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Tserunyan V, Finley SD. A systems and computational biology perspective on advancing CAR therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 94:34-49. [PMID: 37263529 PMCID: PMC10529846 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the recent decades, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy signaled a new revolutionary approach to cancer treatment. This method seeks to engineer immune cells expressing an artificially designed receptor, which would endue those cells with the ability to recognize and eliminate tumor cells. While some CAR therapies received FDA approval and others are subject to clinical trials, many aspects of their workings remain elusive. Techniques of systems and computational biology have been frequently employed to explain the operating principles of CAR therapy and suggest further design improvements. In this review, we sought to provide a comprehensive account of those efforts. Specifically, we discuss various computational models of CAR therapy ranging in scale from organismal to molecular. Then, we describe the molecular and functional properties of costimulatory domains frequently incorporated in CAR structure. Finally, we describe the signaling cascades by which those costimulatory domains elicit cellular response against the target. We hope that this comprehensive summary of computational and experimental studies will further motivate the use of systems approaches in advancing CAR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardges Tserunyan
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacey D Finley
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Juarez I, Su S, Herbert ZT, Teijaro JR, Moulton VR. Splicing factor SRSF1 is essential for CD8 T cell function and host antigen-specific viral immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906355. [PMID: 36189299 PMCID: PMC9523749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8 T cells are crucial for the host antigen-specific immune response to viral pathogens. Here we report the identification of an essential role for the serine/arginine-rich splicing factor (SRSF) 1 in CD8 T cell homeostasis and function. Specifically, SRSF1 is necessary for the maintenance of normal CD8 T lymphocyte numbers in the lymphoid compartment, and for the proliferative capacity and cytotoxic function of CD8 T cells. Furthermore, SRSF1 is required for antigen-specific IFN-γ cytokine responses in a viral infection challenge in mice. Transcriptomics analyses of Srsf1-deficient T cells reveal that SRSF1 controls proliferation, MAP kinase signaling and IFN signaling pathways. Mechanistically, SRSF1 controls the expression and activity of the Mnk2/p38-MAPK axis at the molecular level. Our findings reveal previously unrecognized roles for SRSF1 in the physiology and function of cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes and a potential molecular mechanism in viral immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Juarez
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Shi Su
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zachary T. Herbert
- Molecular Biology Core Facilities at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John R. Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vaishali R. Moulton
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Avery TY, Köhler N, Zeiser R, Brummer T, Ruess DA. Onco-immunomodulatory properties of pharmacological interference with RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway hyperactivation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:931774. [PMID: 35965494 PMCID: PMC9363660 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.931774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK cascade - a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway – has a well-known association with oncogenesis of leading tumor entities, including non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Increasing evidence shows that genetic alterations leading to RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway hyperactivation mediate contact- and soluble-dependent crosstalk between tumor, tumor microenvironment (TME) and the immune system resulting in immune escape mechanisms and establishment of a tumor-sustaining environment. Consequently, pharmacological interruption of this pathway not only leads to tumor-cell intrinsic disruptive effects but also modification of the TME and anti-tumor immunomodulation. At the same time, the importance of ERK signaling in immune cell physiology and potentiation of anti-tumor immune responses through ERK signaling inhibition within immune cell subsets has received growing appreciation. Specifically, a strong case was made for targeted MEK inhibition due to promising associated immune cell intrinsic modulatory effects. However, the successful transition of therapeutic agents interrupting RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK hyperactivation is still being hampered by significant limitations regarding durable efficacy, therapy resistance and toxicity. We here collate and summarize the multifaceted role of RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling in physiology and oncoimmunology and outline the rationale and concepts for exploitation of immunomodulatory properties of RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK inhibition while accentuating the role of MEK inhibition in combinatorial and intermittent anticancer therapy. Furthermore, we point out the extensive scientific efforts dedicated to overcoming the challenges encountered during the clinical transition of various therapeutic agents in the search for the most effective and safe patient- and tumor-tailored treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Yul Avery
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center of Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas Yul Avery, ; Dietrich Alexander Ruess,
| | - Natalie Köhler
- Department of Medicine I - Medical Center, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I - Medical Center, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium Deutsches Konsortium Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- German Cancer Consortium Deutsches Konsortium Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Alexander Ruess
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center of Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium Deutsches Konsortium Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas Yul Avery, ; Dietrich Alexander Ruess,
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4
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Jiao A, Sun C, Wang X, Lei L, Liu H, Li W, Yang X, Zheng H, Ding R, Zhu K, Su Y, Zhang C, Zhang L, Zhang B. DExD/H-box helicase 9 intrinsically controls CD8 + T cell-mediated antiviral response through noncanonical mechanisms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk2691. [PMID: 35138904 PMCID: PMC8827654 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Upon virus infection, CD8+ T cell accumulation is tightly controlled by simultaneous proliferation and apoptosis. However, it remains unclear how TCR signal coordinates these events to achieve expansion and effector cell differentiation. We found that T cell-specific deletion of nuclear helicase Dhx9 led to impaired CD8+ T cell survival, effector differentiation, and viral clearance. Mechanistically, Dhx9 acts as the key regulator to ensure LCK- and CD3ε-mediated ZAP70 phosphorylation and ERK activation to protect CD8+ T cells from apoptosis before proliferative burst. Dhx9 directly regulates Id2 transcription to control effector CD8+ T cell differentiation. The DSRM and OB_Fold domains are required for LCK binding and Id2 transcription, respectively. Dhx9 expression is predominantly increased in effector CD8+ T cells of COVID-19 patients. Therefore, we revealed a previously unknown regulatory mechanism that Dhx9 protects activated CD8+ T cells from apoptosis and ensures effector differentiation to promote antiviral immunity independent of nuclear sensor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenming Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Renyi Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cangang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
- Corresponding author. (B.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Corresponding author. (B.Z.); (L.Z.)
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5
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JNK1 and ERK1/2 modulate lymphocyte homeostasis via BIM and DRP1 upon AICD induction. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2749-2767. [PMID: 32346136 PMCID: PMC7492225 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Activation-Induced Cell Death (AICD) is a stimulation-dependent form of apoptosis used by the organism to shutdown T-cell response once the source of inflammation has been eliminated, while allowing the generation of immune memory. AICD is thought to progress through the activation of the extrinsic Fas/FasL pathway of cell death, leading to cytochrome-C release through caspase-8 and Bid activation. We recently described that, early upon AICD induction, mitochondria undergo structural alterations, which are required to promote cytochrome-C release and execute cell death. Here, we found that such alterations do not depend on the Fas/FasL pathway, which is instead only lately activated to amplify the cell death cascade. Instead, such alterations are primarily dependent on the MAPK proteins JNK1 and ERK1/2, which, in turn, regulate the activity of the pro-fission protein Drp1 and the pro-apoptotic factor Bim. The latter regulates cristae disassembly and cooperate with Drp1 to mediate the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeabilization (MOMP), leading to cytochrome-C release. Interestingly, we found that Bim is also downregulated in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) cells, this alteration favouring their escape from AICD-mediated control.
