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.6.2728-2737.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors that restrict a virus from establishing productive infection in a new host species are important to understand because cross-species transmission events are often associated with emergent viral diseases. To determine the evolutionary pressures on viruses in new host species, we evaluated the molecular evolution of a feline immunodeficiency virus derived from a wild cougar, Puma concolor, during infection of domestic cats. Analyses were based on the coding portion of genome sequences recovered at intervals over 37 weeks of infection of six cats inoculated by either intravenous or oral-nasal routes. All cats inoculated intravenously, but only one inoculated orally-nasally, became persistently viremic. There were notable accumulations of lethal errors and predominance of G-to-A alterations throughout the genome, which were marked in the viral polymerase gene, pol. Viral structural (env and gag) and accessory (vif and orfA) genes evolved neutrally or were under purifying selection. However, sites under positive selection were identified in reverse transcriptase that involved residues in the nucleotide binding pocket or those contacting the RNA-DNA duplex. The findings of extensive G-to-A alterations in this cross-species infection are consistent with the recently described editing of host cytidine deaminase on lentivirus genomes. Additionally, we demonstrate that the primary site of hypermutation is the viral pol gene and the dominant selective force acting on this feline immunodeficiency virus as it replicates in a new host species is on key residues of the virus polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Poss
- Division of Biological Sciences, HS104, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA.
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Barnor JS, Miyano-Kurosaki N, Takaku H, Yamaguchi K, Sakamoto A, Ishikawa K, Yamamoto N, Osei-Kwasi M, Ofori-Adjei D. The middle to 3' end of the HIV-1 vif gene sequence is important for vif biological activity and could be used for antisense oligonucleotide targets. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 24:1745-61. [PMID: 16438045 DOI: 10.1080/10810730500265823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-encoded vif protein is essential for viral replication, virion production, and pathogenicity. HIV-1 Vif interacts with the endogenous human APOBEC3G protein (an mRNA editor) in target cells to prevent its encapsidation into virions. Some studies have established targets within the HIV-1 vif gene that are important for its biologic function; however, it is important to determine effective therapeutic targets in vif because of its critical role in HIV-1 infectivity and pathogenicity. The present study demonstrates that virions generated in transfected HeLa-CD4+ cells, especially from HIV-1 vif frame-shift mutant (3' delta vif; 5561-5849), were affected in splicing and had low infectivity in MT-4 cells. In addition, HIV-1 vif antisense RNA fragments constructed within the same region, notably the region spanning nucleic acid positions 5561-5705 (M-3'-AS), which corresponds to amino acid residues 96-144, significantly inhibited HIV-1 replication in MT-4 and reduced the HIV-1 vif mRNA transcripts and reporter gene (EGFP) expression. The generated virions showed low secondary infection in H9 cells. These data therefore suggest that the middle to the 3' end of vif is important for its biological activity in the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Samson Barnor
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Chiba Institute of Technology, Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba, Japan
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35
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Jiang YL, Krosky DJ, Seiple L, Stivers JT. Uracil-directed ligand tethering: an efficient strategy for uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) inhibitor development. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:17412-20. [PMID: 16332091 PMCID: PMC2522323 DOI: 10.1021/ja055846n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) is an important DNA repair enzyme that recognizes and excises uracil bases in DNA using an extrahelical recognition mechanism. It is emerging as a desirable target for small-molecule inhibitors given its key role in a wide range of biological processes including the generation of antibody diversity, DNA replication in a number of viruses, and the formation of DNA strand breaks during anticancer drug therapy. To accelerate the discovery of inhibitors of UNG we have developed a uracil-directed ligand tethering strategy. In this efficient approach, a uracil aldehyde ligand is tethered via alkyloxyamine linker chemistry to a diverse array of aldehyde binding elements. Thus, the mechanism of extrahelical recognition of the uracil ligand is exploited to target the UNG active site, and alkyloxyamine linker tethering is used to randomly explore peripheral binding pockets. Since no compound purification is required, this approach rapidly identified the first small-molecule inhibitors of human UNG with micromolar to submicromolar binding affinities. In a surprising result, these uracil-based ligands are found not only to bind to the active site but also to bind to a second uncompetitive site. The weaker uncompetitive site suggests the existence of a transient binding site for uracil during the multistep extrahelical recognition mechanism. This very general inhibitor design strategy can be easily adapted to target other enzymes that recognize nucleobases, including other DNA repair enzymes that recognize other types of extrahelical DNA bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Daniel J. Krosky
