1
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Nakandakari-Higa S, Walker S, Canesso MCC, van der Heide V, Chudnovskiy A, Kim DY, Jacobsen JT, Parsa R, Bilanovic J, Parigi SM, Fiedorczuk K, Fuchs E, Bilate AM, Pasqual G, Mucida D, Kamphorst AO, Pritykin Y, Victora GD. Universal recording of immune cell interactions in vivo. Nature 2024; 627:399-406. [PMID: 38448581 PMCID: PMC11078586 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Immune cells rely on transient physical interactions with other immune and non-immune populations to regulate their function1. To study these 'kiss-and-run' interactions directly in vivo, we previously developed LIPSTIC (labelling immune partnerships by SorTagging intercellular contacts)2, an approach that uses enzymatic transfer of a labelled substrate between the molecular partners CD40L and CD40 to label interacting cells. Reliance on this pathway limited the use of LIPSTIC to measuring interactions between CD4+ T helper cells and antigen-presenting cells, however. Here we report the development of a universal version of LIPSTIC (uLIPSTIC), which can record physical interactions both among immune cells and between immune and non-immune populations irrespective of the receptors and ligands involved. We show that uLIPSTIC can be used, among other things, to monitor the priming of CD8+ T cells by dendritic cells, reveal the steady-state cellular partners of regulatory T cells and identify germinal centre-resident T follicular helper cells on the basis of their ability to interact cognately with germinal centre B cells. By coupling uLIPSTIC with single-cell transcriptomics, we build a catalogue of the immune populations that physically interact with intestinal epithelial cells at the steady state and profile the evolution of the interactome of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific CD8+ T cells in multiple organs following systemic infection. Thus, uLIPSTIC provides a broadly useful technology for measuring and understanding cell-cell interactions across multiple biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Walker
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Maria C C Canesso
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Verena van der Heide
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aleksey Chudnovskiy
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dong-Yoon Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johanne T Jacobsen
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roham Parsa
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jana Bilanovic
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Martina Parigi
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karol Fiedorczuk
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angelina M Bilate
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giulia Pasqual
- Laboratory of Synthetic Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice O Kamphorst
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuri Pritykin
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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McManus DT, Valanparambil RM, Medina CB, Hu Y, Scharer CD, Sobierajska E, Chang DY, Wieland A, Lee J, Nasti TH, Hashimoto M, Ross JL, Prokhnevska N, Cardenas MA, Gill AL, Clark EC, Abadie K, Kueh HY, Kaye J, Au-Yeung BB, Kissick HT, Ahmed R. Early generation of a precursor CD8 T cell that can adapt to acute or chronic viral infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3922168. [PMID: 38410458 PMCID: PMC10896375 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3922168/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Virus specific PD-1+ TCF-1+ TOX+ stem-like CD8+ T cells are essential for maintaining T cell responses during chronic infection and are also critical for PD-1 directed immunotherapy. In this study we have used the mouse model of chronic LCMV infection to examine when these virus specific stem-like CD8+ T cells are generated during the course of chronic infection and what is the role of antigen in maintaining the stem-like program. We found that these stem-like CD8+ T cells are generated early (day 5) during chronic infection and that antigen is essential for maintaining their stem-like program. This early generation of stem-like CD8+ T cells suggested that the fate commitment to this cell population was agnostic to the eventual outcome of infection and the immune system prepares a priori for a potential chronic infection. Indeed, we found that an identical virus specific stem-cell like CD8+ T cell population was also generated during acute LCMV infection but these cells were lost once the virus was cleared. To determine the fate of these early PD-1+TCF-1+TOX+ stem-like CD8+ T cells that are generated during both acute and chronic LCMV infection we set up two reciprocal adoptive transfer experiments. In the first experiment we transferred day 5 stem-like CD8+ T cells from chronically infected into acutely infected mice and examined their differentiation after viral clearance. We found that these early stem-like CD8+ T cells downregulated canonical markers of the chronic stem-like CD8+ T cells and expressed markers (CD127 and CD62L) associated with central memory CD8+ T cells. In the second experiment, we transferred day 5 stem-like cells from acutely infected mice into chronically infected mice and found that these CD8+ T cells could function like resource cells after transfer into a chronic environment by generating effector CD8+ T cells in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues while also maintaining the number of stem-like CD8+ T cells. These findings provide insight into the generation and maintenance of virus specific stem-like CD8+ T cells that play a critical role in chronic viral infection. In particular, our study highlights the early generation of stem-like CD8+ T cells and their ability to adapt to either an acute or chronic infection. These findings are of broad significance since these novel stem-like CD8+ T cells play an important role in not only viral infections but also in cancer and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. McManus
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Rajesh M. Valanparambil
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Christopher B. Medina
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yinghong Hu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ewelina Sobierajska
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Y. Chang
- Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Wieland
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Judong Lee
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tahseen H. Nasti
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Masao Hashimoto
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James L. Ross
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nataliya Prokhnevska
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria A. Cardenas
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amanda L. Gill
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elisa C. Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen Abadie
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hao Yuan Kueh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan Kaye
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Byron B. Au-Yeung
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Haydn T. Kissick
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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van der Heide V, Davenport B, Cubitt B, Roudko V, Choo D, Humblin E, Jhun K, Angeliadis K, Dawson T, Furtado G, Kamphorst A, Ahmed R, de la Torre JC, Homann D. Functional impairment of "helpless" CD8 + memory T cells is transient and driven by prolonged but finite cognate antigen presentation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576725. [PMID: 38328184 PMCID: PMC10849538 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Generation of functional CD8 + T cell memory typically requires engagement of CD4 + T cells. However, in certain scenarios, such as acutely-resolving viral infections, effector (T E ) and subsequent memory (T M ) CD8 + T cell formation appear impervious to a lack of CD4 + T cell help during priming. Nonetheless, such "helpless" CD8 + T M respond poorly to pathogen rechallenge. At present, the origin and long-term evolution of helpless CD8 + T cell memory remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that helpless CD8 + T E differentiation is largely normal but a multiplicity of helpless CD8 T M defects, consistent with impaired memory maturation, emerge as a consequence of prolonged yet finite exposure to cognate antigen. Importantly, these defects resolve over time leading to full restoration of CD8 + T M potential and recall capacity. Our findings provide a unified explanation for helpless CD8 + T cell memory and emphasize an unexpected CD8 + T M plasticity with implications for vaccination strategies and beyond.
