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Swaraj S, Tripathi S. Interference without interferon: interferon-independent induction of interferon-stimulated genes and its role in cellular innate immunity. mBio 2024:e0258224. [PMID: 39302126 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02582-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are multifaceted proteins that play pivotal roles in orchestrating robust antiviral immune responses and modulating the intricate landscape of host immunity. The major signaling pathway activated by IFNs is the JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway, which leads to the transcription of a battery of genes, collectively known as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). While the well-established role of IFNs in coordinating the innate immune response against viral infections is widely acknowledged, recent years have provided a more distinct comprehension of the functional significance attributed to non-canonical, IFN-independent induction of ISGs. In this review, we summarize the non-conventional signaling pathways of ISG induction. These alternative pathways offer new avenues for developing antiviral strategies or immunomodulation in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachee Swaraj
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Microbiology & Cell Biology Department, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shashank Tripathi
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Microbiology & Cell Biology Department, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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2
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Xiao ZX, Liang R, Olsen N, Zheng SG. Roles of IRF4 in various immune cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112077. [PMID: 38615379 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a member of IRF family of transcription factors which mainly regulates the transcription of IFN. IRF4 is restrictively expressed in immune cells such as T and B cells, macrophages, as well as DC. It is essential for the development and function of these cells. Since these cells take part in the homeostasis of the immune system and dysfunction of them contributes to the initiation and progress of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the roles of IRF4 in the SLE development becomes an important topic. Here we systemically discuss the biological characteristics of IRF4 in various immune cells and analyze the pathologic effects of IRF4 alteration in SLE and the potential targeting therapeutics of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xiu Xiao
- Department of Immunology, the School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute and Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China; Department of Clinical Immunology, the Third Affiliated Hospital at the Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Rongzhen Liang
- Department of Immunology, the School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute and Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Immunology, the School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute and Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China.
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3
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Yu JH, Choi MG, Lee NY, Kwon A, Lee E, Koo JH. Hepatocyte GPCR signaling regulates IRF3 to control hepatic stellate cell transdifferentiation. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:48. [PMID: 38233853 PMCID: PMC10795343 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the innate immune response by recognizing and responding to foreign antigens. Recently, its roles in sterile conditions are being studied, as in metabolic and fibrotic diseases. However, the search on the upstream regulator for efficient pharmacological targeting is yet to be fully explored. Here, we show that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can regulate IRF3 phosphorylation through of GPCR-Gα protein interaction. RESULTS IRF3 and target genes were strongly associated with fibrosis markers in liver fibrosis patients and models. Conditioned media from MIHA hepatocytes overexpressing IRF3 induced fibrogenic activation of LX-2 hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In an overexpression library screening using active mutant Gα subunits and Phos-tag immunoblotting, Gαs was found out to strongly phosphorylate IRF3. Stimulation of Gαs by glucagon or epinephrine or by Gαs-specific designed GPCR phosphorylated IRF3. Protein kinase A (PKA) signaling was primarily responsible for IRF3 phosphorylation and Interleukin 33 (IL-33) expression downstream of Gαs. PKA phosphorylated IRF3 on a previously unrecognized residue and did not require reported upstream kinases such as TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Activation of Gαs signaling by glucagon induced IL-33 production in hepatocytes. Conditioned media from the hepatocytes activated HSCs, as indicated by α-SMA and COL1A1 expression, and this was reversed by pre-treatment of the media with IL-33 neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS Gαs-coupled GPCR signaling increases IRF3 phosphorylation through cAMP-mediated activation of PKA. This leads to an increase of IL-33 expression, which further contributes to HSC activation. Our findings that hepatocyte GPCR signaling regulates IRF3 to control hepatic stellate cell transdifferentiation provides an insight for understanding the complex intercellular communication during liver fibrosis progression and suggests therapeutic opportunities for the disease. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Yu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeung Gi Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ari Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Euijin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hyun Koo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Burkart SS, Schweinoch D, Frankish J, Sparn C, Wüst S, Urban C, Merlo M, Magalhães VG, Piras A, Pichlmair A, Willemsen J, Kaderali L, Binder M. High-resolution kinetic characterization of the RIG-I-signaling pathway and the antiviral response. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302059. [PMID: 37558422 PMCID: PMC10412806 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RIG-I recognizes viral dsRNA and activates a cell-autonomous antiviral response. Upon stimulation, it triggers a signaling cascade leading to the production of type I and III IFNs. IFNs are secreted and signal to elicit the expression of IFN-stimulated genes, establishing an antiviral state of the cell. The topology of this pathway has been studied intensively, however, its exact dynamics are less understood. Here, we employed electroporation to synchronously activate RIG-I, enabling us to characterize cell-intrinsic innate immune signaling at a high temporal resolution. Employing IFNAR1/IFNLR-deficient cells, we could differentiate primary RIG-I signaling from secondary signaling downstream of the IFN receptors. Based on these data, we developed a comprehensive mathematical model capable of simulating signaling downstream of dsRNA recognition by RIG-I and the feedback and signal amplification by IFN. We further investigated the impact of viral antagonists on signaling dynamics. Our work provides a comprehensive insight into the signaling events that occur early upon virus infection and opens new avenues to study and disentangle the complexity of the host-virus interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy S Burkart
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Darius Schweinoch
- Institute of Bioinformatics & Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jamie Frankish
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carola Sparn
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Wüst
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Urban
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Munich, Germany
| | - Marta Merlo
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir G Magalhães
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Piras
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Joschka Willemsen
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Institute of Bioinformatics & Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Kuang M, Zhao Y, Yu H, Li S, Liu T, Chen L, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo X, Wei X, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wang D, You F. XAF1 promotes anti-RNA virus immune responses by regulating chromatin accessibility. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg5211. [PMID: 37595039 PMCID: PMC10438455 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg5211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
A rapid induction of antiviral genes is critical for eliminating viruses, which requires activated transcription factors and opened chromatins to initiate transcription. However, it remains elusive how the accessibility of specific chromatin is regulated during infection. Here, we found that XAF1 functioned as an epigenetic regulator that liberated repressed chromatin after infection. Upon RNA virus infection, MAVS recruited XAF1 and TBK1. TBK1 phosphorylated XAF1 at serine-252 and promoted its nuclear translocation. XAF1 then interacted with TRIM28 with the guidance of IRF1 to the specific locus of antiviral genes. XAF1 de-SUMOylated TRIM28 through its PHD domain, which led to increased accessibility of the chromatin and robust induction of antiviral genes. XAF1-deficient mice were susceptible to RNA virus due to impaired induction of antiviral genes. Together, XAF1 acts as an epigenetic regulator that promotes the opening of chromatin and activation of antiviral immunity by targeting TRIM28 during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Kuang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchi Zhao
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Siji Li
- Ningbo first hospital, Ningbo hospital Zhejiang university, Ningbo, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Luoying Chen
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxuan Chen
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xixian New Area, Shaanxi Province 712046, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine, Xixian New Area, Shaanxi Province 712046, China
| | - Yujie Luo
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefei Guo
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Wei
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zeming Zhang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Fuping You
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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6
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Gonzalez-Garcia P, Fiorillo Moreno O, Zarate Peñata E, Calderon-Villalba A, Pacheco Lugo L, Acosta Hoyos A, Villarreal Camacho JL, Navarro Quiroz R, Pacheco Londoño L, Aroca Martinez G, Moares N, Gabucio A, Fernandez-Ponce C, Garcia-Cozar F, Navarro Quiroz E. From Cell to Symptoms: The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effects in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Long COVID. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098290. [PMID: 37175995 PMCID: PMC10179575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection triggers various events from molecular to tissue level, which in turn is given by the intrinsic characteristics of each patient. Given the molecular diversity characteristic of each cellular phenotype, the possible cytopathic, tissue and clinical effects are difficult to predict, which determines the heterogeneity of COVID-19 symptoms. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV-2 on various cell types, focusing on the development of COVID-19, which in turn may lead, in some patients, to a persistence of symptoms after recovery from the disease, a condition known as long COVID. We describe the molecular mechanisms underlying virus-host interactions, including alterations in protein expression, intracellular signaling pathways, and immune responses. In particular, the article highlights the potential impact of these cytopathies on cellular function and clinical outcomes, such as immune dysregulation, neuropsychiatric disorders, and organ damage. The article concludes by discussing future directions for research and implications for the management and treatment of COVID-19 and long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ornella Fiorillo Moreno
- Clínica Iberoamerica, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Eloina Zarate Peñata
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | | | - Lisandro Pacheco Lugo