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Lauren Seiple
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - James T. Stivers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205
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36
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Smirnova N, Troyer JL, Schissler J, Terwee J, Poss M, VandeWoude S. Feline lentiviruses demonstrate differences in receptor repertoire and envelope structural elements. Virology 2005; 342:60-76. [PMID: 16120451 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) causes fatal disease in domestic cats via T cell depletion-mediated immunodeficiency. Pumas and lions are hosts for apparently apathogenic lentiviruses (PLV, LLV) distinct from FIV. We compared receptor use among these viruses by: (1) evaluating target cell susceptibility; (2) measuring viral replication following exposure to specific and non-specific receptor antagonists; and (3) comparing Env sequence and structural motifs. Most isolates of LLV and PLV productively infected domestic feline T cells, but differed from domestic cat FIV by infecting cells independent of CXCR4, demonstrating equivalent or enhanced replication following heparin exposure, and demonstrating substantial divergence in amino acid sequence and secondary structure in Env receptor binding domains. PLV infection was, however, inhibited by CD134/OX40 antibody. Thus, although PLV and LLV infection interfere with FIV superinfection, we conclude that LLV and PLV utilize novel, more promiscuous mechanisms for cell entry than FIV, underlying divergent tropism and biological properties of these viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cats
- Cell Line
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Glycosylation
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/pathogenicity
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/physiology
- Lentiviruses, Feline/genetics
- Lentiviruses, Feline/immunology
- Lentiviruses, Feline/pathogenicity
- Lentiviruses, Feline/physiology
- Lions
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Puma
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/physiology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Virus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Virus/physiology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/physiology
- Virulence
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smirnova
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1619, USA
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Ryan G, Grimes T, Brankin B, Mabruk MJEMF, Hosie MJ, Jarrett O, Callanan JJ. Neuropathology associated with feline immunodeficiency virus infection highlights prominent lymphocyte trafficking through both the blood-brain and blood-choroid plexus barriers. J Neurovirol 2005; 11:337-45. [PMID: 16162477 DOI: 10.1080/13550280500186445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in the cat is a well-evaluated model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection in man with both viruses associated with significant neuropathology. Although studies in both HIV and FIV infections have shown that virus enters the brain in the acute stages of disease, little is known of the mechanisms of viral entry. The dissection of this stage is fundamental to the development of therapies that may prevent or modulate central nervous system (CNS) infection. The present study was designed to characterize the early sequential neuropathological changes following infection with FIV(GL8), a strain known to enter the CNS in acute infection. Cats were infected either by the intraperitoneal (n = 13) or intravenous (n = 12) route with 2000 cat infectious units of virus. Histopathological assessments following intraperitoneal infections were at 4 (n = 2), 5 (n = 1), 8 (n = 3), 10 (n = 1), 16 (n = 1), 32 (n = 2), 52 (n = 2), and 104 (n = 1) weeks post infection whereas animals infected intravenously were examined (n = 3) at 1, 4, 10, and 23 weeks post infection. The most significant lesions following both routes of infection were lymphocyte-rich perivascular infiltrates within cerebral and cerebellar meninges, in choroid plexus and spinal cord dura mater and within epineurium of the sciatic nerve. In addition, following intravenous infection perivascular infiltrations were noted in parenchymal blood vessels primarily of cerebral white matter. Infiltrates were composed of CD79+ B cells and CD3+ T cells. The latter population contained a mixture of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. The severity of lesions increased in intensity in the 8-to 16-week period following infection and then began to wane. The evaluation of this large group of cats at multiple time points revealed pathology comparable with that of early stage HIV-1-associated encephalitis. Moreover, in contrast to previous FIV neuropathology studies, transient meningeal, choroid plexus, and parenchymal vascular pathology were consistent significant findings suggesting that, as in HIV-1 infection, blood-brain barrier and choroid plexus brain barrier integrity are both compromised in early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Ryan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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38