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4
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LaVergne SM, Sakabe S, Momoh M, Kanneh L, Bond N, Garry RF, Grant DS, de la Torre JC, Oldstone MBA, Schieffelin JS, Sullivan BM. Expansion of CD8+ T cell population in Lassa virus survivors with low T cell precursor frequency reveals durable immune response in most survivors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010882. [PMID: 36441765 PMCID: PMC9731491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lassa virus is a priority pathogen for vaccine research and development, however the duration of cellular immunity and protection in Lassa fever (LF) survivors remains unclear. METHODS We investigated Lassa virus specific CD8+ T cell responses in 93 LF survivors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these individuals were infected with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding Lassa virus antigens and virus specific T cell responses were measured after 18-hour incubation. Participants who had undetectable CD8+ T cell response underwent further analysis using a 10-day T cell proliferation assays to evaluate for low T cell precursor frequency. RESULTS Forty-five of the 93 LF survivors did not have a Lassa virus specific CD8+ T cell response. Of those with responses and a known date of onset of LF (N = 11), 9 had LF within the last ten years. Most participants without a measurable CD8+ T cell response were more than 10 years removed from a clinical history of LF (N = 14/16). Fourteen of 21 patients (67%) with undetectable CD8+ T cell response had a measurable Lassa virus specific CD8+ T cell response with the 10-day assay. DISCUSSION Despite reports of strong CD8+ T cell responses during acute Lassa virus infection, circulating Lassa virus-specific CD8+ T cells declined to undetectable levels in most Lassa fever survivors after ten years when evaluated with an 18-hour T cell stimulation. However, when Lassa virus-specific T cells were expanded prior to restimulation, a Lassa virus-specific CD8+ T cell response could be detected in many if the samples that were negative in the 18-hour stimulation assay, suggesting that prolonged cellular immunity does exist in Lassa fever survivors at low frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. LaVergne
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Saori Sakabe
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Eastern Technical University of Sierra Leone, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Nell Bond
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Sullivan
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, California, United States of America
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5
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Su FY, Zhao QH, Dahotre SN, Gamboa L, Bawage SS, Silva Trenkle AD, Zamat A, Phuengkham H, Ahmed R, Santangelo PJ, Kwong GA. In vivo mRNA delivery to virus-specific T cells by light-induced ligand exchange of MHC class I antigen-presenting nanoparticles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm7950. [PMID: 35196075 PMCID: PMC8865765 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous delivery of mRNA to multiple populations of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8+ T cells is challenging given the diversity of peptide epitopes and polymorphism of class I major histocompatibility complexes (MHCI). We developed Ag-presenting nanoparticles (APNs) for mRNA delivery using pMHCI molecules that were refolded with photocleavable peptides to allow rapid ligand exchange by UV light and site-specifically conjugated with a lipid tail for postinsertion into preformed mRNA lipid nanoparticles. Across different TCR transgenic mouse models (P14, OT-1, and Pmel), UV-exchanged APNs bound and transfected their cognate Ag-specific CD8+ T cells equivalent to APNs produced using conventionally refolded pMHCI molecules. In mice infected with PR8 influenza, multiplexed delivery of UV-exchanged APNs against three immunodominant epitopes led to ~50% transfection of a VHH mRNA reporter in cognate Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. Our data show that UV-mediated peptide exchange can be used to rapidly produce APNs for mRNA delivery to multiple populations of Ag-specific T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yi Su
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Qingyang Henry Zhao
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Shreyas N. Dahotre
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Lena Gamboa
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Swapnil Subhash Bawage
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Aaron D. Silva Trenkle
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ali Zamat
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Hathaichanok Phuengkham
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Gabriel A. Kwong
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Georgia ImmunoEngineering Consortium, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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6
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Smyth M, Khamina K, Popa A, Gudipati V, Agerer B, Lercher A, Kosack L, Endler L, Baazim H, Viczenczova C, Huppa JB, Bergthaler A. Characterization of CD8 T Cell-Mediated Mutations in the Immunodominant Epitope GP33-41 of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638485. [PMID: 34194424 PMCID: PMC8236698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) represent key immune effectors of the host response against chronic viruses, due to their cytotoxic response to virus-infected cells. In response to this selection pressure, viruses may accumulate escape mutations that evade CTL-mediated control. To study the emergence of CTL escape mutations, we employed the murine chronic infection model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We developed an amplicon-based next-generation sequencing pipeline to detect low frequency mutations in the viral genome and identified non-synonymous mutations in the immunodominant LCMV CTL epitope, GP33-41, in infected wildtype mice. Infected Rag2-deficient mice lacking CTLs did not contain such viral mutations. By using transgenic mice with T cell receptors specific to GP33-41, we characterized the emergence of viral mutations in this epitope under varying selection pressure. We investigated the two most abundant viral mutations by employing reverse genetically engineered viral mutants encoding the respective mutations. These experiments provided evidence that these mutations prevent activation and expansion of epitope-specific CD8 T cells. Our findings on the mutational dynamics of CTL escape mutations in a widely-studied viral infection model contributes to our understanding of how chronic viruses interact with their host and evade the immune response. This may guide the development of future treatments and vaccines against chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Smyth
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kseniya Khamina
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Popa
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Venugopal Gudipati
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Agerer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Lercher
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lindsay Kosack
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Endler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatoon Baazim
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Viczenczova
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Antigen-driven EGR2 expression is required for exhausted CD8 + T cell stability and maintenance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2782. [PMID: 33986293 PMCID: PMC8119420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stimulation of CD8+ T cells triggers exhaustion, a distinct differentiation state with diminished effector function. Exhausted cells exist in multiple differentiation states, from stem-like progenitors that are the key mediators of the response to checkpoint blockade, through to terminally exhausted cells. Due to its clinical relevance, there is substantial interest in defining the pathways that control differentiation and maintenance of these subsets. Here, we show that chronic antigen induces the anergy-associated transcription factor EGR2 selectively within progenitor exhausted cells in both chronic LCMV and tumours. EGR2 enables terminal exhaustion and stabilizes the exhausted transcriptional state by both direct EGR2-dependent control of key exhaustion-associated genes, and indirect maintenance of the exhausted epigenetic state. We show that EGR2 is a regulator of exhaustion that epigenetically and transcriptionally maintains the differentiation competency of progenitor exhausted cells.
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8
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Utzschneider DT, Gabriel SS, Chisanga D, Gloury R, Gubser PM, Vasanthakumar A, Shi W, Kallies A. Early precursor T cells establish and propagate T cell exhaustion in chronic infection. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1256-1266. [PMID: 32839610 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0760-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells responding to chronic infections or tumors acquire an 'exhausted' state associated with elevated expression of inhibitory receptors, including PD-1, and impaired cytokine production. Exhausted T cells are continuously replenished by T cells with precursor characteristics that self-renew and depend on the transcription factor TCF1; however, their developmental requirements are poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that high antigen load promoted the differentiation of precursor T cells, which acquired hallmarks of exhaustion within days of infection, whereas early effector cells retained polyfunctional features. Early precursor T cells showed epigenetic imprinting characteristic of T cell receptor-dependent transcription factor binding and were restricted to the generation of cells displaying exhaustion characteristics. Transcription factors BACH2 and BATF were key regulators with opposing functions in the generation of early precursor T cells. Overall, we demonstrate that exhaustion manifests first in TCF1+ precursor T cells and is propagated subsequently to the pool of antigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Utzschneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sarah S Gabriel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Chisanga
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renee Gloury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patrick M Gubser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ajithkumar Vasanthakumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
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9
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Identification of Common CD8 + T Cell Epitopes from Lassa Fever Survivors in Nigeria and Sierra Leone. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00153-20. [PMID: 32269122 PMCID: PMC7307091 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00153-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The high morbidity and mortality associated with clinical cases of Lassa fever, together with the lack of licensed vaccines and limited and partially effective interventions, make Lassa virus (LASV) an important health concern in its regions of endemicity in West Africa. Previous infection with LASV protects from disease after subsequent exposure, providing a framework for designing vaccines to elicit similar protective immunity. Multiple major lineages of LASV circulate in West Africa, and therefore, ideal vaccine candidates should elicit immunity to all lineages. We therefore sought to identify common T cell epitopes between Lassa fever survivors from Sierra Leone and Nigeria, where distinct lineages circulate. We identified three such epitopes derived from highly conserved regions within LASV proteins. In this process, we also identified nine other T cell epitopes. These data should help in the design of an effective pan-LASV vaccine. Early and robust T cell responses have been associated with survival from Lassa fever (LF), but the Lassa virus-specific memory responses have not been well characterized. Regions within the virus surface glycoprotein (GPC) and nucleoprotein (NP) are the main targets of the Lassa virus-specific T cell responses, but, to date, only a few T cell epitopes within these proteins have been identified. We identified GPC and NP regions containing T cell epitopes and HLA haplotypes from LF survivors and used predictive HLA-binding algorithms to identify putative epitopes, which were then experimentally tested using autologous survivor samples. We identified 12 CD8-positive (CD8+) T cell epitopes, including epitopes common to both Nigerian and Sierra Leonean survivors. These data should be useful for the identification of dominant Lassa virus-specific T cell responses in Lassa fever survivors and vaccinated individuals as well as for designing vaccines that elicit cell-mediated immunity. IMPORTANCE The high morbidity and mortality associated with clinical cases of Lassa fever, together with the lack of licensed vaccines and limited and partially effective interventions, make Lassa virus (LASV) an important health concern in its regions of endemicity in West Africa. Previous infection with LASV protects from disease after subsequent exposure, providing a framework for designing vaccines to elicit similar protective immunity. Multiple major lineages of LASV circulate in West Africa, and therefore, ideal vaccine candidates should elicit immunity to all lineages. We therefore sought to identify common T cell epitopes between Lassa fever survivors from Sierra Leone and Nigeria, where distinct lineages circulate. We identified three such epitopes derived from highly conserved regions within LASV proteins. In this process, we also identified nine other T cell epitopes. These data should help in the design of an effective pan-LASV vaccine.
