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Germini D, Sall FB, Shmakova A, Wiels J, Dokudovskaya S, Drouet E, Vassetzky Y. Oncogenic Properties of the EBV ZEBRA Protein. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1479. [PMID: 32517128 PMCID: PMC7352903 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is one of the most common human herpesviruses. After primary infection, it can persist in the host throughout their lifetime in a latent form, from which it can reactivate following specific stimuli. EBV reactivation is triggered by transcriptional transactivator proteins ZEBRA (also known as Z, EB-1, Zta or BZLF1) and RTA (also known as BRLF1). Here we discuss the structural and functional features of ZEBRA, its role in oncogenesis and its possible implication as a prognostic or diagnostic marker. Modulation of host gene expression by ZEBRA can deregulate the immune surveillance, allow the immune escape, and favor tumor progression. It also interacts with host proteins, thereby modifying their functions. ZEBRA is released into the bloodstream by infected cells and can potentially penetrate any cell through its cell-penetrating domain; therefore, it can also change the fate of non-infected cells. The features of ZEBRA described in this review outline its importance in EBV-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Germini
- CNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (D.G.); (F.B.S.); (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Fatimata Bintou Sall
- CNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (D.G.); (F.B.S.); (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory of Hematology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar 12900, Senegal
| | - Anna Shmakova
- CNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (D.G.); (F.B.S.); (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Joëlle Wiels
- CNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (D.G.); (F.B.S.); (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Svetlana Dokudovskaya
- CNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (D.G.); (F.B.S.); (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Emmanuel Drouet
- CIBB-IBS UMR 5075 Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble, France;
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- CNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (D.G.); (F.B.S.); (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, 117334 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Hu H, Luo ML, Desmedt C, Nabavi S, Yadegarynia S, Hong A, Konstantinopoulos PA, Gabrielson E, Hines-Boykin R, Pihan G, Yuan X, Sotiriou C, Dittmer DP, Fingeroth JD, Wulf GM. Epstein-Barr Virus Infection of Mammary Epithelial Cells Promotes Malignant Transformation. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:148-160. [PMID: 27333046 PMCID: PMC4972522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the human tumor virus, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), promotes breast cancer remains controversial and a potential mechanism has remained elusive. Here we show that EBV can infect primary mammary epithelial cells (MECs) that express the receptor CD21. EBV infection leads to the expansion of early MEC progenitor cells with a stem cell phenotype, activates MET signaling and enforces a differentiation block. When MECs were implanted as xenografts, EBV infection cooperated with activated Ras and accelerated the formation of breast cancer. Infection in EBV-related tumors was of a latency type II pattern, similar to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A human gene expression signature for MECs infected with EBV, termed EBVness, was associated with high grade, estrogen-receptor-negative status, p53 mutation and poor survival. In 11/33 EBVness-positive tumors, EBV-DNA was detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization for the viral LMP1 and BXLF2 genes. In an analysis of the TCGA breast cancer data EBVness correlated with the presence of the APOBEC mutational signature. We conclude that a contribution of EBV to breast cancer etiology is plausible, through a mechanism in which EBV infection predisposes mammary epithelial cells to malignant transformation, but is no longer required once malignant transformation has occurred.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cells, Cultured
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- Disease-Free Survival
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/transplantation
- Epithelial Cells/virology
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/mortality
- Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Complement 3d/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Survival Rate
- Transcriptome
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Viral Matrix Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Man-Li Luo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, P. R. China
| | - Christine Desmedt
- Institut Jules Bordet, 121 Boulevard de Waterloolaan, Bruxelles 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sheida Nabavi
- University of Connecticut, Computer Science and Engineering, 371 Fairfield Way, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
| | - Sina Yadegarynia
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex Hong
- Massachusetts Institute for Technology, Department of Biology, USA
| | | | - Edward Gabrielson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 4940 Eastern Ave, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rebecca Hines-Boykin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - German Pihan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Institut Jules Bordet, 121 Boulevard de Waterloolaan, Bruxelles 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joyce D Fingeroth
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gerburg M Wulf
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Risk of Breast Cancer: An Adaptive Meta-Analysis for Case-Control Studies. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.34806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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4
