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Sarker S, Bowden TR, Boyle DB. Evidence of a Possible Viral Host Switch Event in an Avipoxvirus Isolated from an Endangered Northern Royal Albatross (Diomedea sanfordi). Viruses 2022; 14:v14020302. [PMID: 35215898 PMCID: PMC8880153 DOI: 10.3390/v14020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Avipoxviruses have been characterized from many avian species. Two recent studies have reported avipoxvirus-like viruses with varying pathogenicity in reptiles. Avipoxviruses are considered to be restricted to avian hosts. However, reports of avipoxvirus-like viruses from reptiles such as the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) and crocodile tegu (Crocodilurus amazonicus) suggest that cross-species transmission, within avian species and beyond, may be possible. Here we report evidence for a possible host switching event with a fowlpox-like virus recovered from an endangered northern royal albatross (Diomodea sanfordi)—a species of Procellariiformes, unrelated to Galliformes, not previously known to have been infected with fowlpox-like viruses. Complete genome sequencing of this virus, tentatively designated albatrosspox virus 2 (ALPV2), contained many fowlpox virus-like genes, but also 63 unique genes that are not reported in any other poxvirus. The ALPV2 genome contained 296 predicted genes homologous to different avipoxviruses, 260 of which were homologous to an American strain of fowlpox virus (FWPV). Subsequent phylogenetic analyses indicate that ALPV2 likely originated from a fowlpox virus-like progenitor. These findings highlight the importance of host-switching events where viruses cross species barriers with the risk of disease in close and distantly related host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-394-792-317; Fax: +61-394-791-222
| | - Timothy R. Bowden
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (T.R.B.); (D.B.B.)
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - David B. Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (T.R.B.); (D.B.B.)
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2
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Sarker S, Athukorala A, Bowden TR, Boyle DB. Characterisation of an Australian fowlpox virus carrying a near-full-length provirus of reticuloendotheliosis virus. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1485-1488. [PMID: 33620554 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fowlpox virus (FWPV), which is the type member of the genus Avipoxvirus, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, family Poxviridae, can lead to significant losses to the poultry industry. Although a large number of fowlpox virus genomes have been sequenced and characterised globally, there are no sequences available at the genomic level from Australian isolates. Here, we present the first complete genome sequence of a fowlpox virus vaccine strain (FWPV-S) containing an integrated near-full-length reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) provirus. The genome of FWPV-S showed the highest sequence similarity to a fowlpox virus from the USA (97.74% identity). The FWPV-S genome contained 16 predicted unique genes, while a further two genes were fragmented compared to previously reported FWPV genome sequences. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed that FWPV-S was most closely related to other fowlpox viruses. This is the first reported genome sequence of FWPV from Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Ajani Athukorala
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Timothy R Bowden
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - David B Boyle
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
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3
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Blasdell KR, Davis SS, Voysey R, Bulach DM, Middleton D, Williams S, Harmsen MB, Weir RP, Crameri S, Walsh SJ, Peck GR, Tesh RB, Boyle DB, Melville LF, Walker PJ. Hayes Yard virus: a novel ephemerovirus isolated from a bull with severe clinical signs of bovine ephemeral fever is most closely related to Puchong virus. Vet Res 2020; 51:58. [PMID: 32349781 PMCID: PMC7191811 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever is a vector-borne disease of ruminants that occurs in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Australia. The disease is caused by a rhabdovirus, bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), which occurs as a single serotype globally. Although several other closely related ephemeroviruses have been isolated from cattle and/or arthropods, only kotonkan virus from Nigeria and (tentatively) Mavingoni virus from Mayotte Island in the Indian Ocean have been previously associated with febrile disease. Here, we report the isolation of a novel virus (Hayes Yard virus; HYV) from blood collected in February 2000 from a bull (Bos indicus) in the Northern Territory of Australia. The animal was suffering from a severe ephemeral fever-like illness with neurological involvement, including recumbency and paralysis, and was euthanised. Histological examination of spinal cord and lung tissue identified extensive haemorrhage in the dura mata with moderate perineuronal oedema and extensive emphysema. HYV displayed cone-shaped morphology, typical of rhabdoviruses, and was found to be most closely related antigenically to Puchong virus (PUCV), isolated in 1965 from mosquitoes in Malaysia. Analysis of complete genome sequences of HYV (15 025 nt) and PUCV (14 932 nt) indicated that each has a complex organisation (3' N-P-M-G-GNS-α1-α2-β-γ-L 5') and expression strategy, similar to that of BEFV. Based on an alignment of complete L protein sequences, HYV and PUCV cluster with other rhabdoviruses in the genus Ephemerovirus and appear to represent two new species. Neutralising antibody to HYV was also detected in a retrospective survey of cattle sera collected in the Northern Territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Blasdell
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Steven S Davis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, NT, Australia.,Timor-Leste Office, Menzies School of Health Research, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Rhonda Voysey
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Dieter M Bulach
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia
| | - Deborah Middleton
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Sinead Williams
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Margaret B Harmsen
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Richard P Weir
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Sandra Crameri
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Susan J Walsh
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Grantley R Peck
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David B Boyle
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Lorna F Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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4
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Biswas S, Noyce RS, Babiuk LA, Lung O, Bulach DM, Bowden TR, Boyle DB, Babiuk S, Evans DH. Extended sequencing of vaccine and wild-type capripoxvirus isolates provides insights into genes modulating virulence and host range. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:80-97. [PMID: 31379093 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The genus Capripoxvirus in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, family Poxviridae, comprises sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which cause the eponymous diseases across parts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia. These diseases cause significant economic losses and can have a devastating impact on the livelihoods and food security of small farm holders. So far, only live classically attenuated SPPV, GTPV and LSDV vaccines are commercially available and the history, safety and efficacy of many have not been well established. Here, we report 13 new capripoxvirus genome sequences, including the hairpin telomeres, from both pathogenic field isolates and vaccine strains. We have also updated the genome annotations to incorporate recent advances in our understanding of poxvirus biology. These new genomes and genes grouped phenetically with other previously sequenced capripoxvirus strains, and these new alignments collectively identified several recurring alterations in genes thought to modulate virulence and host range. In particular, some of the many large capripoxvirus ankyrin and kelch-like proteins are commonly mutated in vaccine strains, while the variola virus B22R-like gene homolog has also been disrupted in many vaccine isolates. Among these vaccine isolates, frameshift mutations are especially common and clearly present a risk of reversion to wild type in vaccines bearing these mutations. A consistent pattern of gene inactivation from LSDV to GTPV and then SPPV is also observed, much like the pattern of gene loss in orthopoxviruses, but, rather surprisingly, the overall genome size of ~150 kbp remains relatively constant. These data provide new insights into the evolution of capripoxviruses and the determinants of pathogenicity and host range. They will find application in the development of new vaccines with better safety, efficacy and trade profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Biswas
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ryan S Noyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lorne A Babiuk
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Dieter M Bulach
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - Timothy R Bowden
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - David B Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David H Evans
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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5
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Firth C, Blasdell KR, Amos-Ritchie R, Sendow I, Agnihotri K, Boyle DB, Daniels P, Kirkland PD, Walker PJ. Genomic analysis of bluetongue virus episystems in Australia and Indonesia. Vet Res 2017; 48:82. [PMID: 29169390 PMCID: PMC5701493 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of bluetongue viruses (BTV) in Australia is represented by two distinct and interconnected epidemiological systems (episystems)—one distributed primarily in the north and one in the east. The northern episystem is characterised by substantially greater antigenic diversity than the eastern episystem; yet the forces that act to limit the diversity present in the east remain unclear. Previous work has indicated that the northern episystem is linked to that of island South East Asia and Melanesia, and that BTV present in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and East Timor, may act as source populations for new serotypes and genotypes of BTV to enter Australia’s north. In this study, the genomes of 49 bluetongue viruses from the eastern episystem and 13 from Indonesia were sequenced and analysed along with 27 previously published genome sequences from the northern Australian episystem. The results of this analysis confirm that the Australian BTV population has its origins in the South East Asian/Melanesian episystem, and that incursions into northern Australia occur with some regularity. In addition, the presence of limited genetic diversity in the eastern episystem relative to that found in the north supports the presence of substantial, but not complete, barriers to gene flow between the northern and eastern Australian episystems. Genetic bottlenecks between each successive episystem are evident, and appear to be responsible for the reduction in BTV genetic diversity observed in the north to south–east direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadhla Firth
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia. .,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Kim R Blasdell
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Rachel Amos-Ritchie
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Indrawati Sendow
- Virology Department, Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, 16114, Indonesia
| | - Kalpana Agnihotri
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD, 4109, Australia
| | - David B Boyle
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Peter Daniels
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Peter D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
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6
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Babiuk S, Parkyn G, Copps J, Larence JE, Sabara MI, Bowden TR, Boyle DB, Kitching RP. Evaluation of an Ovine Testis Cell Line (OA3.Ts) for Propagation of Capripoxvirus Isolates and Development of an Immunostaining Technique for Viral Plaque Visualization. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:486-91. [PMID: 17823391 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An ovine testis cell line (OA3.Ts) was evaluated and compared with primary lamb kidney (LK) cells for its utility in capripoxvirus propagation and titration. A comparison of OA3.Ts cell growth kinetics and morphology at low (<33) and high (34−36) passage levels indicated a difference in both characteristics. However, viral titers determined in low and high passage OA3.Ts cells were comparable with those obtained using LK cells. Capripoxvirus infection of OA3.Ts and LK cells resulted in a similar cytopathic effect, which allowed for the detection of discrete viral plaques following immunostaining with capripoxvirus-specific antiserum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg MB, R3E 3M4 Canada.