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Duru AD, Sun R, Allerbring EB, Chadderton J, Kadri N, Han X, Peqini K, Uchtenhagen H, Madhurantakam C, Pellegrino S, Sandalova T, Nygren PÅ, Turner SJ, Achour A. Tuning antiviral CD8 T-cell response via proline-altered peptide ligand vaccination. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008244. [PMID: 32365082 PMCID: PMC7224568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral escape from CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses correlates with disease progression and represents a significant challenge for vaccination. Here, we demonstrate that CD8+ T cell recognition of the naturally occurring MHC-I-restricted LCMV-associated immune escape variant Y4F is restored following vaccination with a proline-altered peptide ligand (APL). The APL increases MHC/peptide (pMHC) complex stability, rigidifies the peptide and facilitates T cell receptor (TCR) recognition through reduced entropy costs. Structural analyses of pMHC complexes before and after TCR binding, combined with biophysical analyses, revealed that although the TCR binds similarly to all complexes, the p3P modification alters the conformations of a very limited amount of specific MHC and peptide residues, facilitating efficient TCR recognition. This approach can be easily introduced in peptides restricted to other MHC alleles, and can be combined with currently available and future vaccination protocols in order to prevent viral immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Doganay Duru
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- NSU Cell Therapy Institute & Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Renhua Sun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva B. Allerbring
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesseka Chadderton
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao Han
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaliroi Peqini
- DISFARM, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezinone Chimica Generale e Organica, Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy
| | - Hannes Uchtenhagen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chaithanya Madhurantakam
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Structural and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, TERI, School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sara Pellegrino
- DISFARM, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezinone Chimica Generale e Organica, Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Åke Nygren
- Division of Protein Engineering, Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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11
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High crossreactivity of human T cell responses between Lassa virus lineages. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008352. [PMID: 32142546 PMCID: PMC7080273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus infects hundreds of thousands of people each year across rural West Africa, resulting in a high number of cases of Lassa fever (LF), a febrile disease associated with high morbidity and significant mortality. The lack of approved treatments or interventions underscores the need for an effective vaccine. At least four viral lineages circulate in defined regions throughout West Africa with substantial interlineage nucleotide and amino acid diversity. An effective vaccine should be designed to elicit Lassa virus specific humoral and cell mediated immunity across all lineages. Most current vaccine candidates use only lineage IV antigens encoded by Lassa viruses circulating around Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea but not Nigeria where lineages I-III are found. As previous infection is known to protect against disease from subsequent exposure, we sought to determine whether LF survivors from Nigeria and Sierra Leone harbor memory T cells that respond to lineage IV antigens. Our results indicate a high degree of cross-reactivity of CD8+ T cells from Nigerian LF survivors to lineage IV antigens. In addition, we identified regions within the Lassa virus glycoprotein complex and nucleoprotein that contributed to these responses while T cell epitopes were not widely conserved across our study group. These data are important for current efforts to design effective and efficient vaccine candidates that can elicit protective immunity across all Lassa virus lineages. Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of the hemorrhagic illness Lassa fever (LF), is found throughout West Africa. Humans are usually infected after contact with infected rodent excreta or aerosolized virus. The mortality rate among hospitalized LF cases is high and no effective treatments or vaccines exist. A vaccine effective against the four main lineages of LASV is needed to protect susceptible individuals across West Africa. To understand how this protection could occur, we examined the immune responses of LF survivors from two different regions of West Africa. As previous infection with Lassa virus protects from disease after subsequent exposure, the immune response of LF survivors provides a model of protective immunity that could be induced after vaccination. We found that LASV strains from lineages different from those that infected the LF survivors efficiently activated memory CD8+ T cell responses. We identified regions within LASV proteins that elicit memory responses in the majority of individuals. From these data, we propose that an effective vaccine that protects against lineages across West Africa should be designed to elicit memory CD8+ T cell responses in addition to antibody responses.
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12
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Sivapatham S, Ficht X, Barreto de Albuquerque J, Page N, Merkler D, Stein JV. Initial Viral Inoculum Determines Kinapse-and Synapse-Like T Cell Motility in Reactive Lymph Nodes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2086. [PMID: 31552034 PMCID: PMC6743022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation in lymphoid tissue occurs through interactions with cognate peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC)-presenting dendritic cells (DCs). Intravital imaging studies using ex vivo peptide-pulsed DCs have uncovered that cognate pMHC levels imprint a wide range of dynamic contacts between these two cell types. T cell-DC interactions vary between transient, "kinapse-like" contacts at low to moderate pMHC levels to immediate "synapse-like" arrest at DCs displaying high pMHC levels. To date, it remains unclear whether this pattern is recapitulated when the immune system faces a replicative agent, such as a virus, at low and high inoculum. Here, we locally administered low and high inoculum of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in mice to follow activation parameters of Ag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in draining lymph nodes (LNs) during the first 72 h post infection. We correlated these data with kinapse- and synapse-like motility patterns of Ag-specific T cells obtained by intravital imaging of draining LNs. Our data show that initial viral inoculum controls immediate synapse-like T cell arrest vs. continuous kinapse-like motility. This remains the case when the viral inoculum and thus the inflammatory microenvironment in draining LNs remains identical but cognate pMHC levels vary. Our data imply that the Ag-processing capacity of draining LNs is equipped to rapidly present high levels of cognate pMHC when antigenic material is abundant. Our findings further suggest that widespread T cell arrest during the first 72 h of an antimicrobial immune responses is not required to trigger proliferation. In sum, T cells adapt their scanning behavior according to available antigen levels during viral infections, with dynamic changes in motility occurring before detectable expression of early activation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujana Sivapatham
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Xenia Ficht
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Page
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Alfei F, Kanev K, Hofmann M, Wu M, Ghoneim HE, Roelli P, Utzschneider DT, von Hoesslin M, Cullen JG, Fan Y, Eisenberg V, Wohlleber D, Steiger K, Merkler D, Delorenzi M, Knolle PA, Cohen CJ, Thimme R, Youngblood B, Zehn D. TOX reinforces the phenotype and longevity of exhausted T cells in chronic viral infection. Nature 2019; 571:265-269. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Snell LM, MacLeod BL, Law JC, Osokine I, Elsaesser HJ, Hezaveh K, Dickson RJ, Gavin MA, Guidos CJ, McGaha TL, Brooks DG. CD8 + T Cell Priming in Established Chronic Viral Infection Preferentially Directs Differentiation of Memory-like Cells for Sustained Immunity. Immunity 2018; 49:678-694.e5. [PMID: 30314757 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cell exhaustion impedes control of chronic viral infection; yet how new T cell responses are mounted during chronic infection is unclear. Unlike T cells primed at the onset of infection that rapidly differentiate into effectors and exhaust, we demonstrate that virus-specific CD8+ T cells primed after establishment of chronic LCMV infection preferentially generate memory-like transcription factor TCF1+ cells that were transcriptionally and proteomically distinct, less exhausted, and more responsive to immunotherapy. Mechanistically, adaptations of antigen-presenting cells and diminished T cell signaling intensity promoted differentiation of the memory-like subset at the expense of rapid effector cell differentiation, which was now highly dependent on IL-21-mediated CD4+ T cell help for its functional generation. Chronic viral infection similarly redirected de novo differentiation of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, ultimately preventing cancer control. Thus, targeting these T cell stimulatory pathways could enable strategies to control chronic infection, tumors, and enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Bethany L MacLeod
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Jaclyn C Law
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Ivan Osokine
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Heidi J Elsaesser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Kebria Hezaveh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Russell J Dickson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Marc A Gavin
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101 USA
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4 Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada.