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Richardson AK, Currie MJ, Robinson BA, Morrin H, Phung Y, Pearson JF, Anderson TP, Potter JD, Walker LC. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in breast cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118989. [PMID: 25723522 PMCID: PMC4344231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and breast cancer vary, making it difficult to determine whether either, both, or neither virus is causally associated with breast cancer. We investigated CMV and EBV in paired samples of breast cancer and normal breast tissue from 70 women using quantitative PCR. A serum sample from each woman was tested for CMV and EBV IgG. To place our results in context, we reviewed the existing literature and performed a meta-analysis of our results together with previous PCR studies of EBV, CMV, and breast cancer. Of the serology samples, 67 of 70 (96%) were EBV IgG positive and 49 of 70 (70%) were CMV IgG positive. QPCR detected EBV in 24 (34%) of the tumour and 9 (13%) of the paired normal specimens and CMV in 0 (0%) of the tumour and 2 (3%) of the paired normal specimens. Our findings, together with earlier results summarised in the meta-analysis, suggest several possibilities: variable findings may be due to limitations of molecular analyses; 'hit and run' oncogenesis may lead to inconsistent results; one or both viruses has a role at a later stage in breast cancer development; infection with multiple viruses increases breast cancer risk; or neither virus has a role. Future studies should focus on ways to investigate these possibilities, and should include comparisons of breast cancer tissue samples with appropriate normal tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K. Richardson
- Wayne Francis Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Margaret J. Currie
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Bridget A. Robinson
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Helen Morrin
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Yen Phung
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John F. Pearson
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - John D. Potter
- Wayne Francis Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Logan C. Walker
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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5
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Shimakage M. Significant role of macrophages in human cancers associated with Epstein-Barr virus (Review). Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1763-71. [PMID: 25224510 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that was first identified as a human cancer virus. Many human cancers are associated with EBV, and we demonstrated that EBV infects macrophages. Macrophages infected with EBV show a close correlation with many human cancers, and thus more attention must be given to the role of macrophages infiltrating into cancer tissues associated with EBV. In this review, I discuss the role of macrophages in the process of EBV-associated oncogenesis with regard to interleukin-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misuzu Shimakage
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Wakayama National Hospital, Wakayama 644-0044, Japan
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6
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De Paoli P, Carbone A. Carcinogenic viruses and solid cancers without sufficient evidence of causal association. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1517-29. [PMID: 23280523 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections are important risk factors for tumor development in humans. Selected types of cancers, either lymphomas or carcinomas, for which there is sufficient evidence in humans of a causal association with specific viruses, have been identified. Experimental and clinical data on the possible association of other tumor types and carcinogenic viruses are presently controversial. In this article, we review the current evidence on the relationship between breast, colorectal and lung cancers and carcinogenic viruses. The majority of the publications reviewed do not provide definitive evidence that the viruses studied are associated with breast, colon and lung cancers. However, since this association may be clinically relevant for some tumor subtypes (i.e., lung cancer and papillomaviruses), there is an urgent need for further investigation on this topic. Using innovative laboratory techniques for viral detection on well-defined tumor types, National and International networks against cancer should encourage and organize concerted research programs on viruses and solid cancer association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo De Paoli
- Scientific Directorate, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano, Italy.
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7
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Hoebe EK, Le Large TYS, Greijer AE, Middeldorp JM. BamHI-A rightward frame 1, an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded oncogene and immune modulator. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:367-83. [PMID: 23996634 PMCID: PMC4272418 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) causes several benign and malignant disorders of lymphoid and epithelial origin. EBV-related tumors display distinct patterns of viral latent gene expression, of which the BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) is selectively expressed in carcinomas, regulated by cellular differentiation factors including ΔNp63α. BARF1 functions as a viral oncogene, immortalizing and transforming epithelial cells of different origin by acting as a mitogenic growth factor, inducing cyclin-D expression, and up-regulating antiapoptotic Bcl-2, stimulating host cell growth and survival. In addition, secreted hexameric BARF1 has immune evasive properties, functionally corrupting macrophage colony stimulating factor, as supported by recent functional and structural data. Therefore, BARF1, an intracellular and secreted protein, not only has multiple pathogenic functions but also can function as a target for immune responses. Deciphering the role of BARF1 in EBV biology will contribute to novel diagnostic and treatment options for EBV-driven carcinomas. Herein, we discuss recent insights on the regulation of BARF1 expression and aspects of structure-function relating to its oncogenic and immune suppressive properties. © 2013 The Authors. Reviews in Medical Virology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline K Hoebe