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7
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Gauci PJ, McAllister J, Mitchell IR, Boyle DB, Bulach DM, Weir RP, Melville LF, Gubala AJ. Genomic characterisation of three Mapputta group viruses, a serogroup of Australian and Papua New Guinean bunyaviruses associated with human disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116561. [PMID: 25588016 PMCID: PMC4294684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mapputta serogroup tentatively contains the mosquito-associated viruses Mapputta, Maprik, Trubanaman and Gan Gan. Interestingly, this serogroup has previously been associated with an acute epidemic polyarthritis-like illness in humans; however, there has been no ensuing genetic characterisation. Here we report the complete genome sequences of Mapputta and Maprik viruses, and a new Mapputta group candidate, Buffalo Creek virus, previously isolated from mosquitoes and detected by serology in a hospitalised patient. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the group is one of the earliest diverged groups within the genus Orthobunyavirus of the family Bunyaviridae. Analyses show that these three viruses are related to the recently sequenced Australian bunyaviruses from mosquitoes, Salt Ash and Murrumbidgee. A notable feature of the Mapputta group viruses is the absence of the NSs (non-structural) ORF commonly found on the S segment of other orthobunyaviruses. Viruses of the Mapputta group have been isolated from geographically diverse regions ranging from tropical Papua New Guinea to the semi-arid climate of south-eastern Australia. The relevance of this group to human health in the region merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J. Gauci
- Land Division, Defence Science & Technology Organisation, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jane McAllister
- Land Division, Defence Science & Technology Organisation, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian R. Mitchell
- Land Division, Defence Science & Technology Organisation, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, Australia
| | - David B. Boyle
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dieter M. Bulach
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard P. Weir
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Lorna F. Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Aneta J. Gubala
- Land Division, Defence Science & Technology Organisation, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, Australia
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8
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De Rose R, Sullivan MT, Dale CJ, Kelleher AD, Emery S, Cooper DA, Ramshaw IA, Boyle DB, Kent SJ. Dose-Response Relationship of DNA and Recombinant Fowlpox Virus Prime-Boost HIV Vaccines: Implications for Future Trials. Human Vaccines 2014; 2:134-6. [PMID: 17012897 DOI: 10.4161/hv.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estimating effective doses of novel HIV vaccines is challenging. Dose-response analyses of DNA and fowlpox virus HIV vaccines showed that 1 mg of DNA vaccine and 5 x 10(7)pfu of fowlpox virus booster was immunogenic in macaques. However, this dose was poorly immunogenic in humans. When adjusted for body surface area, the human dose studied was equivalent to a poorly immunogenic lower dose in monkeys. These data provide a rationale for guiding dosing in future trials of HIV vaccine technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert De Rose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Abstract
Although recombinant DNA and recombinant viral vectors expressing HIV antigens have yielded positive outcomes in animal models, these vaccines have not been effectively translated to humans. Despite this, there is still a high level of optimism that poxviral-based vaccine strategies could offer the best hope for developing an effective vaccine against not only HIV-1 but also other chronic diseases where good-quality T and B cell immunity is needed for protection. In this chapter we discuss step by step (1) how recombinant poxviral vectors co-expressing HIV antigens and promising mucosal/systemic adjuvants (e.g., IL-13Rα2) are constructed, (2) how these vectors can be used in alternative heterologous prime-boost immunization strategies, (3) how systemic and mucosal samples are prepared for analysis, followed by (4) two immunological assays: multicolor intracellular cytokine staining and tetramer/homing maker analysis that are used to evaluate effective systemic and mucosal T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Jackson
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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10
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Blasdell KR, Voysey R, Bulach DM, Trinidad L, Tesh RB, Boyle DB, Walker PJ. Malakal virus from Africa and Kimberley virus from Australia are geographic variants of a widely distributed ephemerovirus. Virology 2012; 433:236-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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11
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Bowden TR, Bingham J, Harper JA, Boyle DB. Menangle virus, a pteropid bat paramyxovirus infectious for pigs and humans, exhibits tropism for secondary lymphoid organs and intestinal epithelium in weaned pigs. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1007-1016. [PMID: 22278823 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.038448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is the first report of experimental infection and transmission of Menangle virus (MenPV) in pigs. Isolated in 1997 from piglets that were stillborn at a large commercial piggery in New South Wales, Australia, MenPV is a recently identified paramyxovirus of bat origin that causes severe reproductive disease in pigs and an influenza-like illness, with a rash, in humans. Although successfully eradicated from the infected piggery, the virus was only isolated from affected fetuses and stillborn piglets during the period of reproductive disease, and thus the mode of transmission between pigs was not established. To investigate the pathogenesis of MenPV, we undertook time-course studies in 6-week-old pigs following intranasal administration of a low-passage, non-plaque-purified isolate from the lung of an infected stillborn piglet. Viraemia was of short duration and low titre, as determined by real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation. Following an incubation period of 2-3 days, virus was shed in nasal and oral secretions, faeces and urine, typically for less than 1 week. Cessation of shedding correlated with the development of neutralizing antibodies in sera. Secondary lymphoid organs and intestine were identified, using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, as major sites of viral replication and dissemination, and this was confirmed by positive immunolabelling of viral antigen within various lymphoid tissues and intestinal epithelium. These data provide new insights into the pathogenesis of MenPV in weaned pigs, and will facilitate future control and eradication programmes should it ever re-emerge in the pig population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Bowden
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - John Bingham
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Harper
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - David B Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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12
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Ranasinghe C, Eyers F, Stambas J, Boyle DB, Ramshaw IA, Ramsay AJ. A comparative analysis of HIV-specific mucosal/systemic T cell immunity and avidity following rDNA/rFPV and poxvirus-poxvirus prime boost immunisations. Vaccine 2011; 29:3008-20. [PMID: 21352941 PMCID: PMC3244379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study we have firstly compared a range of recombinant DNA poxvirus prime-boost immunisation strategies and shown that combined intramuscular (i.m.) 2× DNA-HIV/intranasal (i.n.) 2× FPV-HIV prime-boost immunisation can generate high-level of HIV-specific systemic (spleen) and mucosal (genito-rectal nodes, vaginal tissues and lung tissues) T cell responses and HIV-1 p24 Gag-specific serum IgG1, IgG2a and mucosal IgG, SIgA responses in vaginal secretions in BALB/c mice. Data indicate that following rDNA priming, two rFPV booster immunisations were necessary to generate good antibody and mucosal T cell immunity. This data also revealed that mucosal uptake of recombinant fowl pox (rFPV) was far superior to plasmid DNA. To further evaluate CD8+ T cell immunity, i.m. 2× DNA-HIV/i.n. 1× FPV-HIV immunisation strategy was directly compared with single shot poxvirus/poxvirus, i.n. FPV-HIV/i.m. VV-HIV immunisation. Results indicate that the latter strategy was able to generate strong sustained HIV-specific CD8+ T cells with higher avidity, broader cytokine/chemokine profiles and better protection following influenza-K(d)Gag(197-205) challenge compared to rDNA poxvirus prime-boost strategy. Our findings further substantiate the importance of vector selection/combination, order and route of delivery when designing effective vaccines for HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charani Ranasinghe
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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13
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Miller DS, Finnie J, Bowden TR, Scholz AC, Oh S, Kok T, Burrell CJ, Trinidad L, Boyle DB, Li P. Preclinical efficacy studies of influenza A haemagglutinin precursor cleavage loop peptides as a potential vaccine. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1152-1161. [PMID: 21289160 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.028985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A universal influenza vaccine that does not require annual reformulation would have clear advantages over the currently approved seasonal vaccine. In this study, we combined the mucosal adjuvant alpha-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) and peptides designed across the highly conserved influenza precursor haemagglutinin (HA(0)) cleavage loop as a vaccine. Peptides designed across the HA(0) of influenza A/H3N2 viruses, delivered to mice via the intranasal route with αGalCer as an adjuvant, provided 100 % protection following H3N2 virus challenge. Similarly, intranasal inoculation of peptides across the HA(0) of influenza A/H5N1 with αGalCer completely protected mice against heterotypic challenge with H3N2 virus. Our data suggest that these peptide vaccines effectively inhibited subsequent influenza A/H3N2 virus replication. In contrast, only 20 % of mice vaccinated with αGalCer-adjuvanted peptides spanning the HA(0) of H5N1 survived homologous viral challenge, possibly because the HA(0) of this virus subtype is cleaved by intracellular furin-like enzymes. Results of these studies demonstrated that HA(0) peptides adjuvanted with αGalCer have the potential to form the basis of a synthetic, intranasal influenza vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Body Weight
- Cross Protection
- Female
- Galactosylceramides/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Histocytochemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/pathology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren S Miller
- Microbiology-IMVS, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - John Finnie
- Veterinary Services, SA Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Timothy R Bowden
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Anita C Scholz
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Sawyin Oh
- Microbiology-IMVS, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tuckweng Kok
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Microbiology-IMVS, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Christopher J Burrell
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Microbiology-IMVS, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Lee Trinidad