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15
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Maru S, Jin G, Schell TD, Lukacher AE. TCR stimulation strength is inversely associated with establishment of functional brain-resident memory CD8 T cells during persistent viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006318. [PMID: 28410427 PMCID: PMC5406018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing functional tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells at sites of infection is a newfound objective of T cell vaccine design. To directly assess the impact of antigen stimulation strength on memory CD8 T cell formation and function during a persistent viral infection, we created a library of mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) variants with substitutions in a subdominant CD8 T cell epitope that exhibit a broad range of efficiency in stimulating TCR transgenic CD8 T cells. By altering a subdominant epitope in a nonstructural viral protein and monitoring memory differentiation of donor monoclonal CD8 T cells in immunocompetent mice, we circumvented potentially confounding changes in viral infection levels, virus-associated inflammation, size of the immunodominant virus-specific CD8 T cell response, and shifts in TCR affinity that may accompany temporal recruitment of endogenous polyclonal cells. Using this strategy, we found that antigen stimulation strength was inversely associated with the function of memory CD8 T cells during a persistent viral infection. We further show that CD8 TRM cells recruited to the brain following systemic infection with viruses expressing epitopes with suboptimal stimulation strength respond more efficiently to challenge CNS infection with virus expressing cognate antigen. These data demonstrate that the strength of antigenic stimulation during recruitment of CD8 T cells influences the functional integrity of TRM cells in a persistent viral infection. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells are a subset of memory T cells that primarily reside in non-lymphoid tissues and serve as sentinels and effectors against secondary infections. TRM cells have been extensively characterized in mucosal barriers, but much less is known about this population in non-barrier sites such as the brain. In this study, we designed a novel strategy to evaluate the impact of T cell stimulation strength on the generation and functionality of memory CD8 T cells in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Using a mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) library expressing variants of a subdominant epitope recognized by TCR transgenic CD8 T cells, we found that systemic infection producing weaker responses during T cell priming was sufficient for recruitment of effector cells to the brain. Furthermore, lower stimulation conferred greater functionality to memory T cells in the spleen and to brain TRM cells. Our findings demonstrate that the strength of antigenic stimulation experienced by a naïve T cell early in infection is a determinant of memory functional integrity during viral persistence in a non-barrier organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Maru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Todd D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aron E. Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Seo YJ, Jothikumar P, Suthar MS, Zhu C, Grakoui A. Local Cellular and Cytokine Cues in the Spleen Regulate In Situ T Cell Receptor Affinity, Function, and Fate of CD8 + T Cells. Immunity 2016; 45:988-998. [PMID: 27851926 PMCID: PMC5131716 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
T cells rapidly undergo contraction upon viral clearance, but how T cell function and fate are determined during this phase is unclear. During the contraction phase of an acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, we found that virus-specific CD8+ T cells within the splenic red pulp (RP) had higher two-dimensional (2D) effective affinity than those within the white pulp (WP). This increased antigen recognition of RP-derived CD8+ T cells correlated with more efficient target cell killing and improved control of viremia. FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and cytokine TGF-β limited the 2D-affinity in the WP during the contraction phase. Anatomical location drove gene expression patterns in CD8+ T cells that led to preferential differentiation of memory precursor WP T cells into long-term memory cells. These results highlight that intricate regulation of T cell function and fate is determined by anatomic compartmentalization during the early immune contraction phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Seo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Prithiviraj Jothikumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Arash Grakoui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Demethylation of the PD-1 Promoter Is Imprinted during the Effector Phase of CD8 T Cell Exhaustion. J Virol 2016; 90:8934-46. [PMID: 27466420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00798-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED PD-1 is an inhibitory receptor that has a major role in T cell dysfunction during chronic infections and cancer. While demethylation of the PD-1 promoter DNA is observed in exhausted T cells isolated from chronically infected individuals, little is known about when this stable demethylation of PD-1 promoter DNA is programmed during the course of a chronic infection. To assess if PD-1 promoter DNA demethylation is impacted by prolonged stimulation during effector phase of chronic infection, we adoptively transferred virus-specific day 8 effector CD8 T cells from mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 into recipient mice that had cleared an acute infection. We observed that LCMV-specific CD8 T cells from chronically infected mice maintained their surface expression of PD-1 even after transfer into acute immune mice until day 45 posttransfer. Interestingly, the PD-1 transcriptional regulatory region continued to remain unmethylated in these donor CD8 T cells generated from a chronic infection. The observed maintenance of PD-1 surface expression and the demethylated PD-1 promoter were not a result of residual antigen in the recipient mice, because similar results were seen when chronic infection-induced effector cells were transferred into mice infected with a variant strain of LCMV (LCMV V35A) bearing a mutation in the cognate major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) epitope that is recognized by the donor CD8 T cells. Importantly, the maintenance of PD-1 promoter demethylation in memory CD8 T cells was coupled with impaired clonal expansion and higher PD-1 re-expression upon secondary challenge. These data show that the imprinting of the epigenetic program of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 occurs during the effector phase of chronic viral infection. IMPORTANCE Since PD-1 is a major inhibitory receptor regulating T cell dysfunction during chronic viral infection and cancers, a better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate PD-1 expression is important. In this work, we demonstrate that the PD-1 epigenetic program in antigen-specific CD8 T cells is fixed during the priming phase of chronic infection.
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Utzschneider DT, Alfei F, Roelli P, Barras D, Chennupati V, Darbre S, Delorenzi M, Pinschewer DD, Zehn D. High antigen levels induce an exhausted phenotype in a chronic infection without impairing T cell expansion and survival. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1819-34. [PMID: 27455951 PMCID: PMC4995073 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using recombinant antigen variant-expressing chronic LCMV strains, Zehn and colleagues showed that amount rather than antigen strength is a key determinant of inducing a chronic infection phenotype in T cells. Chronic infections induce T cells showing impaired cytokine secretion and up-regulated expression of inhibitory receptors such as PD-1. What determines the acquisition of this chronic phenotype and how it impacts T cell function remain vaguely understood. Using newly generated recombinant antigen variant-expressing chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) strains, we uncovered that T cell differentiation and acquisition of a chronic or exhausted phenotype depend critically on the frequency of T cell receptor (TCR) engagement and less significantly on the strength of TCR stimulation. In fact, we noted that low-level antigen exposure promotes the formation of T cells with an acute phenotype in chronic infections. Unexpectedly, we found that T cell populations with an acute or chronic phenotype are maintained equally well in chronic infections and undergo comparable primary and secondary expansion. Thus, our observations contrast with the view that T cells with a typical chronic infection phenotype are severely functionally impaired and rapidly transition into a terminal stage of differentiation. Instead, our data unravel that T cells primarily undergo a form of phenotypic and functional differentiation in the early phase of a chronic LCMV infection without inheriting a net survival or expansion deficit, and we demonstrate that the acquired chronic phenotype transitions into the memory T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Utzschneider
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Alfei
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Roelli
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Barras
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vijaykumar Chennupati
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Darbre
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Shorter SK, Schnell FJ, McMaster SR, Pinelli DF, Andargachew R, Evavold BD. Viral Escape Mutant Epitope Maintains TCR Affinity for Antigen yet Curtails CD8 T Cell Responses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149582. [PMID: 26915099 PMCID: PMC4767940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells have the remarkable ability to recognize antigen with great specificity and in turn mount an appropriate and robust immune response. Critical to this process is the initial T cell antigen recognition and subsequent signal transduction events. This antigen recognition can be modulated at the site of TCR interaction with peptide:major histocompatibility (pMHC) or peptide interaction with the MHC molecule. Both events could have a range of effects on T cell fate. Though responses to antigens that bind sub-optimally to TCR, known as altered peptide ligands (APL), have been studied extensively, the impact of disrupting antigen binding to MHC has been highlighted to a lesser extent and is usually considered to result in complete loss of epitope recognition. Here we present a model of viral evasion from CD8 T cell immuno-surveillance by a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) escape mutant with an epitope for which TCR affinity for pMHC remains high but where the antigenic peptide binds sub optimally to MHC. Despite high TCR affinity for variant epitope, levels of interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF4) are not sustained in response to the variant indicating differences in perceived TCR signal strength. The CD8+ T cell response to the variant epitope is characterized by early proliferation and up-regulation of activation markers. Interestingly, this response is not maintained and is characterized by a lack in IL-2 and IFNγ production, increased apoptosis and an abrogated glycolytic response. We show that disrupting the stability of peptide in MHC can effectively disrupt TCR signal strength despite unchanged affinity for TCR and can significantly impact the CD8+ T cell response to a viral escape mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla K. Shorter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Frederick J. Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sean R. McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David F. Pinelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rakieb Andargachew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Staron MM, Gray SM, Marshall HD, Parish IA, Chen JH, Perry CJ, Cui G, Li MO, Kaech SM. The transcription factor FoxO1 sustains expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 and survival of antiviral CD8(+) T cells during chronic infection. Immunity 2014; 41:802-14. [PMID: 25464856 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase B (also known as AKT) and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) are central regulators of T cell differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. Here, we show that during chronic murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, activation of AKT and mTOR are impaired in antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), resulting in enhanced activity of the transcription factor FoxO1. Blockade of inhibitory receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in vivo increased mTOR activity in virus-specific CTLs, and its therapeutic effects were abrogated by the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. FoxO1 functioned as a transcriptional activator of PD-1 that promoted the differentiation of terminally exhausted CTLs. Importantly, FoxO1-null CTLs failed to persist and control chronic viral infection. Collectively, this study shows that CTLs adapt to persistent infection through a positive feedback pathway (PD-1?FoxO1?PD-1) that functions to both desensitize virus-specific CTLs to antigen and support their survival during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Staron
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Simon M Gray
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Heather D Marshall
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ian A Parish
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan H Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Curtis J Perry
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Guoliang Cui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA.