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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NF-κB inhibitors induce lytic cytotoxicity in Epstein-Barr virus-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cell Biol Int 2013; 32:1006-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Baltzell K, Buehring GC, Krishnamurthy S, Kuerer H, Shen HM, Sison JD. Epstein-Barr virus is seldom found in mammary epithelium of breast cancer tissue using in situ molecular methods. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 132:267-74. [PMID: 22042367 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been proposed as a possible etiological agent of breast cancer based on 21 reports of EBV in malignant breast tissues. Most of these studies used standard and nested solution polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, both disadvantaged by susceptibility to contamination from laboratory EBV, and the inability to localize the signal to a specific cell type. To avoid these issues, we used in situ molecular methods of viral detection to reassess the frequency of EBV in malignant breast tissue. We used a commercial in situ hybridization (ISH) system with an EBER genome target, and a non-commercial in situ PCR (IS-PCR) method using primers specific for the BamH1 region. The assays were performed on malignant breast tissue sections from 70 breast cancer patients at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. EBV was found in mammary epithelial cells, the cell type from which most breast cancers arise, in 2/70 (2.9%) of specimens using IS-PCR and in none of the specimens using ISH. Based on these findings that EBV was present in human mammary epithelial cells so infrequently, it is unlikely to play a causative role in most types of breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/virology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/virology
- Epithelium/virology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 4, Human
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Leukocytes/virology
- Middle Aged
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Baltzell
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, N431-M, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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10
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Joshi D, Buehring GC. Are viruses associated with human breast cancer? Scrutinizing the molecular evidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 135:1-15. [PMID: 22274134 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The three viruses most studied as possible causes of human breast cancer are mouse mammary tumor virus-like sequences (MMTV-LS), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and oncogenic (high risk) types of human papilloma virus (HPV). The first step in fulfilling traditional criteria for inferring that a cancer is caused by a virus is to demonstrate the virus in the affected tissue. Molecular techniques, compared to host antibody assessment and immunohistochemistry, are the most definitive in establishing viral presence. Results of 85 original molecular research investigations to detect one or more of the three viruses have been extremely divergent with no consensus reached. We evaluated the methodology of these studies for the following: type of molecular assay, DNA/RNA quality control, positive and negative assay controls, type of fixation, genome targets, methods for preventing and detecting molecular contamination, pathology of specimens processed, sample size, and proportion of specimens positive for the viral genome region targeted. Only seven of the studies convincingly demonstrated the presence of an oncogenic virus biomarker (EBV: 4/30 studies (13%); HPV 3/29 studies (10%), whereas 25 convincingly demonstrated absence of the virus studied (MMTV-LS: 4/25 (16%); EBV: 15/30 (50%); 6/29 (21%). The remainder of the studies suffered shortcomings, which, in our opinion, prevented a definitive conclusion. Only one of the studies compared frequency of the virus in breast tissue of breast cancer patients versus appropriate normal control subjects with no history of breast cancer. None of the studies were designed as epidemiologic studies to determine if the presence of the virus was significantly associated with breast cancer. Based on our evaluation, the data in the publications reviewed here remain preliminary, and do not justify a conclusion that MMTV-LS, HPV, or EBV are causally associated with breast cancer. However, they form a valuable basis for redirecting future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, District Wardha, Maharashtra, India.
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11
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Glenn WK, Heng B, Delprado W, Iacopetta B, Whitaker NJ, Lawson JS. Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus and mouse mammary tumour virus as multiple viruses in breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48788. [PMID: 23183846 PMCID: PMC3501510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this investigation is to determine if Epstein Barr virus (EBV), high risk human papillomavirus (HPV), and mouse mammary tumour viruses (MMTV) co-exist in some breast cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the specimens were from women residing in Australia. For investigations based on standard PCR, we used fresh frozen DNA extracts from 50 unselected invasive breast cancers. For normal breast specimens, we used DNA extracts from epithelial cells from milk donated by 40 lactating women. For investigations based on in situ PCR we used 27 unselected archival formalin fixed breast cancer specimens and 18 unselected archival formalin fixed normal breast specimens from women who had breast reduction surgery. Thirteen of these fixed breast cancer specimens were ductal carcinoma in situ (dcis) and 14 were predominantly invasive ductal carcinomas (idc). RESULTS EBV sequences were identified in 68%, high risk HPV sequences in 50%, and MMTV sequences in 78% of DNA extracted from 50 invasive breast cancer specimens. These same viruses were identified in selected normal and breast cancer specimens by in situ PCR. Sequences from more than one viral type were identified in 72% of the same breast cancer specimens. Normal controls showed these viruses were also present in epithelial cells in human milk - EBV (35%), HPV, 20%) and MMTV (32%) of 40 milk samples from normal lactating women, with multiple viruses being identified in 13% of the same milk samples. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that (i) EBV, HPV and MMTV gene sequences are present and co-exist in many human breast cancers, (ii) the presence of these viruses in breast cancer is associated with young age of diagnosis and possibly an increased grade of breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/virology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Nucleus/virology
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/metabolism
- Female
- Genome, Viral/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/metabolism