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6
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Wei X, Zhang Y, Li C, Ai K, Li K, Li H, Yang J. The evolutionarily conserved MAPK/Erk signaling promotes ancestral T-cell immunity in fish via c-Myc-mediated glycolysis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3000-3016. [PMID: 31996375 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway involved in numerous physiological processes. Despite great advances in understanding MAPK-mediated regulation of adaptive immune responses in mammals, its contribution to T-cell immunity in early vertebrates remains unclear. Herein, we used Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to investigate the regulatory roles of MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) signaling in ancestral T-cell immunity of jawed fish. We found that Nile tilapia possesses an evolutionarily conserved MAPK/Erk axis that is activated through a classical three-tier kinase cascade, involving sequential phosphorylation of RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (Raf), MAPK/Erk kinase 1/2 (Mek1/2), and Erk1/2. In Nile tilapia, MAPK/Erk signaling participates in adaptive immune responses during bacterial infection. Upon T-cell activation, the MAPK/Erk axis is robustly activated, and MAPK/Erk blockade by specific inhibitors severely impairs T-cell activation. Furthermore, signals from MAPK/Erk were indispensable for primordial T cells to proliferate and exert their effector functions. Mechanistically, activation of the MAPK/Erk axis promoted glycolysis via induction of the transcriptional regulator proto-oncogene c-Myc (c-Myc), to ensure the proper activation and proliferation of fish T cells. Our results reveal the regulatory mechanisms of MAPK/Erk signaling in T-cell immunity in fish and highlight a close link between immune signals and metabolic programs. We propose that regulation of T-cell immunity by MAPK/Erk is a basic and sophisticated strategy that evolved before the emergence of the tetrapod lineage. These findings shed light on the evolution of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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7
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Aiello A, Farzaneh F, Candore G, Caruso C, Davinelli S, Gambino CM, Ligotti ME, Zareian N, Accardi G. Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2247. [PMID: 31608061 PMCID: PMC6773825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by remodeling of the immune system. With time, this leads to a decline in immune efficacy, resulting in increased vulnerability to infectious diseases, diminished responses to vaccination, and a susceptibility to age-related inflammatory diseases. An age-associated immune alteration, extensively reported in previous studies, is the reduction in the number of peripheral blood naïve cells, with a relative increase in the frequency of memory cells. These two alterations, together with inflamm-aging, are considered the hallmarks of immunosenescence. Because aging is a plastic process, it is influenced by both nutritional and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, the role of nutrition and of immunomodulation in immunosenescence is discussed, due to the multifactorial influence on these hallmarks. The close connection between nutrition, intake of bioactive nutrients and supplements, immune function, and inflammation demonstrate the key role of dietary strategies as regulators of immune response and inflammatory status, hence as possible modulators of the rate of immunosenescence. In addition, potential options for therapeutic intervention are clarified. In particular, the use of interleukin-7 as growth factor for naïve T cells, the function of checkpoint inhibitors in improving T cell responses during aging and, the potential of drugs that inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinases and their interaction with nutrient signaling pathways are discussed. Finally, it is suggested that the inclusion of appropriate combinations of toll-like receptor agonists may enhance the efficacy of vaccination in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aiello
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Hematological Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppina Candore
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Caterina Maria Gambino
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mattia Emanuela Ligotti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nahid Zareian
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Hematological Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Accardi
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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8
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Saulle I, Ibba SV, Torretta E, Vittori C, Fenizia C, Piancone F, Minisci D, Lori EM, Trabattoni D, Gelfi C, Clerici M, Biasin M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2) Is Released in the Secretome of Activated MDMs and Reduces in vitro HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1648. [PMID: 31379846 PMCID: PMC6646713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Haplotype-specific alternative splicing of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) aminopeptidase type 2 (ERAP2) gene results in either full-length (FL, haplotype A) or alternatively spliced (AS, haplotype B) mRNA. HapA/HapA homozygous (HomoA) subjects show a reduced susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, probably secondary to the modulation of the antigen processing/presenting machinery. ERAP1 was recently shown to be secreted from the plasma membrane in response to activation; we investigated whether ERAP2 can be released as well and if the secreted form of this enzyme retains its antiviral function. Methods: Human monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) were differentiated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from 6 HomoA healthy controls and stimulated with IFNγ and LPS. ERAP2-FL secretion was evaluated by mass spectrometry. PBMCs (14 HomoA and 16 HomoB) and CD8-depleted PBMCs (CD8−PBMCs) (4 HomoA and 4 HomoB) were in vitro HIV-infected in the absence/presence of recombinant human ERAP2-FL (rhERAP2) protein; p24 viral antigen quantification was used to assess viral replication. IFNγ and CD69 mRNA expression, as well as the percentage of perforin-producing CD8+ T Lymphocytes, were analyzed 3 and 7-days post in vitro HIV-1-infection, respectively. The effect of rhERAP2 addition in cell cultures on T cell apoptosis, proliferation, activation, and maturation was evaluated as well on 24 h-stimulated PBMCs. Results: ERAP2 can be secreted from human MDMs in response to IFNγ/LPS stimulation. Notably, the addition of rhERAP2 to PBMC and CD8−PBMC cultures resulted in the reduction of viral replication, though these differences were statistically significant only in PBMCs (p < 0.05 in both HomoA and HomoB). This protective effect was associated with an increase in IFNγ and CD69 mRNA expression and in the percentage of perforin-expressing CD107+CD8+ cells. RhERAP2 addition also resulted in an increase in CD8+ activated lymphocyte (CD25+HLA−DRII+) and Effector Memory/Terminally differentiated CD8+ T cells ratio. Conclusions: This is the first report providing evidence for the release of ERAP2 in the secretome of immunocompetent cells. Data herein also indicate that exogenous ERAP2-FL exerts its protective function against HIV-1 infection, even in HomoB subjects who do not genetically produce it. Presumably, this defensive extracellular feature is only partially dependent on immune system modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Salomè Valentina Ibba
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Torretta
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Vittori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Davide Minisci
- Department of Infectious Disease, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Maria Lori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S Orthopaedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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9
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Rood JE, Burn TN, Neal V, Chu N, Behrens EM. Disruption of IL-33 Signaling Limits Early CD8+ T Cell Effector Function Leading to Exhaustion in Murine Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2642. [PMID: 30515155 PMCID: PMC6256032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Danger signals mediated through ST2, the interleukin-33 (IL-33) receptor, amplify CD8+ T cell-mediated inflammation in the murine model of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 2 (FHL2), and blockade of ST2 provides a potential therapeutic strategy in this disease. However, the long-term effects of disrupting IL-33/ST2 signaling on the CD8+ T cell compartment are unknown. Here, we examined the evolution of the T cell response in murine FHL type 2 in the absence of ST2 signaling and found that CD8+ T cells gradually undergo exhaustion, similar to a related nonfatal FHL model. ST2 inhibition indirectly promotes CD8+ T cell exhaustion, and in contrast to other forms of FHL, reversal of exhaustion does not affect mortality. Disruption of IL-33 signaling exerts a more significant impact on the CD8+ T cell compartment early in the course of disease by intrinsically limiting CD8+ T cell proliferative and cytokine production capacity. Our data thus suggest that while ST2 blockade ultimately enables the development of CD8+ T cell exhaustion in late-stage murine FHL2, exhaustion is merely an effect, rather than the cause, of extended survival in these mice. The acute impact of ST2 inhibition on both the quantity and quality of the effector CD8+ T cell response more likely underlies the protective benefits of this treatment. This study provides evidence that redefines the relationship between CD8+ T cell exhaustion and mortality in murine FHL and supports the therapeutic use of ST2 blockade during the acute stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Rood
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas N Burn
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vanessa Neal
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Niansheng Chu
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edward M Behrens
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Abstract
The oncogene HDAC6 controls numerous cell processes that are related to tumorigenesis and metastasis, and has recently arisen as a target to treat malignancies. The ERK cascade is a classic pathway driving oncogenesis, and the components of this pathway are either highly mutated in cancers or are vital in cancer's pathological activity. The interactions between these important components of tumor proliferation have been examined, and our research has demonstrated that they regulate each other as evidenced by different posttranslational modifications. Preclinical evidence also supports clinical trials cotargeting these two pathways, which may provide better efficacy than single treatment. Furthermore, HDAC6 and ERK both participate in the regulation of T cell maturation and may have implications on the functions of immune cells. This leads to the possibility of connecting HDAC6 and ERK to immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the published studies about the interaction of HDAC6 and ERK cascade and their relationship to cancers. We also include the association of HDAC6 and ERK to immune system and discuss the plausibility of linking these to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jheng-Yu Wu
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Niko Moses
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Wenlong Bai
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Xiaohong Mary Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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11
