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Ng YS, Chen CY, Cheng SW, Tan YK, Lin SS, Senapin S, Sangsuriya P, Wang HC. WSSV early protein WSSV004 enhances viral replication by suppressing LDH activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132482. [PMID: 38763244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is known to upregulate glycolysis to supply biomolecules and energy for the virus's replication. At the viral genome replication stage, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a glycolytic enzyme, shows increased activity without any increase in expression. In the present study, yeast 2-hybrid screening was used to identify WSSV proteins that interacted with LvLDH isoform 1 and 2, and these included the WSSV early protein WSSV004. The interaction between WSSV004 and LvLDH1/2 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Immunofluorescence showed that WSSV004 co-localized with LvLDH1/2 in the cytoplasm. dsRNA silencing experiments showed that WSSV004 was crucial for WSSV replication. However, although WSSV004 silencing led to the suppression of total LvLDH gene expression during the viral late stage, there was nevertheless a significant increase in LvLDH activity at this time. We also used affinity purification-mass spectrometry to identify cellular proteins that interact with WSSV004, and found a total of 108 host proteins and 3 WSSV proteins with which it potentially interacts. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that WSSV004 and its interacting proteins might be responsible for various biological pathways during infection, including vesicular transport machinery and RNA-related functions. Collectively, our study suggests that WSSV004 serves as a multifunctional modulator to facilitate WSSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Siong Ng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cong-Yan Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu Kent Tan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Research Team, BIOTEC, NSTDA, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Center for Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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2
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Cox N, De Swaef E, Corteel M, Van Den Broeck W, Bossier P, Nauwynck HJ, Dantas-Lima JJ. Experimental Infection Models and Their Usefulness for White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Research in Shrimp. Viruses 2024; 16:813. [PMID: 38793694 PMCID: PMC11125927 DOI: 10.3390/v16050813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is marked as one of the most economically devastating pathogens in shrimp aquaculture worldwide. Infection of cultured shrimp can lead to mass mortality (up to 100%). Although progress has been made, our understanding of WSSV's infection process and the virus-host-environment interaction is far from complete. This in turn hinders the development of effective mitigation strategies against WSSV. Infection models occupy a crucial first step in the research flow that tries to elucidate the infectious disease process to develop new antiviral treatments. Moreover, since the establishment of continuous shrimp cell lines is a work in progress, the development and use of standardized in vivo infection models that reflect the host-pathogen interaction in shrimp is a necessity. This review critically examines key aspects of in vivo WSSV infection model development that are often overlooked, such as standardization, (post)larval quality, inoculum type and choice of inoculation procedure, housing conditions, and shrimp welfare considerations. Furthermore, the usefulness of experimental infection models for different lines of WSSV research will be discussed with the aim to aid researchers when choosing a suitable model for their research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Cox
- IMAQUA, 9080 Lochristi, Belgium; (E.D.S.); (M.C.); (J.J.D.-L.)
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | | | - Mathias Corteel
- IMAQUA, 9080 Lochristi, Belgium; (E.D.S.); (M.C.); (J.J.D.-L.)
| | - Wim Van Den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopedics, Physiotherapy and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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3
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Cui C, Tang X, Xing J, Sheng X, Chi H, Zhan W. Single-cell RNA-seq revealed heterogeneous responses and functional differentiation of hemocytes against white spot syndrome virus infection in Litopenaeus vannamei. J Virol 2024; 98:e0180523. [PMID: 38323810 PMCID: PMC10949519 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01805-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Shrimp hemocytes are the vital immune cells participating in innate immune response to defend against viruses. However, the lack of specific molecular markers for shrimp hemocyte hindered the insightful understanding of their functional clusters and differential roles in combating microbial infections. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to map the transcriptomic landscape of hemocytes from the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-infected Litopenaeus vannamei and conjointly analyzed with our previous published single-cell RNA sequencing technology data from the healthy hemocytes. A total of 16 transcriptionally distinct cell clusters were identified, which occupied different proportions in healthy and WSSV-infected hemocytes and exerted differential roles in antiviral immune response. Following mapping of the sequencing data to the WSSV genome, we found that all types of hemocytes could be invaded by WSSV virions, especially the cluster 8, which showed the highest transcriptional levels of WSSV genes and exhibited a cell type-specific antiviral response to the viral infection. Further evaluation of the cell clusters revealed the delicate dynamic balance between hemocyte immune response and viral infestation. Unsupervised pseudo-time analysis of hemocytes showed that the hemocytes in immune-resting state could be significantly activated upon WSSV infection and then functionally differentiated to different hemocyte subsets. Collectively, our results revealed the differential responses of shrimp hemocytes and the process of immune-functional differentiation post-WSSV infection, providing essential resource for the systematic insight into the synergistic immune response mechanism against viral infection among hemocyte subtypes. IMPORTANCE Current knowledge of shrimp hemocyte classification mainly comes from morphology, which hinder in-depth characterization of cell lineage development, functional differentiation, and different immune response of hemocyte types during pathogenic infections. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing was used for mapping hemocytes during white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in Litopenaeus vannamei, identifying 16 cell clusters and evaluating their potential antiviral functional characteristics. We have described the dynamic balance between viral infestation and hemocyte immunity. And the functional differentiation of hemocytes under WSSV stimulation was further characterized. Our results provided a comprehensive transcriptional landscape and revealed the heterogeneous immune response in shrimp hemocytes during WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Cui
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Encinas-García T, Mendoza-Cano F, Muhlia-Almazán A, Vega-Peralta J, Sánchez-Paz A. Comparison of five commercial kits for isolation of total RNA in samples of WSSV-infected shrimp. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2023; 156:59-70. [PMID: 38032039 DOI: 10.3354/dao03762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases are the most serious threat to the expansion and development of shrimp aquaculture. Rapid diagnosis of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a lethal shrimp pathogen, is essential to restrict its spread and reduce the mortality of infected shrimp. This virus has globally affected the shrimp farming industry, with a devastating economic impact. Several studies have focused on the expression of WSSV transcripts to understand the molecular mechanisms governing the pathological development of the disease. Since gene expression studies and molecular diagnostics at the early stages of infection depend on the efficient isolation of high-quality RNA, the extraction methods should be carefully selected. However, previous comparisons of the performance of RNA isolation kits have yet to be systematically investigated. In this study, 5 commercial RNA extraction methods were compared in WSSV-infected shrimp. The highest total RNA yield (ng mg-1 tissue) was obtained using TRIzol. Even though the 260/280 nm absorption ratios showed significant differences, the methods showed good purity values (>2.0). RNA integrity was evaluated in a denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis, and degradation was observed after the total RNA samples were treated with DNase I. Finally, the method that allowed the earlier detection of WSSV transcripts by qRT-PCR was the Zymo Direct-zol RNA MiniPrep kit. This study shows that the amount of observed (or estimated) WSSV transcripts might be affected because of the RNA isolation method. In addition, these results may contribute to improve the accuracy of the results obtained in gene expression studies, for more sensitive and robust detection of WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Encinas-García
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Campus Hermosillo, Hermosillo, Sonora, CP 83106, México
| | - Fernando Mendoza-Cano
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Campus Hermosillo, Hermosillo, Sonora, CP 83106, México
| | - Adriana Muhlia-Almazán
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD) Unidad Hermosillo, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, México
| | - Juan Vega-Peralta
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Campus Hermosillo, Hermosillo, Sonora, CP 83106, México
| | - Arturo Sánchez-Paz
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Campus Hermosillo, Hermosillo, Sonora, CP 83106, México
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5
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Liu S, Jiang T, Dai L, Cong Y. Identification of an AnnexinB9 involve in white spot syndrome virus infection in red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. Mol Immunol 2023; 162:21-29. [PMID: 37633252 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Annexin (Anx) family protein is a highly conserved protein family that plays important roles in immune defense of vertebrates and invertebrates against invading pathogens. In this study, a novel Anx was cloned and characterized from the red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. The Open Reading Frame of CqAnxB9 consisted of 930 nucleotide bases pair and encoded 309 amino acids. The CqAnxB9 protein contained three repeat Anx domains and a typical KGLGT sequence. Tissue expression analysis showed that the expression levels of CqAnxB9 were mainly expressed in the intestine, hepatopancreas and hemocytes. After WSSV challenge, CqAnxB9 expression was up-regulated in the hematopoietic tissue (Hpt) cells. Moreover, knockdown of CqAnxB9 inhibited WSSV replication and VP28 expression, suggesting that CqAnxB9 plays a positive role in WSSV infection. Further studies revealed that recombinant CqAnxB9 protein was found to bind to the viral envelop protein VP28. All these findings indicate that new-found CqAnxB9 is likely to promote WSSV infection in crustaceans, which provides a better understanding of the pathogenesis of WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210093, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tengping Jiang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210093, China; State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Lei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yangzi Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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6