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - David B Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Peng Li
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Microbiology-IMVS, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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14
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Bowden TR, Coupar BE, Babiuk SL, White JR, Boyd V, Duch CJ, Shiell BJ, Ueda N, Parkyn GR, Copps JS, Boyle DB. Detection of antibodies specific for sheeppox and goatpox viruses using recombinant capripoxvirus antigens in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Virol Methods 2009; 161:19-29. [PMID: 19426763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses in the genus Capripoxvirus, family Poxviridae, cause sheeppox, goatpox and lumpy skin disease, which are the most serious poxvirus diseases of production animals. Despite the considerable threat that these viruses pose to livestock production and global trade in sheep, goats, cattle and their products, convenient and effective serodiagnostic tools are not readily available. To develop a more effective antibody detection capability, selected open reading frames from capripoxvirus DNA were amplified and expressed in Escherichia coli as His-tagged fusion proteins. By screening 42 candidate antigens, two sheeppox virus virion core proteins that were expressed efficiently, purified readily using affinity chromatography and reactive against capripoxvirus immune sera in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were identified. The ELISA performed favourably when sera from sheep and goats infected experimentally with virulent capripoxvirus isolates were tested, with sensitivity and diagnostic specificity ranging between 95 and 97%, but it was unable to detect antibodies reliably in vaccinated sheep or goats. Furthermore, no cross-reactivity with antibodies against orf virus was detected. This assay offers the prospect of a convenient and standardised ELISA-based serodiagnostic test, with no requirement for infectious reagents, that is well suited to high-throughput capripoxvirus surveillance on a flock or herd basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Bowden
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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15
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Alsharifi M, Furuya Y, Bowden TR, Lobigs M, Koskinen A, Regner M, Trinidad L, Boyle DB, Müllbacher A. Intranasal flu vaccine protective against seasonal and H5N1 avian influenza infections. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5336. [PMID: 19401775 PMCID: PMC2671162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A (flu) virus causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and current vaccines require annual updating to protect against the rapidly arising antigenic variations due to antigenic shift and drift. In fact, current subunit or split flu vaccines rely exclusively on antibody responses for protection and do not induce cytotoxic T (Tc) cell responses, which are broadly cross-reactive between virus strains. We have previously reported that γ-ray inactivated flu virus can induce cross-reactive Tc cell responses. Methodology/Principal Finding Here, we report that intranasal administration of purified γ-ray inactivated human influenza A virus preparations (γ-Flu) effectively induces heterotypic and cross-protective immunity. A single intranasal administration of γ-A/PR8[H1N1] protects mice against lethal H5N1 and other heterotypic infections. Conclusions/Significance Intranasal γ-Flu represents a unique approach for a cross-protective vaccine against both seasonal as well as possible future pandemic influenza A virus infections.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Cross Reactions
- Female
- Gamma Rays
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsharifi
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (MA); (AM)
| | - Yoichi Furuya
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Timothy R. Bowden
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mario Lobigs
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Aulikki Koskinen
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Matthias Regner
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Lee Trinidad
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David B. Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arno Müllbacher
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail: (MA); (AM)
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16
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Babiuk S, Bowden TR, Parkyn G, Dalman B, Hoa DM, Long NT, Vu PP, Bieu DX, Copps J, Boyle DB. Yemen and Vietnam capripoxviruses demonstrate a distinct host preference for goats compared with sheep. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:105-14. [PMID: 19088279 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.004507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheeppox and goatpox are caused by viruses that are members of the genus Capripoxvirus, and globally result in significant production losses. To improve the understanding of disease pathogenesis and evaluate host species preferences, sheep and goats were inoculated either with a capripoxvirus isolate from Yemen or from a recent outbreak in Vietnam. Blood, swabs and tissues were collected at various time points following experimental challenge and assessed for viral DNA content using real-time PCR and infectivity using virus isolation. The Yemen isolate was considerably more pathogenic in goats with 100 % mortality and morbidity compared with sheep with 0 % mortality and 100 % morbidity. The Vietnam isolate was also more pathogenic in goats with 100 % morbidity and an estimated 33 % mortality rate compared with mild morbidity and a 0 % mortality rate in sheep. Higher viral titres were observed in nasal, oral and conjunctival swabs from goats inoculated with either the Yemen or Vietnam isolate compared with those collected from sheep. Although the highest viral titres were detected in primary and secondary skin lesions in sheep and goats, the severity of clinical disease observed in each species varied according to the inoculum used. Whereas both the Yemen and Vietnam isolates clearly caused more severe disease in goats, the Yemen isolate was also moderately pathogenic in sheep. The Vietnam isolate, in contrast, caused only very mild disease in sheep. Limited DNA sequencing revealed ORF 074 of the Vietnam isolate to be identical to that of several goatpox virus isolates from China, suggesting a possible Chinese origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg MB, Canada.
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17
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Corney BG, Diallo IS, Wright L, Hewitson G, De Jong A, Tolosa X, Burrell P, Duffy P, Rodwell B, Boyle DB, Blackall PJ. Rapid and sensitive detection of Avibacterium paragallinarum in the presence of other bacteria using a 5' Taq nuclease assay: a new tool for diagnosing infectious coryza. Avian Pathol 2009; 37:599-604. [PMID: 19023757 DOI: 10.1080/03079450802449139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A 5' Taq nuclease assay specific for Avibacterium paragallinarum was designed and optimized for use in diagnosing infectious coryza. The region chosen for assay design was one of known specificity for Av. paragallinarum. The assay detected Av. paragallinarum reference strains representing the three Page and the eight Kume serovars, and field isolates from diverse geographical locations. No cross-reactions were observed with other Avibacterium species, with other bacteria taxonomically related to Av. paragallinarum nor with bacteria and viruses likely to be present in swabs collected from suspected infectious coryza cases. The detection limit for the assay was 6 to 60 colony-forming units per reaction. Twenty-two out of 53 swabs collected from sick birds reacted in the 5' Taq nuclease assay, whereas Av. paragallinarum was not isolated from any of the swabs. All of the 22 swabs yielded other bacteria in culture. The presence of Av. paragallinarum in the swabs was also demonstrated by sequencing, thereby confirming the ability of the assay to detect Av. paragallinarum in the presence of other bacteria. The ability to quantify bacterial load in the swabs using the 5' Taq nuclease assay was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Corney
- Animal Research Institute, Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, Australia.
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18
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Abstract
Capripoxviruses are the cause of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpy skin disease (LSD) of cattle. These diseases are of great economic significance to farmers in regions in which they are endemic and are a major constraint to international trade in livestock and their products. Although the distribution of capripoxviruses is considerably reduced from what it was even 50 years ago, they are now expanding their territory, with recent outbreaks of sheeppox or goatpox in Vietnam, Mongolia and Greece, and outbreaks of LSD in Ethiopia, Egypt and Israel. Increased legal and illegal trade in live animals provides the potential for further spread, with, for instance, the possibility of LSD becoming firmly established in Asia. This review briefly summarizes what is known about capripoxviruses, including their impact on livestock production, their geographic range, host-specificity, clinical disease, transmission and genomics, and considers current developments in diagnostic tests and vaccines. Capripoxviruses have the potential to become emerging disease threats because of global climate change and changes in patterns of trade in animals and animal products. They also could be used as economic bioterrorism agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg MB, Canada.
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19
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Babiuk S, Bowden TR, Parkyn G, Dalman B, Manning L, Neufeld J, Embury-Hyatt C, Copps J, Boyle DB. Quantification of lumpy skin disease virus following experimental infection in cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2008; 55:299-307. [PMID: 18503511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease along with sheep pox and goatpox are the most serious poxvirus diseases of livestock, and are caused by viruses that belong to the genus Capripoxvirus within the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, family Poxviridae. To facilitate the study of lumpy skin disease pathogenesis, we inoculated eight 4- to 6-month-old Holstein calves intravenously with lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and collected samples over a period of 42 days for analysis by virus isolation, real-time PCR and light microscopy. Following inoculation, cattle developed fever and skin nodules, with the extent of infection varying between animals. Skin nodules remained visible until the end of the experiment on day post-inoculation (DPI) 42. Viremia measured by real-time PCR and virus isolation was not observed in all animals but was detectable between 6 and 15 DPI. Low levels of viral shedding were observed in oral and nasal secretions between 12 and 18 DPI. Several tissues were assessed for the presence of virus at DPI 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 42 by virus isolation and real-time PCR. Virus was consistently detected by real-time PCR and virus isolation at high levels in skin nodules indicating LSDV has a tropism for skin. In contrast, relatively few lesions were observed systemically. Viral DNA was detected by real-time PCR in skin lesions collected on DPI 42. Cattle developing anti-capripoxvirus antibodies starting at DPI 21 was detected by serum neutralization. The disease in this study varied from mild with few secondary skin nodules to generalized infection of varying severity, and was characterized by morbidity with no mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg MB, Canada.