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Bedognetti D, Roelands J, Decock J, Wang E, Hendrickx W. The MAPK hypothesis: immune-regulatory effects of MAPK-pathway genetic dysregulations and implications for breast cancer immunotherapy. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:429-445. [PMID: 33525803 PMCID: PMC7289005 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of checkpoint inhibition, immunotherapy has revolutionized the clinical management of several cancers, but has demonstrated limited efficacy in mammary carcinoma. Transcriptomic profiling of cancer samples defined distinct immunophenotypic categories characterized by different prognostic and predictive connotations. In breast cancer, genomic alterations leading to the dysregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways have been linked to an immune-silent phenotype associated with poor outcome and treatment resistance. These aberrations include mutations of MAP3K1 and MAP2K4, amplification of KRAS, BRAF, and RAF1, and truncations of NF1. Anticancer therapies targeting MAPK signaling by BRAF and MEK inhibitors have demonstrated clear immunologic effects. These off-target properties could be exploited to convert the immune-silent tumor phenotype into an immune-active one. Preclinical evidence supports that MAPK-pathway inhibition can dramatically increase the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the immunomodulatory impact of MAPK-pathway blockade through BRAF and MEK inhibitions. While BRAF inhibition might be relevant in melanoma only, MEK inhibition is potentially applicable to a wide range of tumors. Context-dependent similarities and differences of MAPK modulation will be dissected, in light of the complexity of the MAPK pathways. Therapeutic strategies combining the favorable effects of MAPK-oriented interventions on the tumor microenvironment while maintaining T-cell function will be presented. Finally, we will discuss recent studies highlighting the rationale for the implementation of MAPK-interference approaches in combination with checkpoint inhibitors and immune agonists in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bedognetti
- Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Department of Immunology, Inflammation and Metabolism, Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jessica Roelands
- Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Department of Immunology, Inflammation and Metabolism, Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- Cancer Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ena Wang
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wouter Hendrickx
- Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Department of Immunology, Inflammation and Metabolism, Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
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12
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Zhang LL, Zhang ZN, Wu X, Jiang YJ, Fu YJ, Shang H. Transcriptomic meta-analysis identifies gene expression characteristics in various samples of HIV-infected patients with nonprogressive disease. J Transl Med 2017; 15:191. [PMID: 28899396 PMCID: PMC5596944 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A small proportion of HIV-infected patients remain clinically and/or immunologically stable for years, including elite controllers (ECs) who have undetectable viremia (<50 copies/ml) and long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) who maintain normal CD4+ T cell counts for prolonged periods (>10 years). However, the mechanism of nonprogression needs to be further resolved. In this study, a transcriptome meta-analysis was performed on nonprogressor and progressor microarray data to identify differential transcriptome pathways and potential biomarkers. METHODS Using the INMEX (integrative meta-analysis of expression data) program, we performed the meta-analysis to identify consistently differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in nonprogressors and further performed functional interpretation (gene ontology analysis and pathway analysis) of the DEGs identified in the meta-analysis. Five microarray datasets (81 cases and 98 controls in total), including whole blood, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, were collected for meta-analysis. RESULTS We determined that nonprogressors have reduced expression of important interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), CD38, lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) in whole blood, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed a significant enrichment in DEGs that function in the type I interferon signaling pathway. Upregulated pathways, including the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in whole blood, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction in CD4+ T cells and the MAPK signaling pathway in CD8+ T cells, were identified in nonprogressors compared with progressors. In each metabolic functional category, the number of downregulated DEGs was more than the upregulated DEGs, and almost all genes were downregulated DEGs in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the three types of samples. CONCLUSIONS Our transcriptomic meta-analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of the gene expression profiles in major blood types of nonprogressors, providing new insights in the understanding of HIV pathogenesis and developing strategies to delay HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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13
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Smith T, Lin X, Mello M, Marquardt K, Cheung J, Lu B, Sherman LA, Verdeil G. Peripheral Deletion of CD8 T Cells Requires p38 MAPK in Cross-Presenting Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2713-2720. [PMID: 28864471 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance mechanisms exist to prevent autoimmune destruction by self-reactive T cells that escape thymic deletion. Dominant tolerance imposed by CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells can actively control autoaggressive T cell responses. Tolerance mechanisms that act endogenous to the T cell also exist. These mechanisms include T cell inactivation (anergy) and deletion. A major difference between anergic T cells and T cells undergoing peripheral deletion is the capacity of the latter to still signal through MAPKs upon TCR stimulation, suggesting these signals may be required for T deletion. In this study, we used several different models of CD8 T cell deletion to investigate the contribution of MAPK activation. Using chemical inhibitors, we established that inhibition of p38, but not ERK or JNK, rescue T cells from undergoing peripheral deletion both in vitro and in vivo. Using T cell-specific murine lines genetically altered in expression of p38α, and mice in which p38α was deleted only in CD11c-expressing cells, we surprisingly found that CD8 T cell-intrinsic p38α activation was not responsible for increased survival, but rather that inhibition of p38α in the Ag-presenting dendritic cells prevented CD8 T cell deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Xiaotian Lin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Marielle Mello
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Kristi Marquardt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jocelyn Cheung
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Linda A Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; .,Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, 13009 Marseille, France.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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14
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Gonzalez-Perez G, Lamousé-Smith ESN. Gastrointestinal Microbiome Dysbiosis in Infant Mice Alters Peripheral CD8 + T Cell Receptor Signaling. Front Immunol 2017; 8:265. [PMID: 28337207 PMCID: PMC5340779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that maternal antibiotic treatment (MAT) of mice in the last days of pregnancy and during lactation dramatically alters the density and composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota of their infants. MAT infants also exhibited enhanced susceptibility to a systemic viral infection and altered adaptive immune cell activation phenotype and function. CD8+ effector T cells from MAT infants consistently demonstrate an inability to sustain interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in vivo following vaccinia virus infection and in vitro upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. We hypothesize that T cells developing in infant mice with gastrointestinal microbiota dysbiosis and insufficient toll-like receptor (TLR) exposure alters immune responsiveness associated with intrinsic T cell defects in the TCR signaling pathway and compromised T cell effector function. To evaluate this, splenic T cells from day of life 15 MAT infant mice were stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies prior to examining the expression of ZAP-70, phosphorylated ZAP-70, phospho-Erk-1/2, c-Rel, total protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and IFN-γ production. We determine that MAT infant CD8+ T cells fail to sustain total protein tyrosine phosphorylation and Erk1/2 activation. Lipopolysaccharide treatment in vitro and in vivo, partially restored IFN-γ production in MAT effector CD8+ T cells and reduced mortality typically observed in MAT mice following systemic viral infection. Our results demonstrate a surprising dependence on the gastrointestinal microbiome and TLR ligand stimulation toward shaping optimal CD8+ T cell function during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonzalez-Perez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
| | - Esi S N Lamousé-Smith
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
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15
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Hayakawa M, Hayakawa H, Petrova T, Ritprajak P, Sutavani RV, Jiménez-Andrade GY, Sano Y, Choo MK, Seavitt J, Venigalla RKC, Otsu K, Georgopoulos K, Arthur JSC, Park JM. Loss of Functionally Redundant p38 Isoforms in T Cells Enhances Regulatory T Cell Induction. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1762-1772. [PMID: 28011639 PMCID: PMC5290950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.764548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved protein kinase p38 mediates innate resistance to environmental stress and microbial infection. Four p38 isoforms exist in mammals and may have been co-opted for new roles in adaptive immunity. Murine T cells deficient in p38α, the ubiquitously expressed p38 isoform, showed no readily apparent cell-autonomous defects while expressing elevated amounts of another isoform, p38β. Mice with T cells simultaneously lacking p38α and p38β displayed lymphoid atrophy and elevated Foxp3+ regulatory T cell frequencies. Double deficiency of p38α and p38β in naïve CD4+ T cells resulted in an attenuation of MAPK-activated protein kinase (MK)-dependent mTOR signaling after T cell receptor engagement, and enhanced their differentiation into regulatory T cells under appropriate inducing conditions. Pharmacological inhibition of the p38-MK-mTOR signaling module produced similar effects, revealing potential for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morisada Hayakawa
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129; the Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hayakawa
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129; the Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tsvetana Petrova
- the Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129; the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Research Unit of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ruhcha V Sutavani
- the Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Guillermina Yanek Jiménez-Andrade
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Yasuyo Sano
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Min-Kyung Choo
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - John Seavitt
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Ram K C Venigalla
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kinya Otsu
- the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Katia Georgopoulos
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - J Simon C Arthur
- the Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Mo Park
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129.
