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Gupta T, Chahota R. Unique ankyrin repeat proteins in the genome of poxviruses-Boon or Wane, a critical review. Gene 2024; 927:148759. [PMID: 38992761 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Ankyrin repeat is a 33-amino acid motif commonly observed in eukaryotes and, to a lesser extent, in prokaryotes and archaea and rarely in viruses. This motif plays a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes like the cell cycle, transcription, cell signaling, and inflammatory responses through interactions between proteins. Poxviruses exhibit a distinctive feature of containing multiple ankyrin repeat proteins within their genomes. All the genera of poxviruses possess these proteins except molluscipox virus, crocodylidpox virus, and red squirrel poxvirus. An intriguing characteristic has generated notable interest in studying the functions of these proteins within poxvirus biology. Within poxviruses, ankyrin repeat proteins exhibit a distinct configuration, featuring ankyrin repeats in the N-terminal region and a cellular F-box homolog in the C-terminal region, which enables interactions with the cellular Skp, Cullin, F-box containing ubiquitin ligase complex. Through the examination of experimental evidences and discussions from current literature, this review elucidates the organization and role of ankyrin repeat proteins in poxviruses. Various research studies have highlighted the significant importance of these proteins in poxviral pathogenesis and, acting as factors that enhance virulence. Consequently, they represent viable targets for developing genetically altered viruses with decreased virulence, thus displaying potential as candidates for vaccines and antiviral therapeutic development contributing to safer and more effective strategies against poxviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141012 India; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062 India
| | - Rajesh Chahota
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062 India.
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2
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Wang H, Tian J, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Yang H, Zhang G. Current Status of Poultry Recombinant Virus Vector Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:630. [PMID: 38932359 PMCID: PMC11209050 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are the mainstays of preventing viral poultry diseases. However, the development of recombinant DNA technology in recent years has enabled the generation of recombinant virus vector vaccines, which have the advantages of preventing multiple diseases simultaneously and simplifying the vaccination schedule. More importantly, some can induce a protective immune response in the presence of maternal antibodies and offer long-term immune protection. These advantages compensate for the shortcomings of traditional vaccines. This review describes the construction and characterization of primarily poultry vaccine vectors, including fowl poxvirus (FPV), fowl adenovirus (FAdV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Marek's disease virus (MDV), and herpesvirus of turkey (HVT). In addition, the pathogens targeted and the immunoprotective effect of different poultry recombinant virus vector vaccines are also presented. Finally, this review discusses the challenges in developing vector vaccines and proposes strategies for improving immune efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiming Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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3
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Wang F. Interleukin‑18 binding protein: Biological properties and roles in human and animal immune regulation (Review). Biomed Rep 2024; 20:87. [PMID: 38665423 PMCID: PMC11040224 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) is a natural regulatory molecule of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-18. It can regulate activity of IL-18 by high affinity binding. The present review aimed to highlight developments, characteristics and functions of IL-18BP. IL-18BP serves biological and anti-pathological roles in treating disease. In humans, it modulates progression of a number of chronic diseases, such as adult-onset Still's disease. The present review summarizes molecular structure, role of IL-18BP in disease and interaction with other proteins in important pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Disease at the Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot 010018, P.R. China
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Özgünlük İ, Yücetepe AG, Çetiner B, Keskin O, Özyörük F. Development of a Multiplex PCR Assay for Rapid Differentiation of Fowlpox and Pigeonpox Viruses. Avian Dis 2024; 68:33-37. [PMID: 38687105 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a multiplex PCR assay capable of rapidly differentiating two major Avipoxvirus (APV) species, Fowlpox virus (FWPV) and Pigeonpox virus (PGPV), which cause disease in bird species. Despite the importance of a rapid differentiation assay, no such assay exists that can differentiate the APV species without sequencing. To achieve this, species-specific target DNA fragments were selected from the fpv122 gene of FWPV and the HM89_gp120 gene of PGPV, which are unique to each genome. Nine samples collected from unvaccinated chickens, pigeons, and a turkey with typical pox lesions were genetically identified as FWPV and PGPV. The designed primers and target DNA fragments were validated using in silico analyses with the nucleotide Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. The multiplex PCR assay consisted of species-specific primers and previously described PanAPV primers (genus-specific) and was able to differentiate FWPV and PGPV, consistent with the phylogenetic outputs. This study represents the first successful differentiation of FWPV and PGPV genomes using a conventional multiplex PCR test. This assay has the potential to facilitate the rapid diagnosis and control of APV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrfan Özgünlük
- Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 63200 Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | | | - Burak Çetiner
- Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 63200 Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Oktay Keskin
- Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 63200 Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Fuat Özyörük
- Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 63200 Şanlıurfa, Türkiye,
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Verma RK, Gangwar AK. Characterization of Fowlpox Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:55-74. [PMID: 38801571 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The complex cytoplasmic DNA virus known as the fowlpox virus (FWPV) is a member of the avipoxvirus genus, Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, and Family Poxviridae. The large genome size of FWPV makes it a potential vector for the creation of vaccines against a range of serious veterinary and human ailments. It also allows for multiple gene insertion and the generation of abortive infection in mammalian cells. The virus, which causes fowlpox in chickens and turkeys, is mainly transmitted to poultry through aerosols or biting insects. Fowlpox is a highly contagious disease that affects both domestic and wild birds, causing cutaneous and/or diphtheritic illnesses. To control the illness, strict hygiene practices and immunization with FWPV attenuated strains or antigenically similar pigeon pox virus vaccines are employed. Recent years have seen an increase in fowlpox outbreaks in chicken flocks, primarily due to the introduction of novel forms of FWPV. It is believed that the pathogenic characteristics of these strains are enhanced by the integration of reticuloendotheliosis virus sequences of variable lengths into the FWPV genome. The standard laboratory diagnosis of FPV involves histopathological analysis, electron microscopy, virus isolation on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs or cell cultures, and serologic techniques. For quick and consistent diagnosis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has proven to be the most sensitive method. PCR is used in concert with restriction endonuclease enzyme analysis (REA) to identify, differentiate, and characterize the molecular makeup of isolates of the fowlpox virus. Sequencing of the amplified fragments is then done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Verma
- Assistant Professor (Veterinary Microbiology), College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, 224229, India.
| | - A K Gangwar
- Professor and Head Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, 224229, India
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Eldaghayes I, Rothwell L, Skinner M, Dayhum A, Kaiser P. Efficacy of Fowlpox Virus Vector Vaccine Expressing VP2 and Chicken Interleukin-18 in the Protection against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1716. [PMID: 38006048 PMCID: PMC10675466 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the role of interleukin-18 (IL-18) in the immune response is to drive inflammatory and, normally therefore, anti-viral responses. IL-18 also shows promise as a vaccine adjuvant in mammals. Chicken IL-18 (chIL-18) has been cloned. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of chIL-18 to act as a vaccine adjuvant in the context of a live recombinant Fowlpox virus vaccine (fpIBD1) against Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). fpIBD1 protects against mortality, but not against damage to the bursa of Fabricius caused by IBDV infection. The Fowlpox virus genome itself contains several candidate immunomodulatory genes, including potential IL-18 binding proteins (IL-18bp). We knocked out (Δ) the potential IL-18bp genes in fpIBD1 and inserted (::) the cDNA encoding chIL-18 into fpIBD1 in the non-essential ORF030, generating five new viral constructs -fpIBD1::chIL-18, fpIBD1ΔORF073, fpIBD1ΔORF073::chIL-18, fpIBD1ΔORF214, and fpIBD1ΔORF214::chIL-18. The subsequent protection from challenge with virulent IBDV, as measured by viral load and bursal damage, given by these altered fpIBD1 strains, was compared to that given by the original fpIBD1. Complete protection was provided following challenge with IBDV in chicken groups vaccinated with either fpIBDIΔ073::IL-18 or fpIBD1Δ214::IL-18, as no bursal damage nor IBDV was detected in the bursae of the birds. The results show that chIL-18 can act as an effective vaccine adjuvant by improving the fpIBD1 vaccine and providing complete protection against IBDV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Eldaghayes
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli P.O. Box 13662, Libya
| | - Lisa Rothwell
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michael Skinner
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Abdunaser Dayhum
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli P.O. Box 13662, Libya
| | - Pete Kaiser
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Deng L, Liu C, Li L, Hao P, Wang M, Jin N, Yin R, Du S, Li C. Genomic characteristics of an avipoxvirus 282E4 strain. Virus Res 2023; 336:199218. [PMID: 37678517 PMCID: PMC10507152 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Avipoxvirus 282E4 strain was extensively applied into recombinant vaccine vector to prevent other infectious diseases. However, little information on the genomic background, functional and genetic evolutionary of the isolate 282E4 strain was clarified. The results showed that the linear genome of avipoxvirus 282E4 was 308,826 bp, containing 313 open reading frames (ORFs) and 12 new predicted ORFs. The 282E4 strain appears to encode two novel thymidine kinase proteins and two TGF-beta-like proteins that may be associated with the suppression of the host's antiviral response. Avipoxvirus 282E4 also encodes 57 ankyrin repeat proteins and 5 variola B22R-like proteins, which composed 7% of the avipoxvirus 282E4 genome. GO and KEGG analysis further revealed that 12 ORFs participate in viral transcription process, 7 ORFs may function during DNA repair, replication and biological synthesis, and ORF 208 is involved in the process of virus life cycle. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated sequences p4b and DNA polymerase of avipoxviruses gene demonstrates that avipoxvirus 282E4 strain is divergent from known FWPV isolates and is similar to shearwater poxvirus (SWPV-1) that belongs to the CNPV-like virus. Sequencing avipoxvirus 282E4 is a significant step to judge the genetic position of avipoxviruses within the larger Poxviridae phylogenetic tree and provide a new insight into the genetic background of avipoxvirus 282E4 and interspecies transmission of poxviruses, meanwhile, explanation of gene function provides theoretical foundation for vaccine design with 282E4 strain as skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingcong Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Cunxia Liu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Letian Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Maopeng Wang
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ronglan Yin