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Liu WJ, Chang YS, Tseng KC, Yu MH. Activity of bovine lactoferrin in resistance to white spot syndrome virus infection in shrimp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:104651. [PMID: 36736936 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a notorious pathogen that has plagued shrimp farming worldwide for decades. To date, there are no known treatments that are effective against this virus. Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein with many bioactivities, including antiviral properties. In this study, the activities and mechanisms of bovine LF (bLF) against WSSV were analyzed. Our results showed that bLF treatment significantly reduced shrimp mortalities caused by WSSV infection. bLF was found to have the ability to bind to surfaces of both host cells and WSSV virions. These bindings may have been a result of bLF interactions with the host cellular chitin binding protein and F1 ATP synthase β subunit protein and the WSSV structural proteins VP28, VP110, VP150 and VP160B. bLF demonstrated potential for development as an anti-WSSV agent in shrimp culture. Furthermore, these reactionary proteins may play a role in WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Jing Liu
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Shiang Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Chun Tseng
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hua Yu
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Huang HJ, Tang SL, Chang YC, Wang HC, Ng TH, Garmann RF, Chen YW, Huang JY, Kumar R, Chang SH, Wu SR, Chao CY, Matoba K, Kenji I, Gelbart WM, Ko TP, Wang HJA, Lo CF, Chen LL, Wang HC. Multiple Nucleocapsid Structural Forms of Shrimp White Spot Syndrome Virus Suggests a Novel Viral Morphogenetic Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087525. [PMID: 37108688 PMCID: PMC10140842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a very large dsDNA virus. The accepted shape of the WSSV virion has been as ellipsoidal, with a tail-like extension. However, due to the scarcity of reliable references, the pathogenesis and morphogenesis of WSSV are not well understood. Here, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) to address some knowledge gaps. We concluded that mature WSSV virions with a stout oval-like shape do not have tail-like extensions. Furthermore, there were two distinct ends in WSSV nucleocapsids: a portal cap and a closed base. A C14 symmetric structure of the WSSV nucleocapsid was also proposed, according to our Cryo-EM map. Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) revealed that VP664 proteins, the main components of the 14 assembly units, form a ring-like architecture. Moreover, WSSV nucleocapsids were also observed to undergo unique helical dissociation. Based on these new results, we propose a novel morphogenetic pathway of WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Huang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sen-Lin Tang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chih Chang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ching Wang
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Tze Hann Ng
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Rees F Garmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA
| | - Yu-Wen Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yan Huang
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ramya Kumar
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiung Chang
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Chao
- Department of Physics and Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kyoko Matoba
- Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Iwasaki Kenji
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - William M Gelbart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Jiung Andrew Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Sun M, Liu M, Shan H, Li K, Wang P, Guo H, Zhao Y, Wang R, Tao Y, Yang L, Zhang Y, Su X, Liu Y, Li C, Lin J, Chen XL, Zhang YZ, Shen QT. Ring-stacked capsids of white spot syndrome virus and structural transitions with genome ejection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd2796. [PMID: 36812312 PMCID: PMC9946344 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the largest DNA viruses and the major pathogen responsible for white spot syndrome in crustaceans. The WSSV capsid is critical for genome encapsulation and ejection and exhibits the rod-shaped and oval-shaped structures during the viral life cycle. However, the detailed architecture of the capsid and the structural transition mechanism remain unclear. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we obtained a cryo-EM model of the rod-shaped WSSV capsid and were able to characterize its ring-stacked assembly mechanism. Furthermore, we identified an oval-shaped WSSV capsid from intact WSSV virions and analyzed the structural transition mechanism from the oval-shaped to rod-shaped capsids induced by high salinity. These transitions, which decrease internal capsid pressure, always accompany DNA release and mostly eliminate the infection of the host cells. Our results demonstrate an unusual assembly mechanism of the WSSV capsid and offer structural insights into the pressure-driven genome release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mingdong Liu
- School of Life Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- iHuman Institute and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hong Shan
- iHuman Institute and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kang Li
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huarong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Rui Wang
- iHuman Institute and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yiwen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- iHuman Institute and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoming Su
- High Performance Computing Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- School of Life Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - James Lin
- High Performance Computing Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Corresponding author. (Q.-T.S.); (Y.-Z.Z.)
| | - Qing-Tao Shen
- School of Life Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- iHuman Institute and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Corresponding author. (Q.-T.S.); (Y.-Z.Z.)
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Cui C, He L, Tang X, Xing J, Sheng X, Chi H, Zhan W. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies targeting envelope protein VP28 of white spot syndrome virus provide protection against viral infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:508-520. [PMID: 35768048 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is extremely pathogenic and causes huge economic losses in the shrimp farming industry. Neutralizing antibodies against WSSV is expected to be an effective means of preventing infection with the virus. In the present study, eight monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against VP28 were developed by immunizing BALB/c mice with WSSV-VP28 recombinant protein. Among them, three mAbs named 3B7, 2G3 and 5D2 were determined to be able to delay the mortality of WSSV-infected shrimp in vivo neutralization assay, suggesting their neutralizing ability against WSSV infection. Immunoblotting results showed that the three mAbs reacted specifically with native VP28 of WSSV, and could also recognize the virions in the gills of WSSV-infected shrimp by IFA. Furthermore, the single chain variable fragment (scFv) genes specific for WSSV-VP28 were cloned from the three hybridoma cells and expressed in Escherichia coli. After purification and refolding, three biologically active scFv recombinant proteins were all capable of recognizing the native VP28 of WSSV and delayed the mortality of WSSV-infected shrimp, indicating their neutralizing capacity against WSSV. Subsequently, the eukaryotic expression plasmids of three scFv genes were constructed and the transcriptional properties of expression vectors in shrimp were analyzed. Animal experiments also proved that the scFv eukaryotic expression plasmids were able to partially neutralize WSSV infection. Thus, the production of neutralizing mAb and recombinant scFv antibodies against WSSV has a promising therapeutic potential in prevention and treatment of white spot disease of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Cui
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liangyin He
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
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10
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Hsu JCK, Huang HT, Lin HJ, Chou HY, Huang PY, Prachumwat A, Chen LL. Applying Modified VP53A Recombinant Protein as an Anti-White Spot Syndrome Virus Biological Agent in Litopenaeus vannamei Farming. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071353. [PMID: 35891334 PMCID: PMC9324474 DOI: 10.3390/v14071353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp farming is an important economic activity. However, due to the spread of pathogens, shrimp aquaculture is becoming increasingly difficult. Many studies have confirmed that white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) recombinant proteins can inhibit viral infection. Among them, VP53 recombinant protein has been found to reduce mortality upon WSSV challenge. This study was conducted in Kaohsiung, Taiwan and reports the first field feeding trial to demonstrate that WSSV recombinant proteins can improve shrimp survival rates at a farming scale. Prior to the feeding trial, the shrimp were confirmed to be slightly infected with WSSV, Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), non-AHPND V. parahaemolyticus strains, and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), which are common pathogens that shrimp farmers often face. The shrimp were then divided into two groups: a control group (C group) fed with a commercial diet and a protein group (P group) fed with the same commercial feed with VP53 recombinant protein. Our findings indicated that the survival rate and expression of immune genes of the P group were higher than those of the C group. The intestinal microbiota of the two groups were also analysed. Collectively, our results confirmed that the recombinant WSSV envelope protein derivative can be used as an effective anti-virus biological agent in shrimp farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Chia-Kai Hsu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Innocreate Bioscience Co., Ltd., Zhonghe District, New Taipei City 23557, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Ting Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-T.H.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Han-Jia Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Yiu Chou
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-T.H.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Po-Yu Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung 95092, Taiwan;
| | - Anuphap Prachumwat
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (L.-L.C.)
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (L.-L.C.)