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21
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Bunztman A, Vincent BG, Krovi H, Steele S, Frelinger JA. The LCMV gp33-specific memory T cell repertoire narrows with age. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2012; 9:17. [PMID: 22894656 PMCID: PMC3472190 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-9-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background The memory response to LCMV in mice persists for months to years with only a small decrease in the number of epitope specific CD8 T cells. This long persistence is associated with resistance to lethal LCMV disease. In contrast to studies focused on the number and surface phenotype of the memory cells, relatively little attention has been paid to the diversity of TCR usage in these cells. CD8+ T cell responses with only a few clones of identical specificity are believed to be relatively ineffective, presumably due to the relative ease of virus escape. Thus, a broad polyclonal response is associated with an effective anti-viral CD8+ T cell response. Results In this paper we show that the primary CD8+ T cell response to the LCMV gp33-41 epitope is extremely diverse. Over time while the response remains robust in terms of the number of gp33-tetramer+ T cells, the diversity of the response becomes less so. Strikingly, by 26 months after infection the response is dominated by a small number TCRβ sequences. In addition, it is of note the gp33 specific CD8+ T cells sorted by high and low tetramer binding populations 15 and 22 months after infection. High and low tetramer binding cells had equivalent diversity and were dominated by a small number of clones regardless of the time tested. A similar restricted distribution was seen in NP396 specific CD8+ T cells 26 months after infection. The identical TCRVβ sequences were found in both the tetramerhi and tetramerlo binding populations. Finally, we saw no evidence of public clones in the gp33-specific response. No CDR3 sequences were found in more than one mouse. Conclusions These data show that following LCMV infection the CD8+ gp33-specific CD8 T cell response becomes highly restricted with enormous narrowing of the diversity. This narrowing of the repertoire could contribute to the progressively ineffective immune response seen in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bunztman
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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22
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Bassett JD, Swift SL, VanSeggelen H, Hammill JA, McGray AJR, Evelegh C, Wan Y, Bramson JL. Combined mTOR inhibition and OX40 agonism enhances CD8(+) T cell memory and protective immunity produced by recombinant adenovirus vaccines. Mol Ther 2011; 20:860-9. [PMID: 22186790 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The memory CD8(+) T cell population elicited by immunization with recombinant human adenovirus serotype 5 (rHuAd5) vaccines is composed primarily of effector and effector memory cells (T(EM)) with limited polyfunctionality. In this study, we investigated whether treatment with immunomodulators could enhance and/or redistribute the CD8(+) memory population elicited by rHuAd5. Vaccination in combination with both rapamycin (to modulate differentiation) and an OX40 agonist (to enhance costimulation) increased both the quantity and polyfunctionality of the CD8(+) memory T cell population, with expansion of the T(EM) and memory precursor populations. Furthermore, this intervention enhanced protection against multiple virus challenges. Attenuation of adenovirus transgene expression was required to enable the combination rapamycin + OX40 agonist immunomodulatory treatment to further enhance skewing towards central memory formation, indicating that persistence of antigen expression ultimately limits development of this memory population following rHuAd5 immunization. These results demonstrate that during the expansion phase following adenovirus immunization, the level of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity, the amount of costimulation and the duration of antigen availability act together to define the magnitude, phenotype, and functionality of memory CD8(+) T cells. Modulation of these factors can be used to selectively manipulate memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Bassett
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
T cell recognition of antigen is a crucial aspect of the adaptive immune response. One of the most common means of pathogen immune evasion is mutation of T cell epitopes. T cell recognition of such ligands can result in a variety of outcomes including activation, apoptosis and anergy. The ability of a given T cell to respond to a specific peptide-MHC ligand is regulated by a number of factors, including the affinity, on- and off-rates and half-life of the TCR-peptide-MHC interaction. Interaction of T cells with low-potency ligands results in unique signaling patterns and requires engagement with a larger number of T cell receptors than agonist ligands. This review will address these aspects of T cell interaction with weak ligands and the ways in which these ligands have been utilized therapeutically.
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Holst PJ, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Vaccination against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in MHC class II-deficient mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3997-4007. [PMID: 21357263 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The impact of prophylactic vaccination against acute and chronic infection in a Th-deficient host has not been adequately addressed because of difficulties in generating protective immunity in the absence of CD4(+) T cell help. In this study, we demonstrated that a broad CD8(+) T cell immune response could be elicited in MHC class II-deficient mice by vaccination with adenovirus encoding lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein tethered to MHC class II-associated invariant chain. Moreover, the response induced conferred significant cytolytic CD8(+) T cell-mediated protection against challenge with a high dose of the invasive clone 13 strain of LCMV. In contrast, vaccination with adenovirus encoding unlinked LCMV glycoprotein induced weak virus control in the absence of CD4(+) T cells, and mice may die of increased immunopathology associated with incomplete protection. Acute mortality was not observed in any vaccinated mice following infection with the less-invasive Traub strain. However, LCMV Traub infection caused accelerated late mortality in unvaccinated MHC class II-deficient mice; in this case, we observed a strong trend toward delayed mortality in vaccinated mice, irrespective of the nature of the vaccine. These results indicated that optimized vaccination may lead to efficient protection against acute viral infection, even in Th-deficient individuals, but that the duration of such immunity is limited. Nevertheless, for select immunodeficiencies in which CD4(+) T cell deficiency is incomplete or transient, these results are very encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Johannes Holst
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
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25
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Shen ZT, Brehm MA, Daniels KA, Sigalov AB, Selin LK, Welsh RM, Stern LJ. Bi-specific MHC heterodimers for characterization of cross-reactive T cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33144-33153. [PMID: 20729210 PMCID: PMC2963422 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.141051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell cross-reactivity describes the phenomenon whereby a single T cell can recognize two or more different peptide antigens presented in complex with MHC proteins. Cross-reactive T cells have previously been characterized at the population level by cytokine secretion and MHC tetramer staining assays, but single-cell analysis is difficult or impossible using these methods. In this study, we describe development of a novel peptide-MHC heterodimer specific for cross-reactive T cells. MHC-peptide monomers were independently conjugated to hydrazide or aldehyde-containing cross-linkers using thiol-maleimide coupling at cysteine residues introduced into recombinant MHC heavy chain proteins. Hydrazone formation provided bi-specific MHC heterodimers carrying two different peptides. Using this approach we prepared heterodimers of the murine class I MHC protein H-2K(b) carrying peptides from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and vaccinia virus, and used these to identify cross-reactive CD8+ T cells recognizing both lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and vaccinia virus antigens. A similar strategy could be used to develop reagents to analyze cross-reactive T cell responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu T Shen
- From the Department of Pathology, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | | | - Keith A Daniels
- From the Department of Pathology, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | | | - Liisa K Selin
- From the Department of Pathology, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Raymond M Welsh
- From the Department of Pathology, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Lawrence J Stern
- From the Department of Pathology, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655.