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine in Jilin Province, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Shouwen Du
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Chang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
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He L, Zhang Y, Jia Y, Li Z, Li J, Shang K, Ding K, Yu H, Sarker S. A novel pathogenic avipoxvirus infecting oriental turtle dove ( Streptopelia orientalis) in China shows a high genomic and evolutionary proximity with the pigeon avipoxviruses isolated globally. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0119323. [PMID: 37750697 PMCID: PMC10581063 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01193-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Avipoxviruses are considered as significant viral pathogen infecting a wide range of domestic and wild bird species globally, yet the majority of avipoxviruses that infect the wild bird species remain uncharacterized and their genetic diversities remain unclear. In this study, we present a novel pathogenic avipoxvirus isolated from the cutaneous pox lesions of a wild oriental turtle dove (Streptopelia orientalis), tentatively named as turtle dovepox virus (TDPV). The avipoxvirus was isolated by using the chorioallantoic membranes of specific pathogen-free chicken embryos which showed characteristic focal pock lesions, followed by cytopathic effects in host cells infected with oriental turtle dovepox virus. An effort in sequencing the whole genome of the poxvirus using next-generation sequencing was given, and the first whole genome sequence of TDPV was obtained. The TDPV genome was 281,386 bp in length and contained 380 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). While 336 of the predicted ORFs showed homology to other characterized avipoxviruses, the other 44 ORFs were unique. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses showed that the novel TDPV shared the closest genetic evolutionary linkage with the avipoxviruses isolated from pigeon in South Africa and India, of which the TDPV genome had the highest sequence similarity (92.5%) with South African pigeonpox virus (FeP2). In conclusion, the sequenced TDPV is significantly different from any other avipoxviruses isolated from avian or other natural host species considering genomic architecture and observed sequence similarity index. Thus, it likely should be considered a separate species. IMPORTANCE Over the past few decades, avipoxviruses have been found in a number of wild bird species including the oriental turtle dove. However, there is no whole genome sequence information on avipoxviruses isolated from oriental turtle dove, leaving us unclear about the evolutionary linkage of avipoxviruses in oriental turtle dove and other wild bird species. Thus, we believe that our study makes a significant contribution because it is the first report of the whole genome sequence of TDPV isolated from a wild oriental turtle dove, which enriches the genomic information of the genus Avipoxvirus, furthermore, contributes to tracking the genetic evolution of avipoxviruses-infected oriental turtle dove species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health /Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health /Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health /Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Zedian Li
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health /Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Jing Li
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health /Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Ke Shang
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health /Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Ke Ding
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health /Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Haotong Yu
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health /Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Subir Sarker
- Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Yehia N, Elsayed S, Al-Saeed FA, Ahmed AE, El-Tarabily KA, El-Saadony MT, El-Halem Mohammed AA. Current situation and genomic characterization of fowlpox virus in lower Egypt during 2022. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102769. [PMID: 37321035 PMCID: PMC10404670 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 45 samples of vaccinated and non-vaccinated layer chickens were collected from farms in the Egyptian governorates of Sharqia, Ismailia, Menofia, Gharbia, Kafr El Sheikh, Qalyubia, and Dakahlia in the year 2022. They exhibited nodular lesions on their combs, mouth corners, and eyelids, suggesting they were infected with pox disease, which was associated with a 3 to 5% mortality rate. The samples were grown on the chorioallantoic-membrane of embryonated chicken eggs to ensure their viability. In both vaccinated and non-vaccinated farms, 35 of 45 virus isolates were confirmed positive via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of fpv167 (P4b), based on the amplicon length of the fpv167 gene locus. The 6 strains from various Egyptian governorates were chosen for sequencing and genetic characterization. Phylogenetic investigation of the fpv167 (P4b) gene of sequenced strains clustered within sub clade A1 showed 100% correlation between FWPVD, TKPV13401 and fowlpox-AN2, fowlpox-AN3, and fowlpox-AN6, but only a 98.6% correlation between fowlpox-AN1, fowlpox-AN4, and fowlpox-AN5. Comparing the fowlpox-AN1, fowlpox-AN4, and fowlpox-AN5 strains with commercial vaccine strains (HP1-444-(FP9), vaccine-VSVRI), they had 98.6% identity, while other strains had 100% identity. The results of this study's mutation research showed that fowlpox-AN1, fowlpox-AN4, and fowlpox-AN5 had acquired novel mutations; fowlpox-AN1 had R201G and T204A; fowlpox-AN4 and fowlpox-AN5 had L141F and H157P. Further research is required to determine the effectiveness of the current vaccine in order to develop a new vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Sabry Elsayed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Fatimah A Al-Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates; Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abd El-Halem Mohammed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12618, Egypt
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Sarker S, Raidal SR. A Novel Pathogenic Avipoxvirus Infecting Vulnerable Cook's Petrel ( Pterodroma cookii) in Australia Demonstrates a High Genomic and Evolutionary Proximity with South African Avipoxviruses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0461022. [PMID: 36749064 PMCID: PMC10100368 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04610-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Avipoxviruses are assumed to be restricted to avian hosts and are considered to be important viral pathogens that may impact the conservation of many vulnerable or endangered birds. Recent reports of avipoxvirus-like viruses from reptiles suggest that cross-species transmission may be possible within birds and other species. Most of the avipoxviruses in wild and sea birds remain uncharacterized, and their genetic variability is unclear. Here, cutaneous pox lesions were used to recover a novel, full-length Cook's petrelpox virus (CPPV) genome from a vulnerable Cook's petrel (Pterodroma cookii), and this was followed by the detection of immature virions using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The CPPV genome was 314,065 bp in length and contained 357 predicted open-reading frames (ORFs). While 323 of the ORFs of the CPPV genome had the greatest similarity with the gene products of other avipoxviruses, a further 34 ORFs were novel. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses showed that the CPPV was most closely related to other avipoxviruses that were isolated mostly from South African bird species and demonstrated the highest sequence similarity with a recently isolated flamingopox virus (88.9%) in South Africa. Considering the sequence similarity observed between CPPV and other avipoxviruses, TEM evidence of poxvirus particles, and phylogenetic position, this study concluded that CPPV is a distinct candidate of avipoxviruses. IMPORTANCE Emerging viral disease is a significant concern with potential consequences for human, animal, and environmental health. Over the past several decades, multiple novel viruses have been found in wildlife species, including birds, and they can pose a threat to vulnerable and endangered species. Cook's petrel is currently listed as vulnerable. The threats to the species vary, but are, to a large degree, due to anthropogenic impacts, such as climate change, habitat loss, pollution, and other disturbances by humans. Knowledge of viral pathogens, including poxvirus of Cook's petrel is currently virtually nonexistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shane R. Raidal
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Kim HR, Jang I, Song HS, Kim SH, Kim HS, Kwon YK. Genetic Diversity of Fowlpox Virus and Putative Genes Involved in Its Pathogenicity. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0141522. [PMID: 36073826 PMCID: PMC9603804 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01415-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the genomic variations of fowlpox virus (FPV)-the largest, very ancient, and still harmful avian virus-the complete genomes of 21 FPVs were analyzed. The genomes showed low genetic diversity relative to their overall size. Our studies revealed that FPVs could phylogenetically be divided into two clades, based on their regional distribution, and comparative analysis showed that 40 putative proteins of FPV were associated with geographic differences in viruses, viral pathogenicity, or the onset of diphtheritic lesions. The strain, classified into a subgroup different from others in the genomic analysis, showed relatively low pathogenicity in chickens, and the onset of diphtheritic lesions was observed to be caused only by the specific strain. Despite genetic differences, some commercial vaccines are protective against virulent strains, and intact reticuloendotheliosis virus inserted into field FPV strains was activated but there was no enhancement of the pathogenicity of FPV. These findings will expand our knowledge of the viral proteome and help us understand the pathogenicity of FPV. IMPORTANCE This study aims at determining molecular candidates using comparative genomics to differentiate between the diphtheritic and cutaneous forms of FPV infection, in addition to their association with the pathogenicity of the virus. Full-genomic analyses of multiple fowlpox strains, including field viruses, isolated between 1960s and 2019, and vaccine strains showed the genetic diversity due to regional differences. Comparative genomic analysis offered the clues related to viral virulence. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because we are the first to perform such an elaborate study that compares 21 FPVs to study and highlight their diversity, despite the high level of homology between them. Our results shall help provide insights for tackling FPV that has been taking a toll on the poultry for years now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryoung Kim
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Jang
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Soon Song
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Hyeon Kim
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Su Kim
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kuk Kwon
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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12
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Molecular characterisation of a novel pathogenic avipoxvirus from an Australian little crow (Corvus bennetti) directly from the clinical sample. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15053. [PMID: 36064742 PMCID: PMC9445014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Avipoxviruses are thought to be restricted to avian hosts and considered significant pathogens that may impact the conservation of many birds. However, reports of avipoxvirus-like viruses from reptiles suggest that cross-species transmission, within birds and other species, may be possible. The vast majority of avipoxviruses in wild birds remain uncharacterised and their genetic variability is unclear. Here, cutaneous pox lesions were used to recover a novel full-length crowpox virus genome from an Australian little crow (Corvus bennetti), followed by the detection of immature and intracellular mature virions using electron microscopy. The CRPV genome was 328,768 bp in length and contained 403 predicted open-reading frames. While 356 of the ORFs of CRPV genome had the greatest similarity with other avipoxviruses gene products, a further 47 ORFs were novel. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses showed that the CRPV was most closely related to other avipoxviruses isolated from passerine and marine bird species and demonstrated the highest sequence similarity with an albatrosspox virus (84.4%). Considering the sequence similarity observed between CRPV and other avipoxviruses and phylogenetic position, this study concluded that the CRPV to be a distinct available candidate of avipoxviruses.