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11
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Wang C, Wei M, Wu G, He L, Zhu J, Juventus Aweya J, Chen X, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Yao D. Proteomics analysis reveals a critical role for the WSSV immediate-early protein IE1 in modulating the host prophenoloxidase system. Virulence 2022; 13:936-948. [PMID: 35582758 PMCID: PMC9154788 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2078471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a large enveloped double-stranded DNA virus that is a major impediment for shrimp aquaculture worldwide. So far, the mechanisms of WSSV-host interactions are ill-defined. Recent studies have revealed that IE1, an immediate-early protein encoded by WSSV, is a multifunctional modulator implicated in virus-host interactions. In this study, the biological functions of IE1 were further explored by identifying its interacting proteins using GST-pull down and mass spectrometry analysis. A total of 361 host proteins that potentially bind to IE1 were identified. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the identified IE1-interacting proteins were key molecules involved in various signaling pathways such as prophenoloxidase (proPO) system, PI3K-AKT, MAPK, Focal adhesion, and cell cycle. Among these, the regulatory role of IE1 in the shrimp proPO system was further studied. The Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) results confirmed that IE1 interacted with the Ig-like domain of Penaeus vannamei proPO or proPO-like proteins (proPO1/2 and hemocyanin). In addition, we found that in vivo RNAi mediated knockdown of IE1 reduced the viral genes expression and viral loads, as well as caused an increase in the PO activity of hemocytes during infection, whereas recombinant IE1 protein could inhibit the PO activity in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, our result demonstrated that WSSV could suppress the PO activity of hemocytes at the early infection stage. Collectively, our current data indicate that IE1 is a novel viral regulator that negatively modulates the shrimp proPO system, which provide additional insights into the biological functions of IE1 during WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Menghao Wei
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Gaochun Wu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Lixuan He
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jinghua Zhu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
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12
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Circulating Phylotypes of White Spot Syndrome Virus in Bangladesh and Their Virulence. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010191. [PMID: 35056639 PMCID: PMC8780693 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) has emerged as one of the most prevalent and lethal viruses globally and infects both shrimps and crabs in the aquatic environment. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of WSSV in different ghers of Bangladesh and the virulence of the circulating phylotypes. We collected 360 shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and 120 crab (Scylla sp.) samples from the south-east (Cox’s Bazar) and south-west (Satkhira) coastal regions of Bangladesh. The VP28 gene-specific PCR assays and sequencing revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test) differences in the prevalence of WSSV in shrimps and crabs between the study areas (Cox’s Bazar and Satkhira) and over the study periods (2017–2019). The mean Log load of WSSV varied from 8.40 (Cox’s Bazar) to 10.48 (Satkhira) per gram of tissue. The mean values for salinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH were 14.71 ± 0.76 ppt, 3.7 ± 0.1 ppm, 34.11 ± 0.38 °C and 8.23 ± 0.38, respectively, in the WSSV-positive ghers. The VP28 gene-based phylogenetic analysis showed an amino-acid substitution (E→G) at the 167th position in the isolates from Cox’s Bazar (referred to as phylotype BD2) compared to the globally circulating one (BD1). Shrimp PL artificially challenged with BD1 and BD2 phylotypes with filtrates of tissue containing 0.423 × 109 copies of WSSV per mL resulted in a median LT50 value of 73 h and 75 h, respectively. The in vivo trial showed higher mean Log WSSV copies (6.47 ± 2.07 per mg tissue) in BD1-challenged shrimp PL compared to BD2 (4.75 ± 0.35 per mg tissue). Crabs infected with BD1 and BD2 showed 100% mortality within 48 h and 62 h of challenge, respectively, with mean Log WSSV copies of 12.06 ± 0.48 and 9.95 ± 0.37 per gram tissue, respectively. Moreover, shrimp antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), penaeidin and lysozyme expression were lower in the BD1-challenged group compared to BD2 challenged shrimps. These results collectively demonstrated that relative virulence properties of WSSV based on mortality rate, viral load and expression of host immune genes in artificially infected shrimp PL could be affected by single aa substitution in VP28.
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13
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Wang Y, Zhang B, Zhao S, Wang Y, Chu X, Li XC. SpgC1qR interacts with WSSV VP28 exhibiting antiviral activity. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100052. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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14
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Huang PY, Huang YH, Leu JH, Chen LL. Feasibility Study on the Use of Fly Maggots ( Musca domestica) as Carriers to Inhibit Shrimp White Spot Syndrome. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080818. [PMID: 34440562 PMCID: PMC8402094 DOI: 10.3390/life11080818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The shrimp aquaculture industry has encountered many diseases that have caused significant losses, with the most serious being white spot syndrome (WSS). Until now, no cures, vaccines, or drugs have been found to counteract the WSS virus (WSSV). The purpose of this study was to develop an oral delivery system to transport recombinant proteinaceous antigens into shrimp. To evaluate the feasibility of the oral delivery system, we used white shrimp as the test species and maggots as protein carriers. The results indicated that the target protein was successfully preserved in the maggot, and the protein was detected in the gastrointestinal tract of the shrimp, showing that this oral delivery system could deliver the target protein to the shrimp intestine, where it was absorbed. In addition, the maggots were found to increase the total haemocyte count and phenoloxidase activity of the shrimp, and feeding shrimp rVP24-fed maggots significantly induced the expression of penaeidins 2. In the WSSV challenge, the survival rate of rVP24-fed maggots was approximately 43%. This study showed that maggots can be used as effective oral delivery systems for aquatic products and may provide a new method for aquatic vaccine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Huang
- Centre of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Hsuan Huang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Jiann-Horng Leu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Centre of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (J.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2462-2192 (ext. 5302)
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15
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Zou RF, Cai M, Liu QH. LvCSN5 is involved in WSSV infection via interaction with wsv006. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103870. [PMID: 32937164 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As an extremely virulent pathogen, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) greatly threatens shrimp aquaculture worldwide. The interaction between virus and host is important for viral infection. In the present study, a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) library was constructed to clarify the functions of wsv006, and the interaction between wsv006 and shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) was analyzed. Furthermore, we explored the role of the wsv006-interacting molecule L. vannamei COP9 constitutive photomorphogenic-like protein subunit 5 (LvCSN5) in WSSV infection. Y2H assay showed that wsv006 interacted with LvCSN5, and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay confirmed such interaction. Multiple alignments of amino acid sequences with other species revealed that the LvCSN5 had high identity with Penaeusmonodon CSN5 (PmCSN5). LvCSN5 was mainly expressed in intestine, eye and hepatopancreas. In addition, the relative expression of LvCSN5 was significantly up-regulated both in intestine and hepatopancreas following the WSSV challenge. Besides, the relative expressions of IE1 and VP28, as well as the viral copy numbers were significantly increased in the LvCSN5-silenced shrimp. Our findings suggested that LvCSN5 was involved in WSSV infection by interacting with wsv006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Feng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Miao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Qing-Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, China.
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16
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Liu WJ, Chang YS, Chen PY, Wu SP. F1 ATP synthase β subunit is a putative receptor involved in white spot syndrome virus infection in shrimp by binding with viral envelope proteins VP51B and VP150. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103810. [PMID: 32750398 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is highly virulent toward shrimp, and F1 ATP synthase β subunit (ATPsyn-β) has been suggested to be involved in WSSV infection. Therefore, in this study, interactions between Penaeus monodon ATPsyn-β (PmATPsyn-β) and WSSV structural proteins were characterized. Based on the results of yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, and protein pull-down assays, WSSV VP51B and VP150 were identified as being able to interact with PmATPsyn-β. Membrane topology assay results indicated that VP51B and VP150 are envelope proteins with large portions exposed outside the WSSV virion. Cellular localization assay results demonstrated that VP51B and VP150 co-localize with PmATPsyn-β on the membranes of transfected cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and competitive ELISA results demonstrated that VP51B and VP150 bound to PmATPsyn-β in a dose-dependent manner, which could be competitively inhibited by the addition of WSSV virions. In vivo neutralization assay results further showed that both recombinant VP51B and VP150 could delay mortality in shrimp challenged with WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Jing Liu
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Shiang Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yu Chen
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ping Wu
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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'PmLyO-Sf9 - WSSV complex' could be a platform for elucidating the mechanism of viral entry, cellular apoptosis and replication impediments. Virology 2020; 553:102-110. [PMID: 33264652 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most devastating pathogen found in shrimp aquaculture. The lack of certified continuous/established cell lines from penaeid shrimp restricts in vitro studies on the viruses to bring out effective prophylactic and therapeutic measures. In this context, a novel hybrid cell line named, PmLyO-Sf9, consisting of shrimp and Sf9 genomes has been established and employed to study WSSV susceptibility and multiplication. The hybrid cells were exposed to the shrimp virus WSSV and cytopathic effects (CPE) such as (a) enlargement of cells, (b) cessation cell division, (c) granulation of cytoplasm, (d) rounding off of cells, shortening and disappearance of tail-like structures and (e) detachment from the flask. Expression of immediate early genes such as ie 1, dnapol, rr1, tk-tmk, and pk 1could be confirmed indicating that viral DNA replication in the PmLyO-Sf9 took place followed by the expression of late genes such as VP-28, VP-26, VP-15 and VP-19. Electron micrograph of WSSV infected cells demonstrated marginated dense zones in the nucleus with clumped chromatin, and the mid zone with virus-like particles. However, neither discrete virus particles nor the culture supernatant having infectivity could be observed suggesting that virions were not getting formed in the cells. This is the first report of the susceptibility of PmLyO-Sf9 to WSSV, and the 'PmLyO-Sf9 - WSSV Complex' formed, defined as the infected status of PmLyO-Sf9 with WSSV, could be of use for unraveling at molecular level the mechanism of viral entry, replication impediments and cellular apoptosis.