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Antonio Acosta Hoyos
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | | | - Roberto Navarro Quiroz
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gustavo Aroca Martinez
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Noelia Moares
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Gabucio
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cecilia Fernandez-Ponce
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Cozar
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Elkin Navarro Quiroz
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
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7
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Shum D, Bhinder B, Mahida J, Radu C, Calder PA, Djaballah H. A Genome-Wide RNAi Screen Reveals Common Host-Virus Gene Signatures: Implication for Dengue Antiviral Drug Discovery. GEN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 2:133-148. [PMID: 37928776 PMCID: PMC10623629 DOI: 10.1089/genbio.2023.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease that in recent years has become a major international public health concern. Dengue is a tropical neglected disease with increasing global incidences, affecting millions of people worldwide, and without the availability of specific treatments to combat it. The identification of host-target genes essential for the virus life cycle, for which effective modulators may already exist, would provide an alternative path to a rapid drug development of the much needed antidengue agents. For this purpose, we performed the first genome-wide RNAi screen, combining two high-content readouts for dengue virus infection (DENV E infection intensity) and host cell toxicity (host cell stained nuclei), against an arrayed lentiviral-based short hairpin RNA library covering 16,000 genes with a redundancy of at least 5 hairpins per gene. The screen identified 1924 gene candidates in total; of which, 1730 gene candidates abrogated dengue infection, whereas 194 gene candidates were found to enhance its infectivity in HEK293 cells. A first pass clustering analysis of hits revealed a well-orchestrated gene-network dependency on host cell homeostasis and physiology triggering distinct cellular pathways for infectivity, replication, trafficking, and egress; a second analysis revealed a comprehensive gene signature of 331 genes common to hits identified in 28 published RNAi host-viral interaction screens. Taken together, our findings provide novel antiviral molecular targets with the potential for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shum
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bhavneet Bhinder
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeni Mahida
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Constantin Radu
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul A. Calder
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hakim Djaballah
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Ateya A, Al-Sharif M, Abdo M, Fericean L, Essa B. Individual Genomic Loci and mRNA Levels of Immune Biomarkers Associated with Pneumonia Susceptibility in Baladi Goats. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030185. [PMID: 36977224 PMCID: PMC10051579 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of breeding for inherent disease resistance in animals could be considerably increased by identifying the genes and mutations that cause diversity in disease resistance. One hundred and twenty adult female Baladi goats (sixty pneumonic and sixty apparently healthy) were used in this study. DNA and RNA were extracted from blood samples collected from the jugular vein of each goat. SLC11A1, CD-14, CCL2, TLR1, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, β defensin, SP110, SPP1, BP1, A2M, ADORA3, CARD15, IRF3, and SCART1 SNPs that have been previously found to be associated with pneumonia resistance/susceptibility were identified via PCR-DNA sequencing. The pneumonic and healthy goats differed significantly, according to a Chi-square analysis of the discovered SNPs. The mRNA levels of the studied immune markers were noticeably greater in the pneumonic goats than in the healthy ones. The findings could support the significance of the use of immune gene expression profiles and nucleotide variations as biomarkers for the susceptibility/resistance to pneumonia and provide a practical management technique for Baladi goats. These results also suggest a potential strategy for lowering pneumonia in goats by employing genetic markers linked to an animal’s ability to fend off infection in selective breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ateya
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Mona Al-Sharif
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abdo
- Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Liana Fericean
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Life Sciences King Michael I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Bothaina Essa
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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9
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Differential Cellular Sensing of Fusion from within and Fusion from without during Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020301. [PMID: 36851515 PMCID: PMC9962872 DOI: 10.3390/v15020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical entry of virus particles into cells triggers an innate immune response that is dependent on both calcium and nucleic acid sensors, with particles containing RNA or DNA genomes detected by RNA or DNA sensors, respectively. While membrane fusion in the absence of viral nucleic acid causes an innate immune response that is dependent on calcium, the involvement of nucleic acid sensors is poorly understood. Here, we used lipoplexes containing purified reovirus p14 fusion protein as a model of exogenous or fusion from without and a cell line expressing inducible p14 protein as a model of endogenous or fusion from within to examine cellular membrane fusion sensing events. We show that the cellular response to membrane fusion in both models is dependent on calcium, IRF3 and IFN. The method of sensing fusion, however, differs between fusion from without and fusion from within. Exogenous p14 lipoplexes are detected by RIG-I-like RNA sensors, whereas fusion by endogenous p14 requires both RIG-I and STING to trigger an IFN response. The source of nucleic acid that is sensed appears to be cellular in origin. Future studies will investigate the source of endogenous nucleic acids recognized following membrane fusion events.
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10
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Nonclinical pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of VSV-GP using methods to decouple input drug disposition and viral replication. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 28:190-207. [PMID: 36700123 PMCID: PMC9843450 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Viral replication places oncolytic viruses (OVs) in a unique niche in the field of drug pharmacokinetics (PK) as their self-amplification obscures exposure-response relationships. Moreover, standard bioanalytical techniques are unable to distinguish the input from replicated drug products. Here, we combine two novel approaches to characterize PK and biodistribution (BD) after systemic administration of vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-GP) in healthy mice. First: to decouple input drug PK/BD versus replication PK/BD, we developed and fully characterized a replication-incompetent tool virus that retained all other critical attributes of the drug. We used this approach to quantify replication in blood and tissues and to determine its impact on PK and BD. Second: to discriminate the genomic and antigenomic viral RNA strands contributing to replication dynamics in tissues, we developed an in situ hybridization method using strand-specific probes and assessed their spatiotemporal distribution in tissues. This latter approach demonstrated that distribution, transcription, and replication localized to tissue-resident macrophages, indicating their role in PK and BD. Ultimately, our study results in a refined PK/BD profile for a replicating OV, new proposed PK parameters, and deeper understanding of OV PK/BD using unique approaches that could be applied to other replicating vectors.
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11
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Xiong TC, Wei MC, Li FX, Shi M, Gan H, Tang Z, Dong HP, Liuyu T, Gao P, Zhong B, Zhang ZD, Lin D. The E3 ubiquitin ligase ARIH1 promotes antiviral immunity and autoimmunity by inducing mono-ISGylation and oligomerization of cGAS. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5973. [PMID: 36217001 PMCID: PMC9551088 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) plays a critical role in antiviral immunity and autoimmunity. The activity and stability of cGAS are fine-tuned by post-translational modifications. Here, we show that ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (ARIH1) catalyzes the mono-ISGylation and induces the oligomerization of cGAS, thereby promoting antiviral immunity and autoimmunity. Knockdown or knockout of ARIH1 significantly inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)- or cytoplasmic DNA-induced expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. Consistently, tamoxifen-treated ER-Cre;Arih1fl/fl mice and Lyz2-Cre; Arih1fl/fl mice are hypersensitive to HSV-1 infection compared with the controls. In addition, deletion of ARIH1 in myeloid cells alleviates the autoimmune phenotypes and completely rescues the autoimmune lethality caused by TREX1 deficiency. Mechanistically, HSV-1- or cytosolic DNA-induced oligomerization and activation of cGAS are potentiated by ISGylation at its K187 residue, which is catalyzed by ARIH1. Our findings thus reveal an important role of ARIH1 in innate antiviral and autoimmune responses and provide insight into the post-translational regulation of cGAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Chen Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Cong Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang-Xu Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Gan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Peng Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianzi Liuyu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhi-Dong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dandan Lin
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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12
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Wei M, Qin Y, Qian K, Shang S, Zhao Y, Xie T, Xi J, Tang B. Class Ⅰ histone deacetylase inhibitor regulate of Mycobacteria-Driven guanylate-binding protein 1 gene expression. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105655. [PMID: 35753598 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are a class of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes with well-established activity against viruses, intracellular bacteria, and parasites. The effect of epigenetic modification on GBP activity upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is poorly understood. In this study, we found that Mtb infection can significantly increase the expression of GBPs. Class Ⅰ histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) MS-275 can selectively inhibit GBP1 expression, ultimately affecting the release of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and suppressing Mtb intracellular survival. Moreover, interfering with GBP1 expression could reduce the production of IL-1β and the level of cleaved-caspase-3 in response to Mtb infection. GBP1 silencing did not affect Mtb survival. Besides, using the bisulfite sequencing PCR, we showed that the CpG site of the GBP1 promoter was hypermethylated, and the methylation status of the GBP1 promoter did not change significantly upon Mtb infection. Overall, this study sheds light on the role of GBP in Mtb infection and provides a link between epigenetics and GBP1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Wei
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Yuexuan Qin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Kaiqiang Qian
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Shengwen Shang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Yongjie Zhao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Tong Xie
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Jun Xi
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Bikui Tang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China.