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13
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Matos M, Bilic I, Palmieri N, Mitsch P, Sommer F, Tvarogová J, Liebhart D, Hess M. Epidemic of cutaneous fowlpox in a naïve population of chickens and turkeys in Austria: Detailed phylogenetic analysis indicates co-evolution of fowlpox virus with reticuloendotheliosis virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2913-2923. [PMID: 34974640 PMCID: PMC9787674 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous fowlpox is a disease of chickens and turkeys caused by the fowlpox virus (FWPV), characterized by the development of proliferative lesions and scabs on unfeathered areas. FWPVs regularly carry an integrated, active copy of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), and it has been hypothesized that such FWPVs are more problematic in the field. Extensive outbreaks are usually observed in tropical and sub-tropical climates, where biting insects are more difficult to control. Here, we report an epidemic of 65 cutaneous fowlpox cases in Austria in layer chickens (91% of the cases) and broiler breeders and turkeys, all of them unvaccinated against the disease, from October 2018 to February 2020. The field data revealed appearance in flocks of different sizes ranging from less than 5000 birds up to more than 20,000 animals, with the majority raised indoors in a barn system. The clinical presentation was characterized by typical epithelial lesions on the head of the affected birds, with an average decrease of 6% in egg production and an average weekly mortality of 1.2% being observed in the flocks. A real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the presence of FWPV-REV DNA, not only in the lesions but also in the environmental dust from the poultry houses. The integration of the REV provirus into the FWPV genome was confirmed by PCR, and revealed different FWPV genome populations carrying either the REV long terminal repeats (LTRs) or the full-length REV genome, reiterating the instability of the inserted REV. Two selected samples were fully sequenced by next generation sequencing (NGS), and the whole genome phylogenetic analysis revealed a regional clustering of the FWPV genomes. The extensive nature of these outbreaks in host populations naïve for the virus is a remarkable feature of the present report, highlighting new challenges associated with FWPV infections that need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Matos
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish MedicineDepartment for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ivana Bilic
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish MedicineDepartment for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Nicola Palmieri
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish MedicineDepartment for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Jana Tvarogová
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish MedicineDepartment for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish MedicineDepartment for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish MedicineDepartment for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
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14
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Ursini F, Bosello Travain V, Cozza G, Miotto G, Roveri A, Toppo S, Maiorino M. A white paper on Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx4) forty years later. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:117-133. [PMID: 35718302 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purification of a protein inhibiting lipid peroxidation led to the discovery of the selenoperoxidase GPx4 forty years ago. Thus, the evidence of the enzymatic activity was reached after identifying the biological effect and unambiguously defined the relationship between the biological function and the enzymatic activity. In the syllogism where GPx4 inhibits lipid peroxidation and its inhibition is lethal, cell death is operated by lipid peroxidation. Based on this rationale, this form of cell death emerged as regulated iron-enforced oxygen toxicity and was named ferroptosis in 2012. In the last decades, we learned that reduction of lipid hydroperoxides is indispensable and, in cooperation with prooxidant systems, controls the critical steady state of lipid peroxidation. This concept defined the GPx4 reaction as both the target for possible anti-cancer therapy and if insufficient, as cause of degenerative diseases. We know the reaction mechanism, but the details of the interaction at the membrane cytosol interface are still poorly defined. We know the gene structure, but the knowledge about expression control is still limited. The same holds true for post-transcriptional modifications. Reverse genetics indicate that GPx4 has a role in inflammation, immunity, and differentiation, but the observations emerging from these studies need a more specifically addressed biochemical evidence. Finally, the role of GPx4 in spermatogenesis disclosed an area unconnected to lipid peroxidation. In its mitochondrial and nuclear form, the peroxidase catalyzes the oxidation of protein thiols in two specific aspects of sperm maturation: stabilization of the mid-piece and chromatin compaction. Thus, although available evidence converges to the notion that GPx4 activity is vital due to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, it is reasonable to foresee other unknown aspects of the GPx4 reaction to be disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Miotto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Roveri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Matilde Maiorino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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15
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Sahu BP, Majee P, Singh RR, Sahoo N, Nayak D. Genome-wide identification and characterization of microsatellite markers within the Avipoxviruses. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:113. [PMID: 35497507 PMCID: PMC9008116 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite markers or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) are gaining importance for molecular characterization of the virus as well as estimation of evolution patterns due to its high-polymorphic nature. The Avipoxvirus is the causative agent of pox-like lesions in more than 300 birds and one of the major diseases for the extinction of endangered avian species. Therefore, we conducted a genome-wide analysis to decipher the type, distribution pattern of 14 complete genomes derived from the Avipoxvirus genus. The in-silico screening deciphered the existence of 917-2632 SSRs per strain. In the case of compound SSRs (cSSRs), the value was obtained 44-255 per genome. Our analysis indicates that the di-nucleotide repeats (52.74%) are the most abundant, followed by the mononucleotides (34.79), trinucleotides (11.57%), tetranucleotides (0.64%), pentanucleotides (0.12%) and hexanucleotides (0.15%) repeats. The specific parameters like Relative Abundance (RA) and Relative Density (RD) of microsatellites ranged within 5.5-8.12 and 33.08-53.58 bp/kb. The analysis of RA and RD value of compound microsatellites resulted between 0.25-0.82 and 4.64-15.12 bp/kb. The analysis of motif composition of cSSR revealed that most of the compound microsatellites were made up of two microsatellites, with some unique duplicated pattern of the motif like, (TA)-x-(TA), (TCA)-x-(TCA), etc. and self-complementary motifs, such as (TA)-x-(AT). Finally, we validated forty sets of compound microsatellite markers through an in-vitro approach utilizing clinical specimens and mapping the sequencing products with the database through comparative genomics approaches. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03169-4.
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16
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Sheppard EC, Martin CA, Armstrong C, González-Quevedo C, Illera JC, Suh A, Spurgin LG, Richardson DS. Genomic associations with poxvirus across divergent island populations in Berthelot's pipit. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3154-3173. [PMID: 35395699 PMCID: PMC9321574 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms and genes that enable animal populations to adapt to pathogens is important from an evolutionary, health and conservation perspective. Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii) experiences extensive and consistent spatial heterogeneity in avian pox infection pressure across its range of island populations, thus providing an excellent system with which to examine how pathogen-mediated selection drives spatial variation in immunogenetic diversity. Here we test for evidence of genetic variation associated with avian pox at both an individual and population-level. At the individual level, we find no evidence that variation in MHC class I and TLR4 (both known to be important in recognising viral infection) was associated with pox infection within two separate populations. However, using genotype-environment association (Bayenv) in conjunction with genome-wide (ddRAD-seq) data, we detected strong associations between population-level avian pox prevalence and allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at a number of sites across the genome. These sites were located within genes involved in cellular stress signalling and immune responses, many of which have previously been associated with responses to viral infection in humans and other animals. Consequently, our analyses indicates that pathogen-mediated selection may play a role in shaping genomic variation among relatively recently colonised island bird populations and highlights the utility of genotype-environment associations for identifying candidate genes potentially involved in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Sheppard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Claudia A Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Claire Armstrong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Catalina González-Quevedo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Grupo Ecología y Evolución de Vertebrados, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC-Oviedo University-Principality of Asturias), University of Oviedo, Campus of Mieres, Research Building, 5th Floor, c/ Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós, s/n, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alexander Suh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Department of Ecology and Genetics - Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lewis G Spurgin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - David S Richardson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
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17
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Outbreaks of Avipoxvirus Clade E in Vaccinated Broiler Breeders with Exacerbated Beak Injuries and Sex Differences in Severity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040773. [PMID: 35458503 PMCID: PMC9028998 DOI: 10.3390/v14040773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Avipoxvirus affects chickens and wild birds, and it is characterized by lesions on the nonfeathered parts of the body (the cutaneous form), or necrotic lesions in the upper respiratory tract (the diphtheritic form). In poultry farming, avian pox is usually controlled by live attenuated vaccines. However, there have been many reports of outbreaks, even in flocks of vaccinated birds. In the present study, different outbreaks of the emerging clade E avipoxvirus were detected in commercial breeder flocks of chickens vaccinated against fowlpox virus in Southeast Brazil. Clinical manifestations of these outbreaks included a marked prevalence of moderate to severe progressive lesions in the beaks of affected birds, especially in roosters with increased mortality (up to 8.48%). Also, a reduced hatchability (up to 20.77% fewer hatching eggs) was observed in these flocks. Analysis of clinical samples through light and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of Bollinger bodies and poxvirus particles in epithelial cells and affecting chondrocytes. PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of major core protein (P4b) and DNA polymerase (pol) genes identified this virus as clade E avipoxvirus. We also developed qPCR assays for open reading frames (ORFs) 49, 114, and 159 to detect and quantify this emergent virus. These results show the arrival and initial spread of this pathogen in the poultry industry, which was associated with harmful outbreaks and exacerbated clinical manifestations in vaccinated commercial breeder flocks. This study also highlights the relevance of permanent vigilance and the need to improve sanitary and vaccination programs.