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18
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Kliot A, Johnson RS, MacCoss MJ, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Czosnek H, Heck M, Ghanim M. A proteomic approach reveals possible molecular mechanisms and roles for endosymbiotic bacteria in begomovirus transmission by whiteflies. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa124. [PMID: 33185242 PMCID: PMC7662926 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many plant viruses are vector-borne and depend on arthropods for transmission between host plants. Begomoviruses, the largest, most damaging and emerging group of plant viruses, infect hundreds of plant species, and new virus species of the group are discovered each year. Begomoviruses are transmitted by members of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci species complex in a persistent-circulative manner. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most devastating begomoviruses worldwide and causes major losses in tomato crops, as well as in many agriculturally important plant species. Different B. tabaci populations vary in their virus transmission abilities; however, the causes for these variations are attributed among others to genetic differences among vector populations, as well as to differences in the bacterial symbionts housed within B. tabaci. RESULTS Here, we performed discovery proteomic analyses in 9 whitefly populations from both Middle East Asia Minor I (MEAM1, formerly known as B biotype) and Mediterranean (MED, formerly known as Q biotype) species. We analysed our proteomic results on the basis of the different TYLCV transmission abilities of the various populations included in the study. The results provide the first comprehensive list of candidate insect and bacterial symbiont (mainly Rickettsia) proteins associated with virus transmission. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the proteomic signatures of better vector populations differ considerably when compared with less efficient vector populations in the 2 whitefly species tested in this study. While MEAM1 efficient vector populations have a more lenient immune system, the Q efficient vector populations have higher abundance of proteins possibly implicated in virus passage through cells. Both species show a strong link of the facultative symbiont Rickettsia to virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Kliot
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, HaMacabim Rd., Rishon LeZion, 50250, Israel
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Genomic Pipelines, Earlham Institute, Colney lane, Norwich, NR7 4UH, UK
| | - Richard S Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Foege Building, 98195-5065 Seattle, USA
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Foege Building, 98195-5065 Seattle, USA
| | - Svetlana Kontsedalov
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, HaMacabim Rd., Rishon LeZion, 50250, Israel
| | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, HaMacabim Rd., Rishon LeZion, 50250, Israel
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michelle Heck
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, HaMacabim Rd., Rishon LeZion, 50250, Israel
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Kao ZN, Liu CH, Liu WJ, Kumar R, Leu JH, Wang HC. Shrimp SIRT1 activates of the WSSV IE1 promoter independently of the NF-κB binding site. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:910-919. [PMID: 32841684 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the mechanisms by which cellular factors modulate replication of the shrimp viral pathogen white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) are still largely unknown, here we consider the sirtuins, a family of NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases that are known to function as regulatory factors that activate or suppress viral transcription and replication in mammals. In particular, we focus on SIRT1 by isolating and characterizing LvSIRT1 from white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and investigating its involvement in WSSV infection. DsRNA-mediated gene silencing led to the expression of WSSV genes and the replication of genomic DNAs being significantly decreased in LvSIRT1-silenced shrimp. The deacetylase activity of LvSIRT1 was significantly induced at the early stage (2 hpi) and the genome replication stage (12 hpi) of WSSV replication, but decreased at the late stage of WSSV replication (24 hpi). Treatment with the SIRT1 activator resveratrol further suggested that LvSIRT1 activation increased the expression of several WSSV genes (IE1, VP28 and ICP11). Lastly, we used transfection and dual luciferase assays in Sf9 insect cells to show that while the overexpression of LvSIRT1 facilitates the promoter activity of WSSV IE1, this enhancement of WSSV IE1 expression is achieved by a transactivation pathway that is NF-κB-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ning Kao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Jing Liu
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ramya Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Horng Leu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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20
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He JH, Huang L, Guo Z, Weng S, He J, Xu X. Transcriptional programs of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) in vitro and in vivo. Virus Genes 2020; 56:749-755. [PMID: 33033883 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), causing serious infectious diseases to marine and freshwater fishes, is the type species of the genus Megalocytivirus, family Iridoviridae. In this study, the transcriptional programs of ISKNV in vitro (MFF-1 cells) and in vivo (spleens from mandarin fish) were investigated using real-time PCR. Transcription of all the putative open reading frames (ORFs) of ISKNV was verified. The temporal expression patterns of ISKNV ORFs in vitro and in vivo, including peak expression times (PETs) and relative maximal expression levels, were determined and compared. The K-means clustering with Spearman rank correlation was generated in heat maps constructed based on ISKNV ORF expression profiles in vivo and in vitro. The current study may provide a global picture of ISKNV infection at the transcription level and help better understand the molecular pathogenic mechanism of megalocytiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Lichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhixun Guo
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute (CAFS), Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
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21
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In silico studies on the interaction of phage displayed biorecognition element (TFQAFDLSPFPS) with the structural protein VP28 of white spot syndrome virus. J Mol Model 2020; 26:264. [PMID: 32914310 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
White spot disease caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) incurs a huge loss to the shrimp farming industry. Since no effective therapeutic measures are available, early detection and prevention of the disease are indispensable. Towards this goal, we previously identified a 12-mer phage displayed peptide (designated as pep28) with high affinity for VP28, the structural protein of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The peptide pep28 was successfully used as a biorecognition probe in the lateral flow assay developed for rapid, on-site detection of WSSV. To unravel the structural determinants for the selective binding between VP28 and pep28, we used bioinformatics, structural modeling, protein-protein docking, and binding-free energy studies. We performed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of pep28-pIII model totaling 300 ns timescale. The most representative pep28-pIII structure from the simulation was used for docking with the crystal structure of VP28. Our results reveal that pep28 binds in a surface groove of the monomeric VP28 β-barrel and makes several hydrogen bonds and non-polar interactions. Ensemble-based binding-free energy studies reveal that the binding is dominated by non-polar interactions. Our studies provide molecular level insights into the binding mechanism of pep28 with VP28, which explain why the peptide is selective and can assist in modifying pep28 for its practical use, both as a biorecognition probe and a therapeutic.
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22
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Lai Y, Zhu F, Xu Y. WSSV proteins and DNA genome released by ultrasonic rupture can infect crayfish as effectively as intact virions. J Virol Methods 2020; 283:113917. [PMID: 32579894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and nucleic acids from ultrasonically ruptured white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) can infect crayfish and cause death as effectively as intact WSSV virions. In this study, ultrasound was used to rupture the virus and the resulting suspension was filtered through a 50 nm membrane. Analysis by PCR and SDS-PAGE showed that both viral genes (VP19, VP26, VP28 and DNA polymerase) and proteins (VP15, VP19, VP26 and VP28) were present in the filtered solution. Electron microscopy showed that there were no intact virions in the filtered solution. When crayfish were injected with the filtered solution or with intact WSSV, the mortality in each group was 100 %. The same result was seen when crayfish were challenged orally with the filtered solution and intact WSSV. The filtered solution of ultrasonically ruptured virus, which contains viral proteins and residual DNA genome, can thus infect the host as effectively as intact virions. When the solution of viral proteins and residual DNA genome was digested with DNase I and then injected into crayfish, the survival rate was 100 %. We also found that, although viral proteins (except VP15) in the solution of ruptured virus were destroyed by treatment with DNase I, DNase I did not destroy the structural proteins of intact virions. A remaining viral protein in the DNase I-treated solution protects the DNA genome from degradation and we concluded that this protein is VP15, which is a DNA-binding protein. Our study highlights the extreme danger in producing vaccines from proteins obtained by ultrasonic rupture of viruses sincethe viral DNA genome is difficult to degrade and, if present, will lead to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Yinglei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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23
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Tan X, Ravasio A, Ong HT, Wu J, Hew CL. White spot syndrome viral protein VP9 alters the cellular higher-order chromatin structure. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:264-279. [PMID: 32259052 PMCID: PMC7133739 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral protein 9 (VP9) is a non-structural protein of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) highly expressed during the early stage of infection. The crystal structure of VP9 suggests that the polymers of VP9 dimers resemble a DNA mimic, but its function remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that VP9 impedes histones binding to DNA via single-molecule manipulation. We established VP9 expression in HeLa cells due to the lack of a WSSV-susceptible cell line, and observed abundant VP9 in the nucleus, which mirrors its distribution in the hemocytes of WSSV-infected shrimp. VP9 expression increased the dynamics and rotational mobility of histones in stable H3-GFP HeLa cells as revealed by fluorescent recovery after photobleaching and fluorescence anisotropy imaging, which suggested a loosened compaction of chromatin structure. Successive salt fractionation showed that a prominent population of histones was solubilized in high salt concentrations, which implies alterations of bulk chromatin structure. Southern blotting identified that VP9 alters juxtacentromeric chromatin structures to be more accessible to micrococcal nuclease digestion. RNA microarray revealed that VP9 expression also leads to significant changes of cellular gene expression. Our findings provide evidence that VP9 alters the cellular higher-order chromatin structure, uncovering a potential strategy adopted by WSSV to facilitate its replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tan
- Mechanobiology InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Present address:
School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuiyangGuizhou ProvinceChina
| | - Andrea Ravasio
- Institute for Biological and Medical EngineeringSchools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological SciencesPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago de ChileChile
| | - Hui T. Ong
- Mechanobiology InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jinlu Wu
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Choy L. Hew
- Mechanobiology InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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24
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Zhang H, Cheng W, Zheng J, Wang P, Liu Q, Li Z, Shi T, Zhou Y, Mao Y, Yu X. Identification and Molecular Characterization of a Pellino Protein in Kuruma Prawn ( Marsupenaeus Japonicus) in Response to White Spot Syndrome Virus and Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041243. [PMID: 32069894 PMCID: PMC7072872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus, has the third largest annual yield among shrimp species with vital economic significance in China. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a great threat to the global shrimp farming industry and results in high mortality. Pellino, a highly conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been found to be an important modulator of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways that participate in the innate immune response and ubiquitination. In the present study, the Pellino gene from Marsupenaeus japonicus was identified. A qRT-PCR assay showed the presence of MjPellino in all the tested tissues and revealed that the transcript level of this gene was significantly upregulated in both the gills and hemocytes after challenge with WSSV and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The function of MjPellino was further verified at the protein level. The results of the three-dimensional modeling and protein-protein docking analyses and a GST pull-down assay revealed that the MjPellino protein was able to bind to the WSSV envelope protein VP26. In addition, the knockdown of MjPellino in vivo significantly decreased the expression of MjAMPs. These results suggest that MjPellino might play an important role in the immune response of kuruma prawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqian Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wenzhi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.C.); (J.Z.); (P.W.); (T.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinbin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.C.); (J.Z.); (P.W.); (T.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.C.); (J.Z.); (P.W.); (T.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qinghui Liu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhen Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Tianyi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.C.); (J.Z.); (P.W.); (T.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.C.); (J.Z.); (P.W.); (T.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.C.); (J.Z.); (P.W.); (T.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiangyong Yu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (X.Y.)