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Schnell FJ, Alberts-Grill N, Evavold BD. CD8+ T cell responses to a viral escape mutant epitope: active suppression via altered SHP-1 activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1829-35. [PMID: 19201834 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One mechanism viruses use to subvert immune surveillance is through mutation of MHC contact residues of antigenic epitopes that weaken T cell recognition to the point that the immune system is ignorant of the infection. However, in contrast to ignorance, results presented herein demonstrate that intracellular signaling does occur upon stimulation with a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-derived escape mutant as demonstrated by the sustained activation of Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-1). In addition to the increased SHP-1 activity, we found that the mutated epitope failed to induce oxidation of SHP-1, further enhancing enzymatic activity. Sustained activation of SHP-1 in a reduced form correlated with ERK and early growth response gene 1 activation and failure of T cells to commit to the effector lineage. Thus, instead of immune ignorance, these studies demonstrate the activation of a negative signaling pathway that actively suppresses T cell responses and limits recognition of viral escape mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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27
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Impact of epitope escape on PD-1 expression and CD8 T-cell exhaustion during chronic infection. J Virol 2009; 83:4386-94. [PMID: 19211743 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02524-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During some persistent viral infections, virus-specific T-cell responses wane due to the antigen-specific deletion or functional inactivation (i.e., exhaustion) of responding CD8 T cells. T-cell exhaustion often correlates with high viral load and is associated with the expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1. In other infections, functional T cells are observed despite high levels of pathogen persistence. The reasons for these different T-cell fates during chronic viral infections are not clear. Here, we tracked the fate of virus-specific CD8 T cells in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-infected mice during viral clearance, the persistence of wild-type virus, or the selection and persistence of a viral variant that abrogates the presentation of a single epitope. Viral clearance results in PD-1(lo) functional virus-specific CD8 T cells, while the persistence of wild-type LCMV results in high PD-1 levels and T-cell exhaustion. However, following the emergence of a GP35V-->A variant virus that abrogates the presentation of the GP33 epitope, GP33-specific CD8 T cells remained functional, continued to show low levels of PD-1, and reexpressed CD127, a marker of memory T-cell differentiation. In the same animals and under identical environmental conditions, CD8 T cells recognizing nonmutated viral epitopes became physically deleted or were PD-1(hi) and nonfunctional. Thus, the upregulation of PD-1 and the functional inactivation of virus-specific T cells during chronic viral infection is dependent upon continued epitope recognition. These data suggest that optimal strategies for vaccination should induce high-magnitude broadly specific T-cell responses that prevent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte escape and highlight the need to evaluate the function of vaccine-induced T cells in the context of antigens presented during virus persistence.
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28
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Angelov GS, Guillaume P, Luescher IF. CD8β knockout mice mount normal anti-viral CD8+ T cell responses—but why? Int Immunol 2008; 21:123-35. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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29
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Henrickson SE, Mempel TR, Mazo IB, Liu B, Artyomov MN, Zheng H, Peixoto A, Flynn M, Senman B, Junt T, Wong HC, Chakraborty AK, von Andrian UH. In Vivo Imaging of T Cell Priming. Sci Signal 2008; 1:pt2. [DOI: 10.1126/stke.112pt2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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30
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T cell sensing of antigen dose governs interactive behavior with dendritic cells and sets a threshold for T cell activation. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:282-91. [PMID: 18204450 DOI: 10.1038/ni1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
After homing to lymph nodes, CD8+ T cells are primed by dendritic cells (DCs) in three phases. During phase one, T cells undergo brief serial contacts with DCs for several hours, whereas phase two is characterized by stable T cell-DC interactions. We show here that the duration of phase one and T cell activation kinetics correlated inversely with the number of complexes of cognate peptide and major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) per DC and with the density of antigen-presenting DCs per lymph node. Very few pMHC complexes were necessary for the induction of full-fledged T cell activation and effector differentiation. However, neither T cell activation nor transition to phase two occurred below a threshold antigen dose determined in part by pMHC stability. Thus, phase one permits T cells to make integrated 'measurements' of antigen dose that determine subsequent T cell participation in immune responses.
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31
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Yunis EJ, Zuniga J, Romero V, Yunis EJ. Chimerism and tetragametic chimerism in humans: implications in autoimmunity, allorecognition and tolerance. Immunol Res 2007; 38:213-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-007-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Belnoue E, Fontannaz-Bozzotti P, Grillet S, Lambert PH, Siegrist CA. Protracted course of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus WE infection in early life: induction but limited expansion of CD8+ effector T cells and absence of memory CD8+ T cells. J Virol 2007; 81:7338-50. [PMID: 17494081 PMCID: PMC1933347 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00062-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections in human infants frequently follow a protracted course, with higher viral loads and delayed viral clearance compared to viral infections in older children. To identify the mechanisms responsible for this protracted pattern of infection, we developed an infant infection murine model using the well-characterized lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) WE strain in 2-week-old BALB/c mice. In contrast to adult mice, in which viral clearance occurred as expected 8 days after infection, LCMV titers persisted for several weeks after infection of infant mice. LCMV-specific effector CD8(+) T cells were elicited in infant mice and fully functional on day 7 but rapidly waned and could not be recovered from day 12 onwards. We show here that this results from the failure of LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells to expand and the absence of protective LCMV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells. Under these early life conditions, viral control and clearance are eventually achieved only through LCMV-specific B cells that contribute to protect infant mice from early death or chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Belnoue
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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33
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Shin H, Blackburn SD, Blattman JN, Wherry EJ. Viral antigen and extensive division maintain virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:941-9. [PMID: 17420267 PMCID: PMC2118542 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Efficient maintenance of memory CD8 T cells is central to long-term protective immunity. IL-7– and IL-15–driven homeostatic proliferation is essential for long-term memory CD8 T cell persistence after acute infections. During chronic infections, however, virus-specific CD8 T cells respond poorly to these cytokines. Yet, virus-specific CD8 T cells often persist for long periods of time during chronic infections. We have addressed this apparent paradox by examining the mechanism for maintaining virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic infection. We find that homeostatic cytokines (e.g., IL-7/15), inflammatory signals, and priming of recent thymic emigrants are not sufficient to maintain virus-specific CD8 T cells over time during chronic infection. Rather, our results demonstrate that viral peptide is required for virus-specific CD8 T cell persistence during chronic infection. Moreover, this viral antigen-dependent maintenance results in a dramatically different type of T cell division than is normally observed during memory T cell homeostasis. Rather than undergoing slow, steady homeostatic turnover during chronic viral infection, CD8 T cells undergo extensive peptide-dependent division, yet cell numbers remain relatively stable. These results indicate that antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses during persisting infection are maintained by a mechanism distinct from that after acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Shin
- Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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34
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Kemball CC, Lee EDH, Vezys V, Pearson TC, Larsen CP, Lukacher AE. Late Priming and Variability of Epitope-Specific CD8+T Cell Responses during a Persistent Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7950-60. [PMID: 15944301 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.7950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Control of persistently infecting viruses requires that antiviral CD8(+) T cells sustain their numbers and effector function. In this study, we monitored epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells during acute and persistent phases of infection by polyoma virus, a mouse pathogen that is capable of potent oncogenicity. We identified several novel polyoma-specific CD8(+) T cell epitopes in C57BL/6 mice, a mouse strain highly resistant to polyoma virus-induced tumors. Each of these epitopes is derived from the viral T proteins, nonstructural proteins produced by both productively and nonproductively (and potentially transformed) infected cells. In contrast to CD8(+) T cell responses described in other microbial infection mouse models, we found substantial variability between epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell responses in their kinetics of expansion and contraction during acute infection, maintenance during persistent infection, as well as their expression of cytokine receptors and cytokine profiles. This epitope-dependent variability also extended to differences in maturation of functional avidity from acute to persistent infection, despite a narrowing in TCR repertoire across all three specificities. Using a novel minimal myeloablation-bone marrow chimera approach, we visualized priming of epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells during persistent virus infection. Interestingly, epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells differed in CD62L-selectin expression profiles when primed in acute or persistent phases of infection, indicating that the context of priming affects CD8(+) T cell heterogeneity. In summary, persistent polyoma virus infection both quantitatively and qualitatively shapes the antiviral CD8(+) T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Kemball