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16
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B7-H1 antibodies lose antitumor activity due to activation of p38 MAPK that leads to apoptosis of tumor-reactive CD8 + T cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36722. [PMID: 27824138 PMCID: PMC5099859 DOI: 10.1038/srep36722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H1 (aka PD-L1) blocking antibodies have been used in treatment of human cancers through blocking B7-H1 expressed by tumor cells; however, their impact on B7-H1 expressing tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells is still unknown. Here, we report that tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells expressing B7-H1 are functional effector cells. In contrast to normal B7-H1 blocking antibody, B7-H1 antibodies capable of activating p38 MAPK lose their antitumor activity by deleting B7-H1+ tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells via p38 MAPK pathway. B7-H1 deficiency or engagement with certain antibody results in more activation of p38 MAPK that leads to T cell apoptosis. DNA-PKcs is a new intracellular partner of B7-H1 in the cytoplasm of activated CD8+ T cells. B7-H1 suppresses p38 MAPK activation by sequestering DNA-PKcs in order to preserve T cell survival. Our findings provide a new mechanism of action of B7-H1 in T cells and have clinical implications in cancer immunotherapy when anti-B7-H1 (PD-L1) antibody is applied.
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17
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Talreja J, Talwar H, Ahmad N, Rastogi R, Samavati L. Dual Inhibition of Rip2 and IRAK1/4 Regulates IL-1β and IL-6 in Sarcoidosis Alveolar Macrophages and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1368-78. [PMID: 27402699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that primarily affects the lungs. Our previous work indicates that activation of p38 plays a pivotal role in sarcoidosis inflammatory response. Therefore, we investigated the upstream kinase responsible for activation of p38 in sarcoidosis alveolar macrophages (AMs) and PBMCs. We identified that sustained p38 phosphorylation in sarcoidosis AMs and PBMCs is associated with active MAPK kinase 4 but not with MAPK kinase 3/6. Additionally, we found that sarcoidosis AMs exhibit a higher expression of IRAK1, IRAK-M, and receptor interacting protein 2 (Rip2). Surprisingly, ex vivo treatment of sarcoidosis AMs or PBMCs with IRAK1/4 inhibitor led to a significant increase in IL-1β mRNA expression both spontaneously and in response to TLR2 ligand. However, a combination of Rip2 and IRAK-1/4 inhibitors significantly decreased both IL-1β and IL-6 production in sarcoidosis PBMCs and moderately in AMs. Importantly, a combination of Rip2 and IRAK-1/4 inhibitors led to decreased IFN-γ and IL-6 and decreased percentage of activated CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in PBMCs. These data suggest that in sarcoidosis, both pathways, namely IRAK and Rip2, are deregulated. Targeted modulation of Rip2 and IRAK pathways may prove to be a novel treatment for sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Talreja
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201; and
| | - Harvinder Talwar
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201; and
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201; and
| | - Ruchi Rastogi
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201; and
| | - Lobelia Samavati
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201; and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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18
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Martinez N, Vallerskog T, West K, Nunes-Alves C, Lee J, Martens GW, Behar SM, Kornfeld H. Chromatin decondensation and T cell hyperresponsiveness in diabetes-associated hyperglycemia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4457-68. [PMID: 25246495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is linked to increased inflammation and susceptibility to certain infectious diseases including tuberculosis (TB). We previously reported that aerosol TB in mice with chronic (≥ 12 wk) hyperglycemia features increased bacterial load, overproduction of several cytokines, and increased immune pathology compared with normoglycemic controls. A similar phenotype exists in human patients with diabetes with TB. The mechanisms of increased T cell activation in diabetes are unknown. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that hyperglycemia modifies the intrinsic responsiveness of naive T cells to TCR stimulation. Purified T cells from chronically hyperglycemic (HG) mice produced higher levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines and proliferated more than T cells from normoglycemic controls after anti-CD3e or Ag stimulation. In this way, naive T cells from HG mice resembled Ag-experienced cells, although CD44 expression was not increased. Chromatin decondensation, another characteristic of Ag-experienced T cells, was increased in naive T cells from HG mice. That phenotype depended on expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products and could be reversed by inhibiting p38 MAPK. Chromatin decondensation and hyperresponsiveness to TCR stimulation persisted following transfer of T cells from HG mice into normoglycemic mice. We propose that chronic hyperglycemia causes receptor for advanced glycation end products-mediated epigenetic modification of naive T cells leading to p38 MAPK-dependent chromatin decondensation. This preactivation state facilitates transcription factor access to DNA, increasing cytokine production and proliferation following TCR stimulation. This mechanism may contribute to pathological inflammation associated with diabetes and might offer a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Martinez
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Therese Vallerskog
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Kim West
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Claudio Nunes-Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Gregory W Martens
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Samuel M Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
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19
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Piwil2 inhibits keratin 8 degradation through promoting p38-induced phosphorylation to resist Fas-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3928-38. [PMID: 25113562 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00745-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The piwi-like 2 (piwil2) gene is widely expressed in tumors and protects cells from apoptosis induced by a variety of stress stimuli. However, the role of Piwil2 in Fas-mediated apoptosis remains unknown. Here, we present evidence that Piwil2 inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis. By a bacterial two-hybrid screening, we identify a new Piwil2-interacting partner, keratin 8 (K8), a major intermediate filament protein protecting the cell from Fas-mediated apoptosis. Our results show that Piwil2 binds to K8 and p38 through its PIWI domain and forms a Piwil2/K8/P38 triple protein-protein complex. Thus, Piwil2 increases the phosphorylation level of K8 Ser-73 and then inhibits ubiquitin-mediated degradation of K8. As a result, the knockdown of Piwil2 increases the Fas protein level at the membrane. In addition to our previous finding that Piwil2 inhibits the expression of p53 through the Src/STAT3 pathway, here we demonstrate that Piwil2 represses p53 phosphorylation through p38. Our present study indicates that Piwil2 plays a role in Fas-mediated apoptosis for the first time and also can affect p53 phosphorylation in tumor cells, revealing a novel mechanism of Piwil2 in apoptosis, and supports that Piwil2 plays an active role in tumorigenesis.
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20
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Lv S, Yi PF, Shen HQ, Zhang LY, Dong HB, Wu SC, Xia F, Guo X, Wei XB, Fu BD. Ginsenoside Rh2-B1 stimulates cell proliferation and IFN-γ production by activating the p38 MAPK and ERK-dependent signaling pathways in CTLL-2 cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 36:43-51. [PMID: 24294901 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.864669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ginsenoside Rh2, an active component of ginseng, exhibits immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Rh2-B1, a sulfated derivative, was prepared to enhance its water solubility. We studied the effect of Rh2-B1 on CTLL-2, a CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cell line that was known for protecting against viral infection. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effect of Rh2-B1 on interferon (IFN)-γ production and cell proliferation and its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to analyze the IFN-γ concentration of the whole blood and the supernatant of CTLL-2 cell culture. Cell proliferation assay was conducted using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Western blots were used to evaluate changes in signal transduction pathways in CTLL-2 cells. RESULTS Rh2-B1 was able to enhance IFN-γ production from whole blood culture of Balb/c mice. We then evaluated the effect of Rh2-B1 on a cytotoxic T cell line, CTLL-2 for cell proliferation, IFN-γ production and its molecular mechanism. Rh2-B1 promoted cell proliferation and IFN-γ production of CTLL-2 cells. It also induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK), but inhibited p56 Lck and transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) expression. The effect was blocked by the specific p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 and ERK inhibitor U0126. CONCLUSION Rh2-B1 could stimulate cell proliferation and IFN-γ production by activating the p38 MAPK- and ERK-dependent signaling pathways in cytotoxic T cells. This may be a novel medicine for treatment of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lv
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin , China
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21
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Kühnöl C, Herbarth M, Föll J, Staege MS, Kramm C. CD137 stimulation and p38 MAPK inhibition improve reactivity in an in vitro model of glioblastoma immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1797-809. [PMID: 24129764 PMCID: PMC11028552 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell vaccination has become an interesting option for cancer immunotherapy. Tumor-lysate-pulsed dendritic cells (DC) can prime naïve T cells and induce the regression of established tumors including gliomas as shown in various animal models. Despite hopeful results even in clinical studies, the outcome for many patients is still unsatisfying. In the present study, we tested the combination of tumor-lysate-pulsed dendritic cells (TPDC) with a monoclonal antibody against CD137, a monoclonal antibody against CD25 (daclizumab) and a specific p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) inhibitor (SB203580) for improving immunostimulation in an in vitro model of immunotherapy for human gliomas. We observed a higher secretion of interferon gamma by TPDC-primed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that were incubated with an antibody against CD137 or the p38 MAPK inhibitor. In addition, we observed higher specific lysis of tumor cells after incubation of PBMC with the p38 MAPK inhibitor or the anti-CD137 antibody. In contrast, incubation of TPDC-primed PBMC with the anti-CD25 antibody did enhance neither interferon gamma secretion nor cellular cytotoxicity. Cell depletion experiments demonstrated that the immune reaction induced by TPDC is strongly dependent on CD4-positive and CD8-positive cells. Incubation of DC during maturation and antigen loading with the anti-CD137 antibody did not enhance cytotoxicity and interferon gamma secretion in comparison with application of the anti-CD137 antibody during priming. In conclusion, our data suggest that p38 MAPK inhibition and anti-CD137 antibodies can enhance the immune response against glioblastoma cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/therapy
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Daclizumab
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Glioblastoma/immunology
- Glioblastoma/metabolism
- Glioblastoma/therapy
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/immunology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar Kühnöl
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Monique Herbarth
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Jürgen Föll
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin S. Staege
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Christof Kramm
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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22
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The emerging role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in multiple sclerosis and its models. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3728-34. [PMID: 23897428 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00688-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common disabling neurologic disease of young adults, is considered a classical T cell-mediated disease and is characterized by demyelination, axonal damage, and progressive neurological dysfunction. The currently available disease-modifying therapies are limited in their efficacy, and improved understanding of new pathways contributing to disease pathogenesis could reveal additional novel therapeutic targets. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is known to be triggered by stress stimuli and to contribute to inflammatory responses. Importantly, a number of recent studies have identified this signaling pathway as a central player in MS and its principal animal model, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Here, we review the evidence from mouse and human studies supporting the role of p38 MAPK in regulating key immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and the potential of targeting this pathway as a disease-modifying therapy in MS.