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Winston A, McAllister J, Amin J, Cooper DA, Carr A. The use of a triple nucleoside-nucleotide regimen for nonoccupational HIV post-exposure prophylaxis. HIV Med 2005; 6:191-7. [PMID: 15876286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2005.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nonoccupational post-exposure prophylaxis (NPEP) for HIV is recommended after high-risk sexual exposure. Because of the high incidence of intolerable side effects observed with protease inhibitor- and zidovudine-based NPEP regimens, our unit changed standard NPEP treatment to 28 days of tenofovir-lamivudine-stavudine (TDF-3TC-d4T). The aim of this study was to compare side effects and numbers of individuals completing NPEP before and after this change. METHODS Parameters were compared amongst individuals commencing the following NPEP regimens: zidovudine-lamivudine (ZDV-3TC), zidovudine-lamivudine-nelfinavir (ZDV-3TC-NFV) and TDF-3TC-d4T. RESULTS A total of 385 individuals received ZDV-3TC (n = 36), ZDV-3TC-NFV (n = 225) or TDF-3TC-d4T (n = 137) as NPEP for the first time between June 1999 and November 2003. Noncompletion rates were 25%, 32% and 15%, respectively (P = 0.001), with odds ratios for noncompletion being 2.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8-4.8] and 2.7 (95% CI 1.6-4.8) in the first two groups compared with the TDF-3TC-d4T group (P = 0.008). Adverse events were less common in the TDF-3TC-d4T group, with significantly lower rates of nausea and headache, but significantly higher rates of peripheral neuropathy and asymptomatic raised transaminases. There was no HIV seroconversion in any group. CONCLUSIONS TDF-3TC-d4T is significantly better tolerated than ZDV-3TC or ZDV-3TC-NFV as NPEP and results in greater numbers of individuals completing 28 days of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Winston
- Department of Immunology, HIV and Infectious Diseases, St Vincent's Hospital, National Centre for HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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39
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Shen T, Liang H, Tong X, Fan X, He X, Ma Y, Xiang W, Shen R, Zhang X, Shao Y. Amino acid mutations of the infectious clone from Chinese EIAV attenuated vaccine resulted in reversion of virulence. Vaccine 2005; 24:738-49. [PMID: 16202485 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) donkey-leukocyte attenuated vaccine (DLV) provides a unique natural model system by which attenuated mechanism and immunological control of lentivirus replication may be studied. We analyzed the critical consensus mutations that occurred during the viral passages in vitro and in vivo for vaccine's preparation. Based on the full-length infectious clone pLGFD3 (EIAV vaccine background) and according to mutations displayed during viral attenuation, we successfully constructed an infectious clones pLG5-3-l in which gag and env genes were point-mutated by overlap PCR mutagenesis strategy. pLG5-3-l was proved to have the ability of effective replication in vitro cells culture systems by Reverse Transcriptase Assay and virion observation under electron microscopy. Results of the in vivo experiments indicated that marked differences occurred between the mutated virus and their parental virus in clinical manifestation and plasma viral replication during 6-month observation period. In contrast to asymptom of animals infected with pLGFD3-V, the mutated virus (pLG5-3-l-V) developed typical clinical progression in the corresponding experimentally infected animals. The results of the distinct differences in clinical profiles and viral dynamics before and after mutation of EIAV infectious clone will help to understand the protective mechanism of Chinese EIAV vaccine and shed light on novel HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
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40
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Terwee JA, Yactor JK, Sondgeroth KS, Vandewoude S. Puma lentivirus is controlled in domestic cats after mucosal exposure in the absence of conventional indicators of immunity. J Virol 2005; 79:2797-806. [PMID: 15708998 PMCID: PMC548441 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.2797-2806.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A high percentage of free-ranging pumas (Felis concolor) are infected with feline lentiviruses (puma lentivirus, feline immunodeficiency virus Pco [FIV-Pco], referred to here as PLV) without evidence of disease. PLV establishes productive infection in domestic cats following parenteral exposure but, in contrast to domestic cat FIV, it does not cause T-cell dysregulation. Here we report that cats exposed to PLV oro-nasally became infected yet rapidly cleared peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proviral load in the absence of a correlative specific immune response. Two groups of four specific-pathogen-free cats were exposed to PLV via the mucosal (oro-nasal) or parenteral (i.v.) route. All animals were PBMC culture positive and PCR positive within 3 weeks postinfection and seroconverted without exhibiting clinical disease; however, three or four oro-nasally infected animals cleared circulating proviral DNA within 3 months. Antibody titers reached higher levels in animals that remained persistently infected. PLV antigen-induced proliferation was slightly greater in mucosally inoculated animals, but no differences were noted in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses or cytokine profiles between groups. The distribution of virus was predominantly gastrointestinal as opposed to lymphoid in all animals in which virus was detected at necropsy. Possible mechanisms for viral clearance include differences in viral fitness required for crossing mucosal surfaces, a threshold dose requirement for persistence, or an undetected sterilizing host immune response. This is the first report of control of a productive feline or primate lentivirus infection in postnatally exposed, seropositive animals. Mechanisms underlying this observation will provide clues to containment of immunodeficiency disease and could prompt reexamination of vaccine-induced immunity against human immunodeficiency virus and other lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Terwee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1619, USA