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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35
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Sandalova T, Michaëlsson J, Harris RA, Odeberg J, Schneider G, Kärre K, Achour A. A structural basis for CD8+ T cell-dependent recognition of non-homologous peptide ligands: implications for molecular mimicry in autoreactivity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:27069-75. [PMID: 15845547 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500927200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular mimicry of self-epitopes by viral antigens is one possible pathogenic mechanism underlying induction of autoimmunity. A self-epitope, mDBM, derived from mouse dopamine beta-mono-oxygenase (KALYDYAPI) sharing 44% sequence identity with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-derived immunodominant epitope gp33 (KAVYNFATC/M), has previously been identified as a cross-reactive self-ligand, presentation of which results in autoimmunity. A rat peptide homologue, rDBM (KALYNYAPI, 56% identity to gp33), which displayed similar properties to mDBM, has also been identified. We herein report the crystal structure of H-2Db.rDBM and a comparison with the crystal structures of the cross-reactive H-2Db.gp33 and non-cross-reactive H-2Db.gp33 (V3L) escape variant (KALYNFATM, 88% identity to gp33). Despite the large sequence disparity, rDBM and gp33 peptides are presented in nearly identical manners by H-2Db, with a striking juxtaposition of the central sections of both peptides from residues p3 to p7. The structural similarity provides H-2Db in complex with either a virus-derived or a dopamine beta-mono-oxygenase-derived peptide with a shared antigenic identity that conserves the positioning of the heavy chain and peptide residues that interact with the T cell receptor (TCR). This stands in contrast to the structure of H-2Db.gp33 (V3L), in which a single conserved mutation, also present in rDBM, induces large movements of both the peptide backbone and the side chains that interact with the TCR. The TCR-interacting surfaces of the H-2Db.rDBM and H-2Db.gp33 major histocompatibility complexes are very similar with regard to shape, topology, and charge distribution, providing a structural basis for CD8 T cell activation by molecular mimicry and potential subsequent development of autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Sandalova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, and Strategic Research Center IRIS for Studies of Integrated Recognition in the Immune System, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Christen U, Edelmann KH, McGavern DB, Wolfe T, Coon B, Teague MK, Miller SD, Oldstone MBA, von Herrath MG. A viral epitope that mimics a self antigen can accelerate but not initiate autoimmune diabetes. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1290-8. [PMID: 15520861 PMCID: PMC524231 DOI: 10.1172/jci22557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We document here that infection of prediabetic mice with a virus expressing an H-2Kb-restricted mimic ligand to a self epitope present on beta cells accelerates the development of autoimmune diabetes. Immunization with the mimic ligand expanded autoreactive T cell populations, which was followed by their trafficking to the islets, as visualized in situ by tetramer staining. In contrast, the mimic ligand did not generate sufficient autoreactive T cells in naive mice to initiate disease. Diabetes acceleration did not occur in H-2Kb-deficient mice or in mice tolerized to the mimic ligand. Thus, arenavirus-expressed mimics of self antigens accelerate a previously established autoimmune process. Sequential heterologous viral infections might therefore act in concert to precipitate clinical autoimmune disease, even if single exposure to a viral mimic does not always cause sufficient tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Christen
- Immune Regulation Lab, Department of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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37
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Fridkis-Hareli M, Reinherz EL. New approaches to eliciting protective immunity through T cell repertoire manipulation: the concept of thymic vaccination. MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2004; 3:2. [PMID: 15588284 PMCID: PMC544398 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9433-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conventional vaccines afford protection against infectious diseases by expanding existing pathogen-specific peripheral lymphocytes, both CD8 cytotoxic effector (CTL) and CD4 helper T cells. The latter induce B cell maturation and antibody production. As a consequence, lymphocytes within the memory pool are poised to rapidly proliferate at the time of a subsequent infection. The "thymic vaccination" concept offers a novel way to alter the primary T cell repertoire through exposure of thymocytes to altered peptide ligands (APL) with reduced T cell receptor (TCR) affinity relative to cognate antigens recognized by those same TCRs. Thymocyte maturation (i.e. positive selection) is enhanced by low affinity interaction between a TCR and an MHC-bound peptide in the thymus and subsequent emigration of mature cells into the peripheral T lymphocyte pool follows. In principal, such variants of antigens derived from infectious agents could be utilized for peptide-driven maturation of thymocytes bearing pathogen-specific TCRs. To test this idea, APLs of gp33-41, a Db-restricted peptide derived from the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein, and of VSV8, a Kb-restricted peptide from the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) nucleoprotein, have been designed and their influence on thymic maturation of specific TCR-bearing transgenic thymocytes examined in vivo using irradiation chimeras. Injection of APL resulted in positive selection of CD8 T cells expressing the relevant viral specificity and in the export of those virus-specific CTL to lymph nodes without inducing T cell proliferation. Thus, exogenous APL administration offers the potential of expanding repertoires in vivo in a manner useful to the organism. To efficiently peripheralize antigen-specific T cells, concomitant enhancement of mechanisms promoting thymocyte migration appears to be required. This commentary describes the rationale for thymic vaccination and addresses the potential prophylactic and therapeutic applications of this approach for treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Thymic vaccination-induced peptide-specific T cells might generate effective immune protection against disease-causing agents, including those for which no effective natural protection exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha Fridkis-Hareli
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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38
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Christen U, Edelmann KH, McGavern DB, Wolfe T, Coon B, Teague MK, Miller SD, Oldstone MB, von Herrath MG. A viral epitope that mimics a self antigen can accelerate but not initiate autoimmune diabetes. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200422557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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39
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Fridkis-Hareli M, Reche PA, Reinherz EL. Peptide variants of viral CTL epitopes mediate positive selection and emigration of Ag-specific thymocytes in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1140-50. [PMID: 15240703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During development, thymocytes carrying TCRs mediating low-affinity interactions with MHC-bound self-peptides are positively selected for export into the mature peripheral T lymphocyte pool. Thus, exogenous administration of certain altered peptide ligands (APL) with reduced TCR affinity relative to cognate Ags may provide a tool to elicit maturation of desired TCR specificities. To test this "thymic vaccination" concept, we designed APL of the viral CTL epitopes gp33-41 and vesicular stomatitis virus nucleoprotein octapeptide N52-59 relevant for the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific P14- and vesicular stomatitis virus-specific N15-TCRs, respectively, and examined their effects on thymocytes in vivo using irradiation chimeras. Injection of APL into irradiated congenic (Ly-5.1) mice, reconstituted with T cell progenitors from the bone marrow of P14 RAG2(-/-) (Ly-5.2) or N15 RAG2(-/-) (Ly-5.2) transgenic mice, resulted in positive selection of T cells expressing the relevant specificity. Moreover, the variants led to export of virus-specific T cells to lymph nodes, but without inducing T cell proliferation. These findings show that the mature T cell repertoire can be altered by in vivo peptide administration through manipulation of thymic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha Fridkis-Hareli
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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40