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K. Glenn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Barry Iacopetta
- University Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Noel J. Whitaker
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - James S. Lawson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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12
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Analysis of an ankyrin-like region in Epstein Barr Virus encoded (EBV) BZLF-1 (ZEBRA) protein: implications for interactions with NF-κB and p53. Virol J 2011; 8:422. [PMID: 21892957 PMCID: PMC3180424 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The carboxyl terminal of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ZEBRA protein (also termed BZLF-1 encoded replication protein Zta or ZEBRA) binds to both NF-κB and p53. The authors have previously suggested that this interaction results from an ankyrin-like region of the ZEBRA protein since ankyrin proteins such as IκB interact with NF-κB and p53 proteins. These interactions may play a role in immunopathology and viral carcinogenesis in B lymphocytes as well as other cell types transiently infected by EBV such as T lymphocytes, macrophages and epithelial cells. Methods Randomization of the ZEBRA terminal amino acid sequence followed by statistical analysis suggest that the ZEBRA carboxyl terminus is most closely related to ankyrins of the invertebrate cactus IκB-like protein. This observation is consistent with an ancient origin of ZEBRA resulting from a recombination event between an ankyrin regulatory protein and a fos/jun DNA binding factor. In silico modeling of the partially solved ZEBRA carboxyl terminus structure using PyMOL software demonstrate that the carboxyl terminus region of ZEBRA can form a polymorphic structure termed ZANK (ZEBRA ANKyrin-like region) similar to two adjacent IκB ankyrin domains. Conclusions Viral capture of an ankyrin-like domain provides a mechanism for ZEBRA binding to proteins in the NF-κB and p53 transcription factor families, and also provides support for a process termed "Ping-Pong Evolution" in which DNA viruses such as EBV are formed by exchange of information with the host genome. An amino acid polymorphism in the ZANK region is identified in ZEBRA from tumor cell lines including Akata that could alter binding of Akata ZEBRA to the p53 tumor suppressor and other ankyrin binding protein, and a novel model of antagonistic binding interactions between ZANK and the DNA binding regions of ZEBRA is suggested that may be explored in further biochemical and molecular biological models of viral replication.
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13
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Hippocrate A, Oussaief L, Joab I. Possible role of EBV in breast cancer and other unusually EBV-associated cancers. Cancer Lett 2011; 305:144-9. [PMID: 21172728 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) a ubiquitous gamma herpesvirus persists for life, generally without health consequences. However, it is associated with several well-recognized malignancies, such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A growing list of malignancies has been proposed to be EBV-associated: most of which are consistently EBV-positive whereas others show inconsistent results. The possible contribution of EBV to the development and/or progression of different "non-classical" tumors is discussed in terms of putative "non-traditional'' infection in EBV-related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Hippocrate
- INSERM-Université Paris Sud U1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 14 rue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif Cedex, France
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14
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Bortezomib induction of C/EBPβ mediates Epstein-Barr virus lytic activation in Burkitt lymphoma. Blood 2011; 117:6297-303. [PMID: 21447826 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-332379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a variety of lymphoid malignancies. Bortezomib activates EBV lytic gene expression. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, leads to increased levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteinβ (C/EBPβ) in a variety of tumor cell lines. C/EBPβ activates the promoter of the EBV lytic switch gene ZTA. Bortezomib treatment leads to increased binding of C/EBP to previously recognized binding sites in the ZTA promoter. Knockdown of C/EBPβ inhibits bortezomib activation of EBV lytic gene expression. Bortezomib also induces the unfolded protein response (UPR), as evidenced by increases in ATF4, CHOP10, and XBP1s and cleavage of ATF6. Thapsigargin, an inducer of the UPR that does not interfere with proteasome function, also induces EBV lytic gene expression. The effects of thapsigargin on EBV lytic gene expression are also inhibited by C/EBPβ knock-down. Therefore, C/EBPβ mediates the activation of EBV lytic gene expression associated with bortezomib and another UPR inducer.
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Mazouni C, Fina F, Romain S, Ouafik L, Bonnier P, Brandone JM, Martin PM. Epstein-Barr virus as a marker of biological aggressiveness in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2010; 104:332-7. [PMID: 21179039 PMCID: PMC3031896 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Although a potential role of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC) has been underlined, results remain conflicting. Particularly, the impact of EBV infection on biological markers of BC has received little investigation. Methods: In this study, we established the frequency of EBV-infected BC using real-time quantitative PCR (RT–PCR) in 196 BC specimens. Biological and pathological characteristics according to EBV status were evaluated. Results: EBV DNA was present in 65 of the 196 (33.2%) cases studied. EBV-positive BCs tended to be tumours with a more aggressive phenotype, more frequently oestrogen receptor negative (P=0.05) and with high histological grade (P=0.01). Overexpression of thymidine kinase activity was higher in EBV-infected BC (P=0.007). The presence of EBV was weakly associated with HER2 gene amplification (P=0.08). Conclusion: Our study provides evidence for EBV-associated BC undergoing distinct carcinogenic processes, with more aggressive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mazouni
- Laboratoire de transfert d'oncologie biologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France.