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13
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Song Q, Zhao X, Cao C, Duan M, Shao C, Jiang S, Zhou B, Zhou Y, Dong W, Yang Y, Wang X, Song H. Research advances on interferon (IFN) response during BVDV infection. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:151-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Wang Y, Gu Y, Lewis DF, Gu X, Brown K, Lachute C, Hankins M, Scott RS, Busada C, Cooper DB, McCathran CE, Barrilleaux P. Cell-type specific distribution and activation of type I IFN pathway molecules at the placental maternal-fetal interface in response to COVID-19 infection. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:951388. [PMID: 36743911 PMCID: PMC9895786 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.951388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE COVID-19 infection in pregnancy significantly increases risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, little is known how the innate immunity at the placental maternal-fetal interface responds to COVID-19 infection. Type I IFN cytokines are recognized as a key component of the innate immune response against viral infection. In this study, we specifically evaluated expression of IFN antiviral signaling molecules in placentas from women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy. METHODS Expression of IFN activation signaling pathway molecules, including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), and IFNβ were determined in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) placental tissue sections (villous and fetal membrane) by immunostaining. A total of 20 placentas were examined, 12 from COVID-19 patients and 8 from non-COVID-19 controls. Patient demographics, clinical data, and placental pathology report were acquired via EPIC medical record review. RESULTS Except BMI and placental weight, there was no statistical difference between COVID and non-COVID groups in maternal age, gestational age at delivery, gravity/parity, delivery mode, and newborn gender and weight. In COVID-exposed group, the main pathological characteristics in the placental disc are maternal and fetal vascular malperfusion and chronic inflammation. Compared to non-COVID controls, expression of IFN activation pathway molecules were all upregulated with distinct cell-type specific distribution in COVID-exposed placentas: STING in villous and decidual stromal cells; IRF3 in cytotrophoblasts (CTs) and extra-villous trophoblasts (EVTs); and TLR7 and MAVS in syncytiotrophoblasts (STs), CTs, and EVTs. Upregulation of STING, MAVS and TLR7 was also seen in fetal endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS STING, IRF3, TLR7, and MAVS are key viral sensing molecules that regulate type I IFN production. Type I IFNs are potent antiviral cytokines to impair and eradicate viral replication in infected cells. The finding of cell-type specific distribution and activation of these innate antiviral molecules at the placental maternal-fetal interface provide plausible evidence that type I IFN pathway molecules may play critical roles against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the placenta. Our findings also suggest that placental maternal-fetal interface has a well-defined antiviral defense system to protect the developing fetus from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Yuping Wang,
| | - Yang Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - David F. Lewis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Karisa Brown
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Courtney Lachute
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Miriam Hankins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Rona S. Scott
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Caitlin Busada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Danielle B. Cooper
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Charles E. McCathran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Perry Barrilleaux
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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15
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Kim KH, Lee S, Park JW, Jung HS, Kim J, Yang H, Lee JH, Lee D. Analysis of Tissue-Specific Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3)
Gene Expression against Viral Infection in Paralichthys
olivaceus. Dev Reprod 2021; 25:235-244. [PMID: 35141449 PMCID: PMC8807130 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2021.25.4.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3) is a member of interferon-regulated
transcription factor family and is known to play an important role in the innate
immune response against viral infections. In this study, the expression of IRF3
in different tissues, developmental stages, and stocking densities of olive
flounder was investigated. The expression of IRF3 was observed to gradually
increase in early-stage juvenile fish. The highest expression was observed in
later-stage juvenile fish when immune tissues were formed. High IRF3 expression
was observed in the muscles and the brain tissues. The expression of IRF3 was
observed in fish at different stocking densities after viral hemorrhagic
septicemia virus (VHSV) infection. It yielded an interesting expression pattern
in the muscles and the brain tissues of fish stocked at low density. These
observations can be used as basic data for the study of the expression of immune
response-related genes against viruses based on stocking density and immune
systems in other fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hee Kim
- Fish Genetics and Breeding Research
Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science,
Geoje 53334, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Fish Genetics and Breeding Research
Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science,
Geoje 53334, Korea
| | - Jong-Won Park
- Fish Genetics and Breeding Research
Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science,
Geoje 53334, Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Jung
- Fish Genetics and Breeding Research
Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science,
Geoje 53334, Korea
| | - Julan Kim
- Fish Genetics and Breeding Research
Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science,
Geoje 53334, Korea
| | - Hyerim Yang
- Fish Genetics and Breeding Research
Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science,
Geoje 53334, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Fish Genetics and Breeding Research
Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science,
Geoje 53334, Korea
| | - Dain Lee
- Fish Genetics and Breeding Research
Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science,
Geoje 53334, Korea
- Corresponding author Dain Lee, Fish Genetics
and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Geoje
53334, Korea. Tel: +82-55-639-5813, Fax:
+82-55-639-5809, E-mail:
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16
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Xu J, Wang P, Li Z, Li Z, Han D, Wen M, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Ma Y, Liu W, Jiang M, Zhang X, Cao X. IRF3-binding lncRNA-ISIR strengthens interferon production in viral infection and autoinflammation. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109926. [PMID: 34731629 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is an essential transductor for initiation of many immune responses. Here, we show that lncRNA-ISIR directly binds IRF3 to promote its phosphorylation, dimerization, and nuclear translocation, along with enhanced target gene productions. In vivo lncRNA-ISIR deficiency results in reduced IFN production, uncontrolled viral replication, and increased mortality. The human homolog, AK131315, also binds IRF3 and promotes its activation. More important, AK131315 expression is positively correlated with type I interferon (IFN-I) level and severity in patients with lupus. Mechanistically, in resting cells, IRF3 is bound to suppressor protein Flightless-1 (Fli-1), which keeps its inactive state. Upon infection, IFN-I-induced lncRNA-ISIR binds IRF3 at DNA-binding domain in cytoplasm and removes Fli-1's association from IRF3, consequently facilitating IRF3 activation. Our results demonstrate that IFN-I-inducible lncRNA-ISIR feedback strengthens IRF3 activation by removing suppressive Fli-1 in immune responses, revealing a method of lncRNA-mediated modulation of transcription factor (TF) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Xu
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zemeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingyue Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qihang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuanwu Ma
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Minghong Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China.
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17
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Adhikarla SV, Jha NK, Goswami VK, Sharma A, Bhardwaj A, Dey A, Villa C, Kumar Y, Jha SK. TLR-Mediated Signal Transduction and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111373. [PMID: 34827372 PMCID: PMC8615980 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A special class of proteins called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an essential part of the innate immune system, connecting it to the adaptive immune system. There are 10 different Toll-Like Receptors that have been identified in human beings. TLRs are part of the central nervous system (CNS), showing that the CNS is capable of the immune response, breaking the long-held belief of the brain's "immune privilege" owing to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These Toll-Like Receptors are present not just on the resident macrophages of the central nervous system but are also expressed by the neurons to allow them for the production of proinflammatory agents such as interferons, cytokines, and chemokines; the activation and recruitment of glial cells; and their participation in neuronal cell death by apoptosis. This study is focused on the potential roles of various TLRs in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), namely TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 in AD and PD in human beings and a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Vishwanath Adhikarla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (Formerly NSIT, University of Delhi), New Delhi 110078, India;
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (N.K.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Vineet Kumar Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India;
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham 2770, Australia;
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham 2770, Australia;
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science & Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Anuradha Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (N.K.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India;
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Yatender Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (Formerly NSIT, University of Delhi), New Delhi 110078, India;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (S.K.J.)
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (N.K.J.); (A.B.)
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham 2770, Australia;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (S.K.J.)