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Velloso LM, Michaëlsson J, Ljunggren HG, Schneider G, Achour A. Determination of Structural Principles Underlying Three Different Modes of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Escape from CTL Recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5504-11. [PMID: 15100292 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of H-2(b) mice generates a strong CD8(+) CTL response mainly directed toward three immunodominant epitopes, one of which, gp33, is presented by both H-2D(b) and H-2K(b) MHC class I molecules. This CTL response acts as a selective agent for the emergence of viral escape variants. These variants generate altered peptide ligands (APLs) that, when presented by class I MHC molecules, antagonize CTL recognition and ultimately allow the virus to evade the cellular immune response. The emergence of APLs of the gp33 epitope is particularly advantageous for LCMV, as it allows viral escape in the context of both H-2D(b) and H-2K(b) MHC class I molecules. We have determined crystal structures of three different APLs of gp33 in complex with both H-2D(b) and H-2K(b). Comparison between these APL/MHC structures and those of the index gp33 peptide/MHC reveals the structural basis for three different strategies used by LCMV viral escape mutations: 1) conformational changes in peptide and MHC residues that are potential TCR contacts, 2) impairment of APL binding to the MHC peptide binding cleft, and 3) introduction of subtle changes at the TCR/pMHC interface, such as the removal of a single hydroxyl group.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/chemistry
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Leucine/genetics
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/genetics
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Mice
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Phenylalanine/genetics
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Tyrosine/genetics
- Valine/genetics
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Malard Velloso
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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van der Most RG, Murali-Krishna K, Lanier JG, Wherry EJ, Puglielli MT, Blattman JN, Sette A, Ahmed R. Changing immunodominance patterns in antiviral CD8 T-cell responses after loss of epitope presentation or chronic antigenic stimulation. Virology 2003; 315:93-102. [PMID: 14592762 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The H-2(b)-restricted CD8 T-cell response against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is directed against at least 10 dominant and subdominant epitopes, including two newly identified epitopes in the nucleoprotein. We have used this set of epitopes to characterize the plasticity of the hierarchy under different experimental circumstances, i.e., loss of MHC class I molecules, loss of specific epitopes (CTL escape), and prolonged antigenic stimulation (chronic infection). We found that loss of epitope-specific responses was almost inevitably associated with compensatory responses against other, subdominant, epitopes. Multiple epitope loss was required to change the hierarchy. Persistent viral infection was associated with a loss of not only the dominant response against the NP396 epitope, but also a loss of subdominant responses against nucleoprotein epitopes. In contrast, responses against glycoprotein epitopes, dominant and subdominant, survived under chronic infection conditions, and even dominated the response (GP118). Our results suggest that the fate of each specific T-cell response during chronic infection is in part determined by the origin of the cognate epitopes, i.e, the proteins from which they are processed, or, more specifically, nucleoprotein versus glycoprotein. A model in which recruitment time plays a role in the longevity of antiviral T-cell responses during persistent infection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert G van der Most
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Summers K, McKeon S, Sellars J, Keusenkothen M, Morris J, Gloeckner D, Pressley C, Price B, Snow H. Parasitic exploitation as an engine of diversity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2003; 78:639-75. [PMID: 14700394 DOI: 10.1017/s146479310300616x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic exploitation occurs within and between a wide variety of taxa in a plethora of diverse contexts. Theoretical and empirical analyses indicate that parasitic exploitation can generate substantial genetic and phenotypic polymorphism within species. Under some circumstances, parasitic exploitation may also be an important factor causing reproductive isolation and promoting speciation. Here we review research relevant to the relationship between parasitic exploitation, within species-polymorphism, and speciation in some of the major arenas in which such exploitation has been studied. This includes research on the vertebrate major histocompatibility loci, plant-pathogen interactions, the evolution of sexual reproduction, intragenomic conflict, sexual conflict, kin mimicry and social parasitism, tropical forest diversity and the evolution of language. We conclude by discussing some of the issues raised by comparing the effect of parasitic exploitation on polymorphism and speciation in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Summers
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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Migueles SA, Laborico AC, Imamichi H, Shupert WL, Royce C, McLaughlin M, Ehler L, Metcalf J, Liu S, Hallahan CW, Connors M. The differential ability of HLA B*5701+ long-term nonprogressors and progressors to restrict human immunodeficiency virus replication is not caused by loss of recognition of autologous viral gag sequences. J Virol 2003; 77:6889-98. [PMID: 12768008 PMCID: PMC156173 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.12.6889-6898.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2002] [Accepted: 03/18/2003] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the HLA B(*)5701 class I allele is highly overrepresented among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs), it is also present at the expected frequency (11%) in patients with progressive HIV infection. Whether B57(+) progressors lack restriction of viral replication because of escape from recognition of highly immunodominant B57-restricted gag epitopes by CD8(+) T cells remains unknown. In this report, we investigate the association between restriction of virus replication and recognition of autologous virus sequences in 27 B(*)57(+) patients (10 LTNPs and 17 progressors). Amplification and direct sequencing of single molecules of viral cDNA or proviral DNA revealed low frequencies of genetic variations in these regions of gag. Furthermore, CD8(+) T-cell recognition of autologous viral variants was preserved in most cases. In two patients, responses to autologous viral variants were not demonstrable at one epitope. By using a novel technique to isolate primary CD4(+) T cells expressing autologous viral gene products, it was found that 1 to 13% of CD8(+) T cells were able to respond to these cells by gamma interferon production. In conclusion, escape-conferring mutations occur infrequently within immunodominant B57-restricted gag epitopes and are not the primary mechanism of virus evasion from immune control in B(*)5701(+) HIV-infected patients. Qualitative features of the virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell response not measured by current assays remain the most likely determinants of the differential abilities of HLA B(*)5701(+) LTNPs and progressors to restrict virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Migueles
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Wherry EJ, Blattman JN, Murali-Krishna K, van der Most R, Ahmed R. Viral persistence alters CD8 T-cell immunodominance and tissue distribution and results in distinct stages of functional impairment. J Virol 2003; 77:4911-27. [PMID: 12663797 PMCID: PMC152117 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.8.4911-4927.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1205] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections often result in ineffective CD8 T-cell responses due to functional exhaustion or physical deletion of virus-specific T cells. However, how persisting virus impacts various CD8 T-cell effector functions and influences other aspects of CD8 T-cell dynamics, such as immunodominance and tissue distribution, remains largely unknown. Using different strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), we compared responses to the same CD8 T-cell epitopes during acute or chronic infection. Persistent infection led to a disruption of the normal immunodominance hierarchy of CD8 T-cell responses seen following acute infection and dramatically altered the tissue distribution of LCMV-specific CD8 T cells in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Most importantly, CD8 T-cell functional impairment occurred in a hierarchical fashion in chronically infected mice. Production of interleukin 2 and the ability to lyse target cells in vitro were the first functions compromised, followed by the ability to make tumor necrosis factor alpha, while gamma interferon production was most resistant to functional exhaustion. Antigen appeared to be the driving force for this loss of function, since a strong correlation existed between the viral load and the level of exhaustion. Further, epitopes presented at higher levels in vivo resulted in physical deletion, while those presented at lower levels induced functional exhaustion. A model is proposed in which antigen levels drive the hierarchical loss of different CD8 T-cell effector functions during chronic infection, leading to distinct stages of functional impairment and eventually to physical deletion of virus-specific T cells. These results have implications for the study of human chronic infections, where similar T-cell deletion and functional dysregulation has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E John Wherry
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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45
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Achour A, Michaëlsson J, Harris RA, Odeberg J, Grufman P, Sandberg JK, Levitsky V, Kärre K, Sandalova T, Schneider G. A structural basis for LCMV immune evasion: subversion of H-2D(b) and H-2K(b) presentation of gp33 revealed by comparative crystal structure.Analyses. Immunity 2002; 17:757-68. [PMID: 12479822 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
LCMV infection of H-2(b) mice generates a CD8(+) CTL response mainly directed toward three immunodominant epitopes. One of these, gp33, is presented by both H-2D(b) and H-2K(b) MHC class I molecules. The virus can escape immune recognition in the context of both these MHC class I molecules through single mutations of the peptide. In order to understand the underlying structural mechanism, we determined the crystal structures of both complexes. The structures reveal that the peptide is presented in two diametrically opposed manners by H-2D(b) and H-2K(b), with residues used as anchor positions in one MHC class I molecule interacting with the TCR in the other. Importantly, the peptide's N-terminal residue p1K protrudes from the binding cleft in H-2K(b). We present structural evidence that explains the functional consequences of single mutations found in escape variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnane Achour
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Royal School of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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