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Niller HH, Wolf H, Minarovits J. Viral hit and run-oncogenesis: genetic and epigenetic scenarios. Cancer Lett 2010; 305:200-17. [PMID: 20813452 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that viral genomes either inserted into the cellular DNA or co-replicating with it in episomal form can be lost from neoplastic cells. Therefore, "hit and run"-mechanisms have been a topic of longstanding interest in tumor virology. The basic idea is that the transient acquisition of a complete or incomplete viral genome may be sufficient to induce malignant conversion of host cells in vivo, resulting in neoplastic development. After eliciting a heritable change in the gene expression pattern of the host cell (initiation), the genomes of tumor viruses may be completely lost, i.e. in a hit and run-scenario they are not necessary for the maintenance of the malignant state. The expression of viral oncoproteins and RNAs may interfere not only with regulators of cell proliferation, but also with DNA repair mechanisms. DNA recombinogenic activities induced by tumor viruses or activated by other mechanisms may contribute to the secondary loss of viral genomes from neoplastic cells. Viral oncoproteins can also cause epigenetic dysregulation, thereby reprogramming cellular gene expression in a heritable manner. Thus, we expect that epigenetic scenarios of viral hit and run-tumorigenesis may facilitate new, innovative experiments and clinical studies in spite of the fact that the regular presence of a suspected human tumor virus in an early phase of neoplastic development and its subsequent regular loss have not been demonstrated yet. We propose that virus-specific "epigenetic signatures", i.e. alterations of the host cell epigenome, especially altered DNA methylation patterns, may help to identify viral hit and run-oncogenic events, even after the complete loss of tumor viruses from neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg, Germany.
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17
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Qian L, Li D, Yang Z, Hu M, Yu M, Shi M, Shen B, Guo N. Construction and expression of a spliced variant of Epstein-Barr virus bzlf1 and preparation of its polyclonal antibody. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 40:46-56. [PMID: 20024794 DOI: 10.1080/10826060903392780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The BZLF1 gene-encoded protein, Zta (EB1, ZEBRA), is a key transcriptional activator of induction of the lytic cycle of EBV. Zta; it contains a basic region with homology to the DNA binding domains of the AP-1 family. In this study, an alternatively spliced BZLF1 (Delta BZLF1) cDNA lacking exon 2, which encodes the DNA-binding domain of Zta, was isolated from B95-8 marmoset cell line releasing EBV. The cDNA was inserted into a prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a+. The His-tagged recombinant protein was overproduced in E. coli BL21(DE3) and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The purified fraction was characterized by Western blot and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis and used as an antigen to immunize mice. The antibody against Delta Zta can recognize both denatured and natural Zta protein. The Delta Zta protein and its antibody can be used to further investigate its unknown functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qian
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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18
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Joshi D, Quadri M, Gangane N, Joshi R, Gangane N. Association of Epstein Barr virus infection (EBV) with breast cancer in rural Indian women. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8180. [PMID: 19997605 PMCID: PMC2782138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting females worldwide but conventional risk factors are able to explain only a small proportion of these cases. A possible viral etiology for breast cancer has been proposed and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a widely researched candidate virus. The aim of the present study, first one of its kind from India, was to determine if there is a greater association of EBV infection with breast cancer patients as compared to patients with benign breast diseases. Methods We looked for expression of Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen-1 (EBNA-1) in breast cancer tissue specimens by employing immunohistochemistry (IHC). We also measured levels of anti-EBNA-1 Immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies in stored sera of these patients using commercial Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Patients with benign breast diseases were used as a comparison group for both immunohistochemical and serological analysis. Results 58 cases of malignant breast disease and 63 of benign breast disease (controls) were included in the study. Using manufacturer determined cut-off of 3 IU/ml, 50/55 tested (90.9%) cases and 27/33 tested (81.8%) controls were seropositive for anti-EBNA-1 IgG. Mean antibody levels were significantly higher for cases (54.22 IU/ml) as compared to controls (18.68 IU/ml). IHC for EBNA-1 was positive in 28/51 cases (54.9%). No IHC positivity was noted in the tested 30 controls. Our results show that EBNA-1 expression is seen in a significant proportion of breast cancer tissue specimens from rural India and as compared to patients with benign breast diseases these patients also have a higher immunological response against EBNA-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Munira Quadri
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Gangane
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajnish Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitin Gangane
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