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18
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Asif K, O’Rourke D, Legione AR, Shil P, Marenda MS, Noormohammadi AH. Whole-genome based strain identification of fowlpox virus directly from cutaneous tissue and propagated virus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261122. [PMID: 34914770 PMCID: PMC8675702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowlpox (FP) is an economically important viral disease of commercial poultry. The fowlpox virus (FPV) is primarily characterised by immunoblotting, restriction enzyme analysis in combination with PCR, and/or nucleotide sequencing of amplicons. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of FPV directly from clinical specimens prevents the risk of potential genome modifications associated with in vitro culturing of the virus. Only one study has sequenced FPV genomes directly from clinical samples using Nanopore sequencing, however, the study didn't compare the sequences against Illumina sequencing or laboratory propagated sequences. Here, the suitability of WGS for strain identification of FPV directly from cutaneous tissue was evaluated, using a combination of Illumina and Nanopore sequencing technologies. Sequencing results were compared with the sequence obtained from FPV grown in chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of chicken embryos. Complete genome sequence of FPV was obtained directly from affected comb tissue using a map to reference approach. FPV sequence from cutaneous tissue was highly similar to that of the virus grown in CAMs with a nucleotide identity of 99.8%. Detailed polymorphism analysis revealed the presence of a highly comparable number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the two sequences when compared to the reference genome, providing essentially the same strain identification information. Comparative genome analysis of the map to reference consensus sequences from the two genomes revealed that this field isolate had the highest nucleotide identity of 99.5% with an FPV strain from the USA (Fowlpox virus isolate, FWPV-MN00.2, MH709124) and 98.8% identity with the Australian FPV vaccine strain (FWPV-S, MW142017). Sequencing results showed that WGS directly from cutaneous tissues is not only rapid and cost-effective but also provides essentially the same strain identification information as in-vitro grown virus, thus circumventing in vitro culturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinza Asif
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denise O’Rourke
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alistair R. Legione
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pollob Shil
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc S. Marenda
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amir H. Noormohammadi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Hein R, Koopman R, García M, Armour N, Dunn JR, Barbosa T, Martinez A. Review of Poultry Recombinant Vector Vaccines. Avian Dis 2021; 65:438-452. [PMID: 34699141 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.3.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The control of poultry diseases has relied heavily on the use of many live and inactivated vaccines. However, over the last 30 yr, recombinant DNA technology has been used to generate many novel poultry vaccines. Fowlpox virus and turkey herpesvirus are the two main vectors currently used to construct recombinant vaccines for poultry. With the use of these two vectors, more than 15 recombinant viral vector vaccines against Newcastle disease, infectious laryngotracheitis, infectious bursal disease, avian influenza, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum have been developed and are commercially available. This review focuses on current knowledge about the safety and efficacy of recombinant viral vectored vaccines and the mechanisms by which they facilitate the control of multiple diseases. Additionally, the development of new recombinant vaccines with novel vectors will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Hein
- Consultant Poultry Diseases Molecular Vaccine Technology Georgetown DE 19947,
| | - Rik Koopman
- MSD Animal Health/Intervet International BV, Boxmeer, 5831 AN Netherlands
| | - Maricarmen García
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Natalie Armour
- Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Pearl, MS 39208
| | - John R Dunn
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | - Algis Martinez
- Cobb-Vantress Global Veterinary Services, Siloam Springs, AR 72761
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20
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Nur’aini AL, Hartati S, Untari T. In ovo inhibition of avian pox virus replication by mangosteen rind and red ginger ethanolic extracts. Vet World 2021; 14:2640-2645. [PMID: 34903920 PMCID: PMC8654773 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2640-2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Avian pox is a contagious disease caused by the avian pox virus (APV). Mangostin and γ-mangostin in mangosteen rind (MR) and gingerol in red ginger (RG) exhibit antiviral activity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of MR and RG ethanolic extracts on APV based on pock lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of specific pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Three APVs from chicken isolates (C1, C2, and C3), one APV from a pigeon isolate (P), 1.5% and 3% MR ethanolic extract, 5% and 10% RG ethanolic extract, and a combination of 1.5% MR and 5% RG at 0.1 mL/egg were inoculated in ovo (7th day incubation, chorioallantoic route) in SPF ECEs. A control group inoculated in ovo with APV alone was also established. Each treatment consisted of three replicates. Parameters including embryo survival, CAM lesions, and average number of pock lesions were determined. RESULTS In ovo inoculation of MR and RG ethanolic extracts was not harmful to the ECEs and did not induce CAM lesions. The average number of pock lesions in the control group (C1, C2, C3, and P) was 35, 14, 10, and 17, respectively, whereas in all treatment groups, the number was 0, except in the 5% RG group of C1, which had a value of 10. CONCLUSION In ovo inoculation of 1.5% and 3% MR, 5% and 10% RG, and the combination of 1.5% MR plus 5% RG ethanolic extracts at 0.1 mL/egg inhibit APV by reducing the number of pock lesions on the CAM of the ECE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annisaa’ Lu’lu Nur’aini
- Postgraduate Program of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sri Hartati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tri Untari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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21
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Umar BN, Adamu J, Ahmad MT, Ahmad KH, Sada A, Orakpoghenor O. Fowlpox virus: an overview of its classification, morphology and genome, replication mechanisms, uses as vaccine vector and disease dynamics. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1959278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. N. Umar
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - J Adamu
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - M. T Ahmad
- Avian and Fish Health Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - K. H. Ahmad
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - A. Sada
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Central Diagnostic Unit, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - O. Orakpoghenor
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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22
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Genomic characterisation of a novel avipoxvirus, magpiepox virus 2, from an Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen terraereginae). Virology 2021; 562:121-127. [PMID: 34315102 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Avipoxviruses are large, double-stranded DNA viruses and are considered significant pathogens that may impact on the conservation of numerous bird species. The vast majority of avipoxviruses in wild birds remain uncharacterised and their genetic variability is unclear. Here, we fully sequenced a novel avipoxvirus, magpiepox virus 2 (MPPV2), which was isolated 62 years ago (in 1956) from an Australian black-backed magpie. The MPPV2 genome was 298,392 bp in length and contained 419 predicted open-reading frames (ORFs). While 43 ORFs were novel, a further 24 ORFs were absent compared with another magpiepox virus (MPPV) characterised in 2018. The MPPV2 genome contained an additional ten genes that were homologs to shearwaterpox virus 2 (SWPV2). Subsequent phylogenetic analyses showed that the novel MPPV2 was most closely related to other avipoxviruses isolated from passerine and shearwater bird species, and demonstrated a high degree of sequence similarity (95.0%) with MPPV.
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23
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Genomic Characterisation of a Novel Avipoxvirus Isolated from an Endangered Northern Royal Albatross ( Diomedea sanfordi). Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050575. [PMID: 34065100 PMCID: PMC8151833 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine bird populations have been declining globally with the factors driving this decline not fully understood. Viral diseases, including those caused by poxviruses, are a concern for endangered seabird species. In this study we have characterised a novel avipoxvirus, tentatively designated albatrosspox virus (ALPV), isolated from a skin lesion of an endangered New Zealand northern royal albatross (Diomedea sanfordi). The ALPV genome was 351.9 kbp in length and contained 336 predicted genes, seven of which were determined to be unique. The highest number of genes (313) in the ALPV genome were homologs of those in shearwaterpox virus 2 (SWPV2), while a further 10 were homologs to canarypox virus (CNPV) and an additional six to shearwaterpox virus 1 (SWPV1). Phylogenetic analyses positioned the ALPV genome within a distinct subclade comprising recently isolated avipoxvirus genome sequences from shearwater, penguin and passerine bird species. This is the first reported genome sequence of ALPV from a northern royal albatross and will help to track the evolution of avipoxvirus infections in this endangered species.
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24
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Abd El Hafez MS, Shosha EAEM, Ibrahim SM. Isolation and molecular detection of pigeon pox virus in Assiut and New Valley governorates. J Virol Methods 2021; 293:114142. [PMID: 33766658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pigeon Poxvirus (PPV) was detected in eight pigeons suffering from wart like nodular lesions in two Egyptian governorates (Assiut and New Valley) during summer 2018. Different serological and molecular techniques were carried out for isolation and detection of the virus on chorio-allantoic membranes (CAM) of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs. The characteristic pock lesions were detected on CAMs, whereas PPV was isolated. Electron microscopy revealed enveloped brick shaped Avipoxvirions. The neutralizing antibodies against PPV were detected in six out of eight samples. Serum neutralization test revealed a neutralization index of ≥ 1.6, while ELISA revealed an S/P ratio of ≥ 1.4 in the affected pigeons. Nucleotide sequence of P4b of Pigeon poxvirus isolated from nodule 1 sample (PPVNV1), revealed 100 % nucleotide identity to PPV and only 90 % nucleotide identity with Fowl poxvirus (FPV). P4b locus based SYBR green QPCR produced PPV amplicons of 77.33-77.83 °C melting temperature (Tm). QPCR SYBR green assay successfully differentiated PPV from FPV amplicon which revealed a dissociation curve of Tm =75.85 °C. This is the first report discriminating PPV from FPV based on SYBR green qPCR approach of P4b locus. This isolated local Egyptian strain can be used in vaccine production for optimal vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Abd El Hafez
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, Egypt
| | - E A E-M Shosha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, Egypt
| | - S M Ibrahim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt.
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25
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Sarker S, Athukorala A, Bowden TR, Boyle DB. Characterisation of an Australian fowlpox virus carrying a near-full-length provirus of reticuloendotheliosis virus. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1485-1488. [PMID: 33620554 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fowlpox virus (FWPV), which is the type member of the genus Avipoxvirus, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, family Poxviridae, can lead to significant losses to the poultry industry. Although a large number of fowlpox virus genomes have been sequenced and characterised globally, there are no sequences available at the genomic level from Australian isolates. Here, we present the first complete genome sequence of a fowlpox virus vaccine strain (FWPV-S) containing an integrated near-full-length reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) provirus. The genome of FWPV-S showed the highest sequence similarity to a fowlpox virus from the USA (97.74% identity). The FWPV-S genome contained 16 predicted unique genes, while a further two genes were fragmented compared to previously reported FWPV genome sequences. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed that FWPV-S was most closely related to other fowlpox viruses. This is the first reported genome sequence of FWPV from Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Ajani Athukorala
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Timothy R Bowden
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - David B Boyle
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
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26
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Emergence of a Novel Pathogenic Poxvirus Infection in the Endangered Green Sea Turtle ( Chelonia mydas) Highlights a Key Threatening Process. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020219. [PMID: 33572619 PMCID: PMC7911307 DOI: 10.3390/v13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging viral disease is a significant concern, with potential consequences for human, animal and environmental health. Over the past several decades, multiple novel viruses have been found in wildlife species, including reptiles, and often pose a major threat to vulnerable species. However, whilst a large number of viruses have been described in turtles, information on poxvirus in cheloniids remains scarce, with no molecular sequence data available to date. This study characterizes, for the first time, a novel poxvirus, here tentatively designated cheloniid poxvirus 1 (ChePV-1). The affected cutaneous tissue, recovered from a green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) captured off the Central Queensland coast of Australia, underwent histological examination, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), DNA extraction and genomic sequencing. The novel ChePV-1 was shown to be significantly divergent from other known poxviruses and showed the highest sequence similarity (89.3%) to avipoxviruses (shearwater poxvirus 2 (SWPV2)). This suggests the novel ChePV-1 may have originated from a common ancestor that diverged from an avipoxvirus-like progenitor. The genome contained three predicted unique genes and a further 15 genes being truncated/fragmented compared to SWPV2. This is the first comprehensive study that demonstrates evidence of poxvirus infection in a marine turtle species, as well as a rare example of an avipoxvirus crossing the avian-host barrier. This finding warrants further investigations into poxvirus infections between species in close physical proximity, as well as in vitro and in vivo studies of pathogenesis and disease.