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25
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Shine PV, Shankar KM, Abhiman B, Sudheer NS, Patil R. Epitope mapping of the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) VP28 monoclonal antibody through combined in silico and in vitro analysis reveals the potential antibody binding site. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 50:101508. [PMID: 31935436 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) infecting shrimp is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus. The WSSV is a member of the genus Whispovirus. The envelope protein VP28 is the most investigated protein of WSSV. In the present study, the epitope mapping of the monoclonal antibody (MAb) C-33 was carried out. Based on the epitope mapping results, an antigen-antibody interaction model was derived. Peptide scanning and confirmation of epitopes of MAb C-33 were carried out using the sequence data. The MAb was reactive to the epitope of both recombinant VP28 and the whole virus. The results of the study indicated the presence of an epitope region. The epitope region is found positioned within two peptides, covering 13 amino acids. Framework and CDR (complementarity determining regions) of heavy and light chain (VH & VL) sequences showed identity to germline immunoglobulin sequences. The Web Antibody Modelling (WAM) selected for further evaluation based on a comparative analysis of WAM and Rosetta server-generated models of the Fv region. The docking study using WAM generated model revealed that the residues from LEU98 to GLY105 are active in antibody binding. The findings of this study could form a structural basis for further research in VP28 based diagnostics and therapeutics or vaccine discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Shine
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, India
| | - K M Shankar
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, India.
| | - B Abhiman
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, India
| | - N S Sudheer
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - R Patil
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, India
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26
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Ma X, Tang X, Lin S, Gong Y, Tran NT, Zheng H, Ma H, Aweya JJ, Zhang Y, Li S. SpBAG1 promotes the WSSV infection by inhibiting apoptosis in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:852-860. [PMID: 31600594 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2 associated athanogene-1 (BAG1) is involved in various signalling pathways including apoptosis, cell proliferation, gene transcriptional regulation and signal transduction in animals. However the functions of BAG1 during the antiviral response of mud crab Scylla paramamosain is still unclear. In this study, the mud crab BAG1 (SpBAG1) was characterized to consist of 1761 nucleotides, containing an opening frame of 630bp encoding 209 amino acids with an ubiquitin domain and a BAG1 domain. SpBAG1 was found to be significantly up-regulated at 6 h-24 h, but down-regulated from 48 h-72 h in the hemocytes of mud crab after challenge with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). RNAi knock-down of SpBAG1 significantly reduced the copies of WSSV and increased the apoptotic rate in mud crabs. The finding from this study suggested that SpBAG1 could promote the WSSV infection by inhibiting apoptosis in mud crab. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the role of SpBAG1 as a novel apoptosis inhibitor to promote virus infection in mud crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xixiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shanmeng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Huaiping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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27
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Li L, Hong Y, Qiu H, Yang F, Li F. VP19 is important for the envelope coating of white spot syndrome virus. Virus Res 2019; 270:197666. [PMID: 31306682 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
VP19 is a major envelope protein of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an important pathogen of farmed shrimp. However, the exact function of VP19 in WSSV assembly and infection is unknown. To understand the function of VP19, the gene was knocked down by RNA interference. We found that the dsRNA specific for vp19 gene dramatically reduced the replication of WSSV genomic DNA in infected animals. Further investigation by transmission electron microscopy showed that inhibition of VP19 prevented envelope coating of progeny virions, resulting in a high amount of immature virus particles without outer layer (envelope) in the host cells. This finding was further confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis, which showed the loss of VP19 and other envelope proteins from the improperly assembled virions. These results suggest that VP19 is essential for WSSV envelope coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, Fujian, China
| | - Yongcong Hong
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, Fujian, China
| | - Huaina Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China.
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28
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Havanapan PO, Mangkalanan S, Phungthanom N, Krittanai C. Proteomic analysis and white spot syndrome virus interaction of mud crab (Scylla olivacea) revealed responsive roles of the hemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:458-467. [PMID: 30954523 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
White spot disease (WSD) is a highly virulent viral disease in shrimps. Clinical signs and high mortality of WSD is generally observed after a few days of infection by White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV). Mud crabs are the major carrier and persistent host for the WSSV. However, an elucidation of viral interaction and persistent mode of WSSV infection in mud crab is still limited. We investigated the defensive role of mud crab (Scylla olivacea) hemocytes against WSSV infection by using comparative proteomic analysis coupled with electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-LC/MS/MS). The proteomic maps of expressed proteins obtained from WSSV infected hemocytes revealed differential proteins related to various biological functions, including immune response, anti-apoptosis, endocytosis, phosphorylation signaling, stress response, oxygen transport, molting, metabolism, and biosynthesis. Four distinctive cell types of crab hemocytes: hyaline cells (HC), small granular cells (SGC), large granular cells (LGC) and mixed granular cells (MGC) were found susceptible to WSSV. However, immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated a complete replication of WSSV only in SGC and LGC. WSSV induced apoptosis was also observed in HC, SGC and MGC except for LGC. These results suggested that HC and MGC may undergo apoptosis prior to a complete assembly of virion, while SGC is more susceptible showing higher amplification and releasing of virion. In contrast, WSSV may inhibit apoptosis in infected LGC to stay in latency. This present finding provides an insight for the responsive roles of crustacean hemocyte cells involved in molecular interaction and defense mechanism against WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phattara-Orn Havanapan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Seksan Mangkalanan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Nuanwan Phungthanom
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chartchai Krittanai
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
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29
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Guo NN, Sun XJ, Xie YK, Yang GW, Kang CJ. Cloning and functional characterization of thioredoxin gene from kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:429-435. [PMID: 30502470 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As an important disulfide reductase of the intracellular antioxidant system, Thioredoxin (Trx) plays an important role in maintaining oxidative stress balance and protecting cells from oxidative damage. In recent years, there is increasing evidence that Trx is a key molecule in the pathogenesis of various diseases and a potential therapeutic target for major diseases including lung, colon, cervical, gastric and pancreatic cancer. However, few knowledge is known about the function of Trx in virus infection. In this study, we reported the cloning and functional investigation of a Trx homologue gene, named MjTrx, in shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus suffered white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. MjTrx is a 105-amino acid polypeptide with a conservative Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys motif in the catalytic center. Phylogenetic trees analysis showed that MjTrx has a higher relationship with Trx from other invertebrate and clustered with Trx1 from arthropod. MjTrx transcripts is abundant in the gill and intestine tissues and can be detected in the hemocytes, heart, stomach, and hepatopancreas tissues. The transcription levels of MjTrx in hemocytes, gills and intestine tissues of shrimp were significantly up-regulated after white spot syndrome virus infection. MjTrx was recombinant expressed in vitro and exhibited obvious disulfide reductase activity. In addition, overexpression MjTrx in shrimp resulted in the increase of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in vivo. All these results strongly suggested that MjTrx functioned in redox homeostasis regulating and played an important role in shrimp antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ning Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Ya-Kai Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Gui-Wen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Cui-Jie Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
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Zhan S, Aweya JJ, Wang F, Yao D, Zhong M, Chen J, Li S, Zhang Y. Litopenaeus vannamei attenuates white spot syndrome virus replication by specific antiviral peptides generated from hemocyanin. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:50-61. [PMID: 30339874 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that hemocyanin plays immune-related functions apart from its canonical respiratory function. While shrimp hemocyanin is found to generate antimicrobial peptides, antiviral related peptides have not been reported. In the present study, the serum of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infected Litopenaeus vannamei analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, revealed 45 consistently down-regulated protein spots and 10 up-regulated protein spots. Five of the significantly up-regulated spots were identified as hemocyanin derived peptides. One of the five peptides, designated LvHcL48, was further characterized by analyzing its primary sequence via Edman N-terminal sequencing, C-terminal sequencing and amino acid sequence alignment. LvHcL48 was found to be a 79 amino acid fragment (aa584-662) from the C-terminal domain of L. vannamei hemocyanin protein (ADZ15149). Both in vivo and in vitro functional studies revealed that LvHcL48 has immunological activities, as recombinant LvHcL48 protein (rLvHcL48) significantly inhibited the transcription of the WSSV genes wsv069 and wsv421 coupled with a significant reduction in WSSV copy numbers. Further analysis showed that LvHcL48 could interact with the WSSV envelope protein 28 (VP28). Our present data therefore reveals the generation of an antiviral hemocyanin derived peptide LvHcL48 from WSSV infected shrimp, which binds to the envelope protein VP28 of WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Zhan
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Mingqi Zhong
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jiehui Chen
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Crustacean Genome Exploration Reveals the Evolutionary Origin of White Spot Syndrome Virus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01144-18. [PMID: 30404800 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01144-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a crustacean-infecting, double-stranded DNA virus and is the most serious viral pathogen in the global shrimp industry. WSSV is the sole recognized member of the family Nimaviridae, and the lack of genomic data on other nimaviruses has obscured the evolutionary history of WSSV. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of WSSV by characterizing WSSV relatives hidden in host genomic data. We surveyed 14 host crustacean genomes and identified five novel nimaviral genomes. Comparative genomic analysis of Nimaviridae identified 28 "core genes" that are ubiquitously conserved in Nimaviridae; unexpected conservation of 13 uncharacterized proteins highlighted yet-unknown essential functions underlying the nimavirus replication cycle. The ancestral Nimaviridae gene set contained five baculoviral per os infectivity factor homologs and a sulfhydryl oxidase homolog, suggesting a shared phylogenetic origin of Nimaviridae and insect-associated double-stranded DNA viruses. Moreover, we show that novel gene acquisition and subsequent amplification reinforced the unique accessory gene repertoire of WSSV. Expansion of unique envelope protein and nonstructural virulence-associated genes may have been the key genomic event that made WSSV such a deadly pathogen.IMPORTANCE WSSV is the deadliest viral pathogen threatening global shrimp aquaculture. The evolutionary history of WSSV has remained a mystery, because few WSSV relatives, or nimaviruses, had been reported. Our aim was to trace the history of WSSV using the genomes of novel nimaviruses hidden in host genome data. We demonstrate that WSSV emerged from a diverse family of crustacean-infecting large DNA viruses. By comparing the genomes of WSSV and its relatives, we show that WSSV possesses an expanded set of unique host-virus interaction-related genes. This extensive gene gain may have been the key genomic event that made WSSV such a deadly pathogen. Moreover, conservation of insect-infecting virus protein homologs suggests a common phylogenetic origin of crustacean-infecting Nimaviridae and other insect-infecting DNA viruses. Our work redefines the previously poorly characterized crustacean virus family and reveals the ancient genomic events that preordained the emergence of a devastating shrimp pathogen.