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41
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Wang H, Sakurai A, Khamsri B, Uchiyama T, Gu H, Adachi A, Fujita M. Unique characteristics of HIV-1 Vif expression. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:385-90. [PMID: 15784183 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2004] [Revised: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the steady-state expression in cells of four accessory proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). For this purpose, a series of single gene expression vectors for these viral proteins were constructed and were monitored for their production by transfection. Among them, the expression level of Vif was found to be lowest in both the absence and presence of APOBEC3G. In addition, we noticed the presence of its truncated form, which was not observed for the other accessory proteins. When a subgenomic vector was used for transfection, authentic and several small forms of Vif were produced. By mutational analysis, these forms were demonstrated to be mutant Vif proteins translated from M8, M16 and M29. When a full-length molecular clone was used, the smaller versions of Vif were hardly observed. Functional analysis of these mutant Vif proteins showed that they are incapable of modulating viral infectivity. The results described above, i.e. the low steady-state expression and the presence of truncated forms, represent the unique characteristics of HIV-1 Vif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, People's Republic of China
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42
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Nielsen MH, Pedersen FS, Kjems J. Molecular strategies to inhibit HIV-1 replication. Retrovirology 2005; 2:10. [PMID: 15715913 PMCID: PMC553987 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the primary cause of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is a slow, progressive and degenerative disease of the human immune system. The pathogenesis of HIV-1 is complex and characterized by the interplay of both viral and host factors. An intense global research effort into understanding the individual steps of the viral replication cycle and the dynamics during an infection has inspired researchers in the development of a wide spectrum of antiviral strategies. Practically every stage in the viral life cycle and every viral gene product is a potential target. In addition, several strategies are targeting host proteins that play an essential role in the viral life cycle. This review summarizes the main genetic approaches taken in such antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hjuler Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, C.F. Møllers Alle, Bldg. 130, Room 404, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Finn Skou Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, C.F. Møllers Alle, Bldg. 130, Room 404, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, C.F. Møllers Alle, Bldg. 130, Room 404, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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43
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Hosie MJ, Klein D, Binley JM, Dunsford TH, Jarrett O, Neil JC, Knapp E, Giannecchini S, Matteucci D, Bendinelli M, Hoxie JA, Willett BJ. Vaccination with an inactivated virulent feline immunodeficiency virus engineered to express high levels of Env. J Virol 2005; 79:1954-7. [PMID: 15650222 PMCID: PMC544106 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.3.1954-1957.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An inactivated virus vaccine was prepared from a pathogenic isolate of feline immunodeficiency virus containing a mutation that eliminated an endocytic sorting signal in the envelope glycoprotein, increasing its expression on virions. Cats immunized with inactivated preparations of this modified virus exhibited strong titers of antibody to Env by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Evidence of protection following challenge demonstrated the potential of this approach to lentiviral vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cat Diseases/prevention & control
- Cat Diseases/virology
- Cats
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, env/metabolism
- Genetic Engineering/methods
- Humans
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/pathogenicity
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Neutralization Tests
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/genetics
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret J Hosie
- Retrovirus Research Laboratory, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd., Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
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Ling B, Apetrei C, Pandrea I, Veazey RS, Lackner AA, Gormus B, Marx PA. Classic AIDS in a sooty mangabey after an 18-year natural infection. J Virol 2004; 78:8902-8. [PMID: 15280498 PMCID: PMC479084 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.16.8902-8908.