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27
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Genomic Characterisation of a Novel Avipoxvirus Isolated from an Endangered Yellow-Eyed Penguin ( Megadyptes antipodes). Viruses 2021; 13:v13020194. [PMID: 33525382 PMCID: PMC7911368 DOI: 10.3390/v13020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging viral diseases have become a significant concern due to their potential consequences for animal and environmental health. Over the past few decades, it has become clear that viruses emerging in wildlife may pose a major threat to vulnerable or endangered species. Diphtheritic stomatitis, likely to be caused by an avipoxvirus, has been recognised as a significant cause of mortality for the endangered yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) in New Zealand. However, the avipoxvirus that infects yellow-eyed penguins has remained uncharacterised. Here, we report the complete genome of a novel avipoxvirus, penguinpox virus 2 (PEPV2), which was derived from a virus isolate obtained from a skin lesion of a yellow-eyed penguin. The PEPV2 genome is 349.8 kbp in length and contains 327 predicted genes; five of these genes were found to be unique, while a further two genes were absent compared to shearwaterpox virus 2 (SWPV2). In comparison with penguinpox virus (PEPV) isolated from an African penguin, there was a lack of conservation within the central region of the genome. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses of the PEPV2 genome positioned it within a distinct subclade comprising the recently isolated avipoxvirus genome sequences from shearwater, canary, and magpie bird species, and demonstrated a high degree of sequence similarity with SWPV2 (96.27%). This is the first reported genome sequence of PEPV2 from a yellow-eyed penguin and will help to track the evolution of avipoxvirus infections in this rare and endangered species.
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28
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Gibson MS, Steyn A, Kealy D, Kaspers B, Fife MS. Molecular cloning and characterisation of chicken IL-18 binding protein. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103850. [PMID: 32918930 PMCID: PMC7661785 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The human IL-1 receptor family is comprised of 11 membrane bound or soluble receptors and the IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP). These receptors are dispersed across seven genomic loci, with the majority at a single locus. Direct orthologues were identified in the chicken at conserved genomic loci; however, the IL-18BP remained absent from the first four builds of the chicken genome sequence. Subsequent assemblies identified the gene at a locus syntenic with mammals; however, these predicted sequences differed between genome builds and contained multiple errors. A partial IL-18BP-like sequence in the NCBI EST database was used to clone the full-length cDNA. A splice variant, which lacks the exon that encodes part of the signal peptide, was also cloned. Human IL-18BP is differentially spliced to produce a number of variants, which are all secreted. By contrast, the spliced chicken isoform was predicted to be intracellular, and we identified similar variants with the same exon missing in a limited number of divergent vertebrate species. Mammalian and viral IL-18BPs inhibit IL-18 activity by directly binding to this cytokine. Full-length and intracellular chicken IL-18BPs were equally effective at inhibiting IL-18-mediated IFN-γ release from an avian B-cell line. Analysis of the predicted chIL-18BP protein sequence revealed two crucial residues, which account for 50% of the binding affinity between human IL-18 and IL-18BP, are conserved in the chicken and a fowlpox-encoded homologue, fpv214. This suggests specific fowlpox viruses used in humans as a vaccine vector have the potential to dampen anti-viral host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gibson
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - David Kealy
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Bernd Kaspers
- Department of Veterinary Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Mark S Fife
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK; Aviagen Ltd, Newbridge, UK.
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29
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Fallah Mehrabadi MH, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Charkhkar S, Hosseini H, Zabihipetroudi T, Shayganmehr A, Esmaeelzadeh Dizaji R, Aghaeean L. laying Farm: Up to Date Data on a Fowlpox Outbreak in Phylogenetic Analysis in Iran, 2018. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 75:501-508. [PMID: 33403845 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2019.124054.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Fowlpox is an economically significant viral disease in poultry, characterized by two forms of clinical signs, including cutaneous and diphtheritic lesions. This infection can have several adverse effects on flock performance, such as a reduction in egg production and growth and an increase in mortality. In winter 2018, an infection suspected to fowlpox was reported from a Hy-line W-36 laying farm in Isfahan province, Iran. The birds were 38 weeks of age and showed obvious diphtheritic signs in mucous membranes with increased mortality and reduced egg production. In total, 20 samples were collected from diphtheritic lesions (Trachea and Esophagus) of infected birds. The Polymerase Chain Reaction method was used to amplify a 578 bp fragment of the poxvirus 4b core protein gene. Phylogenetic relationships of avian poxviruses are usually analyzed using the 4b core protein-coding gene sequences with molecular weights of 75.2 kDa. The major elements had the fowlpox genome, and sequencing was performed for one isolate as representative. The nucleotide sequence result showed that this isolate (FP\UT-POX-2018) had a similarity rate of 99.53% with the previous Iranian fowlpox isolate (FP\GHPCRLAB.3) sequenced in the GenBank.Moreover, there was a 100% similarity among the current isolate nucleotide sequence, FP/NobilisVarioleW, and FP/FPV-VR250. The derived phylogenetic tree showed that these isolates were clustered in A1 subclades. Therefore, Iranian isolates of fowlpox virus have remained in the same subclade of phylogenetic classification (subclade A1), and they show high genomic similarity with previous isolates of Iran. Veterinarians and farmers must not underestimate fowlpox. However, they should consider the importance of vaccination against this disease like any other disease care.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Fallah Mehrabadi
- Department of Poultry Diseases, of Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - A Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Charkhkar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Alborz, Iran
| | - T Zabihipetroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Shayganmehr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Esmaeelzadeh Dizaji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - L Aghaeean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Sarker S, Athukorala A, Raidal SR. Molecular characterisation of a novel pathogenic avipoxvirus from an Australian passerine bird, mudlark (Grallina cyanoleuca). Virology 2020; 554:66-74. [PMID: 33385935 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Avipoxviruses have been recognised as significant pathogens in the conservation of numerous bird species. However, the vast majority of the avipoxviruses that infect wild birds remain uncharacterised. Here, we characterise a novel avipoxvirus, mudlarkpox virus (MLPV) isolated from an Australian passerine bird, mudlark (Grallina cyanoleuca). In this study, tissues with histopathologically confirmed lesions consistent with avian pox were used for transmission electron microscopy, and showed characteristic ovoid to brick-shaped virions, indicative of infectious particles. The MLPV genome was >342.7 Kbp in length and contained six predicted novel genes and a further six genes were missing compared to shearwaterpox virus-2 (SWPV-2). Subsequent phylogenetic analyses of the MLPV genome positioned the virus within a distinct subclade also containing recently characterised avipoxvirus genomes from shearwater, canary and magpie bird species, and demonstrated a high degree of sequence similarity with SWPV-2 (94.92%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Ajani Athukorala
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
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31
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Zhao Y, Han Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Sun J, Ma D, Liu S. Construction and immune protection evaluation of recombinant virus expressing Newcastle disease virus F protein by the largest intergenic region of fowlpox virus NX10. Virus Genes 2020; 56:734-748. [PMID: 33009986 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fowlpox virus (FPV) is used as a vaccine vector to prevent diseases in poultry and mammals. The insertion site is considered as one of the main factors influencing foreign gene expression. Therefore, the identification of insertion sites that can stably and efficiently express foreign genes is crucial for the construction of recombinant vaccines. In this study, we found that the insertion of foreign genes into ORF054 and the ORF161/ORF162 intergenic region of the FPV genome did not affect replication, and that the foreign genes inserted into the intergenic region were more efficiently expressed than when they were inserted into a gene. Based on these results, the recombinant virus rFPVNX10-NDV F-E was constructed and immune protection against virulent FPV and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was evaluated. Tests for anti-FPV antibodies in the vaccinated chickens were positive within 14 days post-vaccination. After challenge with FPV102, no clinical signs of FP were observed in vaccinated chickens, as compared to that in the control group (unvaccinated), which showed 100% morbidity. Low levels of NDV-specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in vaccinated chickens before challenge. After challenge with NDV ck/CH/LHLJ/01/06, all control chickens died within 4 days post-challenge, whereas 5/15 vaccinated chickens died between 4 and 12 days post-challenge. Vaccination provided an immune protection rate of 66.7%, whereas the control group showed 100% mortality. These results indicate that the ORF161/ORF162 intergenic region of FPVNX10 can be used as a recombination site for foreign gene expression in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xiaocai Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China.