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Chang YS, Chen JN, Chang KH, Chang YM, Lai YJ, Liu WJ. Cloning and expression of the lectin gene from the mushroom Agrocybe aegerita and the activities of recombinant lectin in the resistance of shrimp white spot syndrome virus infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:1-9. [PMID: 30031870 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lectin is a protein with multiple functions. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the Agrocybe aegerita lectin (AAL) gene was cloned, recombinant AAL (AAL-His) was expressed, and the activities of AAL-His were analyzed. Northern blot analysis showed that the major AAL transcript is approximately 900 bp. Sequence analysis showed that the coding region of AAL is 489 bp with a transcription start site located 39 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation codon. In an agglutination test, AAL-His agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes at 12.5 μg/ml. AAL-His also showed antiviral activity in protecting shrimp from white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. This anti-WSSV effect might be due to the binding of AAL-His on WSSV virions via the direct interactions with four WSSV structural proteins, VP39B, VP41B, VP53A and VP216. AAL demonstrates the potential for development as an anti-WSSV agent for shrimp culture. It also implies that these four AAL interaction WSSV proteins may play important roles in virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Shiang Chang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Nan Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hung Chang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Chang
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jang Lai
- Department of Food Science, National Quemoy University, Kinmen, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Jing Liu
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Li H, Yin B, Wang S, Fu Q, Xiao B, Lǚ K, He J, Li C. RNAi screening identifies a new Toll from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei that restricts WSSV infection through activating Dorsal to induce antimicrobial peptides. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007109. [PMID: 30256850 PMCID: PMC6175524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of Toll pathway defense against bacterial infection has been well established in shrimp, however how this pathway responds to viral infection is still largely unknown. In this study, we report the Toll4-Dorsal-AMPs cascade restricts the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection of shrimp. A total of nine Tolls from Litopenaeus vannamei namely Toll1-9 are identified, and RNAi screening in vivo reveals the Toll4 is important for shrimp to oppose WSSV infection. Knockdown of Toll4 results in elevated viral loads and renders shrimp more susceptible to WSSV. Furthermore, Toll4 could be a one of upstream pattern recognition receptor (PRR) to detect WSSV, and thereby leading to nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of Dorsal, the known NF-κB transcription factor of the canonical Toll pathway. More importantly, silencing of Toll4 and Dorsal contributes to impaired expression of a specific set of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as anti-LPS-factor (ALF) and lysozyme (LYZ) family, which exert potent anti-WSSV activity. Two AMPs of ALF1 and LYZ1 as representatives are demonstrated to have the ability to interact with several WSSV structural proteins to inhibit viral infection. Taken together, we therefore identify that the Toll4-Dorsal pathway mediates strong resistance to WSSV infection by inducing some specific AMPs. The TLR pathway mediated antiviral immune response is well identified in mammals, yet, Toll pathway governing this protection in invertebrates remains unknown. In the present study, we uncover that a shrimp Toll4 from a total of nine Tolls in L. vannamei confers resistance to WSSV thought inducing the NF-κB transcription factor Dorsal to inspire the production of some antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with antiviral activity. The anti-LPS-factor (ALF) and lysozyme (LYZ) family are identified as the Toll4-Dorsal pathway targeted genes with the ability to interact with viral structural proteins in response to WSSV infection. These results suggest that the Toll receptor induces the expression of AMPs with antiviral activity could be a general antiviral mechanism in invertebrates and Toll pathway established antiviral defense could be conserved during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qihui Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kai Lǚ
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo He
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JH); (CL)
| | - Chaozheng Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JH); (CL)
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Apitanyasai K, Amparyup P, Charoensapsri W, Sangsuriya P, Tassanakajon A. Shrimp hemocyte homeostasis-associated protein (PmHHAP) interacts with WSSV134 to control apoptosis in white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 76:174-182. [PMID: 29501484 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyte homeostasis-associated protein (PmHHAP) was first identified as a viral-responsive gene, due to a high upregulation in transcription following white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Functional studies using RNA interference have suggested that PmHHAP is involved in hemocyte homeostasis by controlling apoptosis during WSSV infection. In this study, the role of PmHHAP in host-viral interactions was further investigated. Yeast two-hybrid assay and co-immunoprecipitation revealed that PmHHAP binds to an anti-apoptosis protein, WSSV134. The viral protein WSSV134 is a late protein of WSSV, expressed 24 h post infection (hpi). Gene silencing of WSSV134 in WSSV-infected shrimp resulted in a reduction of the expression level of the viral replication marker genes VP28, wsv477, and ie-1, which suggests that WSSV134 is likely involved in viral propagation. However, co-silencing of PmHHAP and WSSV134 counteracted the effects on WSSV infection, which implies the importance of the host-pathogen interaction between PmHHAP and WSSV134 in WSSV infection. In addition, caspase 3/7 activity was noticeably induced in the PmHHAP and WSSV134 co-silenced shrimp upon WSSV infection. Moreover, PmHHAP and WSSV134 inhibited caspase-induced activation of PmCasp in vitro in a non-competitive manner. Taken together, these results suggest that PmHHAP and WSSV134 play a role in the host-pathogen interaction and work concordantly to control apoptosis in WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantamas Apitanyasai
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Charoensapsri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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35
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Yang F, Li S, Li F, Xiang J. A cuticle protein from the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei involved in WSSV infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:303-311. [PMID: 29274789 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major viral pathogen in global shrimp farming, causing huge economic damage. Through penetrating the outer surface of the target tissues, WSSV enters into the cells of the target tissue to complete the replication process in the host. In the present study, a cuticle protein gene from Litopenaeus vannamei, designated as LvAMP13.4, was identified and proved to be involved in WSSV invasion. The deduced amino acid sequence of LvAMP13.4 contained a signal peptide and a conserved chitin-binding domain type 4 (ChBD4). This cuticle protein gene was mainly expressed in stomach, gill and epidermis. The expression level of LvAMP13.4 was significantly changed during WSSV infection. Silencing of LvAMP13.4 by dsRNA interference apparently reduced the mortality rate and the WSSV copy number in shrimp upon WSSV infection. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid system and Co-IP assay were performed to confirm that LvAMP13.4 could interact with the major envelop protein VP24 of WSSV. These data indicated that LvAMP13.4 was involved in the invasion process of WSSV through interaction with VP24. The present results could provide new insights for us in understanding the role of host cuticle proteins during virus invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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36
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Bunsanong N, Chotigeat W, Deachamag P, Thananimit S. Semiquantitative dot-blot immunogold assay for specific detection of white spot syndrome virus. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2018; 65:586-593. [PMID: 29314269 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A dot-blot immunogold assay (DBIA) was developed to detect white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) using the polyclonal antibody VP26 (anti-VP26). The anti-VP26 was immobilized on gold nanoparticles (Ab-AuNPs), and a nitrocellulose membrane was used as a detection pad. When the target WSSV bound to the Ab-AuNPs a reddish dot appeared on the surface of the membrane used within 2-5 Min, which could be seen with the naked eye. The test was able to detect WSSV at concentrations as low as 105 copies μL-1 of WSSV. The DBIA developed had good specificity, and the colloidal gold probe can be applied within 2-3 days when stored at 4 °C. For real sample analysis, the DBIA was applied to samples of seawater used for shrimp cultivation without sample preparation. The results indicate that sample 1 showed a positive result, whereas samples 2 and 3 produced negative results. Then, samples 2 and 3 were spiked with WSSV for method validation. To confirm the performance of the DBIA developed, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted and the PCR results were the same as those found by the DBIA. Therefore, the DBIA developed could be applied for WSSV detection in real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nittaya Bunsanong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Wilaiwan Chotigeat
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Panchalika Deachamag
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Suchera Thananimit
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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37
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Shekhar MS, Gomathi A, Dubey NK, Vinaya Kumar K, Vijayan KK. Effect of immune gene silencing in WSSV infected tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:252-259. [PMID: 28882801 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus, continues to cause huge economic loss to aquaculture industry. In the absence of effective therapeutics to control WSSV, it is important to understand the host pathogen interaction at the molecular level. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA library was constructed which led to identification of several differentially expressed genes in response to WSSV infection in Penaeus monodon. The genes expressed in SSH cDNA library of shrimp gill and gut tissues belonged to a wide range of biological functions. The three differentially expressed genes, Single von Willebrand factor type C domain protein (pmSVC), P53 protein gene (pmP53) and ADP ribosylation factor (pmArf) were up-regulated against WSSV infection and were further characterized by gene silencing to study the role of these shrimp immune genes on WSSV multiplication. The sequence-specific knock down of pmSVC, pmP53 and pmArf using the dsRNA revealed that in pmSVC-dsRNA inoculated shrimps WSSV replication was more with increased viral copy numbers when compared with pmP53-dsRNA and pmArf -dsRNA inoculated shrimps. The varied response of immune genes to WSSV infection, indicated that host genes may either inhibit virus replication to some extent or might act as a target to facilitate viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Shekhar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028, India.