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevailing theory holds that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections are nonpathogenic in their natural simian hosts and that lifelong infections persist without disease. Numerous studies have reported that SIV-infected sooty mangabeys (SMs; Cercocebus atys) remain disease free for up to 24 years despite relatively high levels of viral replication. Here, we report that classic AIDS developed after an 18-year incubation in an SM (E041) with a natural SIVsm infection. Unlike that described in previous reports of SIV-related disease in SMs, the SIVsm infecting E041 was not first passaged through macaques; moreover, SM E041 was simian T-cell leukemia virus antibody negative. SM E041 was euthanized in 2002 after being diagnosed with severe disseminated B-cell lymphoma. The plasma virus load had been approximately the same for 16 years when a 100-fold increase in virus load occurred in years 17 and 18. Additional findings associated with AIDS were CD4(+)-cell decline, loss of p27 core antibody, and loss of control of SIVsm replication with disseminated giant cell disease. These findings suggest that the time to development of AIDS exceeds the average lifetime of SMs in the wild and that the principal adaptation of SIV to its natural African hosts does not include complete resistance to disease. Instead, AIDS may develop slowly, even in the presence of high virus loads. However, a long-term relatively high virus load, such as that in SM E041, is consistent with AIDS development in less than 18 years in humans and macaques. Therefore, the results also suggest that SMs have a special mechanism for resisting AIDS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhua Ling
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Rd., Covington, LA 70433, USA
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Barnor JS, Miyano-Kurosaki N, Yamaguchi K, Sakamoto A, Ishikawa K, Inagaki Y, Yamamoto N, Osei-Kwasi M, Ofori-Adjei D, Takaku H. Intracellular expression of antisense RNA transcripts complementary to the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 vif gene inhibits viral replication in infected T-lymphoblastoid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:544-50. [PMID: 15219863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-encoded vif protein is essential for viral replication, virion production, and pathogenicity. HIV-1 vif interacts with the endogenous human APOBEC3G protein (an mRNA editor) in target cells to prevent its virions from encapsidation. Although some studies have established targets within the HIV-1 vif gene that are important for its biologic function, it is however important to further screen for effective therapeutic targets in the vif gene that could interfere with the HIV-1 vif-dependent infectivity and pathogenicity. This report demonstrates that HIV-1 vif antisense RNA fragments constructed within mid-3' region, notably the region spanning nucleic acid positions 5561-5705 (M-3'-AS), significantly inhibited HIV-1 replication in MT-4 and H9-infected cells and reduced the HIV-1 vif mRNA transcripts. These data clearly suggest that the above vif fragment, which corresponds to amino acid residues 96-144, could be an effective novel therapeutic target site for gene therapy applications, for the control and management of HIV-1 infection, due to its strong inhibition of HIV-1 replication in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Samson Barnor
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, 275-0016 Narashino, Chiba, Japan
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Chen R, Le Rouzic E, Kearney JA, Mansky LM, Benichou S. Vpr-mediated incorporation of UNG2 into HIV-1 particles is required to modulate the virus mutation rate and for replication in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:28419-25. [PMID: 15096517 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403875200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is able to infect nondividing cells, such as macrophages, and the viral Vpr protein has been shown to participate in this process. Here, we investigated the impact of the recruitment into virus particles of the nuclear form of uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG2), a cellular DNA repair enzyme, on the virus mutation rate and on replication in macrophages. We demonstrate that the interaction of Vpr with UNG2 led to virion incorporation of a catalytically active enzyme that is directly involved with Vpr in modulating the virus mutation rate. The lack of UNG in virions during virus replication in primary monocyte-derived macrophages further exacerbated virus mutant frequencies to an 18-fold increase compared with the 4-fold increase measured in actively dividing cells. Because the presence of UNG is also critical for efficient infection of macrophages, these observations extend the role of Vpr to another early step of the virus life cycle, e.g. viral DNA synthesis, that is essential for replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in nondividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxiang Chen
- Ohio State University Biochemistry Graduate Program, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Louie KA, Dadgari JM, DeBoer BM, Weisbuch H, Snow PM, Cheevers WP, Douvas A, McMillan M. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-infected goats can generate human immunodeficiency virus-gp120 cross-reactive antibodies(1). Virology 2003; 315:217-23. [PMID: 14592773 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviruses display surprisingly disparate clinical manifestations in their specific hosts, share complex genetic structures, and exhibit extensive diversity, particularly in their envelope genes. The envelope protein, gp135, of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) has minimal primary sequence homology to gp120, the envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nevertheless, they bear certain similarities in that they both possess five variable regions, both are heavily glycosylated, and both share short sequence motifs. We establish a further relationship and demonstrate that some goats, infected with CAEV, possess gp135-specific antibodies which cross-react with gp120 from several HIV strains, provided the protein is expressed in insect cells. We show that, although the cross-reactivity of these immunoglobulins depends on the level of glycosylation, nevertheless, some antibodies recognize the protein epitopes on gp120, at least some of which are linear in character. Further characterization of this unexpected cross-reaction will define its potential therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Louie