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32
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Chacón RD, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, De la Torre DI, de Sá LRM, Piantino Ferreira AJ. An atypical clinicopathological manifestation of fowlpox virus associated with reticuloendotheliosis virus in commercial laying hen flocks in Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2923-2935. [PMID: 32519513 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fowlpox (FP) is a common epitheliotropic disease in chickens that is usually controlled by live attenuated vaccines. However, there have been some reports of outbreaks of FP in recent years, even in vaccinated flocks, presenting as atypical lesions and feathering abnormalities in chickens. These findings can be associated with fowlpox virus (FPV) with the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) integrated into its genome. In the present study, outbreaks of atypical FP were explored in vaccinated commercial laying hen flocks to determine the nature of the causative agent by histopathologic and molecular approaches. FPV and REV were detected and classified into subclade A1 of the genus Avipoxvirus and subtype 3 of REV (REV3), respectively. Additionally, heterogeneous populations of FPV with partial (containing only a remnant long terminal repeat-LTR) or total (all functional genes) integration of REV were identified by heterologous PCRs and detected considering reference integration sites. These results indicate the mechanism of chimeric genome FPV-REV associated with outbreaks and atypical clinicopathological manifestations in commercial laying hens for the first time in Brazil and in South America. In addition, this study demonstrates the emergence of REV integrated in the FPV genome in Brazilian chicken flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy D Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Inter-units Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - David I De la Torre
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian R M de Sá
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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33
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Gowripalan A, Abbott CR, McKenzie C, Chan WS, Karupiah G, Levy L, Newsome TP. Cell-to-cell spread of vaccinia virus is promoted by TGF-β-independent Smad4 signalling. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13206. [PMID: 32237038 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The induction of Smad signalling by the extracellular ligand TGF-β promotes tissue plasticity and cell migration in developmental and pathological contexts. Here, we show that vaccinia virus (VACV) stimulates the activity of Smad transcription factors and expression of TGF-β/Smad-responsive genes at the transcript and protein levels. Accordingly, infected cells share characteristics to those undergoing TGF-β/Smad-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Depletion of the Smad4 protein, a common mediator of TGF-β signalling, results in an attenuation of viral cell-to-cell spread and reduced motility of infected cells. VACV induction of TGF-β/Smad-responsive gene expression does not require the TGF-β ligand or type I and type II TGF-β receptors, suggesting a novel, non-canonical Smad signalling pathway. Additionally, the spread of ectromelia virus, a related orthopoxvirus that does not activate a TGF-β/Smad response, is enhanced by the addition of exogenous TGF-β. Together, our results indicate that VACV orchestrates a TGF-β-like response via a unique activation mechanism to enhance cell migration and promote virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gowripalan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caitlin R Abbott
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher McKenzie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Weng S Chan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gunasegaran Karupiah
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Laurence Levy
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Timothy P Newsome
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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34
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Pénzes JJ, Szirovicza L, Harrach B. The complete genome sequence of bearded dragon adenovirus 1 harbors three genes encoding proteins of the C-type lectin-like domain superfamily. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 83:104321. [PMID: 32302697 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bearded dragon adenovirus 1 (BDAdV-1), also known as agamid adenovirus 1, has been described worldwide as a prevalent infectious agent of the inland bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps), the most common squamate exotic pet reptile. Previous limited sequence data of the adenoviral DNA polymerase and hexon genes indicated that BDAdV-1 is a member of genus Atadenovirus family Adenoviridae. Atadenoviruses infect ruminants, marsupials, testudine reptiles and birds, yet the genus has been shown to be of squamate reptile origin. Here, we report a screening survey along with the complete genome sequence of BDAdV-1, derived directly from the sample of a deceased juvenile dragon showing central nervous system signs prior to passing. The BDAdV-1 genome is 35,276 bp and contains 32 putative genes. Its genome organization is characteristic of the members of genus Atadenovirus, however, a divergent LH3 gene indicates structural interactions of different nature compared to other genus members such as snake adenovirus 1. We identified five novel open reading frames (ORFs), three of which encode proteins of the C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) superfamily. ORF3 has a CTLD group II-like domain architecture displaying structural similarity with natural killer cell surface receptors and with an alphaherpesviral virulence factor gene for neurotropism, UL45. ORF4 and 6 are extremely long compared to typical adenoviral right-end genes and possibly encode members of the CTLD superfamily with novel, previously undescribed domain architectures. BDAdV-1 is the hitherto most divergent member of genus Atadenovirus providing new insights on adenoviral diversity, evolution and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit J Pénzes
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier Research Centre, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Leonóra Szirovicza
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Harrach
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
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35
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Ghimire TR, Regmi GR, Huettmann F. When Micro Drives the Macro: A Fresh Look at Disease and its Massive Contributions in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya. HINDU KUSH-HIMALAYA WATERSHEDS DOWNHILL: LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION PERSPECTIVES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7197387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36275-1_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases have a high impact on the human and animal health because they are the underlying causes of disability, death, and long-term illness. For many regions those details are not, or just poorly known. Here we present on the morbidity and mortality in faunal diversities including domestic and wild species caused by various viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal diseases prevalent in Nepal and relevant for the wider Hindu Kush Himalaya. In addition, we provide details how antibiotic resistivity, vectors, and zoonosis have resulted on a landscape-scale in the huge public and veterinary health problem has been dealt with in the context of Nepal and the wider region.
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36
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Sahu BP, Majee P, Mishra C, Dash M, Biswal S, Sahoo N, Nayak D. The emergence of subclades A1 and A3 avipoxviruses in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:510-517. [PMID: 31692237 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During the years 2010-2018, avipoxvirus (APV) outbreaks were observed in the domestic chickens and pigeons present in the eastern Indian state of Odisha. Based on typical pox lesions, followed by molecular techniques, the overall morbidity was found to be 18%-19.23% and 16.92%-23% in chickens and pigeons, respectively. The cutaneous forms of the disease were observed with varied rates of mortality, being 47.36%-52.77% in chickens and 39.13%-92% in pigeons. PCR amplification targeting the viral P4b core protein-coding gene and the DNA polymerase gene confirmed the presence of APV strains in 10 birds. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis of these two genes confirmed that the circulating strains were members of APV clade A. The subclade analysis revealed the introduction of A1 and A3 subclades in Indian chickens and pigeons, respectively. This study is the first molecular record of APVs circulating in eastern Indian birds (Odisha) and involves the first use of the polymerase gene to reveal the circulating clades of Indian APVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Pravas Sahu
- Discipline of Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Prativa Majee
- Discipline of Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Chinmayee Mishra
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Manojita Dash
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sangram Biswal
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Niranjan Sahoo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Discipline of Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
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Sarker S, Batinovic S, Talukder S, Das S, Park F, Petrovski S, Forwood JK, Helbig KJ, Raidal SR. Molecular characterisation of a novel pathogenic avipoxvirus from the Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen). Virology 2019; 540:1-16. [PMID: 31726310 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Avipoxviruses are significant pathogens infecting a wide range of wild and domestic bird species globally. Here, we describe a novel genome sequence of magpiepox virus (MPPV) isolated from an Australian magpie. In the present study, histopathologically confirmed cutaneous pox lesions were used for transmission electron microscopic analysis, which demonstrated brick-shaped virions with regular spaced thread-like ridges, indicative of likely infectious particles. Subsequent analysis of the recovered MPPV genome positioned phylogenetically to a distinct sub-clade with the recently isolated avipoxvirus genome sequences from shearwater and canary bird species, and demonstrates a high degree of sequence similarity with CNPV (96.14%) and SWPV-2 (95.87%). The novel MPPV complete genome is missing 19 genes with a further 41 genes being truncated/fragmented compared to SWPV-2 and contains nine predicted unique genes. This is the first avipoxvirus complete genome sequence that infects Australian magpie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Steven Batinovic
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Saranika Talukder
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3010
| | - Shubhagata Das
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Fiona Park
- Canley Heights Veterinary Clinic, Canley Heights, NSW, 2166, Australia
| | - Steve Petrovski
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Karla J Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
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Chaple AR, Venkatesan G, Kumar A, Sarkar S, Muthuchelvan D, Chandrasekar S, Biswas SK, Chand K, Ramakrishnan MA. Genetic studies of terminal regions of vaccine and field isolates of capripoxviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 76:104071. [PMID: 31627006 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sheeppox and goatpox are two of the most important diseases associated with significant economic loss and impact on animal trade. In spite of the use of vaccines, outbreaks are being reported on several occasions. Therefore, deciphering the host specificity and virulence of sheeppox virus (SPPV) and goatpox virus (GTPV) is important in developing effective vaccines. It is opined that genes located in the terminal regions play a major role in determining host range and/or virulence. In the present study, nine isolates (6 GTPV and 3 SPPV; included both vaccine and virulent viruses) were genetically characterized by targeting 11 genes (7 host-range and 4 virulence genes) which are located in the terminal regions of capripoxviruses. In the genetic analyses, it was observed that there are several nucleotide and amino acid signatures which are specific for either SPPV or GTPV. However, surprisingly, none of the 11 genes could be able to differentiate the vaccine and field viruses of GTPV and SPPV. Our study indicates that the genes of the terminal regions may have a role in determining the host-specificity but the involvemet in determinatin of virulence/attenuation is not certain at least for the isolates used in the current study. Therefore, it is likely that some other genes located in terminal/central regions may also play a role in determination of virulence and pathogenesis which needs to be confirmed by whole-genome sequencing of several vaccine and virulent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Rameshrao Chaple
- Ph.D Scholar, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Senior Scientist, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Scientist, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - Soumajit Sarkar
- Ph.D Scholar, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - Dhanavelu Muthuchelvan
- Principal Scientist, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - S Chandrasekar
- Scientist, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - Sanchay K Biswas
- Senior Scientist, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - Karam Chand
- Scientist, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
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Lebdah M, Ali AM, Ali AA, Hassanin O. Insights into pathological and molecular characterization of avipoxviruses circulating in Egypt. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:666-674. [PMID: 31298555 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1639141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Avipoxvirus (APV) infections are one of many threats inflicting economic losses within the poultry industry, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries. A proper and comprehensive study for APVs is needed to increase the knowledge concerning the diversity and evolution of the virus.2. For this purpose, 136 bird flocks of different species and breeding types were examined for APV infection between October 2016 and November 2017. One hundred and thirty samples had visible pocks on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) which were designated as fowl pox-like viruses via amplification of 578 bp from the P4b gene and 1800 bp from the fpv140 locus.4. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of fpv167 locus (P4b), fpv140 locus (fpv139 and fpv140) and fpv94 (DNA polymerase) revealed that all the analysed strains belong to fowl pox-like viruses (clade A; subclade A1 and A2). Based on the fpv140 locus full nucleotide sequence, three turkey originated strains were seen to be divergent from chicken originated sequences and branched into novel subclade A1.b.5. Trees comparison, within the term of speculation of virus-host specificity, clearly highlighted a high order specific subgrouping among subclades in the case of the fpv140 locus (including fpv139 and fpv140). Hence, the fowl poxvirus, turkey poxvirus and pigeon poxvirus strains clustered into distinct host-specific subclades A1a, A1.b and A2, respectively, which could not be seen in the FWPV-P4b and DNA polymerase phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lebdah
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - A M Ali
- The Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - A A Ali
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - O Hassanin
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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40
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Characterization of Iranian canarypox and pigeonpox virus strains. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2049-2059. [PMID: 31123965 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Avipoxviruses (APVs) are large DNA viruses that are detected widely in many species of birds. Little information is available regarding genetic variations in these host-specific viruses. In the present study, nine canarypox virus and five pigeonpox virus isolates were collected from northeastern Iran and isolated via the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos. Further investigations were conducted using analysis of virus growth in chicken embryo fibroblasts, histopathology, electron microscopy, and molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to investigate variations in the highly conserved P4b gene of poxviruses. Virus replication and pock lesions were evident, and microscopic examination revealed eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and biconcave enveloped virus particles with randomly arranged surface filaments, which are characteristic features of poxviruses. PCR results confirmed the presence of an APV-specific 578-bp fragment in all of the samples. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis of 578-bp P4b fragments of eight isolates confirmed that our canary and pigeon isolates clustered with previously reported isolates. The similarity between the nucleotide sequences of most of our isolates and those isolated previously in other countries could be due to the high degree of conservation of these fragments. However, the FZRC6V isolate from a canary in this study did not have a canarypox virus origin according to the sequence analysis, and might have originated from cross-infection with different strains of avipoxviruses.