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18
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Saha S, Soliman A, Rajasekaran S. A Novel Pathway Network Analytics Method Based on Graph Theory. J Comput Biol 2021; 28:1104-1112. [PMID: 34448623 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2021.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A biological pathway is an ordered set of interactions between intracellular molecules having collective activity that impacts cellular function, for example, by controlling metabolite synthesis or by regulating the expression of sets of genes. They play a key role in advanced studies of genomics. However, existing pathway analytics methods are inadequate to extract meaningful biological structure underneath the network of pathways. They also lack automation. Given these circumstances, we have come up with a novel graph theoretic method to analyze disease-related genes through weighted network of biological pathways. The method automatically extracts biological structures, such as clusters of pathways and their relevance, significance of each pathway and gene, and so forth hidden in the complex network. We have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method on a set of genes associated with coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Saha
- Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sanguthevar Rajasekaran
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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19
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Tseng YY, Gowripalan A, Croft SN, Smith SA, Helbig KJ, Man SM, Tscharke DC. Viperin has species-specific roles in response to herpes simplex virus infection. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34406117 PMCID: PMC8513645 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Viperin is a gene with a broad spectrum of antiviral functions and various mechanisms of action. The role of viperin in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is unclear, with conflicting data in the literature that is derived from a single human cell type. We have addressed this gap by investigating viperin during HSV-1 infection in several cell types, spanning species and including immortalized, non-immortalized and primary cells. We demonstrate that viperin upregulation by HSV-1 infection is cell-type-specific, with mouse cells typically showing greater increases compared with those of human origin. Further, overexpression and knockout of mouse, but not human viperin significantly impedes and increases HSV-1 replication, respectively. In primary mouse fibroblasts, viperin upregulation by infection requires viral gene transcription and occurs in a predominantly IFN-independent manner. Further we identify the N-terminal domain of viperin as being required for the anti-HSV-1 activity. Interestingly, this is the region of viperin that differs most between mouse and human, which may explain the apparent species-specific activity against HSV-1. Finally, we show that HSV-1 virion host shutoff (vhs) protein is a key viral factor that antagonises viperin in mouse cells. We conclude that viperin can be upregulated by HSV-1 in mouse and human cells, and that mouse viperin has anti-HSV-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeu-Yang Tseng
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Anjali Gowripalan
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sarah N. Croft
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stewart A. Smith
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Karla J. Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David C. Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: David C. Tscharke,
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20
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Suomalainen M, Greber UF. Virus Infection Variability by Single-Cell Profiling. Viruses 2021; 13:1568. [PMID: 34452433 PMCID: PMC8402812 DOI: 10.3390/v13081568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell variability of infection has long been known, yet it has remained one of the least understood phenomena in infection research. It impacts on disease onset and development, yet only recently underlying mechanisms have been studied in clonal cell cultures by single-virion immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. In this review, we showcase how single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), single-molecule RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (click) with alkynyl-tagged viral genomes dissect infection variability in human and mouse cells. We show how the combined use of scRNA-FISH and click-chemistry reveals highly variable onsets of adenoviral gene expression, and how single live cell plaques reveal lytic and nonlytic adenovirus transmissions. The review highlights how scRNA-seq profiling and scRNA-FISH of coxsackie, influenza, dengue, zika, and herpes simplex virus infections uncover transcriptional variability, and how the host interferon response tunes influenza and sendai virus infections. We introduce the concept of "cell state" in infection variability, and conclude with advances by single-cell simultaneous measurements of chromatin accessibility and mRNA counts at high-throughput. Such technology will further dissect the sequence of events in virus infection and pathology, and better characterize the genetic and genomic stability of viruses, cell autonomous innate immune responses, and mechanisms of tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Suomalainen
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Khantisitthiporn O, Shue B, Eyre NS, Nash CW, Turnbull L, Whitchurch CB, Van der Hoek KH, Helbig KJ, Beard MR. Viperin interacts with PEX19 to mediate peroxisomal augmentation of the innate antiviral response. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000915. [PMID: 34108265 PMCID: PMC8200297 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are recognized as significant platforms for the activation of antiviral innate immunity where stimulation of the key adapter molecule mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) within the RIG-I like receptor (RLR) pathway culminates in the up-regulation of hundreds of ISGs, some of which drive augmentation of multiple innate sensing pathways. However, whether ISGs can augment peroxisome-driven RLR signaling is currently unknown. Using a proteomics-based screening approach, we identified Pex19 as a binding partner of the ISG viperin. Viperin colocalized with numerous peroxisomal proteins and its interaction with Pex19 was in close association with lipid droplets, another emerging innate signaling platform. Augmentation of the RLR pathway by viperin was lost when Pex19 expression was reduced. Expression of organelle-specific MAVS demonstrated that viperin requires both mitochondria and peroxisome MAVS for optimal induction of IFN-β. These results suggest that viperin is required to enhance the antiviral cellular response with a possible role to position the peroxisome at the mitochondrial/MAM MAVS signaling synapse, furthering our understanding of the importance of multiple organelles driving the innate immune response against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onruedee Khantisitthiporn
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Byron Shue
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicholas S Eyre
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Colt W Nash
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Cynthia B Whitchurch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Kylie H Van der Hoek
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Karla J Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Michael R Beard
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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22
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Salman AA, Waheed MH, Ali-Abdulsahib AA, Atwan ZW. Low type I interferon response in COVID-19 patients: Interferon response may be a potential treatment for COVID-19. Biomed Rep 2021; 14:43. [PMID: 33786172 PMCID: PMC7995242 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are antiviral cytokines that mitigate the effects of invading viruses early on during the infection process. SARS-CoV and MERS induce weak IFN responses; hence, the clinical trials which included recombinant IFN accompanied with other antiviral drugs exhibited improved results in terms of shortening the duration of illness. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the type I IFN response in COVID-19 patients to determine whether it is sufficient to eliminate or reduce the severity of the infection, and whether it can be recommended as a potential therapy. Total RNA samples were converted to cDNA and used as templates to evaluate the gene expression levels of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)3 and IFN-β in COVID-19 patients or control. The results showed that IRF3 gene expression was upregulated ~250-fold compared with the negative samples. In contrast, IFN-β expression increased slightly in COVID-19 patients. Consistent with other coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and MERS, COVID-19 infection does not induce an efficient IFN response to reduce the severity of the virus. This may be attributed to an incomplete response of IRF3 in activating the IFN-β promoter in the infected patients. The results suggest IFN-β or α may be used as potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zeenah Weheed Atwan
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Biology Department, College of Science, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq
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23
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Song R, Gao Y, Dozmorov I, Malladi V, Saha I, McDaniel MM, Parameswaran S, Liang C, Arana C, Zhang B, Wakeland B, Zhou J, Weirauch MT, Kottyan LC, Wakeland EK, Pasare C. IRF1 governs the differential interferon-stimulated gene responses in human monocytes and macrophages by regulating chromatin accessibility. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108891. [PMID: 33761354 PMCID: PMC8300000 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid lineage cells use TLRs to recognize and respond to diverse microbial ligands. Although unique transcription factors dictate the outcome of specific TLR signaling, whether lineage-specific differences exist to further modulate the quality of TLR-induced inflammation remains unclear. Comprehensive analysis of global gene transcription in human monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells stimulated with various TLR ligands identifies multiple lineage-specific, TLR-responsive gene programs. Monocytes are hyperresponsive to TLR7/8 stimulation that correlates with the higher expression of the receptors. While macrophages and monocytes express similar levels of TLR4, macrophages, but not monocytes, upregulate interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in response to TLR4 stimulation. We find that TLR4 signaling in macrophages uniquely engages transcription factor IRF1, which facilitates the opening of ISG loci for transcription. This study provides a critical mechanistic basis for lineage-specific TLR responses and uncovers IRF1 as a master regulator for the ISG transcriptional program in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Song
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yajing Gao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Venkat Malladi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Irene Saha
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Margaret M McDaniel
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sreeja Parameswaran
- Center for Autoimmune Genetics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chaoying Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carlos Arana
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Benjamin Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jinchun Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genetics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Autoimmune Genetics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Edward K Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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24
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Zhang R, Li Z, Tang YD, Su C, Zheng C. When human guanylate-binding proteins meet viral infections. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:17. [PMID: 33673837 PMCID: PMC7934404 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00716-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of host defense against viral infection. After invading into the cells, pathogen-associated-molecular-patterns derived from viruses are recognized by pattern recognition receptors to activate the downstream signaling pathways to induce the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and inflammatory cytokines, which play critical functions in the host antiviral innate immune responses. Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are IFN-inducible antiviral effectors belonging to the guanosine triphosphatases family. In addition to exerting direct antiviral functions against certain viruses, a few GBPs also exhibit regulatory roles on the host antiviral innate immunity. However, our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of GBPs' roles in viral infection and host antiviral innate immune signaling is still very limited. Therefore, here we present an updated overview of the functions of GBPs during viral infection and in antiviral innate immunity, and highlight discrepancies in reported findings and current challenges for future studies, which will advance our understanding of the functions of GBPs and provide a scientific and theoretical basis for the regulation of antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Fuzhou Medical College of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chenhe Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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25