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23
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Ishida K, Yuge Y, Hanaoka M, Yasukawa M, Minami Y, Ogawa M, Masumoto KH, Shigeyoshi Y, Saito M, Tsuji T. Gadd45gregulates dental epithelial cell proliferation through p38 MAPK-mediatedp21expression. Genes Cells 2013; 18:660-71. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ishida
- Research Institute for Science and Technology; Tokyo University of Science; Chiba; 278-8510; Japan
| | - Yohei Yuge
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology; Tokyo University of Science; Chiba; 278-8510; Japan
| | - Mai Hanaoka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology; Tokyo University of Science; Chiba; 278-8510; Japan
| | - Masato Yasukawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology; Tokyo University of Science; Chiba; 278-8510; Japan
| | - Yoko Minami
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology; Tokyo University of Science; Chiba; 278-8510; Japan
| | - Miho Ogawa
- Organ Technologies Inc.; Tokyo; 101-0048; Japan
| | - Ko-hei Masumoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Kiniki University Faculty of Medicine; Osaka; 589-8511; Japan
| | - Yasufumi Shigeyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Kiniki University Faculty of Medicine; Osaka; 589-8511; Japan
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Macaulay R, Akbar AN, Henson SM. The role of the T cell in age-related inflammation. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:563-72. [PMID: 22252437 PMCID: PMC3636399 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is accompanied by alterations to T-cell immunity and also by a low-grade chronic inflammatory state termed inflammaging. The significance of these phenomena is highlighted by their being predictors of earlier mortality. We have recently published that the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα is a strong inducer of CD4(+) T-cell senescence and T-cell differentiation, adding to the growing body of literature implicating proinflammatory molecules in mediating these critical age-related T-cell alterations. Moreover, the inflammatory process is also being increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of many common and severe age-related diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, major age-related risk factors for poor health, such as obesity, stress and smoking, are also associated with an upregulation in systemic inflammatory markers. We propose the idea that the ensuing inflammatory response to influenza infection propagates cardiovascular diseases and constitutes a major cause of influenza-related mortality. While inflammation is not a negative phenomenon per se, this age-related dysregulation of inflammatory responses may play crucial roles driving age-related pathologies, T-cell immunosenescence and CMV reactivation, thereby underpinning key features of the ageing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Macaulay
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF UK
| | - Arne N. Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF UK
| | - Sian M. Henson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF UK
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25
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Mavropoulos A, Orfanidou T, Liaskos C, Smyk DS, Billinis C, Blank M, Rigopoulou EI, Bogdanos DP. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)-mediated autoimmunity: lessons to learn from ANCA vasculitis and pemphigus vulgaris. Autoimmun Rev 2012. [PMID: 23207287 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is beginning to accumulate that p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of cellular and humoral autoimmune responses. The exact mechanisms and the degree by which the p38 MAPK pathway participates in the immune-mediated induction of diseases have started to emerge. This review discusses the recent advances in the molecular dissection of the p38 MAPK pathway and the findings generated by reports investigating its role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoimmune hepatitis. Application of newly-developed protocols based on sensitive flow cytometric detection has proven to be a useful tool in the investigation of the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK within different peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations and may help us to better understand the enigmatic role of this signaling cascade in the induction of autoimmunity as well as its role in immunosuppressive-induced remission. Special attention is paid to reported data proposing a specific role for autoantibody-induced activation of p38 MAPK-mediated immunopathology in the pathogenesis of autoimmune blistering diseases and anti-neutrophilic antibody-mediated vasculitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Mavropoulos
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK
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26
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Hu P, Nebreda AR, Liu Y, Carlesso N, Kaplan M, Kapur R. p38α protein negatively regulates T helper type 2 responses by orchestrating multiple T cell receptor-associated signals. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33215-26. [PMID: 22859305 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.355594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38α is a critical regulator of certain inflammatory diseases. However, its role in T helper type 2 (Th2) responses and allergic inflammation remains unknown. Here we show an increase in the production of interleukin-4 (IL-4) in p38α(-/-) CD4(+) T cells in response to antigen stimulation. p38α-deficient naïve CD4(+) T cells preferentially differentiate into Th2 cells through increased endogenous production of IL-4. Consistent with those results, we also observed decreased expression of p38α during T helper cell differentiation. Furthermore, deficiency of p38α alters the balance in the expression of NFATc1 and NFATc2 under steady-state conditions and enhances the expression and nuclear translocation of NFATc1 in CD4(+) T cells upon antigen stimulation. Knockdown of NFATc1 significantly inhibits Th2 differentiation in p38α(-/-) T cells but not in p38α(+/-) T cells. p38α deficiency also inhibits the activation of Akt but enhances the activation of ERK in response to T cell receptor engagement without impacting IL-2/Stat5 signaling. In a model of ovalbumin-induced acute allergic airway inflammation, mice with induced deletion of p38α show elevated serum ovalbumin-specific IgE level, increased infiltration of eosinophils, and higher concentrations of Th2 cytokines including IL-4 and IL-5 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid relative to control mice. Taken together, p38α regulates multiple T cell receptor-associated signals and negatively influences Th2 differentiation and allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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27
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The many faces of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in progenitor/stem cell differentiation. Biochem J 2012; 445:1-10. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20120401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of stem cells is essential for development and adult tissue homoeostasis. The proper control of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation maintains organ physiology, and disruption of such a balance results in disease. There are many mechanisms that have been established as stem cell regulators, such as Wnt or Notch signals. However, the intracellular mechanisms that mediate and integrate these signals are not well understood. A new intracellular pathway that has been reported to be involved in the regulation of many stem cell types is that of p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). In particular, p38α is essential for the proper differentiation of many haematopoietic, mesenchymal and epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Many reports have shown that disruption of this kinase pathway has pathological consequences in many organs. Understanding the extracellular cues and downstream targets of p38α in stem cell regulation may help to tackle some of the pathologies associated with improper differentiation and regulation of stem cell function. In the present review we present a vision of the current knowledge on the roles of the p38α signal as a regulator of stem/progenitor cells in different tissues in physiology and disease.