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20
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Jack PJM, Amos-Ritchie RN, Reverter A, Palacios G, Quan PL, Jabado O, Briese T, Lipkin WI, Boyle DB. Microarray-based detection of viruses causing vesicular or vesicular-like lesions in livestock animals. Vet Microbiol 2008; 133:145-53. [PMID: 18621489 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Definitive diagnosis of vesicular or vesicular-like lesions in livestock animals presents challenges both for veterinary clinicians and diagnostic laboratories. It is often impossible to diagnose the causative disease agent on a clinical basis alone and difficult to collect ample vesicular epithelium samples. Due to restrictions of time and sample size, once laboratory tests have ruled out foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and swine vesicular disease a definitive diagnosis may remain elusive. With the ability to test a small quantity of sample for a large number of pathogens simultaneously, DNA microarrays represent a potential solution to this problem. This study describes the application of a long oligonucleotide microarray assay to the identification of viruses known to cause vesicular or vesicular-like lesions in livestock animals. Eighteen virus isolates from cell culture were successfully identified to genus level, including representatives of each foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype, two species of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), swine vesicular disease virus, vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV), bovine herpesvirus 1, orf virus, pseudocowpox virus, bluetongue virus serotype 1 and bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1. VSV and VESV were also identified in vesicular epithelium samples, with varying levels of sensitivity. The results indicate that with further development this microarray assay could be a valuable tool for the diagnosis of vesicular and vesicular-like diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J M Jack
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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21
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Bowden TR, Babiuk SL, Parkyn GR, Copps JS, Boyle DB. Capripoxvirus tissue tropism and shedding: A quantitative study in experimentally infected sheep and goats. Virology 2008; 371:380-93. [PMID: 17988703 PMCID: PMC9955785 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sheeppox virus and goatpox virus cause systemic disease in sheep and goats that is often associated with high morbidity and high mortality. To increase understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, we undertook quantitative time-course studies in sheep and goats following intradermal inoculation of Nigerian sheeppox virus or Indian goatpox virus in their respective homologous hosts. Viremia, determined by virus isolation and real-time PCR, cleared within 2 to 3 weeks post inoculation. Peak shedding of viral DNA and infectious virus in nasal, conjunctival and oral secretions occurred between 10 and 14 days post inoculation, and persisted at low levels for up to an additional 3 to 6 weeks. Although gross lesions developed in multiple organ systems, highest viral titers were detected in skin and in discrete sites within oronasal tissues and gastrointestinal tract. The temporal distribution of infectious virus and viral DNA in tissues suggests an underlying pathogenesis that is similar to smallpox and monkeypox where greatest viral replication occurs in the skin. Our data demonstrate that capripoxvirus infections in sheep and goats provide additional and convenient models which are suitable not only for evaluation of poxvirus-specific vaccine concepts and therapeutics, but also study of poxvirus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Bowden
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia,Corresponding author. Fax: +61 3 5227 5555
| | - Shawn L. Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4,University of Manitoba, Department of Immunology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W3
| | - Geoff R. Parkyn
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4
| | - John S. Copps
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4
| | - David B. Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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22
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Kite VG, Boyle DB, Heine HG, Pritchard I, Garner MG, East IJ. A serological and virological survey for evidence of infection with Newcastle disease virus in Australian chicken farms. Aust Vet J 2007; 85:236-42. [PMID: 17547637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and distribution of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus on Australian chicken farms and to determine the pathotype and relationships of the Newcastle disease viruses present on those farms. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey of 753 commercial chicken farms. PROCEDURE The survey comprised a detailed questionnaire and collection of venous blood samples. The titre of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus was determined by haemagglutination inhibition. Virus isolation was conducted from cloacal and tracheal swabs taken from chickens in serologically positive flocks. Virus isolates were pathotyped on the basis of the deduced Fusion protein cleavage site determined by nucleotide sequencing of a 265 bp region of the genome in the region of the cleavage site. RESULTS Antibody evidence of Newcastle disease virus infection was found on 300 of the 753 surveyed farms throughout all 11 geographic regions of the survey. The highest prevalence occurred in the Sydney basin, New South Wales and Victoria east regions. Antibody titres were also highest in the regions where serologically positive flocks were most prevalent. The 259 virus isolates revealed nine different RNA sequences. Of the nine virus groups isolated, the most common group W was identical in sequence to the V4 vaccine strain. Five of the other groups had novel RNA sequences in the region of the F protein cleavage site. CONCLUSIONS Antibodies to Newcastle disease virus are highly prevalent in the Australian chicken flock but all identified strains were avirulent in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Kite
- Australian Chicken Meat Federation Inc, North Sydney, NSW 2059
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23
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Quan PL, Palacios G, Jabado OJ, Conlan S, Hirschberg DL, Pozo F, Jack PJM, Cisterna D, Renwick N, Hui J, Drysdale A, Amos-Ritchie R, Baumeister E, Savy V, Lager KM, Richt JA, Boyle DB, García-Sastre A, Casas I, Perez-Breña P, Briese T, Lipkin WI. Detection of respiratory viruses and subtype identification of influenza A viruses by GreeneChipResp oligonucleotide microarray. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2359-64. [PMID: 17553978 PMCID: PMC1951265 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00737-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections are significant causes of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden worldwide. An accurate, early differential diagnosis may alter individual clinical management as well as facilitate the recognition of outbreaks that have implications for public health. Here we report on the establishment and validation of a comprehensive and sensitive microarray system for detection of respiratory viruses and subtyping of influenza viruses in clinical materials. Implementation of a set of influenza virus enrichment primers facilitated subtyping of influenza A viruses through the differential recognition of hemagglutinins 1 through 16 and neuraminidases 1 through 9. Twenty-one different respiratory virus species were accurately characterized, including a recently identified novel genetic clade of rhinovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phenix-Lan Quan
- Jerome L. and Dawn Greene Infectious Disease Laboratory, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1801, New York, NY 10032, USA
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24
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Corney BG, Diallo IS, Wright LL, Hewitson GR, De Jong AJ, Burrell PC, Duffy PF, Stephens CP, Rodwell BJ, Boyle DB, Blackall PJ. Pasteurella multocida detection by 5' Taq nuclease assay: a new tool for use in diagnosing fowl cholera. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 69:376-80. [PMID: 17346833 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A 5' Taq nuclease assay utilising minor groove binder technology and targeting the 16S rRNA gene was designed to detect Pasteurella multocida (the causative agent of fowl cholera) in swabs collected from poultry. The assay was first evaluated using pure cultures. The assay correctly identified four P. multocida taxonomic type strains, 18 P. multocida serovar reference strains and 40 Australian field isolates (17 from poultry, 11 from pigs and 12 from cattle). Representatives of nine other Pasteurella species, 26 other bacterial species (18 being members of the family Pasteurellaceae) and four poultry virus isolates did not react in the assay. The assay detected a minimum of approximately 10 cfu of P. multocida per reaction. Of 79 poultry swabs submitted to the laboratory for routine bacteriological culture, 17 were positive in the 5' Taq nuclease assay, but only 10 were positive by culture. The other 62 swabs were negative for P. multocida by both 5' Taq nuclease assay and culture. The assay is suitable for use in diagnosing fowl cholera, is more rapid than bacteriological culture, and may also have application in diagnosing P. multocida infections in cattle and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Corney
- Animal Research Institute, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Yeerongpilly, Queensland 4105, Australia.