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Shah K, Young L. Epstein–Barr virus and carcinogenesis: beyond Burkitt's lymphoma. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15:982-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Tseng MH, Liao HC. The genetic algorithm for breast tumor diagnosis—The case of DNA viruses. Appl Soft Comput 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pratt ZL, Kuzembayeva M, Sengupta S, Sugden B. The microRNAs of Epstein-Barr Virus are expressed at dramatically differing levels among cell lines. Virology 2009; 386:387-97. [PMID: 19217135 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) encodes multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) from two primary transcripts, BHRF1 and the BARTs. The expression of BHRF1 miRNAs is dependent on the type of viral latency, whereas the BART miRNAs are expressed in cells during all forms of latency. It is not known how these miRNAs are otherwise regulated, though. We have used quantitative, stem-loop, real-time PCR to measure the expression of EBV's miRNAs and found them to differ nearly 50- and 25-fold among all tested cell lines and among EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphomas, respectively. In addition, the expression of individual BART miRNAs within a cell can differ by 50-fold or more despite the fact these miRNAs are likely transcribed together as a single primary transcript. These measurements are illuminating: they indicate that few of EBV's miRNAs are expressed at levels comparable to those of cellular miRNAs in most cell lines and therefore likely function interdependently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Pratt
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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22
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Lin JH, Tsai CH, Chu JS, Chen JY, Takada K, Shew JY. Dysregulation of HER2/HER3 signaling axis in Epstein-Barr virus-infected breast carcinoma cells. J Virol 2007; 81:5705-13. [PMID: 17376931 PMCID: PMC1900270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00076-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of breast cancer has been of long-standing interest to the field. Breast epithelial cells can be infected by EBV through direct contact with EBV-bearing lymphoblastoid cells, and EBV infection has recently been shown to confer breast cancer cells an increased resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, we established EBV-infected breast cancer MCF7 and BT474 cells and demonstrated that EBV infection promotes tumorigenic activity of breast cancer cells. Firstly, we showed that the EBV-infected MCF7-A and BT474-A cells exhibited increased anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. The increased colony formation capacity in soft agar was associated with increased expression and activation of HER2/HER3 signaling cascades, as evidenced by the findings that the treatment of HER2 antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, or MEK inhibitor completely abolished the tumorigenic capacity. In the EBV-infected breast cancer cells, the expression of EBV latency genes including EBNA1, EBER1, and BARF0 was detected. We next showed that BARF0 alone was sufficient to efficiently up-regulate HER2/HER3 expression and promoted tumorigenic activity in MCF7 and BT474 cells by the use of both overexpression and small interfering RNA knock-down. Collectively, we demonstrated that EBV-encoded BARF0 promotes the tumorigenic activity of breast cancer cells through activation of HER2/HER3 signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Han Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
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23
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Buckles EL, Lowenstine LJ, Funke C, Vittore RK, Wong HN, St Leger JA, Greig DJ, Duerr RS, Gulland FMD, Stott JL. Otarine Herpesvirus-1, not papillomavirus, is associated with endemic tumours in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). J Comp Pathol 2006; 135:183-9. [PMID: 17034810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if Otarine Herpesvirus-1 (OtHV-1) is associated with the presence of urogenital carcinomas in California sea lions. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with primers specific for OtHV-1 was used to compare the prevalence of OtHV-1 infection in 15 sea lions affected by urogenital carcinoma with that of age-matched and juvenile tumour-free animals, and animals with tumours of non-urogenital origin. The herpesvirus was more prevalent (100%) and more widespread in the 15 animals with urogenital carcinoma than in 25 control animals, and was most often found in the urogenital tissue (vagina and prostate) and in the draining lymph nodes. Moreover, OtHV-1 DNA was not found in any juvenile animal, or in the neoplastic tissues of animals with non-urogenital tumours. Papillomavirus-specific PCR analysis of urogenital carcinoma tissues detected papillomavirus sequences in only one carcinomatous tissue. Further studies are needed to determine if OtHV-1 contributes to oncogenesis in the California sea lion; these data show, however, that OtHV-1 is associated with urogenital carcinomas, is preferentially present in urogenital tissues, and may be sexually transmitted. Papillomaviruses, which are known to contribute to urogenital tumours in other species, did not appear to be associated with the sea lion carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Buckles
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been reported to be associated with a variety of different tumours; for some of these malignancies, including breast cancer, the association remains controversial. This might be due in part to differences in the methodologies used to detect EBV in tissue samples. One approach favoured by many groups is to use immunohistochemistry to detect an EBV protein, EBNA1, which is essential for the maintenance of viral latency in infected cells and therefore should be a good marker for the presence of the virus. However, in this issue of the Journal of Pathology, Hennard and colleagues report that one of the antibodies frequently employed to detect EBNA1 in tissue samples cross-reacts with the MAGE4 protein, a cancer testis antigen expressed in many cancer types. Their observation suggests that reports documenting an EBV association on the basis of reactivity with this antibody must be considered unreliable. It also re-opens the debate about whether breast cancer is an EBV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Murray
- Medical School University of Birmingham, UK.