| | - A Gomathi
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028, India
| | - N K Dubey
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028, India
| | - K Vinaya Kumar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028, India
| | - K K Vijayan
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028, India
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38
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Utari HB, Soowannayan C, Flegel TW, Whityachumnarnkul B, Kruatrachue M. Variable RNA expression from recently acquired, endogenous viral elements (EVE) of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 76:370-379. [PMID: 28709908 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The viral accommodation hypothesis proposes that endogenous viral elements (EVE) from both RNA and DNA viruses are being continually integrated into the shrimp genome by natural host processes and that they can result in tolerance to viral infection by fortuitous production of antisense, immunospecific RNA (imRNA). Thus, we hypothesized that previously reported microarray results for the presence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) open reading frames (ORFs) formerly called 151, 366 and 427 in a domesticated giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) breeding stock might have represented expression from EVE, since the stock had shown uninterrupted freedom from white spot disease (WSD) for many generations. To test this hypothesis, 128 specimens from a current stock generation were confirmed for freedom from WSSV infection using two nested PCR detection methods. Subsequent nested-PCR testing revealed 33/128 specimens (26%) positive for at least one of the ORF at very high sequence identity (95-99%) to extant WSSV. Positive results for ORF 366 (now known to be a fragment of the WSSV capsid protein gene) dominated (28/33 = 84.8%), so 9 arbitrarily selected 366-positive specimens were tested by strand-specific, nested RT-PCR using DNase-treated RNA templates. This revealed variable RNA expression in individual shrimp including no RNA transcripts (n = 1), sense transcripts only (n = 1), antisense transcripts only (n = 2) or transcripts of both sense (n = 5). The latter 7 expression products indicated specimens producing putative imRNA. The variable types and numbers of the EVE and the variable RNA expression (including potential imRNA) support predictions of the viral accommodation hypothesis that EVE are randomly produced and expressed. Positive nested PCR test results for EVE of ORF 366 using DNA templates derived from shrimp sperm (germ cells), indicated that they were heritable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heny Budi Utari
- CENTEX SHRIMP, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chumporn Soowannayan
- CENTEX SHRIMP, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Patumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Timothy W Flegel
- CENTEX SHRIMP, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Patumthani 12120, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Boonsirm Whityachumnarnkul
- CENTEX SHRIMP, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Shrimp Genetic Improvement Center (SGIC), Surathani, Thailand
| | - Maleeya Kruatrachue
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand
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Huang JY, Kang ST, Chen IT, Chang LK, Lin SS, Kou GH, Chu CY, Lo CF. Shrimp miR-10a Is Co-opted by White Spot Syndrome Virus to Increase Viral Gene Expression and Viral Replication. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1084. [PMID: 28932224 PMCID: PMC5592198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the microRNA miR-10 family are highly conserved and play many important roles in diverse biological mechanisms, including immune-related responses and cancer-related processes in certain types of cancer. In this study, we found the most highly upregulated shrimp microRNA from Penaeus vannamei during white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection was miR-10a. After confirming the expression level of miR-10a by northern blot and quantitative RT-PCR, an in vivo experiment showed that the viral copy number was decreased in miR-10a-inhibited shrimp. We found that miR-10a targeted the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of at least three viral genes (vp26, vp28, and wssv102), and plasmids that were controlled by the 5′ UTR of these genes produced enhanced luciferase signals in transfected SF9 cells. These results suggest a previously unreported role for shrimp miR-10a and even a new type of host–virus interaction, whereby a co-opts the key cellular regulator miR-10a to globally enhance the translation of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Yan Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center for Shrimp Disease Control and Genetic Improvement, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Kang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Tung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center for Shrimp Disease Control and Genetic Improvement, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kwan Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Hsiung Kou
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Chu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center for Shrimp Disease Control and Genetic Improvement, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Sun CK, Tsai YC, Chen YJE, Liu TM, Chen HY, Wang HC, Lo CF. Resonant Dipolar Coupling of Microwaves with Confined Acoustic Vibrations in a Rod-shaped Virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4611. [PMID: 28676694 PMCID: PMC5496896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this letter, we treat a rod-shaped virus as a free homogenous nanorod and identify its confined acoustic vibration modes that can cause strong resonant microwave absorption through electric dipolar excitation with a core-shell charge distribution. They are found to be the n = 4N-2 modes of the longitudinal modes of the nanorods, where N is an integer starting from 1 and n is the mode order quantum number. This study was confirmed by measuring the microwave absorption spectra of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which is a rod-shaped virus. This is also the first study to identify the “dipolar-like” mode in a rod-shaped nano-object. Our study is not only an important step to achieve rapid and sensitive detection of rod-shaped viruses based on their microwave spectroscopic features and a non-contact method to measure the Young’s modulus of rod-shaped viruses, but also is critical to formulate an efficient epidemic prevention strategy to deactivate viruses with the structure-resonant microwaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kuang Sun
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chun Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jan E Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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41
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Lee YJ, Chen LL. WSSV envelope protein VP51B links structural protein complexes and may mediate virus infection. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:571-581. [PMID: 27454323 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus, is the causative agent of a disease that has led to severe mortalities of cultured shrimps in Taiwan and many other countries. In the previous study, Penaeus monodon chitin-binding protein (CBP) and glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), two cell membrane proteins, were found to at least interact with other 10 WSSV envelope proteins including VP51B. These envelope proteins might form a protein complex. According to the known information, VP51B was used to identify its role in the protein complex. Western blotting of the intact viral particles and fractionation of the viral components confirmed that VP51B is one of WSSV envelope proteins. In this study, the protein-protein interaction between VP51B and other WSSV envelope proteins was identified by far-western blot experiment and VP51B was found to interact with VP24, VP31, VP32, VP39B and VP41A. Furthermore, the in vivo neutralization experiment using recombinant VP51B plus with VP39B showed the best inhibition. These data indicate that VP51B participates in the WSSV protein complex and plays an important role in WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Lee
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - L L Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
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42
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Sutthangkul J, Amparyup P, Eum JH, Strand MR, Tassanakajon A. Anti-melanization mechanism of the white spot syndrome viral protein, WSSV453, via interaction with shrimp proPO-activating enzyme, PmproPPAE2. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:769-778. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jantiwan Sutthangkul
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jai-Hoon Eum
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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43
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Methatham T, Boonchuen P, Jaree P, Tassanakajon A, Somboonwiwat K. Antiviral action of the antimicrobial peptide ALFPm3 from Penaeus monodon against white spot syndrome virus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:23-32. [PMID: 27919648 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The anti-lipopolysaccharide factor isoform 3 (ALFPm3), the antimicrobial peptide from Penaeus monodon, possesses antibacterial and antiviral activities. Although the mechanism of action of ALFPm3 against bacteria has been revealed but its antiviral mechanism is still unclear. To further study how the ALFPm3 exhibits antiviral activity against the enveloped virus, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the ALFPm3-interacting proteins from WSSV were sought and identified five ALFPm3-interacting proteins, WSSV186, WSSV189, WSSV395, WSSV458, and WSSV471. Only the interaction between ALFPm3 and WSSV189, however, has been confirmed to be involved in anti-WSSV activity of ALFPm3. Herein, the interactions between ALFPm3 and rWSSV186, rWSSV395, rWSSV458, or rWSSV471 were further analyzed and confirmed by in vitro pull-down assay. Western blot analysis and immunoelectron microscopy showed that the uncharacterized proteins, WSSV186 and WSSV471, were nucleocapsid and envelope proteins, respectively. The decrease of shrimp survival after injection the shrimp with mixtures of each rWSSV protein, rALFPm3 and WSSV as compared to those injected with rALFPm3-neutralizing WSSV was clearly observed indicating that all rWSSV proteins could interfere with the neutralization effect of rALFPm3 on WSSV similar to that reported previously for WSSV189. Morphological change on WSSV after incubation with rALFPm3 was observed by TEM. The lysed WSSV virions were clearly observed where both viral envelope and nucleocapsid were dismantled. The results lead to the conclusion that the ALFPm3 displays direct effect on the viral structural proteins resulting in destabilization and breaking up of WSSV virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanachai Methatham
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pakpoom Boonchuen
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Phattarunda Jaree
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kunlaya Somboonwiwat
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Lü P, Xing Y, Hu Z, Yang Y, Pan Y, Chen K, Zhu F, Zhou Y, Chen K, Yao Q. A characterization of structural proteins expressed by Bombyx mori bidensovirus. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 144:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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45