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Liu S, Liao Y, Chen B, Chen Y, Yu Z, Wei H, Zhang L, Huang S, Rothman PB, Gao GF, Chen JL. Critical role of Syk-dependent STAT1 activation in innate antiviral immunity. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108627. [PMID: 33472080 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The JAK/STAT1 pathway is generally activated by cytokines, providing essential antiviral defense. Here, we identify that STAT1 activation is independent of cytokines and JAKs at the early infection stage of some viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV). Instead, STAT1 is activated mainly through spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) downstream of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I/mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (RIG-I/MAVS) signaling. Syk deletion profoundly impairs immediate innate immunity, as evidenced by the finding that Syk deletion attenuates tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and reduces the expressions of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in vitro and in vivo. The antiviral response to IAV infection is also significantly suppressed in the STAT1Y701F knockin mice. The results demonstrate that STAT1 activation is dependent on Syk rather than the cytokine-activated JAK signaling at the early stage of viral infection, which is critical for initial antiviral immunity. Our finding provides insights into the complicated mechanisms underlying host immune responses to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Biao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ziding Yu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haitao Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Paul B Rothman
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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26
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Hare DN, Baid K, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Mossman KL. Virus-Intrinsic Differences and Heterogeneous IRF3 Activation Influence IFN-Independent Antiviral Protection. iScience 2020; 23:101864. [PMID: 33319181 PMCID: PMC7726339 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 interferon (IFN) plays a critical role in early antiviral defense and priming of adaptive immunity by signaling upregulation of host antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Certain stimuli trigger strong activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and direct upregulation of ISGs in addition to IFN. It remains unclear why some stimuli are stronger activators of IRF3 and how this leads to IFN-independent antiviral protection. We found that UV-inactivated human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) particles triggered an IFN-independent ISG signature that was absent in cells infected with UV-inactivated Sendai virus particles. HCMV particles triggered mostly uniform activation of IRF3 and low-level IFN-β production within the population while SeV particles triggered a small fraction of cells producing abundant IFN-β. These findings suggest that population-level activation of IRF3 and antiviral protection emerges from a diversity of responses occurring simultaneously in single cells. Moreover, this occurs in the absence of virus replication. The antiviral response to virus particles requires low levels of interferon Cells respond differently to HCMV or SeV particles Heterogeneous IRF3 activation influences the response to virus
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Hare
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Kaushal Baid
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada.,Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
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27
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Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang K, Zhang X, Li S, Li Y, Fan W, Leng F, Yang M, Chen J. Extraction kinetics, thermodynamics, rheological properties and anti-BVDV activity of the hot water assisted extraction of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide. Food Funct 2020; 11:4067-4080. [PMID: 32329761 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00608d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The extraction kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GP) were studied, and its rheological properties and antiviral activity were evaluated. The results showed that the extraction process could be fitted to Fick's second law of diffusion. The optimum concentration (97.62 mg mL-1) was obtained at a solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 15, (g mL-1), an extraction time of 120 min and an extraction temperature of 80 °C. The whole extraction process was spontaneous and endothermic. GP was shown to be an acid glycoprotein with a complex structure using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). A study of its rheological properties showed that GP has the characteristics of a typical non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluid and that its viscosity could be significantly affected by temperature, pH and the presence of other ions. Branched and soft fiber structures with irregular molecular aggregation were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Moreover, GP showed good inhibitory activity against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) via the regulation of the relative expression levels of the IRF-1 and IRF-3 genes in MDBK cells. This activity was found to be dependent on the physicochemical and structural properties of GP. These findings imply that GP can be considered as a natural source of active material for the prevention of viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
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28
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Ashley CL, Abendroth A, McSharry BP, Slobedman B. Interferon-Independent Innate Responses to Cytomegalovirus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2751. [PMID: 31921100 PMCID: PMC6917592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of interferons (IFNs) in mediating the innate immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is well established. However, in recent years the functional importance of the IFN-independent antiviral response has become clearer. IFN-independent, IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-dependent interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) regulation in the context of CMV infection was first documented 20 years ago. Since then several IFN-independent, IRF3-dependent ISGs have been characterized and found to be among the most influential in the innate response to CMV. These include virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated IFN-inducible (viperin), ISG15, members of the interferon inducible protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT) family, interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins and myxovirus resistance proteins A and B (MxA, MxB). IRF3-independent, IFN-independent activation of canonically IFN-dependent signaling pathways has also been documented, such as IFN-independent biphasic activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) during infection of monocytes, differential roles of mitochondrial and peroxisomal mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), and the ability of human CMV (HCMV) immediate early protein 1 (IE1) protein to reroute IL-6 signaling and activation of STAT1 and its associated ISGs. This review examines the role of identified IFN-independent ISGs in the antiviral response to CMV and describes pathways of IFN-independent innate immune response induction by CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Ashley
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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29
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Macromolecular Synthesis Shutoff Resistance by Myeloid Cells Is Critical to IRF7-Dependent Systemic Interferon Alpha/Beta Induction after Alphavirus Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00872-19. [PMID: 31578290 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00872-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphavirus infection of fibroblastic cell types in vitro inhibits host cell translation and transcription, leading to suppression of interferon alpha/beta (IFN-α/β) production. However, the effect of infection upon myeloid cells, which are often the first cells encountered by alphaviruses in vivo, is unclear. Previous studies demonstrated an association of systemic IFN-α/β production with myeloid cell infection efficiency. Murine infection with wild-type Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), a highly myeloid-cell-tropic alphavirus, results in secretion of very high systemic levels of IFN-α/β, suggesting that stress responses in responding cells are active. Here, we infected myeloid cell cultures with VEEV to identify the cellular source of IFN-α/β, the timing and extent of translation and/or transcription inhibition in infected cells, and the transcription factors responsible for IFN-α/β induction. In contrast to fibroblast infection, myeloid cell cultures infected with VEEV secreted IFN-α/β that increased until cell death was observed. VEEV inhibited translation in most cells early after infection (<6 h postinfection [p.i.]), while transcription inhibition occurred later (>6 h p.i.). Furthermore, the interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), but not IRF3, transcription factor was critical for IFN-α/β induction in vitro and in sera of mice. We identified a subset of infected Raw 264.7 myeloid cells that resisted VEEV-induced translation inhibition and secreted IFN-α/β despite virus infection. However, in the absence of IFN receptor signaling, the size of this cell population was diminished. These results indicate that IFN-α/β induction in vivo is IRF7 dependent and arises in part from a subset of myeloid cells that are resistant, in an IFN-α/β-dependent manner, to VEEV-induced macromolecular synthesis inhibition.IMPORTANCE Most previous research exploring the interaction of alphaviruses with host cell antiviral responses has been conducted using fibroblast lineage cell lines. Previous studies have led to the discovery of virus-mediated activities that antagonize host cell antiviral defense pathways, such as host cell translation and transcription inhibition and suppression of STAT1 signaling. However, their relevance and impact upon myeloid lineage cell types, which are key responders during the initial stages of alphavirus infection in vivo, have not been well studied. Here, we demonstrate the different abilities of myeloid cells to resist VEEV infection compared to nonmyeloid cell types and begin to elucidate the mechanisms by which host antiviral responses are upregulated in myeloid cells despite the actions of virus-encoded antagonists.
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30
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Alandijany T. Host Intrinsic and Innate Intracellular Immunity During Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2611. [PMID: 31781083 PMCID: PMC6856869 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When host cells are invaded by viruses, they deploy multifaceted intracellular defense mechanisms to control infections and limit the damage they may cause. Host intracellular antiviral immunity can be classified into two main branches: (i) intrinsic immunity, an interferon (IFN)-independent antiviral response mediated by constitutively expressed cellular proteins (so-called intrinsic host restriction factors); and (ii) innate immunity, an IFN-dependent antiviral response conferred by IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) products, which are (as indicated by their name) upregulated in response to IFN secretion following the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Recent evidence has demonstrated temporal regulation and specific viral requirements for the induction of these two arms of immunity during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Moreover, they exert differential antiviral effects to control viral replication. Although they are distinct from one another, the words "intrinsic" and "innate" have been interchangeably and/or simultaneously used in the field of virology. Hence, the aims of this review are to (1) elucidate the current knowledge about host intrinsic and innate immunity during HSV-1 infection, (2) clarify the recent advances in the understanding of their regulation and address the distinctions between them with respect to their induction requirements and effects on viral infection, and (3) highlight the key roles of the viral E3 ubiquitin ligase ICP0 in counteracting both aspects of immunity. This review emphasizes that intrinsic and innate immunity are temporally and functionally distinct arms of host intracellular immunity during HSV-1 infection; the findings are likely pertinent to other clinically important viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamir Alandijany
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 MicroRNA miR-H28 Exported to Uninfected Cells in Exosomes Restricts Cell-to-Cell Virus Spread by Inducing Gamma Interferon mRNA. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01005-19. [PMID: 31413129 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01005-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An earlier report showed that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) expresses two microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-H28 and miR-H29, late in the infectious cycle. The miRNAs are packed in exosomes and, in recipient cells, restrict the transmission of virus from infected cells to uninfected cells. We now report that (i) miR-H28 induced the synthesis of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in both infected cells and cells transfected with miR-H28, (ii) IFN-γ accumulated concurrently with viral proteins in infected cells, (iii) IFN-γ was produced in HEp-2 cells derived from cancer tissue and in HEK293T cells derived from normal tissue, and (iv) HSV-1 replication was affected by exposure to IFN-γ before infection but not during or after infection. The results presented in this report support the growing body of evidence indicating that HSV-1 encodes functions designed to reduce the spread of infection from infected cells to uninfected cells, possibly in order to maximize the transmission of virus from infected individuals to uninfected individuals.IMPORTANCE In this report, we show that IFN-γ is produced by HSV-1 viral miR-H28 and viral replication is blocked in cells exposed to IFN-γ before infection but not during or after infection. The inevitable conclusion is that HSV-1 induces IFN-γ to curtail its spread from infected cells to uninfected cells. In essence, this report supports the hypothesis that HSV-1 encodes functions that restrict the transmission of virus from cell to cell.