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25
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Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a gammaherpesvirus with a 172kb genome and many genes encoding enzymes for lytic viral DNA replication. Recent observations indicate that an S-phase-like environment and the activated DNA repair system are required for viral lytic DNA replication. The virally encoded DNA replication-associated enzymes are then expressed in two clusters, suggesting their participation at different stages of replication. Simultaneously, EBV-encoded regulatory proteins may modulate cell-cycle control to enhance virus replication efficiency. The interactions among proteins in the viral replication complex and cellular proteins may either generate structural specificities for replication proteins or stabilize the protein complexes. During infection, EBV has evolved several strategies to overcome the host defense mechanism, such as interfering with innate immunity and withdrawing into a latent state. This review discusses the latest progress in viral control of lytic replication and the interactions among viral lytic replication compartment and cellular machineries. The possible contribution of EBV lytic gene products to human malignancy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, No 1, Jen-Ai Rd, 1st Section, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ru Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, No 1, Jen-Ai Rd, 1st Section, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Arbach H, Viglasky V, Lefeu F, Guinebretière JM, Ramirez V, Bride N, Boualaga N, Bauchet T, Peyrat JP, Mathieu MC, Mourah S, Podgorniak MP, Seignerin JM, Takada K, Joab I. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome and expression in breast cancer tissue: effect of EBV infection of breast cancer cells on resistance to paclitaxel (Taxol). J Virol 2006; 80:845-53. [PMID: 16378986 PMCID: PMC1346837 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.2.845-853.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been detected in subsets of breast cancers. In order to elaborate on these observations, we quantified by real-time PCR (Q-PCR) the EBV genome in biopsy specimens of breast cancer tissue as well as in tumor cells isolated by microdissection. Our findings show that EBV genomes can be detected by Q-PCR in about half of tumor specimens, usually in low copy numbers. However, we also found that the viral load is highly variable from tumor to tumor. Moreover, EBV genomes are heterogeneously distributed in morphologically identical tumor cells, with some clusters of isolated tumor cells containing relatively high genome numbers while other tumor cells isolated from the same specimen may be negative for EBV DNA. Using reverse transcription-PCR, we detected EBV gene transcripts: EBNA-1 in almost all of the EBV-positive tumors and RNA of the EBV oncoprotein LMP-1 in a smaller subset of the tissues analyzed. Moreover, BARF-1 RNA was detected in half of the cases studied. Furthermore, we observed that in vitro EBV infection of breast carcinoma cells confers resistance to paclitaxel (taxol) and provokes overexpression of a multidrug resistance gene (MDR1). Consequently, even if a small number of breast cancer cells are EBV infected, the impact of EBV infection on the efficiency of anticancer treatment might be of importance.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/virology
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Biopsy
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast/pathology
- Breast/virology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/virology
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes, MDR/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hratch Arbach
- INSERM U716, IUH, IFR Saint-Louis, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France
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27
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Perkins RS, Sahm K, Marando C, Dickson-Witmer D, Pahnke GR, Mitchell M, Petrelli NJ, Berkowitz IM, Soteropoulos P, Aris VM, Dunn SP, Krueger LJ. Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus reservoirs in paired blood and breast cancer primary biopsy specimens by real time PCR. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8:R70. [PMID: 17163997 PMCID: PMC1797024 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in over 90% of the world's population. This infection is considered benign, even though in limited cases EBV is associated with infectious and neoplastic conditions. Over the past decade, the EBV association with breast cancer has been constantly debated. Adding to this clinical and biological uncertainty, different techniques gave contradictory results for the presence of EBV in breast carcinoma specimens. In this study, minor groove binding (MGB)-TaqMan real time PCR was used to detect the presence of EBV DNA in both peripheral blood and tumor samples of selected patients. METHODS Peripheral blood and breast carcinoma specimens from 24 patients were collected. DNA was extracted and then amplified by MGB-TaqMan real time PCR. RESULTS Of 24 breast tumor specimens, 11 (46%) were positive for EBV DNA. Of these 11 breast tumor specimens, 7 (64%) were also positive for EBV DNA in the peripheral blood, while 4 (36%) were positive for EBV DNA in the tumor, but negative in the blood. CONCLUSION EBV was found at extremely low levels, with a mean of 0.00004 EBV genomes per cell (range 0.00014 to 0.00001 EBV genomes per cell). Furthermore, our finding of the presence of EBV in the tumor specimens coupled to the absence of detection of EBV genomic DNA in the peripheral blood is consistent with the epithelial nature of the virus. Because of the low levels of viral DNA in tumor tissue, further studies are needed to assess the biological input of EBV in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Serene Perkins
- Molecular Genetics, Cellular and Tissue Transplantation, Nemours Biomedical Research, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Surgery of the Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Department of Surgery, Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Surgery, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Katherine Sahm
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Cindy Marando
- Molecular Genetics, Cellular and Tissue Transplantation, Nemours Biomedical Research, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Surgery of the Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Diana Dickson-Witmer
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Gregory R Pahnke
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Mark Mitchell
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Nicholas J Petrelli
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Irving M Berkowitz