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28
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Sidahmed AME, León AJ, Bosinger SE, Banner D, Danesh A, Cameron MJ, Kelvin DJ. CXCL10 contributes to p38-mediated apoptosis in primary T lymphocytes in vitro. Cytokine 2012; 59:433-41. [PMID: 22652417 PMCID: PMC7129786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CXCL10 is part of the group of interferon-stimulated genes and it plays an important role during different viral infections by inducing cell activation, chemotaxis and lymphocyte priming toward the Th1 phenotype. In this study, we investigated in vitro the effects of CXCL10 in activated human primary T lymphocytes in terms of apoptosis or survival, and delineated the signaling pathways that are involved. CXCL10, in combination with IL-2 and/or IFNα, induces apoptosis in T lymphocytes. Moreover, CXCL10-induced activation of CXCR3 also triggers pro-survival signals that can be blocked by pertussis toxin. The analysis of the downstream signaling kinases shows that apoptosis is p38 MAPK-dependent and the pro-survival signals rely on the sustained activation of PI3K and the transient activation of Akt. On the other hand, the transient activation of p44/p42 ERK did not have an impact on T lymphocyte survival. We propose an immunological model in which CXCL10, together with other co-stimulating cytokines, participates in the activation of T lymphocytes, promotes survival and expansion of certain lymphocyte subsets, and induces chemotaxis toward the infected tissues. On the other hand, CXCL10 might contribute to the triggering of apoptosis in other subsets of T lymphocytes, including those lymphocytes that were transiently activated but later lacked the appropriate sets of specific co-stimulating signals to ensure their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubaker M E Sidahmed
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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López-Santalla M, Salvador-Bernáldez M, González-Alvaro I, Castañeda S, Ortiz AM, García-García MI, Kremer L, Roncal F, Mulero J, Martínez-A C, Salvador JM. Tyr³²³-dependent p38 activation is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and correlates with disease activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1833-42. [PMID: 21452291 DOI: 10.1002/art.30375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The p38 MAPK is important in the pathogenic immune response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The p38 molecule can be activated through phosphorylation on Thr¹⁸⁰-Tyr¹⁸² by upstream MAPK kinases and via an alternative pathway through phosphorylation on Tyr³²³. We undertook this study to quantify the phosphorylation of Tyr³²³ p38 and of Thr¹⁸⁰-Tyr¹⁸² p38 on T cells from healthy controls and patients with RA or ankylosing spondylitis (AS) to identify variables associated with p38 phosphorylation and disease activity. METHODS We measured p38 phosphorylation on Tyr³²³ and Thr¹⁸⁰-Tyr¹⁸² by flow cytometry and Western blotting on T cells from 30 control subjects, 33 AS patients, 30 patients with RA in remission, and 79 patients with active RA. We collected the clinical characteristics and analyzed correlations between clinical variables, the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), and p38 phosphorylation levels. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify variables associated with p38 phosphorylation on Tyr³²³ and Thr¹⁸⁰-Tyr¹⁸². RESULTS Phosphorylation of p38 on Tyr³²³ was higher in T cells from patients with active RA (P = 0.008 versus healthy controls) than in patients with RA in remission or in patients with AS. Tyr³²³ p38 phosphorylation was associated with disease activity determined by the DAS28 (P = 0.017). Enhanced p38 phosphorylation was linked to Lck-mediated activation of the Tyr³²³-dependent pathway in the absence of upstream MAPKK activation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that phosphorylation status on Tyr³²³ p38 correlates with RA disease activity and suggest that the Tyr³²³-dependent pathway is an attractive target for down-regulation of p38 activity in RA patients.
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30
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Wu JQ, Dwyer DE, Dyer WB, Yang YH, Wang B, Saksena NK. Genome-wide analysis of primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cell transcriptomes shows evidence for a network of enriched pathways associated with HIV disease. Retrovirology 2011; 8:18. [PMID: 21410942 PMCID: PMC3068086 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV preferentially infects CD4+ T cells, and the functional impairment and numerical decline of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells characterize HIV disease. The numerical decline of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells affects the optimal ratio between the two cell types necessary for immune regulation. Therefore, this work aimed to define the genomic basis of HIV interactions with the cellular transcriptome of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Genome-wide transcriptomes of primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from HIV+ patients were analyzed at different stages of HIV disease using Illumina microarray. For each cell subset, pairwise comparisons were performed and differentially expressed (DE) genes were identified (fold change >2 and B-statistic >0) followed by quantitative PCR validation. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of DE genes revealed enriched categories of complement activation, actin filament, proteasome core and proton-transporting ATPase complex. By gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), a network of enriched pathways functionally connected by mitochondria was identified in both T cell subsets as a transcriptional signature of HIV disease progression. These pathways ranged from metabolism and energy production (TCA cycle and OXPHOS) to mitochondria meditated cell apoptosis and cell cycle dysregulation. The most unique and significant feature of our work was that the non-progressing status in HIV+ long-term non-progressors was associated with MAPK, WNT, and AKT pathways contributing to cell survival and anti-viral responses. CONCLUSIONS These data offer new comparative insights into HIV disease progression from the aspect of HIV-host interactions at the transcriptomic level, which will facilitate the understanding of the genetic basis of transcriptomic interaction of HIV in vivo and how HIV subverts the human gene machinery at the individual cell type level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin Wu
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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31
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Daniels MA, Teixeiro E. The persistence of T cell memory. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2863-78. [PMID: 20364394 PMCID: PMC11115859 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cell memory is a crucial feature of the adaptive immune system in the defense against pathogens. During the last years, numerous studies have focused their efforts on uncovering the signals, inflammatory cues, and extracellular factors that support memory differentiation. This research is beginning to decipher the complex gene network that controls memory programming. However, how the different signals, that a T cell receives during the process of differentiation, interplay to trigger memory programming is still poorly defined. In this review, we focus on the most recent advances in the field and discuss how T cell receptor signaling and inflammation control CD8 memory differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Daniels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Missouri, M616 Medical Sciences Bldg., One Hospital Dr., Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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32
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Polyphenols from red wine are potent modulators of innate and adaptive immune responsiveness. Proc Nutr Soc 2010; 69:279-85. [PMID: 20522276 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665110000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the consumption of dietary polyphenols leads to beneficial effects for human health as in the case of prevention and/or attenuation of cardiovascular, inflammatory, neurodegenerative and neoplastic diseases. This review summarizes the role of polyphenols from red wine in the immune function. In particular, using healthy human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we have demonstrated the in vitro ability of Negroamaro, an Italian red wine, to induce the release of nitric oxide and both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus leading to the maintenance of the immmune homeostasis in the host. All these effects were abrogated by deprivation of polyphenols from red wine samples. We have also provided evidence that Negromaro polyphenols are able to activate extracellular regulated kinase and p38 kinase and switch off the NF-kappaB pathway via an increased expression with time of the IkappaBalpha phosphorylated form. These mechanisms may represent key molecular events leading to inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cascade and atherogenesis. In conclusion, according to the current literature and our own data, moderate consumption of red wine seems to be protective for the host in the prevention of several diseases, even including aged-related diseases by virtue of its immunomodulating properties.