- Department of Microbiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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48
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Snider TG, Hoyt PG, Coats KS, Graves KF, Cooper CR, Storts RW, Luther DG, Jenny BF. Natural bovine lentiviral type 1 infection in Holstein dairy cattle. I. Clinical, serological, and pathological observations. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:89-101. [PMID: 12493490 PMCID: PMC7134018 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(02)00021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical, serological, and pathological abnormalities observed in Holstein cows naturally infected with bovine lentivirus 1 bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and other infections were progressive and most commonly associated with weight loss, lymphoid system deficiency, and behavioral changes. Clinical evidence of meningoencephalitis was dullness, stupor, and occasional head or nose pressing postures. The polymerase chain reactions associated the BIV provirus with the lesions in the central nervous system and lymphoid tissues. Multiple concurrent infections developed in retrovirally infected cows undergoing normal stresses associated with parturition and lactation. A major functional correlate of the lymphoreticular alterations was the development of multiple secondary infections which failed to resolve after appropriate antibacterial therapy. The chronic disease syndrome in dairy cows associated with BIV may be useful as a model system for investigation of the pathogenesis of the nervous system lesions and lymphoid organ changes that occur in humans with lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Snider
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University and A & M College, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
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Snider TG, Coats KS, Storts RW, Graves KF, Cooper CR, Hoyt PG, Luther DG, Jenny BF. Natural bovine lentivirus type 1 infection in Holstein dairy cattle. II. Lymphoid tissue lesions. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:1-15. [PMID: 12602682 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(02)00022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) in Holstein cows was associated with morphologic evidence of lymphoid organ deficiency. Cows were subjected to normal management practices including parturition and lactation without adverse environmental stresses. During the clinical disease process there was marked weight loss and wasting with frequent and severe concurrent infections. Lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and dysplasia in lymph nodes, and hypertrophy and hyperplasia in hemal lymph nodes were characteristics of the lymphoid tissues. Atrophy of lymphoid cell compartments with depletion of lymphocytes and a lymphocytic lymphoid folliculitis were components of the lymphoid system pathology. The nodal tissue lesions resembled those observed in feline, simian, and human lentiviral disease. A functional correlation with immune system deficiency was the development of multiple bacterial infections which failed to resolve after appropriate therapy. The BIV-associated disease syndrome in dairy cows may be useful as a model system for investigation of the pathogenesis of the lymphoid organ changes that occur in humans and animals with lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Snider
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Fujita M, Sakurai A, Yoshida A, Miyaura M, Koyama AH, Sakai K, Adachi A. Amino acid residues 88 and 89 in the central hydrophilic region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif are critical for viral infectivity by enhancing the steady-state expression of Vif. J Virol 2003; 77:1626-32. [PMID: 12502880 PMCID: PMC140823 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.2.1626-1632.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydrophilic region consisting of strikingly clustered charged amino acids is present at the center of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif. In this study, the role for this central hydrophilic region (E(88)WRKKR(93)) in the virus replication in nonpermissive H9 cells was investigated by extensive deletion and substitution analysis. A total of 31 mutants were constructed. Deletion of the E(88) or W(89) residue alone abolished viral infectivity in H9 cells and impaired virus replication in primary macrophage cultures. Substitution analysis indicated that the hydrophilicity and charge of the central region are insignificant for the function of Vif. Of the 16 substitution mutants, 3 mutants with substitution of E(88) and W(89) with an A residue did not grow in H9 cells. Upon transfection, four mutants (i.e., two mutants with deletion of E(88) or W(89); a mutant with substitution of E(88) and W(89) with A; and a mutant with substitution of E(88), W(89), and R(90) with A) were found to express Vif at a very reduced level relative to that by the wild-type clone. These results have thus demonstrated that amino acid residues 88 and 89 of Vif are critical for the replication of HIV-1 in target cells by enhancing the steady-state expression of Vif. In addition, E(88) and W(89) residues were found to be extremely conserved among the Vif proteins of naturally occurring HIV-1 field isolates as well as those of laboratory HIV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Fujita
- Department of Virology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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