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Patricia Soteropoulos
- Center for Applied Genomics, Public Health Research Institute, Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Virginie M Aris
- Center for Applied Genomics, Public Health Research Institute, Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Stephen P Dunn
- Department of Surgery of the Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Department of Surgery, Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Leslie J Krueger
- Molecular Genetics, Cellular and Tissue Transplantation, Nemours Biomedical Research, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
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de Oliveira DE. Comment on: Alves G, Menezes Trindade Macrini C, De Souza Nascimento P, Carlos Morais J, Augusto Ornellas A. Detection and expression of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA in tissues from penile tumors in Brazil. Cancer Lett. 2004; 215(1):79-82. Cancer Lett 2005; 227:223-4. [PMID: 16112425 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dreyfus DH. Immunopathology associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection: Evidence for interactions with T-lymphocyte EBV receptor CD21. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cair.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Thorne LB, Ryan JL, Elmore SH, Glaser SL, Gulley ML. Real-Time PCR Measures Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in Archival Breast Adenocarcinomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 14:29-33. [PMID: 15714061 DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000144448.23464.ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in breast cancer pathogenesis remains controversial. Fifty-five cases of paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed invasive breast cancer were screened for the presence of EBV using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) directed at five different targets within the EBV genome (BamH1W, LMP1, EBNA1, LMP2, and BZLF1 regions). In four tumors (7%), low level EBV DNA was detected by at least one of the assays, with levels of up to 11 copies of EBV DNA per 100,000 cells. Immunohistochemisty for viral BMRF1 and BZLF1 and in situ hybridization for lytic gene transcripts showed no evidence of replicative EBV gene expression. Lymphocytes and malignant cells were also negative for latent infection by EBER in situ hybridization. Laser capture microdissection followed by quantitative real-time PCR was not useful in localizing EBV DNA to malignant cells or bystander lymphocytes. In conclusion, EBV DNA is detectable in a fraction of breast cancer specimens using real-time PCR as a screening tool, albeit at quite low levels, which suggests that only rare cells are infected. The low levels probably confounded our ability to localize the virus to particular cell types or to characterize viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh B Thorne
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
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31
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Pegtel DM, Middeldorp J, Thorley-Lawson DA. Epstein-Barr virus infection in ex vivo tonsil epithelial cell cultures of asymptomatic carriers. J Virol 2004; 78:12613-24. [PMID: 15507648 PMCID: PMC525079 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.22.12613-12624.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is found frequently in certain epithelial pathologies, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and oral hairy leukoplakia, indicating that the virus can infect epithelial cells in vivo. Recent studies of cell lines imply that epithelial cells may also play a role in persistent EBV infection in vivo. In this report, we show the establishment and characterization of an ex vivo culture model of tonsil epithelial cells, a likely site for EBV infection in vivo. Primary epithelial-cell cultures, generated from tonsil explants, contained a heterogeneous mixture of cells with an ongoing process of differentiation. Keratin expression profiles were consistent with the presence of cells from both surface and crypt epithelia. A small subset of cells could be latently infected by coculture with EBV-releasing cell lines, but not with cell-free virus. We also detected viral-DNA, -mRNA, and -protein expression in cultures from EBV-positive tonsil donors prior to in vitro infection. We conclude that these cells were either already infected at the time of explantation or soon after through cell-to-cell contact with B cells replicating EBV in the explant. Taken together, these findings suggest that the tonsil epithelium of asymptomatic virus carriers is able to sustain EBV infection in vivo. This provides an explanation for the presence of EBV in naso- and oropharyngeal pathologies and is consistent with epithelial cells playing a role in the egress of EBV during persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Jaharis Bldg., 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) challenge clinicians and biologists in various fields including epidemiology, genetics, virology and immunology. These tumours have a striking geographical distribution. They are constantly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and contain a massive lymphocytic infiltrate. Their study has major implications especially at this moment while a pathological role of EBV is suspected in several other human epithelial malignancies (for example gastric, mammary and thyroid carcinomas). The North-South Workshop on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma was held at the Institut Gustave-Roussy in early December 2003. Its main goal was to support the exchanges between clinical research on NPC in the South and basic research in the North. With regard to epidemiology and genetics, the main information was the possible existence of several susceptibility genes (including two of them on the 4p and 5p chromosomes). In virology, participants have emphasized the selection of peculiar EBV variants within the malignant cells and the expression of novel oncogenic viral proteins : LMP2 and BARF1. Cellular gene alterations also contribute to NPC development, especially inactivation of tumor suppressor genes located on the 3p chromosome. Therapeutic research was not forgotten. Hope of higher rate of cure relies on improved ballistic processes in radiotherapy (IMRT) and on the development of targeted therapeutics : induction of the lytic/productive viral cycle, gene therapy with conditional replicative adenoviruses, antitumor vaccination directed against the viral protein LMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Busson
- CNRS UMR 8126, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
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