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25
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Hyatt AD, Boyle DG, Olsen V, Boyle DB, Berger L, Obendorf D, Dalton A, Kriger K, Heros M, Hines H, Phillott R, Campbell R, Marantelli G, Gleason F, Coiling A. Diagnostic assays and sampling protocols for the detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Dis Aquat Organ 2007; 73:175-92. [PMID: 17330737 DOI: 10.3354/dao073175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a fungus belonging to the Phylum Chytridiomycota, Class Chytridiomycetes, Order Chytridiales, and is the highly infectious aetiological agent responsible for a potentially fatal disease, chytridiomycosis, which is currently decimating many of the world's amphibian populations. The fungus infects 2 amphibian orders (Anura and Caudata), 14 families and at least 200 species and is responsible for at least 1 species extinction. Whilst the origin of the agent and routes of transmission are being debated, it has been recognised that successful management of the disease will require effective sampling regimes and detection assays. We have developed a range of unique sampling protocols together with diagnostic assays for the detection of B. dendrobatidis in both living and deceased tadpoles and adults. Here, we formally present our data and discuss them in respect to assay sensitivity, specificity, repeatability and reproducibility. We suggest that compliance with the recommended protocols will avoid the generation of spurious results, thereby providing the international scientific and regulatory community with a set of validated procedures which will assist in the successful management of chytridiomycosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Hyatt
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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26
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Harrison JM, Bertram EM, Boyle DB, Coupar BEH, Ranasinghe C, Ramshaw IA. 4-1BBL coexpression enhances HIV-specific CD8 T cell memory in a poxvirus prime-boost vaccine. Vaccine 2006; 24:6867-74. [PMID: 17050052 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing HIV antigens and the costimulatory molecule 4-1BBL. When included in the boost, but not the prime of a poxvirus prime-boost strategy, 4-1BBL significantly enhanced the anti-HIV T cell response generated to this vaccination in BALB/c mice, as detected by ex vivo IFNgamma ELISPOT responses, intracellular cytokine staining to HIV Gag antigens, and enumeration of Gag-reactive CD8 T cells. 4-1BBL however, is not capable of modulating the CD4 T cell response, nor the antibody response to this vaccination strategy. Enhancement of the T cell response by 4-1BBL continues into the memory phase, as detected 2 months post vaccination. This data is the first to show modulation of the immune response to a viral vaccine by coexpression of 4-1BBL and supports this strategy as an exciting approach for enhancement of T cell memory in prime-boost vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie M Harrison
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra City, Australia
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27
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Foord AJ, Heine HG, Pritchard LI, Lunt RA, Newberry KM, Rootes CL, Boyle DB. Molecular diagnosis of lyssaviruses and sequence comparison of Australian bat lyssavirus samples. Aust Vet J 2006; 84:225-30. [PMID: 16879123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and implement molecular diagnostic tests for the detection of lyssaviruses in Australia. DESIGN A published hemi-nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of all lyssavirus genotypes was modified to a fully nested RT-PCR format and compared with the original assay. TaqMan assays for the detection of Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) were compared with both the nested and hemi-nested RT-PCR assays. The sequences of RT-PCR products were determined to assess sequence variations of the target region (nucleocapsid gene) in samples of ABLV originating from different regions. RESULTS The nested RT-PCR assay was highly analytically specific, and at least as analytically sensitive as the hemi-nested assay. The TaqMan assays were highly analytically specific and more analytically sensitive than either RT-PCR assay, with a detection level of approximately 10 genome equivalents per microl. Sequence of the first 544 nucleotides of the nucleocapsid protein coding sequence was obtained from all samples of ABLV received at Australian Animal Health Laboratory during the study period. CONCLUSION The nested RT-PCR provided a means for molecular diagnosis of all tested genotypes of lyssavirus including classical rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. The published TaqMan assay proved to be superior to the RT-PCR assays for the detection of ABLV in terms of analytical sensitivity. The TaqMan assay would also be faster and cross contamination is less likely. Nucleotide sequence analyses of samples of ABLV from a wide geographical range in Australia demonstrated the conserved nature of this region of the genome and therefore the suitability of this region for molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Foord
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220
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28
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De Rose R, Batten CJ, Smith MZ, Fernandez CS, Peut V, Thomson S, Ramshaw IA, Coupar BEH, Boyle DB, Venturi V, Davenport MP, Kent SJ. Comparative efficacy of subtype AE simian-human immunodeficiency virus priming and boosting vaccines in pigtail macaques. J Virol 2006; 81:292-300. [PMID: 17050602 PMCID: PMC1797265 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01727-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against AIDS is hampered by great diversity between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains. Heterologous B-subtype-based simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) DNA prime and poxvirus boost vaccine regimens can induce partial, T-cell-mediated, protective immunity in macaques. We analyzed a set of DNA, recombinant fowlpox viruses (FPV), and vaccinia viruses (VV) expressing subtype AE HIV type 1 (HIV-1) Tat, Rev, and Env proteins and SIV Gag/Pol in 30 pigtail macaques. SIV Gag-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses were induced by sequential DNA/FPV vaccination, although lower FPV doses, VV/FPV vaccination, and DNA vaccines alone were not as consistently immunogenic. The SHIV AE DNA prime, FPV boost regimens were significantly less immunogenic than comparable B-subtype SHIV vaccination. Peak viral load was modestly (0.4 log10 copies/ml) lower among the AE subtype SHIV-immunized animals compared to controls following the virulent B subtype SHIV challenge. Protection from persistent high levels of viremia and CD4 T-cell depletion was less in AE subtype compared to B subtype SHIV-vaccinated macaques. Gag was highly immunodominant over the other AE subtype SHIV vaccine proteins after vaccination, and this immunodominance was exacerbated after challenge. Interestingly, the lower level of priming of immune responses did not blunt postchallenge Gag-specific recall responses, despite more modest protection. These studies suggest priming of T-cell immunity to prevent AIDS in humans is possible, but differences in the immunogenicity of various subtype vaccines and broad cross-subtype protection are substantial hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert De Rose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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29
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Dale CJ, Thomson S, De Rose R, Ranasinghe C, Medveczky CJ, Pamungkas J, Boyle DB, Ramshaw IA, Kent SJ. Prime-boost strategies in DNA vaccines. Methods Mol Med 2006; 127:171-97. [PMID: 16988455 DOI: 10.1385/1-59745-168-1:171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Induction of HIV-specific T-cell responses by vaccines may facilitate efficient control of HIV replication. Plasmid DNA vaccines and recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) vaccines are promising HIV-1 vaccine candidates, although delivering either vaccine alone may be insufficient to induce sufficient T-cell responses. A consecutive immunization strategy, known as "prime-boost," involving priming with DNA and boosting with rFPV vaccines encoding multiple common HIV antigens, is used to induce broad and high-level T-cell immunity and ameliorate AIDS in macaques. This vaccine strategy is proceeding to clinical trials. This chapter describes the use of prime-boost vaccines to induce T-cell responses against HIV-1 and protective immunity against AIDS in macaques. Methods for the construction of the vaccines, the use of animal models, and the detection of immune responses are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jane Dale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Ranasinghe C, Medveczky JC, Woltring D, Gao K, Thomson S, Coupar BEH, Boyle DB, Ramsay AJ, Ramshaw IA. Evaluation of fowlpox–vaccinia virus prime-boost vaccine strategies for high-level mucosal and systemic immunity against HIV-1. Vaccine 2006; 24:5881-95. [PMID: 16759767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have tested the efficacy of recombinant fowl pox (rFPV) and recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) encoding antigens of AE clade HIV-1 in a prime-boost strategy, using both systemic and mucosal delivery routes. Of the various vaccine routes tested, intranasal/intramuscular (i.n./i.m.) AE FPV/AE VV prime-boosting generated the highest mucosal and systemic T cell responses. Peak mucosal T cell responses occurred as early as 3 days post-boost vaccination. In contrast only low systemic responses were observed at this time with the peak response occurring at day 7. Current data also revealed that, due to better uptake of the rFPV, intranasal viral priming was much more effective than intranasal rDNA priming tested previously. The i.m./i.m. prime-boost delivery also generated strong systemic but poor mucosal responses to Gag peptides. Interestingly, the oral administration of AE FPV followed by i.m. AE VV delivery elicited strong systemic responses to sub-dominant Pol 1 peptides that were absent in mice that received vaccine by other routes. Moreover, priming with AE FPV co-expressing cytokine IL-12 significantly enhanced the T cell responses to target antigens, whilst co-expression of IFNgamma decreased these responses. The results also indicated that the route of inoculation and the vaccine vector combination could radically influence not only the magnitude but also the antigen specificity of the immune response generated. Further, in contrast to the generally protracted HIV rDNA/rFPV multiple delivery prime-boosting, this single rFPV prime and rVV boost approach was more flexible and generated excellent mucosal and systemic immune responses to HIV vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charani Ranasinghe
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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31