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Xiang B, Wang Q, Lei W, Li M, Li Y, Zhao L, Ma X, Wang Y, Yu H, Li X, Meng Y, Guo W, Deng W, Ren H, Li T. Genes in immune pathways associated with abnormal white matter integrity in first-episode and treatment-naïve patients with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2019; 214:281-287. [PMID: 30722794 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have inferred a strong genetic component in schizophrenia. However, the genetic variants involved in the susceptibility to schizophrenia remain unclear.AimsTo detect potential gene pathways and networks associated with schizophrenia, and to explore the relationship between common and rare variants in these pathways and abnormal white matter integrity in schizophrenia. METHOD The analysis included 100 first-episode treatment-naïve patients with schizophrenia and 140 healthy controls. A network-based analysis was carried out on the data collected from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Phase I (PGC-I). Based on our genome-wide association study and whole-exome sequencing data-sets, we performed a gene-set analysis to detect associations between the combining effects of common and rare genetic variants and abnormal white matter integrity in schizophrenia. RESULTS Patients had significantly reduced functional anisotropy in the left and right anterior cingulate cortex, left and right precuneus and extra-nuclear (t = 4.61-5.10, PFDR < 0.01), compared with controls. Generated from co-expression network analysis of the PGC-1 summary statistics of schizophrenia, a subnetwork of 207 genes associated with schizophrenia was identified (P < 0.01), and 176 genes were co-expressed in four gene modules. Functional enrichment analysis for genes in each module revealed that the yellow module was enriched with highly co-expressed, innate immune response genes. Furthermore, rare variants of enriched genes in the yellow module were associated with reduced functional anisotropy in the left anterior cingulate cortex (P = 0.006; Padjusted = 0.024) in patients only. CONCLUSIONS The pathogenesis of schizophrenia may be substantially influenced by genes involved in the immune system, via both pathway and network.Declaration of interestsNone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiang
- Assistant Professor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University; andDepartment of Psychiatry,Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University,China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Professor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,China
| | - Wei Lei
- Assistant Professor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University; andDepartment of Psychiatry,Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University,China
| | - Mingli Li
- Associate Professor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,China
| | - Yinfei Li
- Attending Doctor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,China
| | - Liansheng Zhao
- Assistant Professor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Professor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,China
| | - Yingcheng Wang
- Assistant Professor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,China
| | - Hua Yu
- Attending Doctor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Attending Doctor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,China
| | - Yajing Meng
- Attending Doctor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,China
| | - Wanjun Guo
- Associate Professor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,China
| | - Wei Deng
- Associate Professor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- Attending Doctor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,China
| | - Tao Li
- Professor,Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,West China Brain Research Center,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,China
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Ashley CL, Abendroth A, McSharry BP, Slobedman B. Interferon-Independent Upregulation of Interferon-Stimulated Genes during Human Cytomegalovirus Infection is Dependent on IRF3 Expression. Viruses 2019; 11:E246. [PMID: 30871003 PMCID: PMC6466086 DOI: 10.3390/v11030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral activity of type I interferons (IFNs) is primarily mediated by interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Induction of ISG transcription is achieved when type I IFNs bind to their cognate receptor and activate the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathways. Recently it has become clear that a number of viruses are capable of directly upregulating a subset of ISGs in the absence of type I IFN production. Using cells engineered to block either the response to, or production of type I IFN, the regulation of IFN-independent ISGs was examined in the context of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Several ISGs, including IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, Mx1, Mx2, CXCL10 and ISG15 were found to be upregulated transcriptionally following HCMV infection independently of type I IFN-initiated JAK-STAT signaling, but dependent on intact IRF3 signaling. ISG15 protein regulation mirrored that of its transcript with IFNβ neutralization failing to completely inhibit ISG15 expression post HCMV infection. In addition, no detectable ISG15 protein expression was observed following HCMV infection in IRF3 knockdown CRISPR/Cas-9 clones indicating that IFN-independent control of ISG expression during HCMV infection of human fibroblasts is absolutely dependent on IRF3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Ashley
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
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Luo F, Liu H, Yang S, Fang Y, Zhao Z, Hu Y, Jin Y, Li P, Gao T, Cao C, Liu X. Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase c-Abl- and Arg-Mediated IRF3 Phosphorylation Regulates Innate Immune Responses by Promoting Type I IFN Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2254-2265. [PMID: 30842273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl plays important roles in T cell development and immune responses; however, the mechanism is poorly understood. IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a key transcriptional regulator of type I IFN-dependent immune responses against DNA and RNA viruses. The data in this study show that IRF3 is physically associated with c-Abl in vivo and directly binds to c-Abl in vitro. IRF3 is phosphorylated by c-Abl and c-Abl-related kinase, Arg, mainly at Y292. The inhibitor AMN107 inhibits IFN-β production induced by poly(dA:dT), poly(I:C), and Sendai virus in THP-1 and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophage cells. IRF3-induced transcription of IFN-β is significantly reduced by the mutation of Y292 to F. Moreover, AMN107 suppresses gene expression of absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and subsequently reduces inflammasome activation induced by cytosolic bacteria, dsDNA, and DNA viruses. Consistent with this finding, Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica live vaccine strain (Ft LVS), which is known as an activator of AIM2 inflammasome, induces death in significantly more C57BL/6 mice treated with the Abl inhibitor AMN107 or c-Abl/Arg small interfering RNA than in untreated mice. This study provides new insight into the function of c-Abl and Arg in regulating immune responses and AIM2 inflammasome activation, especially against Ft LVS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Luo
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hainan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shasha Yang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; and
| | - Yi Fang
- 307 Hospital, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhihu Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yanwen Jin
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Cheng Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China;
| | - Xuan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China;
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Lin S, Yang S, He J, Guest JD, Ma Z, Yang L, Pierce BG, Tang Q, Zhang YJ. Zika virus NS5 protein antagonizes type I interferon production via blocking TBK1 activation. Virology 2018; 527:180-187. [PMID: 30530224 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the family of Flaviviridae. Unlike other flaviviruses, ZIKV infection of pregnant women may result in birth defects in their newborns, such as microcephaly or vision problem. ZIKV is known to antagonize the interferon (IFN) production in infected cells. However, the exact mechanism of this interference is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that NS5 protein of ZIKV MR766 strain antagonizes IFN production through inhibiting the activation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which phosphorylates the transcription activator IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Mechanistically, NS5 interacts with the ubiquitin-like domain of TBK1 and results in less complex of TBK1 and TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), leading to dampened TBK1 activation and IRF3 phosphorylation. Our study provides insights into the mechanism of ZIKV evasion of IFN-mediated innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoli Lin
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shixing Yang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia He
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Johnathan D Guest
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Zexu Ma
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Brian G Pierce
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Yan-Jin Zhang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Innate Immune Mechanisms and Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and Disease. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018; 223:49-75. [PMID: 28528439 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53168-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune responses play a major role in the control of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, and a multiplicity of mechanisms have emerged as a result of human evolution to sense and respond to HSV infections. HSV in turn has evolved a number of ways to evade immune detection and to blunt human innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize the major host innate immune mechanisms and the HSV evasion mechanisms that have evolved. We further discuss how disease can result if this equilibrium between virus and host response is disrupted.
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Toll-Like Receptors: Regulators of the Immune Response in the Human Gut. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020203. [PMID: 29438282 PMCID: PMC5852779 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are powerful molecular regulators by which the immune system may "sense" the environment and protect the host from pathogens or endogenous threats. In mammalian cells, several TLRs were identified with a tissue and cell type-specific distribution. Understanding the functions of specific TLRs is crucial for the development and discovery of compounds useful to maintaining or re-establishing homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Due to their relevance in regulating the inflammatory response in the GIT, we will focus here on TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5. In particular, we describe (a) the molecular pathways activated by the stimulation of these receptors with their known bacterial ligands; (b) the non-bacterial ligands known to interact directly with TLR2 and TLR4 and their soluble forms. The scope of this minireview is to highlight the importance of bacterial and non-bacterial compounds in affecting the gut immune functions via the activation of the TLRs.