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33
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Desmet EA, Hollenbaugh JA, Sime PJ, Wright TW, Topham DJ, Sant AJ, Takimoto T, Dewhurst S, Maggirwar SB. Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 deficiency delays viral clearance in the lung and is associated with diminished influenza-induced cytopathic effect in infected cells. Virology 2010; 400:224-32. [PMID: 20185156 PMCID: PMC2844475 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus leads to acute respiratory disease resulting in seasonal epidemics and periodic pandemics. Little is known about the signaling events that regulate host defense to influenza. One particular pathway, the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) cascade is activated following influenza infection and blocking JNK leads to enhanced viral replication. We hypothesize that Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 (MLK3), an upstream regulator of JNK, is involved in the host response to influenza. To test this, wild-type and MLK3-/- mice were infected with pathogenic strain of influenza A virus, A/PR/8/34 (PR8). Although, cellular and humoral immune responses were similar between wild-type and MLK3-/- hosts, the viral load in the lungs was comparatively higher in MLK3-/- mice at day 8 post-infection. Consistent with this, MLK3-/- murine lung fibroblast and epithelial cells had prolonged survival and increased virion production following infection compared to wild-type. These findings support a role for MLK3 in viral production during influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Desmet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Joseph A. Hollenbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Patricia J. Sime
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Department of Medicine, Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Cancer center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Terry W. Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - David J. Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Andrea J. Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Toru Takimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Cancer center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
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Ratajczak-Wrona W, Jablonska E, Jablonski J, Marcinczyk M. Induction of expression of iNOS by N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in human leukocytes. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2009; 31:661-8. [DOI: 10.3109/08923970903014984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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35
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Peng S, Wu H, Mo YY, Watabe K, Pauza ME. c-Maf increases apoptosis in peripheral CD8 cells by transactivating Caspase 6. Immunology 2009; 127:267-78. [PMID: 19476513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to transactivation of interleukin-4 (IL-4), cellular muscular aponeurotic fibrosarcoma (c-Maf) enhances CD4 cell apoptosis by limiting Bcl-2 expression. The CD8 cells also express c-Maf and peripheral CD8 cell numbers are reduced in c-Maf transgenic mice, suggesting that c-Maf may influence CD8 cell survival in a manner similar to CD4 cells. Here we confirm that, similar to CD4 cells, c-Maf enhances CD8 cell susceptibility to apoptosis induced by multiple stimuli, independent of IL-4. However, unlike CD4 cells, c-Maf enhancement of apoptosis is independent of Bcl-2, suggesting that c-Maf uses other mechanisms to regulate CD8 cell apoptosis. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction reveals that the pro-apoptotic gene Caspase 6 is upregulated in c-Maf transgenic CD8 cells, suggesting that Caspase 6 is a novel c-Maf target gene. Luciferase reporter assays and site-directed mutagenesis reveal a functional c-Maf recognition element (MARE) within the first intron of Caspase 6. Binding of c-Maf to the MARE site is detectable by chromatin immunoprecipitation using non-transgenic T-cell lysates, so c-Maf can interact with the Caspase 6 MARE site in normal T cells. Furthermore, caspase 6 activity is increased among CD8 cells from c-Maf transgenic mice following T-cell receptor engagement. As expected, activity of the downstream caspases 3 and 7 is also increased. Consistent with the ability of caspase 6 to participate in positive feedback loops, cytochrome c release and caspase 8 activation are also increased. Together these results indicated that c-Maf increases CD8 cell sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli, at least in part, by direct transactivation of Caspase 6, providing increased substrate for Caspase 6-dependent apoptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Peng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, 62794, USA
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36
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Mantovani S, Garbelli S, Pasini A, Alimonti D, Perotti C, Melazzini M, Bendotti C, Mora G. Immune system alterations in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients suggest an ongoing neuroinflammatory process. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 210:73-9. [PMID: 19307024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work we show that patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis exhibit immunological alterations in their blood, with respect to healthy controls, such as: i) increased levels of CD4+ cells and decreased levels of CD8+ T lymphocytes, the latter due to the reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2; ii) significantly reduced CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and monocytes (CD14+) levels in patients at a less severe stage of disease, suggesting their early recruitment towards the CNS area of primary neurodegeneration; iii) reduced expression of HLA-DR and CCR2 expression, as markers of activation, in monocytes. Since resident microglia partially derives from circulating activated monocytes and Treg cells are known to interact with the local microglia, this study strengthens the hypothesis of an involvement of the adaptive immune system associated with a neuroinflammatory process in the pathobiology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mantovani
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
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37
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Zhao F, Falk C, Osen W, Kato M, Schadendorf D, Umansky V. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase drives dendritic cells to become tolerogenic in ret transgenic mice spontaneously developing melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4382-90. [PMID: 19549770 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to investigate signaling molecules involved in the acquisition of tolerogenic properties by dendritic cells (DC) in ret transgenic mice with spontaneous melanoma progression and to target these molecules to overcome the barrier for effective melanoma immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DC functions and expression patterns of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in DCs were evaluated in a ret transgenic murine cutaneous melanoma model, which shows high similarity to human cutaneous melanoma with respect to clinical development. In contrast to transplantation melanoma models (like B16), this model allows the study of melanoma progression under conditions of natural interactions between tumor and host cells over time. RESULTS We showed a strong tumor infiltration with immature DCs and a reduction in the number of mature DCs in lymphoid organs during melanoma progression. DCs from melanoma-bearing mice secreted significantly more interleukin 10 and less interleukin 12p70, and showed a decreased capacity to activate T cells compared with DCs from tumor-free animals. Observed DC dysfunction was linked to considerable activation of p38 MAPK. Inhibition of its activity in spleen DCs from tumor-bearing mice led to normalization of their cytokine secretion pattern and T-cell stimulation capacity. CONCLUSIONS Our data show a critical role of constitutively activated p38 MAPK in the acquirement of tolerogenic pattern by DCs during melanoma progression that contributes to the suppression of antitumor T-cell immune responses. We suggest that new strategies of melanoma immunotherapy can include inhibitors of p38 MAPK activity in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Mittelstadt PR, Yamaguchi H, Appella E, Ashwell JD. T cell receptor-mediated activation of p38{alpha} by mono-phosphorylation of the activation loop results in altered substrate specificity. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:15469-74. [PMID: 19324872 PMCID: PMC2708844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m901004200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
p38 MAPKs are typically activated by upstream MAPK kinases that phosphorylate a Thr-X-Tyr motif in the activation loop. An exception is the T cell antigen receptor signaling pathway, which bypasses the MAPK cascade and activates p38alpha and p38beta by phosphorylation of Tyr-323 and subsequent autophosphorylation of the activation loop. Here we show that, unlike the classic MAPK cascade, the alternative pathway results primarily in mono-phosphorylation of the activation loop residue Thr-180. Recombinant mono-phosphorylated and dual phosphorylated p38alpha differed widely with regard to activity and substrate preference. Altered substrate specificity was reproduced in T cells in which p38 was activated by the alternative or classical MAPK pathways. These findings suggest that T cells have evolved a mechanism to utilize p38 in a specialized manner independent of and distinct from the classical p38 MAPK signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ettore Appella
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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39
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Abstract
Activation of immune cells to mediate an immune response is often triggered by potential 'danger' or 'stress' stimuli that the organism receives. Within the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family, the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) group was defined as group of kinases that activated by stimuli that cause cell stress. In the immune cells, SAPKs are activated by antigen receptors (B- or T-cell receptors), Toll-like receptors, cytokine receptors, and physical-chemical changes in the environment among other stimuli. The SAPKs are established to be important mediators of intracellular signaling during adaptive and innate immune responses. Here we summarize what is currently known about the role of two sub-groups of SAPKs - c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and p38 MAPK-in the function of specific components of the immune system and the overall contribution to the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rincón
- Immunology Program, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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40
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Whitmarsh AJ, Davis RJ. Analyzing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities in T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 11:Unit 11.8. [PMID: 18432922 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1108s58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of peptide antigens by T cells through their antigen receptors (T cell receptors, or TCR), together with the ligation of additional surface molecules called costimulatory receptors, rapidly induces interactive signaling pathways that lead to transcriptional initiation at genes such as that of the autocrine growth factor interleukin 2 (IL-2). Activation of the ERK and JNK subfamilies of MAPK mediates some of these signals. This unit presents procedures for a solid-phase kinase assay and immune-complex kinase assay to measure JNK and ERK activities, respectively, in T cells that have been appropriately stimulated. Also described is a procedure for preparing GSThyphen;cJun/GSH-Sepharose beads needed in the solid-phase JNK protein kinase activity assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Whitmarsh
- University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
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41