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Coupar BEH, Purcell DFJ, Thomson SA, Ramshaw IA, Kent SJ, Boyle DB. Fowlpox virus vaccines for HIV and SHIV clinical and pre-clinical trials. Vaccine 2006; 24:1378-88. [PMID: 16257479 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA prime and recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) boost vaccines were designed to express multiple HIV or SIV antigens for use in human clinical trials and in pre-clinical trials in macaques. Three sets of vaccines with matching HIV or SIV antigen sets, modified for vaccine safety considerations, were constructed and shown to express the relevant proteins. The rFPV vaccines with inserts at up to three sites, were stable on passage in chick cell culture, including during GMP manufacture of vaccines for human Phase I clinical trials. Cellular and humoral immunogenicity in mice was demonstrated using a DNA prime/rFPV boost and vaccinia virus challenge model. These data establish a preliminary safety and efficacy profile for these multigenic vaccines suggesting they are suitable for advanced development as candidate HIV vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/adverse effects
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Female
- Fowlpox virus/genetics
- Fowlpox virus/growth & development
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- SAIDS Vaccines/adverse effects
- SAIDS Vaccines/genetics
- SAIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E H Coupar
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia
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32
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Blacksell SD, Khounsy S, Boyle DB, Gleeson LJ, Westbury HA, Mackenzie JS. Genetic typing of classical swine fever viruses from Lao PDR by analysis of the 5' non-coding region. Virus Genes 2005; 31:349-55. [PMID: 16175340 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-3253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The 5' non-coding region (5'-NCR) of 27 classical swine fever virus (CSFV) isolates from Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) during 1997 and 1999 were amplified by RT-PCR. A 150-bp region of the 5'-NCR amplicons was analysed and compared with reference CSFV of European and Asian origin and a phylogenetic dendrogram constructed. Following analysis, all viruses were determined to belong to genogroup 2. Viruses from Lao PDR grouped on a geographical basis with the majority of northern/central isolates falling into subgroup 2.1 and southern/central isolates falling into subgroup 2.2. These results concur with previous studies of CSF viruses from Lao PDR, although this study recognized the first occurrence of subgroup 2.1 in southern Lao PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Blacksell
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, 3220, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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33
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Emery S, Workman C, Puls RL, Bloch M, Baker D, Bodsworth N, Anderson J, Crowe SM, French MAH, Hoy J, Aichelburg A, Ward LD, Boyle DB, Law MG, Kelleher AD, Cooper DA. Randomized, placebo-controlled, phase I/IIa evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of fowlpox virus expressing HIV gag-pol and interferon-gamma in HIV-1 infected subjects. Hum Vaccin 2005; 1:232-8. [PMID: 17012863 DOI: 10.4161/hv.1.6.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial to examine the safety and immunogenicity of a candidate HIV therapeutic vaccine based upon a recombinant fowl pox virus capable of coexpressing the human cytokine interferon-gamma and/or genes from HIV-1. Thirty-five eligible subjects were randomized (12 placebo, 11 fowlpox + HIV genes, 12 fowl pox + HIV genes + interferon gamma). All but one subject (placebo group) received three immunizations (by intramuscular injection on day 0, week 4 and week 12) and all completed 52 weeks of follow-up. All subjects continued to take combination antiretroviral therapy for the duration of study. There were no significant toxicity or safety concerns and the distribution of adverse events and their severity was consistent across each randomly assigned vaccine group. Comparison of placebo recipients with the combined recipients of the two vaccine constructs, in terms of anti-HIV gag ELISpot or lymphoproliferative responses, tended to favour the placebo group, but were not significantly different (difference in time-weighted mean change from baseline = 56 Spot forming units (sfu)/10(6) PBMC; p = 0.062 and 4.4 SI; p = 0.337). There were no significant changes in CTL responses by standard Cr(51) release assay. Anti-FPV antibodies were detected by week 14 in 0 placebo and 20 (87%) vaccine recipients. Although safe, neither vaccine construct appeared to possess detectable T-cell mediated anti-HIV immunogenic properties in HIV infected individuals, as measured by standard T cell assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Emery
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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34
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Kent SJ, Dale CJ, Ranasinghe C, Stratov I, De Rose R, Chea S, Montefiori DC, Thomson S, Ramshaw IA, Coupar BEH, Boyle DB, Law M, Wilson KM, Ramsay AJ. Mucosally-administered human–simian immunodeficiency virus DNA and fowlpoxvirus-based recombinant vaccines reduce acute phase viral replication in macaques following vaginal challenge with CCR5-tropic SHIVSF162P3. Vaccine 2005; 23:5009-21. [PMID: 15985317 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Further advances are required in understanding protection from AIDS by T cell immunity across mucosal sites of virus transmission. We analysed a set of multigenic HIV and SHIV DNA and Fowlpoxvirus (FPV) prime and boost vaccines for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in outbred pigtail macaques when delivered via mucosal surfaces (intranasally or intrarectally). Intranasally delivered DNA, even when adjuvanted and given as a fine droplet spray, was neither immunogenic nor protective in macaques. Some protection from acute infection with a pathogenic vaginal SHIVSF162P3 challenge was, however, observed with a regimen involving intramuscular DNA vaccine priming followed by either intranasally or intrarectally delivered rFPV boosting. Interestingly, animals boosted with rFPV vaccine via either of these mucosal routes had poor circulating T cell responses prior to challenge with SHIV compared to those boosted via the intramuscular route. Nevertheless, the mucosally-vaccinated animals generated equivalent anamnestic mucosal and systemic SHIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses following SHIV administration, with significant reduction in acute plasma viremia against this vaginal challenge. Our data suggest strategies for effective priming of partial immunity to mucosal HIV-1 exposure utilizing systemic prime and mucosal boost vaccination strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Administration, Rectal
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Fowlpox virus/genetics
- Fowlpox virus/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV/genetics
- HIV/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunization, Secondary
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Interferon-gamma/analysis
- Lymphocyte Subsets
- Macaca nemestrina
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- SAIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- SAIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia.
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35
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Abstract
J virus (J-V) was isolated from feral mice (Mus musculus) trapped in Queensland, Australia, during the early 1970s. Although studies undertaken at the time revealed that J-V was a new paramyxovirus, it remained unclassified beyond the family level. The complete genome sequence of J-V has now been determined, revealing a genome structure unique within the family Paramyxoviridae. At 18,954 nucleotides (nt), the J-V genome is the largest paramyxovirus genome sequenced to date, containing eight genes in the order 3'-N-P/V/C-M-F-SH-TM-G-L-5'. The two genes located between the fusion (F) and attachment (G) protein genes, which have been named the small hydrophobic (SH) protein gene and the transmembrane (TM) protein gene, encode putative proteins of 69 and 258 amino acids, respectively. The 4,401-nt J-V G gene, much larger than other paramyxovirus attachment protein genes sequenced to date, encodes a putative attachment protein of 709 amino acids and distally contains a second open reading frame (ORF) of 2,115 nt, referred to as ORF-X. Taken together, these novel features represent the most significant divergence to date from the common six-gene genome structure of Paramyxovirinae. Although genome analysis has confirmed that J-V can be classified as a member of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae, it cannot be assigned to any of the five existing genera within this subfamily. Interestingly, a recently isolated paramyxovirus appears to be closely related to J-V, and preliminary phylogenetic analyses based on putative matrix protein sequences indicate that these two viruses will likely represent a new genus within the subfamily Paramyxovirinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J M Jack
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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36
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Ophuis RJAO, Morrissy CJ, Boyle DB. Detection and quantitative pathogenesis study of classical swine fever virus using a real time RT-PCR assay. J Virol Methods 2005; 131:78-85. [PMID: 16139899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A real time reverse transcription (RT) TaqMan PCR assay for the detection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) previously described for use on a SmartCycler was validated on the Applied Biosystems AB 7700 Sequence Detection System using the Roche MagNA pure instrument for nucleic acid extraction and reaction set up. The primers and probe were specific for the CSFV strains (NSW, Baker and Weybridge) and did not react with other pestiviruses (BDV Tobias, BDV #327, BVDV non-CPE and BVDV C24V). Analysis of blood samples collected from pigs 1-6 and 8 days post-oronasal infection showed that over >10(6) range there was a linear relationship between log10TCID50ml-1 blood and the log10 normalised genetic load measured by quantitative TaqMan assay. The assay was used to assess CSFV shedding from infected pigs by quantitative TaqMan assay of virus genetic loads in tonsil, nasal and rectal swabs. Infection of tonsils was detected as early as 1 day post-inoculation. Shedding of virus detected by nasal and rectal swabs commenced on the third day post-inoculation. Quantitative TaqMan was used to analyse virus genetic load in tissues collected from pigs killed on days 1-3, 5 and 8 post-infection. Virus infection appeared first in tonsil (day 1), then submandibular lymph node, spleen, ileum and mesenteric lymph node (by day 3). Thereafter, virus spread to the visceral organs and finally to the pancreas and brain. Tonsil, nasal and rectal swabs as well as whole blood were found to be suitable samples for the rapid detection of CSFV using the TaqMan assay and automated nucleic acid extraction and reaction set up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph J A Oude Ophuis
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia
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37