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Sudharsana S, Rajashekar Reddy CB, Dinesh S, Rajasekhara Reddy S, Mohanapriya A, Itami T, Sudhakaran R. Molecular docking and simulation studies of 3-(1-chloropiperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro benzisoxazole 2 against VP26 and VP28 proteins of white spot syndrome virus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1231-1238. [PMID: 26850228 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an aquatic virus infecting shrimps and other crustaceans, is widely distributed in Asian subcontinents including India. The infection has led to a serious economic loss in shrimp farming. The WSSV genome is approximately 300 kb and codes for several proteins mediating the infection. The envelope proteins VP26 and VP28 play a major role in infection process and also in the interaction with the host cells. A comprehensive study on the viral proteins leading to the development of safe and potent antiviral therapeutic is of adverse need. The novel synthesized compound 3-(1-chloropiperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro benzisoxazole 2 is proved to have potent antiviral activity against WSSV. The compound antiviral activity is validated in freshwater crabs (Paratelphusa hydrodomous). An in silico molecular docking and simulation analysis of the envelope proteins VP26 and VP28 with the ligand 3-(1-chloropiperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro benzisoxazole 2 are carried out. The docking analysis reveals that the polar amino acids in the pore region of the envelope proteins were involved in the ligand binding. The influence of the ligand binding on the proteins is validated by the molecular dynamics and simulation study. These in silico approaches together demonstrate the ligand's efficiency in preventing the trimers from exhibiting their physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sudharsana
- Bioinformatics Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - C B Rajashekar Reddy
- Organic Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Dinesh
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Rajasekhara Reddy
- Organic Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - A Mohanapriya
- Bioinformatics Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - T Itami
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - R Sudhakaran
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
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46
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Sun L, Su Y, Zhao Y, Fu ZQ, Wu Y. Crystal Structure of Major Envelope Protein VP24 from White Spot Syndrome Virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32309. [PMID: 27572278 PMCID: PMC5004148 DOI: 10.1038/srep32309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the major and most serious pathogen in the shrimp industry. As one of the most abundant envelope protein, VP24 acts as a core protein interacting with other structure proteins and plays an important role in virus assembly and infection. Here, we have presented the crystal structure of VP24 from WSSV. In the structure, VP24 consists of a nine-stranded β–barrel fold with mostly antiparallel β-strands, and the loops extending out the β–barrel at both N-terminus and C-terminus, which is distinct to those of the other two major envelope proteins VP28 and VP26. Structural comparison of VP24 with VP26 and VP28 reveals opposite electrostatic surface potential properties of them. These structural differences could provide insight into their differential functional mechanisms and roles for virus assembly and infection. Moreover, the structure reveals a trimeric assembly, suggesting a likely natural conformation of VP24 in viral envelope. Therefore, in addition to confirming the evolutionary relationship among the three abundant envelope proteins of WSSV, our structural studies also facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying special roles of VP24 in WSSV assembly and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yintao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yanhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zheng-Qing Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yunkun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
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47
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Huang Y, Wang W, Ren Q. Two host microRNAs influence WSSV replication via STAT gene regulation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23643. [PMID: 27029712 PMCID: PMC4814834 DOI: 10.1038/srep23643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have important roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. During viral infection, viruses utilize hosts to enhance their replication by altering cellular miRNAs. The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway plays crucial roles in the antiviral responses. In this study, two miRNAs (miR-9041 and miR-9850) from Macrobrachium rosenbergii were found to promote white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) replication. The up-regulation of miR-9041 or miR-9850 suppresses STAT expression in the gills of M. rosenbergii, which subsequently down-regulates the expression of its downstream dynamin (Dnm) genes: Dnm1, Dnm2, and Dnm3. Knockdown of miR-9041 and miR-9850 restricts WSSV replication by up-regulating STAT and Dnm gene expression. The silencing of STAT, Dnm1, Dnm2, or Dnm3 led to an increase of the number of WSSV copies in shrimp. The injection of recombinant Dnm1, Dnm2, or Dnm3 proteins could inhibit WSSV replication in vivo. Overall, our research indicates the roles of host miRNAs in the enhancement of WSSV replication by regulating the host JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity &Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity &Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity &Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
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48
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Chen LH, Lin SW, Liu KF, Chang CI, Hseu JR, Tsai JM. Comparative proteomic analysis of Litopenaeus vannamei gills after vaccination with two WSSV structural proteins. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:306-314. [PMID: 26766180 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most devastating viral pathogens of cultured shrimp worldwide. Recently published papers show the ability of WSSV structural protein VP28 to vaccinate shrimp and raise protection against the virus. This study attempted to identify the joining proteins of the aforementioned shrimp quasi-immune response by proteomic analysis. The other envelope protein, VP36B, was used as the non-protective subunit vaccine control. Shrimp were intramuscularly injected with rVPs or PBS on day 1 and day 4 and then on day 7 their gill tissues were sampled. The two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) patterns of gill proteins between vaccinated and PBS groups were compared and 20 differentially expressed proteins identified by mass spectrometry, some of which were validated in gill and hemocyte tissues using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Many of identified proteins and their expression levels also linked with the shrimp response during WSSV infection. The list of up-regulated protein spots found exclusively in rVP28-vaccinated shrimp include calreticulin and heat shock protein 70 with chaperone properties, ubiquitin, and others. The two serine proteases, chymotrypsin and trypsin, were significantly increased in shrimp of both vaccinated groups compared to PBS controls. The information presented here should be useful for gaining insight into invertebrate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shi-Wei Lin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Fu Liu
- Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Pingtung, 92845, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-I Chang
- Aquaculture Division, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Keelung, 20246, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jinn-Rong Hseu
- Mariculture Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Tainan, 72453, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jyh-Ming Tsai
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan, ROC.
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49
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Verbruggen B, Bickley LK, van Aerle R, Bateman KS, Stentiford GD, Santos EM, Tyler CR. Molecular Mechanisms of White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection and Perspectives on Treatments. Viruses 2016; 8:E23. [PMID: 26797629 PMCID: PMC4728583 DOI: 10.3390/v8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in the 1990s, White Spot Disease (WSD) has had major economic and societal impact in the crustacean aquaculture sector. Over the years shrimp farming alone has experienced billion dollar losses through WSD. The disease is caused by the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), a large dsDNA virus and the only member of the Nimaviridae family. Susceptibility to WSSV in a wide range of crustacean hosts makes it a major risk factor in the translocation of live animals and in commodity products. Currently there are no effective treatments for this disease. Understanding the molecular basis of disease processes has contributed significantly to the treatment of many human and animal pathogens, and with a similar aim considerable efforts have been directed towards understanding host-pathogen molecular interactions for WSD. Work on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in aquatic crustaceans has been restricted by a lack of sequenced and annotated genomes for host species. Nevertheless, some of the key host-pathogen interactions have been established: between viral envelope proteins and host cell receptors at initiation of infection, involvement of various immune system pathways in response to WSSV, and the roles of various host and virus miRNAs in mitigation or progression of disease. Despite these advances, many fundamental knowledge gaps remain; for example, the roles of the majority of WSSV proteins are still unknown. In this review we assess current knowledge of how WSSV infects and replicates in its host, and critique strategies for WSD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Verbruggen
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Lisa K Bickley
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Kelly S Bateman
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Eduarda M Santos
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
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50
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Li Z, Li F, Han Y, Xu L, Yang F. VP24 Is a Chitin-Binding Protein Involved in White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:842-50. [PMID: 26512091 PMCID: PMC4702682 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02357-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oral ingestion is the major route of infection for the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). However, the mechanism by which virus particles in the digestive tract invade host cells is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that WSSV virions can bind to chitin through one of the major envelope proteins (VP24). Mutagenesis analysis indicated that amino acids (aa) 186 to 200 in the C terminus of VP24 were required for chitin binding. Moreover, the P-VP24186-200 peptide derived from the VP24 chitin binding region significantly inhibited the VP24-chitin interaction and the WSSV-chitin interaction, implying that VP24 participates in WSSV binding to chitin. Oral inoculation experiments showed that P-VP24186-200 treatment reduced the number of virus particles remaining in the digestive tract during the early stage of infection and greatly hindered WSSV proliferation in shrimp. These data indicate that binding of WSSV to chitin through the viral envelope protein VP24 is essential for WSSV per os infection and provide new ideas for preventing WSSV infection in shrimp farms. IMPORTANCE In this study, we show that WSSV can bind to chitin through the envelope protein VP24. The chitin-binding domain of VP24 maps to amino acids 186 to 200 in the C terminus. Binding of WSSV to chitin through the viral envelope protein VP24 is essential for WSSV per os infection. These findings not only extend our knowledge of WSSV infection but also provide new insights into strategies to prevent WSSV infection in shrimp farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaipeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Yali Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
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