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41
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Yeo G, Wang Y, Chong SM, Humaidi M, Lim XF, Mailepessov D, Chan S, How CB, Lin YN, Huangfu T, Fernandez CJ, Hapuarachchi HC, Yap G. Characterization of Fowlpox virus in chickens and bird-biting mosquitoes: a molecular approach to investigating Avipoxvirus transmission. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:838-850. [PMID: 30907721 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pox is a highly contagious avian disease, yet relatively little is known about the epidemiology and transmission of Avipoxviruses. Using a molecular approach, we report evidence for a potential link between birds and field-caught mosquitoes in the transmission of Fowlpox virus (FWPV) in Singapore. Comparison of fpv167 (P4b), fpv126 (VLTF-1), fpv175-176 (A11R-A12L) and fpv140 (H3L) gene sequences revealed close relatedness between FWPV strains obtained from cutaneous lesions of a chicken and four pools of Culex pseudovishnui, Culex spp. (vishnui group) and Coquellitidea crassipes caught in the vicinity of the study site. Chicken-derived viruses characterized during two separate infections two years later were also identical to those detected in the first event, suggesting repeated transmission of closely related FWPV strains in the locality. Since the study location is home to resident and migratory birds, we postulated that wild birds could be the source of FWPV and that bird-biting mosquitoes could act as bridging mechanical vectors. Therefore, we determined whether the FWPV-positive mosquito pools (n=4) were positive for avian DNA using a polymerase chain reaction-sequencing assay. Our findings confirmed the presence of avian host DNA in all mosquito pools, suggesting a role for Cx. pseudovishnui, Culex spp. (vishnui group) and Cq. crassipes mosquitoes in FWPV transmission. Our study exemplifies the utilization of molecular tools to understand transmission networks of pathogens affecting avian populations, which has important implications for the design of effective control measures to minimize disease burden and economic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Yeo
- 1Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Yifan Wang
- 2Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Animal and Plant Health Centre, 6, Perahu Road, Singapore 718827, Singapore
| | - Shin Min Chong
- 2Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Animal and Plant Health Centre, 6, Perahu Road, Singapore 718827, Singapore
| | - Mahathir Humaidi
- 1Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Xiao Fang Lim
- 1Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore.,†Present address: Duke-NUS Medical School, 8, College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Diyar Mailepessov
- 1Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Sharon Chan
- 3Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve, National Parks Board, 301, Neo Tiew Cresent, 301, Neo Tiew Cresent, Singapore 718925, Singapore.,‡Present address: Conservation Division, Central Nature Reserve, National Parks Board, 6, Island Club Road, Singapore 578775, Singapore
| | - Choon Beng How
- 3Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve, National Parks Board, 301, Neo Tiew Cresent, 301, Neo Tiew Cresent, Singapore 718925, Singapore
| | - Yueh Nuo Lin
- 2Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Animal and Plant Health Centre, 6, Perahu Road, Singapore 718827, Singapore
| | - Taoqi Huangfu
- 2Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Animal and Plant Health Centre, 6, Perahu Road, Singapore 718827, Singapore
| | - Charlene Judith Fernandez
- 2Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Animal and Plant Health Centre, 6, Perahu Road, Singapore 718827, Singapore
| | | | - Grace Yap
- 1Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore.,§Present address: Control of Operations Branch 2, National Environment Agency, 40, Scotts Road, Singapore 228231, Singapore
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42
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Joshi LR, Bauermann FV, Hain KS, Kutish GF, Armién AG, Lehman CP, Neiger R, Afonso CL, Tripathy DN, Diel DG. Detection of Fowlpox virus carrying distinct genome segments of Reticuloendotheliosis virus. Virus Res 2019; 260:53-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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43
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Jacob JM, Subramaniam K, Tu SL, Nielsen O, Tuomi PA, Upton C, Waltzek TB. Complete genome sequence of a novel sea otterpox virus. Virus Genes 2018; 54:756-767. [PMID: 30225673 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Poxviridae family are large, double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of their host cells. The subfamily Chordopoxvirinae contains viruses that infect a wide range of vertebrates including marine mammals within the Balaenidae, Delphinidae, Mustelidae, Odobenidae, Otariidae, Phocidae, and Phocoenidae families. Recently, a novel poxvirus was found in a northern sea otter pup (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) that stranded in Alaska in 2009. The phylogenetic relationships of marine mammal poxviruses are not well established because of the lack of complete genome sequences. The current study sequenced the entire sea otterpox virus Enhydra lutris kenyoni (SOPV-ELK) genome using an Illumina MiSeq sequencer. The SOPV-ELK genome is the smallest poxvirus genome known at 127,879 bp, is 68.7% A+T content, is predicted to encode 132 proteins, and has 2546 bp inverted terminal repeats at each end. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated amino acid sequences of 7 chorodopoxvirus core genes revealed the SOPV-ELK is 52.5-74.1% divergent from other known chordopoxviruses and is most similar to pteropoxvirus from Australia (PTPV-Aus). SOPV-ELK represents a new chordopoxvirus species and may belong to a novel genus. SOPV-ELK encodes eight unique genes. While the function of six predicted genes remains unknown, two genes appear to function as novel immune-modulators. SOPV-ELK-003 appears to encode a novel interleukin-18 binding protein (IL-18 BP), based on limited sequence and structural similarity to other poxviral IL-18 BPs. SOPV-ELK-035 appears to encode a novel tumor necrosis factor receptor-like (TNFR) protein that may be associated with the depression of the host's antiviral response. Additionally, SOPV-ELK-036 encodes a tumor necrosis factor-like apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) protein that has previously only been found in PTPV-Aus. The SOPV-ELK genome is the first mustelid poxvirus and only the second poxvirus from a marine mammal to be fully sequenced. Sequencing of the SOPV-ELK genome is an important step in unraveling the position of marine mammal poxviruses within the larger Poxviridae phylogenetic tree and provides the necessary sequence to develop molecular tools for future diagnostics and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Jacob
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Shin-Lin Tu
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Ole Nielsen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada
| | | | - Chris Upton
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Murer L, Westenhofen M, Kommers GD, Furian TQ, Borges KA, Kunert-Filho HC, Streck AF, Lovato M. Identification and phylogenetic analysis of clade C Avipoxvirus in a fowlpox outbreak in exotic psittacines in southern Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:946-950. [PMID: 30199325 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718775146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowlpox is one of the oldest diseases reported in birds. The causative genus Avipoxvirus affects ~232 domestic and wild species. We present herein the history, clinical findings, and macroscopic and histologic lesions caused by a clade C poxvirus in an exotic psittacine breeding colony in southern Brazil. Clinical signs included yellow nodular lesions at the commissure of the beak and on the periocular skin, loss of appetite, and death. Fifty birds were autopsied, and fragments of periocular skin, tongue, and trachea were examined histologically, which revealed hyperkeratosis associated with eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Tracheal fragments and periocular skin were subjected to nested PCR and phylogenetic analyses. The sequenced strain showed 99.58% identity with the nucleotide sequences of Avipoxvirus strains AY53011, KC018069, AM050383, and AM05382 isolated from birds in Germany, United States, and United Kingdom. The strain was grouped under clade C, which represents isolates exclusively from the Psittacidae family. The infection caused by clade C Avipoxvirus in the exotic psittacines examined ( Platycercus sp. and Psephotus haematonotus) demonstrates the circulation of this clade in this breeding colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurete Murer
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Westenhofen, Lovato), Brazil.,Pathology (Kommers), Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil.,Center for Diagnosis and Research in Avian Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Furian, Borges, Kunert-Filho).,Diagnostic in Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil (Streck)
| | - Moisés Westenhofen
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Westenhofen, Lovato), Brazil.,Pathology (Kommers), Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil.,Center for Diagnosis and Research in Avian Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Furian, Borges, Kunert-Filho).,Diagnostic in Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil (Streck)
| | - Glaucia D Kommers
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Westenhofen, Lovato), Brazil.,Pathology (Kommers), Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil.,Center for Diagnosis and Research in Avian Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Furian, Borges, Kunert-Filho).,Diagnostic in Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil (Streck)
| | - Thales Q Furian
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Westenhofen, Lovato), Brazil.,Pathology (Kommers), Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil.,Center for Diagnosis and Research in Avian Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Furian, Borges, Kunert-Filho).,Diagnostic in Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil (Streck)
| | - Karen A Borges
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Westenhofen, Lovato), Brazil.,Pathology (Kommers), Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil.,Center for Diagnosis and Research in Avian Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Furian, Borges, Kunert-Filho).,Diagnostic in Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil (Streck)
| | - Hiran C Kunert-Filho
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Westenhofen, Lovato), Brazil.,Pathology (Kommers), Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil.,Center for Diagnosis and Research in Avian Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Furian, Borges, Kunert-Filho).,Diagnostic in Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil (Streck)
| | - André F Streck
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Westenhofen, Lovato), Brazil.,Pathology (Kommers), Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil.,Center for Diagnosis and Research in Avian Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Furian, Borges, Kunert-Filho).,Diagnostic in Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil (Streck)
| | - Maristela Lovato
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Westenhofen, Lovato), Brazil.,Pathology (Kommers), Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil.,Center for Diagnosis and Research in Avian Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Furian, Borges, Kunert-Filho).,Diagnostic in Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil (Streck)