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Han K, Zhang J. Roles of neddylation against viral infections. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:292-294. [PMID: 29176748 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Han
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
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Role of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 γ34.5 in the Regulation of IRF3 Signaling. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01156-17. [PMID: 28904192 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01156-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their associated adaptors recruit TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) to activate interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), resulting in production of type I interferons (IFNs). ICP0 and ICP34.5 are among the proteins encoded by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) that modulate type I IFN signaling. We constructed a recombinant virus (ΔXX) that lacks amino acids 87 to 106, a portion of the previously described TBK1-binding domain of the γ34.5 gene (D. Verpooten, Y. Ma, S. Hou, Z. Yan, and B. He, J Biol Chem 284:1097-1105, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1074/JBC.M805905200). These 20 residues are outside the γ34.5 beclin1-binding domain (BBD) that interacts with beclin1 and regulates autophagy. Unexpectedly, ΔXX showed no deficit in replication in vivo in a variety of tissues and showed virulence comparable to that of wild-type and marker-rescued viruses following intracerebral infection. ΔXX was fully capable of mediating the dephosphorylation of eIF2α, and the virus was capable of controlling the phosphorylation of IRF3. In contrast, a null mutant in γ34.5 failed to control IRF3 phosphorylation due to an inability of the mutant to sustain expression of ICP0. Our data show that while γ34.5 regulates IRF3 phosphorylation, the TBK1-binding domain itself has no impact on IRF3 phosphorylation or on replication and pathogenesis in mice.IMPORTANCE Interferons (IFNs) are potent activators of a variety of host responses that serve to control virus infections. The Herpesviridae have evolved countermeasures to IFN responses. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encodes the multifunctional neurovirulence protein ICP34.5. In this study, we investigated the biological relevance of the interaction between ICP34.5 and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), an activator of IFN responses. Here, we establish that although ICP34.5 binds TBK1 under certain conditions through a TBK1-binding domain (TBD), there was no direct impact of the TBD on viral replication or virulence in mice. Furthermore, we showed that activation of IRF3, a substrate of TBK1, was independent of the TBD. Instead, we provided evidence that the ability of ICP34.5 to control IRF3 activation is through its ability to reverse translational shutoff and sustain the expression of other IFN inhibitors encoded by the virus. This work provides new insights into the immunomodulatory functions of ICP34.5.
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Doğanay S, Lee MY, Baum A, Peh J, Hwang SY, Yoo JY, Hergenrother PJ, García-Sastre A, Myong S, Ha T. Single-cell analysis of early antiviral gene expression reveals a determinant of stochastic IFNB1 expression. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:857-867. [PMID: 29098213 PMCID: PMC6201300 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00146k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are cytoplasmic sensors of viral RNA that trigger the signaling cascade that leads to type I interferon (IFN) production. Transcriptional induction of RLRs by IFN is believed to play the role of positive feedback to further amplify viral sensing. We found that RLRs and several other IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are induced early in viral infection independent of IFN. Expression of these early ISGs requires IRF3/IRF7 and is highly correlated amongst them. Simultaneous detection of mRNA of IFNB1, viral replicase, and ISGs revealed distinct populations of IFNB1 expressing and non-expressing cells which are highly correlated with the levels of early ISGs but are uncorrelated with IFN-dependent ISGs and viral gene expression. Individual expression of RLRs made IFNB1 expression more robust and earlier, suggesting a causal relation between levels of RLR and induction of IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Doğanay
- Center for Computational Biology and Biophysics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, and Center for Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Maurice Youzong Lee
- Department of Physics, and Center for Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Present address: Biophysics Program, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alina Baum
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jessie Peh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sun-Young Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, KOREA
| | - Joo-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, KOREA
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sua Myong
- Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Present address: Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Center for Computational Biology and Biophysics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, and Center for Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Present address: Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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Human Cytomegalovirus Particles Treated with Specific Antibodies Induce Intrinsic and Adaptive but Not Innate Immune Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00678-17. [PMID: 28878085 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00678-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) persistently infects 40% to 100% of the human population worldwide. Experimental and clinical evidence indicates that humoral immunity to HCMV plays an important role in restricting virus dissemination and protecting the infected host from disease. Specific immunoglobulin preparations from pooled plasma of adults selected for high titers of HCMV antibodies have been used for the prevention of CMV disease in transplant recipients and pregnant women. Even though incubation of HCMV particles with these preparations leads to the neutralization of viral infectivity, it is still unclear whether the antibody-treated HCMV particles (referred to here as HCMV-Ab) enter the cells and modulate antiviral immune responses. Here we demonstrate that HCMV-Ab did enter macrophages. HCMV-Ab did not initiate the expression of immediate early antigens (IEAs) in macrophages, but they induced an antiviral state and rendered the cells less susceptible to HCMV infection upon challenge. Resistance to HCMV infection seemed to be due to the activation of intrinsic restriction factors and was independent of interferons. In contrast to actively infected cells, autologous NK cells did not degranulate against HCMV-Ab-treated macrophages, suggesting that these cells may not be eliminated by innate effector cells. Interestingly, HCMV-Ab-treated macrophages stimulated the proliferation of autologous adaptive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our findings not only expand the current knowledge on virus-antibody immunity but may also be relevant for future vaccination strategies.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a common herpesvirus, establishes benign but persistent infections in immunocompetent hosts. However, in subjects with an immature or dysfunctional immune system, HCMV is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Passive immunization has been used in different clinical settings with variable clinical results. Intravenous hyperimmune globulin preparations (IVIg) are obtained from pooled adult human plasma selected for high anti-CMV antibody titers. While HCMV neutralization can be shown in vitro using different systems, data are lacking regarding the cross-influence of IVIg administration on the cellular immune responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of IVIg on distinct components of the immune response against HCMV, including antigen presentation by macrophages, degranulation of innate natural killer cells, and proliferation of adaptive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
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Egarnes B, Blanchet MR, Gosselin J. Treatment with the NR4A1 agonist cytosporone B controls influenza virus infection and improves pulmonary function in infected mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186639. [PMID: 29053748 PMCID: PMC5650162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NR4A1 has emerged as a pivotal regulator of the inflammatory response and immune homeostasis. Although contribution of NR4A1 in the innate immune response has been demonstrated, its role in host defense against viral infection remains to be investigated. In the present study, we show that administration of cytosporone B (Csn-B), a specific agonist of NR4A1, to mice infected with influenza virus (IAV) reduces lung viral loads and improves pulmonary function. Our results demonstrate that administration of Csn-B to naive mice leads to a modest production of type 1 IFN. However, in IAV-infected mice, such production of IFNs is markedly increased following treatment with Csn-B. Our study also reveals that alveolar macrophages (AMs) appear to have a significant role in Csn-B effects, since selective depletion of AMs with clodronate liposome correlates with a marked reduction of IFN production, viral clearance and morbidity in IAV-infected mice. Furthermore, when reemergence of AMs is observed following clodronate liposome administration, an increased production of IFNs was detected in bronchoalveolar fluids of IAV-infected mice treated with Csn-B, supporting the contribution of AMs in Csn-B effects. While treatment of mice with Csn-B induces phosphorylation of transcriptional factors IRF3 and IRF7, the latter appears to be less indispensable since effects of Csn-B treatment on the synthesis of IFNs were slightly affected in IAV-infected mice lacking functional IRF7. Together, our results highlight the capacity of Csn-B and consequently of NR4A1 transcription factor in controlling IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Egarnes
- Laboratory of Innate Immunology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (CHUL) and Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Renée Blanchet
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Gosselin
- Laboratory of Innate Immunology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (CHUL) and Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Sandstrom TS, Ranganath N, Angel JB. Impairment of the type I interferon response by HIV-1: Potential targets for HIV eradication. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 37:1-16. [PMID: 28455216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
By interfering with the type I interferon (IFN1) response, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) can circumvent host antiviral signalling and establish persistent viral reservoirs. HIV-1-mediated defects in the IFN pathway are numerous, and include the impairment of protein receptors involved in pathogen detection, downstream signalling cascades required for IFN1 upregulation, and expression or function of key IFN1-inducible, antiviral proteins. Despite this, the activation of IFN1-inducible, antiviral proteins has been shown to facilitate the killing of latently HIV-infected cells in vitro. Understanding how IFN1 signalling is blocked in physiologically-relevant models of HIV-1 infection, and whether these defects can be reversed, is therefore of great importance for the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at eradicating the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teslin S Sandstrom
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ORCC Room C4445, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Nischal Ranganath
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ORCC Room C4445, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ORCC Room C4445, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital-General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