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Bowden TR, Boyle DB. Completion of the full-length genome sequence of Menangle virus: characterisation of the polymerase gene and genomic 5' trailer region. Arch Virol 2005; 150:2125-37. [PMID: 15906105 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Menangle virus (MenV), isolated in 1997 from stillborn piglets during an outbreak of reproductive disease at a large commercial piggery, is the only new paramyxovirus to be identified in Australia since Hendra virus in 1994. Following partial characterisation of the MenV genome, we previously showed that MenV is a novel member of the genus Rubulavirus. Here we report the characterisation of the large (L) polymerase gene and the adjacent 5' trailer region of MenV, which completes the full-length genome sequence of this novel paramyxovirus (15,516 nucleotides), and thereby confirm its taxonomic position within the family Paramyxoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Bowden
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vict., Australia
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38
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Boyle DB, Anderson MA, Amos R, Voysey R, Coupar BEH. Construction of recombinant fowlpox viruses carrying multiple vaccine antigens and immunomodulatory molecules. Biotechniques 2005; 37:104-6, 108-11. [PMID: 15283207 DOI: 10.2144/04371rr02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe plasmid vectors and selection protocols developed to allow the construction of recombinant fowlpox viruses (rFPVs) with up to three insertions of foreign DNA in the viral genome. Transient dominant selection allows the construction of recombinant viruses that do not retain the selection markers and can therefore be used for the insertion of additional genes at other sites in the viral genome. A SYBR Green real-time PCR sequence detection assay was applied to the identification of recombinant viruses from individual plaques, eliminating the need for amplification and hybridization from the transient dominant protocol and resulting in significant savings in time at each round of plaque purification. Dominant selection techniques allow more rapid recombinant virus construction; however, as the markers are retained along with the gene of interest, they can only be used to generate the final recombinant. rFPV vaccines constructed using these techniques have reached preclinical nonhuman primate and phase I human clinical trials in prime/boost vaccination studies as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapeutic andprophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Boyle
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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39
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De Rose R, Chea S, Dale CJ, Reece J, Fernandez CS, Wilson KM, Thomson S, Ramshaw IA, Coupar BEH, Boyle DB, Sullivan MT, Kent SJ. Subtype AE HIV-1 DNA and recombinant Fowlpoxvirus vaccines encoding five shared HIV-1 genes: safety and T cell immunogenicity in macaques. Vaccine 2005; 23:1949-56. [PMID: 15734067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To induce broad T cell immunity to HIV-1, we evaluated the safety, immunogenicity and dose-response relationship of DNA and recombinant Fowlpoxvirus (rFPV) vaccines encoding five shared HIV subtype AE genes (Gag, Pol, Env, Tat, Rev) in pigtail macaques. The DNA (three doses of either 1 mg or 4.5 mg) and rFPV (a single boost of either 5 x 10(7) or 2 x 10(8) plaque forming units) vaccines were administered intramuscularly without adjuvants. Broadly reactive HIV-specific T cell immunity was stimulated by all doses of the vaccines administered, without significant differences between the high and low doses studied. The vaccines induced both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to Gag, Pol, Env and Tat/Rev proteins, with CD4 T cell responses being greater in magnitude than CD8 T cell responses. The vaccine-induced T cell responses had significant cross-recognition of heterologous HIV-1 proteins from non-AE HIV-1 subtypes. In conclusion, these subtype AE HIV-1 DNA and rFPV vaccines were safe, induced broad T-cell immunity in macaques, and are suitable for progression into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert De Rose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Vic. 3010, Australia
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Dale CJ, De Rose R, Stratov I, Chea S, Montefiori DC, Thomson S, Ramshaw IA, Coupar BEH, Boyle DB, Law M, Kent SJ. Efficacy of DNA and fowlpox virus priming/boosting vaccines for simian/human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 2004; 78:13819-28. [PMID: 15564490 PMCID: PMC533907 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.24.13819-13828.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Further advances are required in understanding protection from AIDS by T-cell immunity. We analyzed a set of multigenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) DNA and fowlpox virus priming and boosting vaccines for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in outbred pigtail macaques. The number of vaccinations required, the effect of DNA vaccination alone, and the effect of cytokine (gamma interferon) coexpression by the fowlpox virus boost was also studied. A coordinated induction of high levels of broadly reactive CD4 and CD8 T-cell immune responses was induced by sequential DNA and fowlpox virus vaccination. The immunogenicity of regimens utilizing fowlpox virus coexpressing gamma interferon, a single DNA priming vaccination, or DNA vaccines alone was inferior. Significant control of a virulent SHIV challenge was observed despite a loss of SHIV-specific proliferating T cells. The outcome of challenge with virulent SHIV(mn229) correlated with vaccine immunogenicity except that DNA vaccination alone primed for protection almost as effectively as the DNA/fowlpox virus regimen despite negligible immunogenicity by standard assays. These studies suggest that priming of immunity with DNA and fowlpox virus vaccines could delay AIDS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Dale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Dale CJ, De Rose R, Wilson KM, Croom HA, Thomson S, Coupar BEH, Ramsay A, Purcell DFJ, Ffrench R, Law M, Emery S, Cooper DA, Ramshaw IA, Boyle DB, Kent SJ. Evaluation in macaques of HIV-1 DNA vaccines containing primate CpG motifs and fowlpoxvirus vaccines co-expressing IFN? or IL-12. Vaccine 2004; 23:188-97. [PMID: 15531036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Revised: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Induction of HIV-specific T-cell responses by vaccines may facilitate efficient control of HIV. Plasmid DNA vaccines and recombinant fowlpoxvirus (rFPV) vaccines are promising HIV-1 vaccine candidates, although either vaccine alone may be insufficient to protect against HIV-1. A consecutive immunisation strategy involving priming with DNA and boosting with rFPV vaccines encoding multiple common HIV-1 antigens was further evaluated in 30 macaques. The DNA vaccine vector included CpG immunostimulatory molecules, and rFPV vaccines were compared with rFPV vaccines co-expressing the pro-T cell cytokines IFNgamma or IL-12. Vaccines expressed multiple HIV-1 genes, mutated to remove active sites of the HIV proteins. The vaccines were well tolerated, and a significant enhancement of DNA-vaccine primed HIV-1 specific T lymphocyte responses was observed following rFPV boosting. Co-expression of IFNgamma or IL-12 by the rFPV vaccines did not further enhance immune responses. Non-sterilising protection from a non-pathogenic HIV-1 challenge was observed. This study provides evidence of a safe, optimised, strategy for the generation of T-cell mediated immunity to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jane Dale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Vic. 3010, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and implement rapid molecular diagnostic techniques for the detection of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) suitable for use in Australia. DESIGN Two PCR TaqMan assays targeted to the FMDV internal ribosome entry site or the 3D polymerase coding region for the rapid detection of FMDV were evaluated using non-infectious materials to determine the test most appropriate for implementation as part of Australia's national preparedness for the rapid detection and diagnosis of FMD outbreaks. RESULTS Two published tests (PCR TaqMan assays targeted to the FMDV IRES region or the FMDV 3D polymerase coding region) were evaluated for their ability to detect FMDV genetic material in non-infectious FMDV ELISA antigen stocks held at Australian Animal Health Laboratory. Both tests were able to detect FMDV genetic material from strains O1 Manisa, O-3039, A22, A24, A Malaysia, C, Asia 1 and SAT 1, 2 and 3. With the exception of Asia 1, the TaqMan assay targeted to the FMD 3D polymerase coding region had Ct values equal to or lower than for the TaqMan assay targeted to the IRES region suggesting that this test may provide broader serotype detection and sensitivity. However, the TaqMan assay directed to the FMDV IRES is the only one to date to have undergone substantial evaluation using clinical samples collected during an outbreak. The greatest differences observed were for O-3039, SAT 1, and 3. CONCLUSION Given the ease of setting up both tests, AAHL currently runs both tests on highly suspect FMD investigations to provide independent confirmation of the absence of FMDV because the tests are focused on two independent regions of the FMDV genome. These tests add substantially to Australia's preparedness for FMD diagnosis complementing the already well-established virus isolation and antigen capture ELISA tests for index case diagnosis of FMD in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220
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Blacksell SD, Khounsy S, Boyle DB, Greiser-Wilke I, Gleeson LJ, Westbury HA, Mackenzie JS. Phylogenetic analysis of the E2 gene of classical swine fever viruses from Lao PDR. Virus Res 2004; 104:87-92. [PMID: 15177896 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Revised: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 02/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The E2 genes of 21 classical swine fever viruses (CSFV) were genetically characterized and compared with reference CSF viruses. The viruses originated from CSF outbreaks that occurred in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) during 1997 though to 1999. All viruses characterized belonged to genogroup 2 and were members of subgroups 2.1 and 2.2. Results demonstrated a geographic delineation between subgroups 2.1 that was only found in the North-Central region, and subgroup 2.2 that was mostly found in the South-Central regions of Lao PDR. Although it was not possible to determine the origin of these viruses, it is probable that they may have been introduced to Lao PDR following cross-border trade. Alternatively, they have evolved independently of other viruses in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Blacksell