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45
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Sasani TA, Cone KR, Quinlan AR, Elde NC. Long read sequencing reveals poxvirus evolution through rapid homogenization of gene arrays. eLife 2018; 7:35453. [PMID: 30156554 PMCID: PMC6115191 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxvirus adaptation can involve combinations of recombination-driven gene copy number variation and beneficial single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the same loci. How these distinct mechanisms of genetic diversification might simultaneously facilitate adaptation to host immune defenses is unknown. We performed experimental evolution with vaccinia virus populations harboring a SNV in a gene actively undergoing copy number amplification. Using long sequencing reads from the Oxford Nanopore Technologies platform, we phased SNVs within large gene copy arrays for the first time. Our analysis uncovered a mechanism of adaptive SNV homogenization reminiscent of gene conversion, which is actively driven by selection. This study reveals a new mechanism for the fluid gain of beneficial mutations in genetic regions undergoing active recombination in viruses and illustrates the value of long read sequencing technologies for investigating complex genome dynamics in diverse biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Sasani
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake, United States
| | - Kelsey R Cone
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake, United States
| | - Aaron R Quinlan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake, United States
| | - Nels C Elde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake, United States
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Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are essential components of cell communication pathways utilized from the embryonic to adult stages of life. These transmembrane receptors bind polypeptide ligands, such as growth factors, inducing signalling cascades that control cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, differentiation, motility and inflammation. Many viruses have acquired homologs of growth factors encoded by the hosts that they infect. Production of growth factors during infection allows viruses to exploit RTKs for entry and replication in cells, as well as for host and environmental dissemination. This review describes the genetic diversity amongst virus-derived growth factors and the mechanisms by which RTK exploitation enhances virus survival, then highlights how viral ligands can be used to further understanding of RTK signalling and function during embryogenesis, homeostasis and disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabeen Lateef
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Lyn M Wise
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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Adaptation by copy number variation in monopartite viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 33:7-12. [PMID: 30015083 PMCID: PMC6289852 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Viral gene amplification allows rapid adaptation, especially for large DNA viruses. Amplifications often incur fitness costs for viral replication. Adaptive mutations can arise in the expanded locus or elsewhere enabling collapse. Genome amplifications provide genetic substrate for the evolution of modified or new functions.
Viruses evolve rapidly in response to host defenses and to exploit new niches. Gene amplification, a common adaptive mechanism in prokaryotes, archaea, and eukaryotes, has also contributed to viral evolution, especially of large DNA viruses. In experimental systems, gene amplification is one mechanism for rapidly overcoming selective pressures. Because the amplification generally incurs a fitness cost, emergence of adaptive point mutations within the amplified locus or elsewhere in the genome can enable collapse of the locus back to a single copy. Evidence of gene amplification followed by subfunctionalization or neofunctionalization of the copies is apparent by the presence of families of paralogous genes in many DNA viruses. These observations suggest that copy number variation has contributed broadly to virus evolution.
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Danismazoglu M, Nalcacioglu R, Muratoglu H, Demirbag Z. The protein-protein interactions between Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (AMEV) protein kinases (PKs) and all viral proteins. Virus Res 2018; 248:31-38. [PMID: 29471050 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Entomopoxviruses are an important group of viruses infecting only insects. They belong to Poxviridae which infect both invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans. Protein kinases are known to have roles at virus morphogenesis, host selectivity, the regulation of cell division and apoptosis in some vertebrate poxviruses. In this study, 2 protein kinases (PKs) (AMV153 and AMV197) of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (AMEV) were investigated for the interactions among 230 viral proteins using yeast two-hybrid system (Y2H). For this purpose, two protein kinases and 230 viral genes were cloned into the bait and prey vectors, respectively. Bait vectors were introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH109. Expression of the bait genes were confirmed by western blot analysis. Both yeast strains of bait were transformed individually with each prey clone and grown on a selective medium (minimal synthetic defined) to determine the protein-protein interactions between bait and prey proteins. Transformations identified totally 16 interactions among AMEV protein kinases and all viral proteins of which 5 belong to AMV153 and 11 belong to AMV197. One of the five interactions detected for AMV153 protein kinase is self-association. Its other four interactions are with two virus entry complex proteins (AMV035 and AMV083), a membrane protein (AMV165) and a subunit of RNA polymerase (AMV230). The other protein kinase, AMV197, interacted with two virus entry complex proteins (AMV035 and AMV083) as AMV153, a caspase-2 enzyme (AMV063), a Holliday junction resolvase (AMV162), a membrane protein (AMV165), a subunit of RNA polymerase (AMV230) and five other hypothetical proteins (AMV026, AMV040, AMV062, AMV069, AMV120) encoded by AMEV genome. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay was used to confirm all interactions described by Y2H analysis. In addition, the theoretical structures of the two of 16 interactions were interpreted by docking analysis. Consistent with Y2H and pull down assays, docking analysis also showed the interactions of AMV063 with AMV153 and AMV197. Detected interactions of the AMEV viral proteins with viral protein kinases could lead to the understanding of the regulation of the viral activities of interacted viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Danismazoglu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Trabzon, Turkey; Artvin Coruh University, Health Services Vocational High School, Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Artvin, Turkey
| | - Remziye Nalcacioglu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hacer Muratoglu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Trabzon, Turkey
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Carulei O, Douglass N, Williamson AL. Comparative analysis of avian poxvirus genomes, including a novel poxvirus from lesser flamingos (Phoenicopterus minor), highlights the lack of conservation of the central region. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:947. [PMID: 29207949 PMCID: PMC5718139 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian poxviruses are important pathogens of both wild and domestic birds. To date, seven isolates from subclades A and B and one from proposed subclade E, have had their genomes completely sequenced. The genomes of these isolates have been shown to exhibit typical poxvirus genome characteristics with conserved central regions and more variable terminal regions. Infection with avian poxviruses (APVs) has been reported in three species of captive flamingo, as well as a free-living, lesser flamingo at Kamfers dam, near Kimberley, South Africa. This study was undertaken to further characterise this virus which may have long term effects on this important and vulnerable, breeding population. RESULTS Gene content and synteny as well as percentage identities between conserved orthologues was compared between Flamingopox virus (FGPV) and the other sequenced APV genomes. Dotplot comparisons revealed major differences in central regions that have been thought to be conserved. Further analysis revealed five regions of difference, of differing lengths, spread across the central, conserved regions of the various genomes. Although individual gene identities at the nucleotide level did not vary greatly, gene content and synteny between isolates/species at these identified regions were more divergent than expected. CONCLUSION Basic comparative genomics revealed the expected similarities in genome architecture but an in depth, comparative, analysis showed all avian poxvirus genomes to differ from other poxvirus genomes in fundamental and unexpected ways. The reasons for these large genomic rearrangements in regions of the genome that were thought to be relatively conserved are yet to be elucidated. Sequencing and analysis of further avian poxvirus genomes will help characterise this complex genus of poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Carulei
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicola Douglass
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
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Farré D, Martínez-Vicente P, Engel P, Angulo A. Immunoglobulin superfamily members encoded by viruses and their multiple roles in immune evasion. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:780-796. [PMID: 28383780 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens have developed a plethora of strategies to undermine host immune defenses in order to guarantee their survival. For large DNA viruses, these immune evasion mechanisms frequently rely on the expression of genes acquired from host genomes. Horizontally transferred genes include members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, whose products constitute the most diverse group of proteins of vertebrate genomes. Their promiscuous immunoglobulin domains, which comprise the building blocks of these molecules, are involved in a large variety of functions mediated by ligand-binding interactions. The flexible structural nature of the immunoglobulin domains makes them appealing targets for viral capture due to their capacity to generate high functional diversity. Here, we present an up-to-date review of immunoglobulin superfamily gene homologs encoded by herpesviruses, poxviruses, and adenoviruses, that include CD200, CD47, Fc receptors, interleukin-1 receptor 2, interleukin-18 binding protein, CD80, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules, and signaling lymphocyte activation molecules. We discuss their distinct structural attributes, binding properties, and functions, shaped by evolutionary pressures to disarm specific immune pathways. We include several novel genes identified from extensive genome database surveys. An understanding of the properties and modes of action of these viral proteins may guide the development of novel immune-modulatory therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domènec Farré
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Vicente
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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