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Comparative and temporal transcriptome analysis of peste des petits ruminants virus infected goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Virus Res 2017; 229:28-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang W, Xu L, Su J, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Transcriptional Regulation of Antiviral Interferon-Stimulated Genes. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:573-584. [PMID: 28139375 PMCID: PMC7127685 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are a group of gene products that coordinately combat pathogen invasions, in particular viral infections. Transcription of ISGs occurs rapidly upon pathogen invasion, and this is classically provoked via activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK–STAT) pathway, mainly by interferons (IFNs). However, a plethora of recent studies have reported a variety of non-canonical mechanisms regulating ISG transcription. These new studies are extremely important for understanding the quantitative and temporal differences in ISG transcription under specific circumstances. Because these canonical and non-canonical regulatory mechanisms are essential for defining the nature of host defense and associated detrimental proinflammatory effects, we comprehensively review the state of this rapidly evolving field and the clinical implications of recently acquired knowledge in this respect. Transcriptional regulation of ISGs defines the state of host anti-pathogen defense. In light of the recently identified regulatory elements and mechanisms of the IFN–JAK–STAT pathway, new insights have been gained into this classical cascade in regulating ISG transcription. A variety of non-canonical mechanisms have been recently revealed that coordinately regulate ISG transcription. With regards to the adverse effects of IFNs in clinic, ISG-based antiviral strategy could be the next promising frontier in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center and Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center and Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Junhong Su
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center and Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center and Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Schock SN, Chandra NV, Sun Y, Irie T, Kitagawa Y, Gotoh B, Coscoy L, Winoto A. Induction of necroptotic cell death by viral activation of the RIG-I or STING pathway. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:615-625. [PMID: 28060376 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of necrotic cell death that requires the activity of the death domain-containing kinase RIP1 and its family member RIP3. Necroptosis occurs when RIP1 is deubiquitinated to form a complex with RIP3 in cells deficient in the death receptor adapter molecule FADD or caspase-8. Necroptosis may play a role in host defense during viral infection as viruses like vaccinia can induce necroptosis while murine cytomegalovirus encodes a viral inhibitor of necroptosis. To see how general the interplay between viruses and necroptosis is, we surveyed seven different viruses. We found that two of the viruses tested, Sendai virus (SeV) and murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV68), are capable of inducing dramatic necroptosis in the fibrosarcoma L929 cell line. We show that MHV68-induced cell death occurs through the cytosolic STING sensor pathway in a TNF-dependent manner. In contrast, SeV-induced death is mostly independent of TNF. Knockdown of the RNA sensing molecule RIG-I or the RIP1 deubiquitin protein, CYLD, but not STING, rescued cells from SeV-induced necroptosis. Accompanying necroptosis, we also find that wild type but not mutant SeV lacking the viral proteins Y1 and Y2 result in the non-ubiquitinated form of RIP1. Expression of Y1 or Y2 alone can suppress RIP1 ubiquitination but CYLD is dispensable for this process. Instead, we found that Y1 and Y2 can inhibit cIAP1-mediated RIP1 ubiquitination. Interestingly, we also found that SeV infection of B6 RIP3-/- mice results in increased inflammation in the lung and elevated SeV-specific T cells. Collectively, these data identify viruses and pathways that can trigger necroptosis and highlight the dynamic interplay between pathogen-recognition receptors and cell death induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suruchi N Schock
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, 469 LSA, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Neha V Chandra
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, 469 LSA, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Yuefang Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, 469 LSA, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Takashi Irie
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kitagawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Bin Gotoh
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Laurent Coscoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, 469 LSA, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Astar Winoto
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, 469 LSA, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
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Sharma S, Garg I, Ashraf MZ. TLR signalling and association of TLR polymorphism with cardiovascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 87:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hare D, Collins S, Cuddington B, Mossman K. The Importance of Physiologically Relevant Cell Lines for Studying Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2016; 8:v8110297. [PMID: 27809273 PMCID: PMC5127011 DOI: 10.3390/v8110297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses interact intimately with the host cell at nearly every stage of replication, and the cell model that is chosen to study virus infection is critically important. Although primary cells reflect the phenotype of healthy cells in vivo better than cell lines, their limited lifespan makes experimental manipulation challenging. However, many tumor-derived and artificially immortalized cell lines have defects in induction of interferon-stimulated genes and other antiviral defenses. These defects can affect virus replication, especially when cells are infected at lower, more physiologically relevant, multiplicities of infection. Understanding the selective pressures and mechanisms underlying the loss of innate signaling pathways is helpful to choose immortalized cell lines without impaired antiviral defense. We describe the trials and tribulations we encountered while searching for an immortalized cell line with intact innate signaling, and how directed immortalization of primary cells avoids many of the pitfalls of spontaneous immortalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hare
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Str. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Susan Collins
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Str. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Breanne Cuddington
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Str. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Karen Mossman
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Str. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Str. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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Herpes Simplex Virus and Interferon Signaling Induce Novel Autophagic Clusters in Sensory Neurons. J Virol 2016; 90:4706-4719. [PMID: 26912623 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02908-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes lifelong infection in the neurons of trigeminal ganglia (TG), cycling between productive infection and latency. Neuronal antiviral responses are driven by type I interferon (IFN) and are crucial to controlling HSV-1 virulence. Autophagy also plays a role in this neuronal antiviral response, but the mechanism remains obscure. In this study, HSV-1 infection of murine TG neurons triggered unusual clusters of autophagosomes, predominantly in neurons lacking detectable HSV-1 antigen. Treatment of neurons with IFN-β induced a similar response, and cluster formation by infection or IFN treatment was dependent upon an intact IFN-signaling pathway. The autophagic clusters were decorated with both ISG15, an essential effecter of the antiviral response, and p62, a selective autophagy receptor. The autophagic clusters were not induced by rapamycin or starvation, consistent with a process of selective autophagy. While clusters were triggered by other neurotropic herpesviruses, infection with unrelated viruses failed to induce this response. Following ocular infection in vivo, clusters formed exclusively in the infected ophthalmic branch of the TG. Taken together, our results show that infection with HSV and antiviral signaling in TG neurons produce an unorthodox autophagic response. This autophagic clustering is associated with antiviral signaling, the presence of viral genome, and the absence of HSV protein expression and may therefore represent an important neuronal response to HSV infection and the establishment of latency. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous virus and a significant cause of morbidity and some mortality. It is the causative agent of benign cold sores, but it can also cause blindness and life-threatening encephalitis. The success of HSV-1 is largely due to its ability to establish lifelong latent infections in neurons and to occasionally reactivate. The exact mechanisms by which neurons defend against virus infection is poorly understood, but such defense is at least partially mediated by autophagy, an intracellular pathway by which pathogens and other unwanted cargoes are degraded. The study demonstrates and investigates a new autophagic structure that appears to be specific to the interaction between neurotropic herpesviruses and murine primary sensory neurons. This work may therefore have important implications for our understanding of latency and reactivation.
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50
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Robledo D, Taggart JB, Ireland JH, McAndrew BJ, Starkey WG, Haley CS, Hamilton A, Guy DR, Mota-Velasco JC, Gheyas AA, Tinch AE, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Paley RK, Rimmer GSE, Tew IJ, Bishop SC, Bron JE, Houston RD. Gene expression comparison of resistant and susceptible Atlantic salmon fry challenged with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis virus reveals a marked contrast in immune response. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:279. [PMID: 27066778 PMCID: PMC4827185 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) is a highly contagious birnavirus disease of farmed salmonid fish, which often causes high levels of morbidity and mortality. A large host genetic component to resistance has been previously described for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), which mediates high mortality rates in some families and zero mortality in others. However, the molecular and immunological basis for this resistance is not yet fully known. This manuscript describes a global comparison of the gene expression profiles of resistant and susceptible Atlantic salmon fry following challenge with the IPN virus. RESULTS Salmon fry from two IPNV-resistant and two IPNV-susceptible full sibling families were challenged with the virus and sampled at 1 day, 7 days and 20 days post-challenge. Significant viral titre was observed in both resistant and susceptible fish at all timepoints, although generally at higher levels in susceptible fish. Gene expression profiles combined with gene ontology and pathway analyses demonstrated that while a clear immune response was observed in both resistant and susceptible fish, there were striking differences between the two phenotypes. The susceptible fish showed marked up-regulation of genes related to cytokine activity and inflammatory response that evidently failed to protect against the virus. In contrast, the resistant fish demonstrated a less pronounced immune response including up-regulation of genes relating to the M2 macrophage system. CONCLUSIONS While only the susceptible phenotype shows appreciable mortality levels, both resistant and susceptible fish can become infected with IPNV. Susceptible fish are characterized by a much larger, yet ineffective, immune response, largely related to cytokine and inflammatory systems. Resistant fish demonstrate a more moderate, putative macrophage-mediated inflammatory response, which may contribute to their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Robledo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - John B Taggart
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Jacqueline H Ireland
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Brendan J McAndrew
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - William G Starkey
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Chris S Haley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Alastair Hamilton
- Landcatch Natural Selection Ltd., 15 Beta Centre, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK
| | - Derrick R Guy
- Landcatch Natural Selection Ltd., 15 Beta Centre, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK
| | - Jose C Mota-Velasco
- Landcatch Natural Selection Ltd., 15 Beta Centre, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK
| | - Almas A Gheyas
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,Landcatch Natural Selection Ltd., 15 Beta Centre, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK
| | - Alan E Tinch
- Landcatch Natural Selection Ltd., 15 Beta Centre, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK
| | | | - Richard K Paley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Georgina S E Rimmer
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Ian J Tew
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Stephen C Bishop
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - James E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Ross D Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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