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Boyle DG, Boyle DB, Olsen V, Morgan JAT, Hyatt AD. Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay. Dis Aquat Organ 2004; 60:141-8. [PMID: 15460858 DOI: 10.3354/dao060141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 779] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a major pathogen of frogs worldwide, associated with declines in amphibian populations. Diagnosis of chytridiomycosis to date has largely relied upon histological and immunohistochemical examination of toe clips. This technique is invasive and insensitive particularly at early stages of infection when treatment may be possible. We have developed a real-time PCR Taqman assay that can accurately detect and quantify one zoospore in a diagnostic sample. This assay will assist the early detection of B. dendrobatidis in both captive and wild populations, with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, thus facilitating treatment and protection of endangered populations, monitoring of pristine environments and preventing further global spread via amphibian trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Boyle
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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Abstract
Mossman virus (MoV) was isolated on two occasions from wild rats trapped in Queensland, Australia, during the early 1970s. Together with Nariva virus and J-virus MoV belongs to a group of novel paramyxoviruses isolated from rodents during the last 40 years, none of which had been characterized at the molecular level until now. cDNA subtraction strategies used to isolate virus-specific cDNA derived from both MoV-infected cells and crude MoV pellets were pivotal steps in rapid characterization of the complete genome sequence. Analysis of the full-length genome and its encoded proteins confirmed that MoV is a novel member of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae which cannot be assigned to an existing genus. MoV appears to be more closely related to another unclassified paramyxovirus Tupaia paramyxovirus (TPMV), isolated from the tree shrew Tupaia belangeri. Together with Salem virus (SalV), a further unclassified paramyxovirus that was isolated from a horse, MoV and TPMV make up a new collection of paramyxoviruses situated evolutionally between the genus Morbillivirus and the newly established genus Henipavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J Miller
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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46
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Djeraba A, Musset E, Lowenthal JW, Boyle DB, Chaussé AM, Péloille M, Quéré P. Protective effect of avian myelomonocytic growth factor in infection with Marek's disease virus. J Virol 2002; 76:1062-70. [PMID: 11773382 PMCID: PMC135797 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.3.1062-1070.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a herpesvirus that induces T lymphomas in chickens. The aim of this study was to assess the role of the macrophage activator chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) in controlling MDV infection. B13/B13 chickens, which are highly susceptible to MD, were either treated with cMGF delivered via a live fowlpox virus (fp/cMGF) or treated with the parent vector (fp/M3) or were left as untreated controls. Seven days later, when challenged with the very virulent RB-1B strain of MDV, the spleens of chickens treated with fp/cMGF showed increased expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene compared to those of control chickens and fp/M3-treated chickens. Increased iNOS gene expression was also accompanied by greater induction of gamma interferon and macrophage inflammatory protein (K203) gene expression, both possible activators of iNOS. fp/cMGF treatment also increased the number of monocytes and systemic NO production in contrast to fp/M3 treatment. Even though cMGF treatment was unable to prevent death for the chickens, it did prolong their survival time, and viremia and tumor incidence were greatly reduced. In addition, cMGF treatment improved the partial protection induced by vaccination with HVT (herpesvirus isolated from turkeys) against RB-1B, preventing 100% mortality (versus 66% with vaccination alone) and greatly reducing tumor development. Treatment with fp/M3 did not have such effects. These results suggest that cMGF may play multiple roles in protection against MD. First, it may enhance the innate immune response by increasing the number and activity of monocytes and macrophages, resulting in increased NO production. Second, it may enhance the acquired immune response, indicated by its ability to enhance vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aouatef Djeraba
- Station de Pathologie Aviaire et de Parasitologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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Bowden TR, Westenberg M, Wang LF, Eaton BT, Boyle DB. Molecular characterization of Menangle virus, a novel paramyxovirus which infects pigs, fruit bats, and humans. Virology 2001; 283:358-73. [PMID: 11336561 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.0893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Menangle virus (MenV), isolated in August 1997 following an outbreak of reproductive disease in a piggery in New South Wales, is the second previously unclassified member of the family Paramyxoviridae to be identified in Australia since 1994. Similar to Hendra virus (HeV), MenV appears to be a virus of fruit bats (flying foxes) in the genus Pteropus. No serological cross-reactivity was detected between MenV and other known paramyxoviruses and to facilitate virus classification a cDNA subtraction method was used to obtain viral-specific cDNA from MenV-infected cells. Cloning and sequencing of the products enabled the entire sequences of the NP, P/V, M, F, and HN genes to be determined. Comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences for each gene with members of the family Paramyxoviridae, determination of the P gene mRNA editing strategy, and phylogenetic analyses confirmed that MenV is a new member of the genus Rubulavirus. However the deduced protein sequence of MenV HN exhibited only limited sequence homology when compared with attachment proteins of other paramyxoviruses. Key differences within the amino acid residues considered important determinants of neuraminidase activity suggest MenV HN is unlikely to possess the same degree of neuraminidase activity characteristic of other rubulavirus and respirovirus HN proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Bowden
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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Dale CJ, Zhao A, Jones SL, Boyle DB, Ramshaw IA, Kent SJ. Induction of HIV-1-specific T-helper responses and type 1 cytokine secretion following therapeutic vaccination of macaques with a recombinant fowlpoxvirus co-expressing interferon-gamma. J Med Primatol 2000; 29:240-7. [PMID: 11085586 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0684.2000.290317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Preventive and/or therapeutic vaccines against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) are urgently required. Induction of cellular immunity is favoured since these responses correlate with control of HIV-1. Recombinant fowlpoxvirus (FPV) vaccines encoding both HIV-1 gag/pol and interferon-gamma (FPV gag/pol-IFNgamma) were hypothesised to enhance HIV-specific cellular immunity and were further evaluated in macaques previously infected with HIV-1. A novel assay to detect IFNgamma secretion following HIV antigen stimulation of whole blood was developed to further assess the safety and immunogenicity of the FPV gag/pol-IFNgamma vaccine. Immunisation with FPV gag/pol-IFNgamma safely enhanced HIV-specific IFNgamma secretion following ex vivo stimulation of whole blood, greater than that observed following FPV gag/pol vaccination not co-expressing IFNgamma. Both HIV-specific IFNgamma-spot-forming cells by ELISPOT and CD69 expression by CD4+ lymphocytes were also enhanced following FPV gag/pol-IFNgamma vaccination. Hence, the FPV-HIV vaccine co-expressing IFNgamma stimulated HIV-specific T cell responses in macaques, and should be further evaluated as a therapeutic or preventive HIV vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- AIDS Vaccines/toxicity
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/blood
- Fowlpox virus/genetics
- Fowlpox virus/immunology
- Genes, gag
- Genes, pol
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Macaca nemestrina
- Safety
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/virology
- Thymidine Kinase/genetics
- Time Factors
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Dale
- AIDS Pathogenesis Research Unit, Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Fairfield, Victoria, Australia
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Garner MG, Sawarkar SD, Brett EK, Edwards JR, Kulkarni VB, Boyle DB, Singh SN. The extent and impact of sheep pox and goat pox in the state of Maharashtra, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2000; 32:205-23. [PMID: 11020944 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005263601964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A survey of sheep and goat producers in the state of Maharashtra, India, was undertaken to ascertain the extent and economic impact of sheep pox and goat pox (SGP). One thousand one hundred and sixteen owners were interviewed. Eighty owners (7.2%) reported that they had experienced an outbreak of the disease in the previous 6 years. The results showed that, while producers ranked SGP below other infectious diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest and enterotoxaemia, when SGP occurred it had a major impact, with average morbidity and mortality rates of 63.5% and 49.5%, respectively. Modelling studies suggested it would take about 6 years for a flock or herd to recover from an outbreak, with average annual losses in income of 30-43%, depending on flock type and the owner's actions. Statewide, it is estimated that around 5000 flocks and herds are affected by SGP annually in Maharashtra, costing up to INR 107.5 million. The highest losses occurred in the Aurangabad region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Garner
- National Office of Animal and Plant Health, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia.
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50
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Kent SJ, Zhao A, Dale CJ, Land S, Boyle DB, Ramshaw IA. A recombinant avipoxvirus HIV-1 vaccine expressing interferon-gamma is safe and immunogenic in macaques. Vaccine 2000; 18:2250-6. [PMID: 10717345 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Complex recombinant fowlpoxvirus (rFPV) vaccines expressing both HIV-1 antigens and type 1 cytokines could facilitate the induction of cellular immunity against HIV-1. A single rFPV expressing both HIV-1gag/pol and human interferon-gamma (FPVgag/pol-IFNgamma) was constructed and assessed as a therapeutic vaccine for safety and immunogenicity in macaques (Macaca nemestrina) previously infected with HIV-1. FPV gag/pol-IFNgamma vaccinations were safe and enhanced T cell proliferative responses to Gag antigens (but not control tetanus antigens). Enhanced CTL responses to gag/pol antigens were also observed following IFNgamma expressing vaccinations. Since cellular immunity may be critical to controlling or preventing HIV-1 infection, these observations suggest that avipox vectors co-expressing IFNgamma should be further evaluated as therapeutic or preventive HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kent
- AIDS Pathogenesis Research Unit, Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Yarra Bend Rd, Fairfield, Australia.
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