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Maraver A, Tadokoro CE, Badura ML, Shen J, Serrano M, Lafaille JJ. Effect of presenilins in the apoptosis of thymocytes and homeostasis of CD8+ T cells. Blood 2007; 110:3218-25. [PMID: 17626841 PMCID: PMC2200904 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-070359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have positioned Notch signaling at various critical junctions during T-cell development. There is, however, debate regarding the role of Notch in the CD4 versus CD8 lineage commitment. Because there are 4 Notch receptors and RBP-Jkappa-independent Notch signaling has been reported, we decided to eliminate gamma-secretase activity once its activity is required for all forms of Notch signaling. T-cell-specific elimination of gamma-secretase was carried out by crossing presenilin-1 (PS1) floxed mice with CD4-Cre mice and PS2 KO mice, generating PS KO mice. Thymic CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) cells from these mice were strikingly resistant to apoptosis by anti-CD3 treatment in vivo and expressed more Bcl-X(L) than control thymocytes, and deletion of only one allele of Bcl-X(L) gene restored wild-type levels of sensitivity to apoptosis. In addition, these PS KO animals displayed a significant decrease in the number of CD8+ T cells in the periphery, and these cells had higher level of phosphorylated p38 than cells from control littermates. Our results show that ablation of presenilins results in deficiency of CD8 cells in the periphery and a dramatic change in the physiology of thymocytes, bringing to our attention the potential side effects of presenilin inhibitors in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Maraver
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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42
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Cassese G, Parretta E, Pisapia L, Santoni A, Guardiola J, Di Rosa F. Bone marrow CD8 cells down-modulate membrane IL-7Rα expression and exhibit increased STAT-5 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in the organ environment. Blood 2007; 110:1960-9. [PMID: 17510323 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-09-045807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
By comparing mature CD8-cell turnover in different organs, we previously demonstrated that CD8 cells proliferate predominantly in the bone marrow (BM). To investigate the mechanisms underlying such increased turnover, we compared BM, lymph nodes, and spleen CD8 cells from untreated C57BL/6 mice regarding in vivo proliferation within the organ; in vitro response to interleukin-7 (IL-7), IL-15, IL-21; ex vivo expression of membrane CD127 (IL-7Rα), intracellular Bcl-2, phospho–STAT-5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5), phospho-p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK); and in vivo proliferation on adoptive transfer. In the BM, the proliferation rate was increased for either total CD8 cells or individual CD44 and CD122 subsets. In contrast, purified CD8+ cells from the BM did not show an enhanced in vitro proliferative response to IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 compared with corresponding spleen cells. After transfer and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) treatment, both spleen-derived and BM-derived CD8 cells from congenic donors proliferated approximately twice more in the recipient BM than in spleen and lymph nodes. Our results suggest that BM CD8 cells are not committed to self-renewal, but rather are stimulated in the organ. Molecular events constantly induced in the CD8 cells within the BM of untreated mice include increase of both phosphorylated STAT-5 and phosphorylated p38 intracellular levels, and the reduction of CD127 membrane expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Cassese
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
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43
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Jeffrey KL, Camps M, Rommel C, Mackay CR. Targeting dual-specificity phosphatases: manipulating MAP kinase signalling and immune responses. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:391-403. [PMID: 17473844 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are a subset of protein tyrosine phosphatases, many of which dephosphorylate threonine and tyrosine residues on mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and hence are also referred to as MAPK phosphatases (MKPs). The regulated expression and activity of DUSP family members in different cells and tissues controls MAPK intensity and duration to determine the type of physiological response. For immune cells, DUSPs regulate responses in both positive and negative ways, and DUSP-deficient mice have been used to identify individual DUSPs as key regulators of immune responses. From a drug discovery perspective, DUSP family members are promising drug targets for manipulating MAPK-dependent immune responses in a cell-type and disease-context-dependent manner, to either boost or subdue immune responses in cancers, infectious diseases or inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Jeffrey
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Program, The Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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44
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Trushin SA, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Vlahakis SR, Bren GD, Warren S, Schnepple DJ, Badley AD. Glycoprotein 120 binding to CXCR4 causes p38-dependent primary T cell death that is facilitated by, but does not require cell-associated CD4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4846-53. [PMID: 17404265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.4846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection causes the depletion of host CD4 T cells through direct and indirect (bystander) mechanisms. Although HIV Env has been implicated in apoptosis of uninfected CD4 T cells via gp120 binding to either CD4 and/or the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), conflicting data exist concerning the molecular mechanisms involved. Using primary human CD4 T cells, we demonstrate that gp120 binding to CD4 T cells activates proapoptotic p38, but does not activate antiapoptotic Akt. Because ligation of the CD4 receptor alone or the CXCR4 receptor alone causes p38 activation and apoptosis, we used the soluble inhibitors, soluble CD4 (sCD4) or AMD3100, to delineate the role of CD4 and CXCR4 receptors, respectively, in gp120-induced p38 activation and death. sCD4 alone augments gp120-induced death, suggesting that CXCR4 signaling is principally responsible. Supporting that model, AMD3100 reduces death caused by gp120 or by gp120/sCD4. Finally, prevention of gp120-CXCR4 interaction with 12G5 Abs blocks p38 activation and apoptosis, whereas inhibition of CD4-gp120 interaction with Leu-3a has no effect. Consequently, we conclude that gp120 interaction with CXCR4 is required for gp120 apoptotic effects in primary human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Trushin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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45
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Salojin K, Oravecz T. Regulation of innate immunity by MAPK dual-specificity phosphatases: knockout models reveal new tricks of old genes. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 81:860-9. [PMID: 17289800 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1006639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout evolution, mammals have developed an elaborate network of positive and negative regulatory mechanisms, which provide balance between defensive measures against bacterial and viral pathogens and protective measures against unwarranted destruction of the host by the activated immune system. Kinases and phosphatases encompassing the MAPK pathway are key players in the orderly action of pro- and anti-inflammatory processes, forming numerous promiscuous interactions. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that the phosphorylation and activation status of kinases in the MAPK system has crucial impact on the outcome of downstream events that regulate cytokine production. At least 13 members of the family of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSP) display unique substrate specificities for MAPKs. Despite the considerable amount of information obtained about the contribution of the different DUSP to MAPK-mediated signaling and innate immunity, the interpretation of available data remains problematic. The in vitro and ex vivo findings are often complicated by functional redundancy of signaling molecules and do not always accurately predict the situation in vivo. Until recently, DUSP research has been hampered by the lack of relevant mammalian knockout (KO) models, which is a powerful tool for delineating in vivo function and redundancy in gene families. This situation changed dramatically over the last year, and this review integrates recent insights into the precise biological role of the DUSP family in innate immunity gained from a comprehensive analysis of mammalian KO models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Salojin
- Lexicon Genetics Incorporated, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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46
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Farley N, Pedraza-Alva G, Serrano-Gomez D, Nagaleekar V, Aronshtam A, Krahl T, Thornton T, Rincón M. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates the Fas-induced mitochondrial death pathway in CD8+ T cells. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:2118-29. [PMID: 16507991 PMCID: PMC1430304 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.6.2118-2129.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway can be activated by a variety of stress stimuli such as UV radiation and osmotic stress. The regulation and role of this pathway in death receptor-induced apoptosis remain unclear and may depend on the specific death receptor and cell type. Here we show that binding of Fas ligand to Fas activates p38 MAPK in CD8+ T cells and that activation of this pathway is required for Fas-mediated CD8+ T-cell death. Active p38 MAPK phosphorylates Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 and prevents the accumulation of these antiapoptotic molecules within the mitochondria. Consequently, a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c lead to the activation of caspase 9 and, subsequently, caspase 3. Therefore, the activation of p38 MAPK is a critical link between Fas and the mitochondrial death pathway and is required for the Fas-induced apoptosis of CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Farley
- Department of Medicine/Immunobiology Program, Given Medical Building D305, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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47
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Barata JT, Cardoso AA, Boussiotis VA. Interleukin-7 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an extrinsic factor supporting leukemogenesis? Leuk Lymphoma 2005; 46:483-95. [PMID: 16019476 DOI: 10.1080/10428190400027852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The malignant transformation and expansion of tumor cells involve both cell-autonomous mechanisms and microenvironment signals that regulate viability, nutrient utilization, metabolic activity and cell growth. In T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), the co-culture of leukemic cells with stroma or the addition of particular cytokines prevents ex vivo spontaneous apoptosis. Interleukin-7 (IL-7), a cytokine produced by thymic and bone marrow stroma, increases the viability and proliferation of T-ALL cells. IL-7 induces the activation of Jak/STAT, MEK/Erk and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in T-ALL cells. PI3K/Akt is the dominant pathway that mediates the effects of IL-7 on T-ALL. PI3K signaling is required for the induction of Bcl-2, the down-regulation of p27(kip1) and cell cycle progression. PI3K signaling is also required for the expression of the glucose transporter Glut1, uptake of glucose, activation of the metabolic machinery, increase in cell size, and maintenance of mitochondrial integrity. These observations suggest that substrates of molecular pathways activated by microenvironmental factors represent attractive molecular targets for the regulation of the viability and proliferation of T-ALL cells and provide the means for the development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao T Barata
- Tumor Biology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal.
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48
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Ohta M, Tateishi K, Kanai F, Ueha S, Guleng B, Washida M, Tanaka Y, Ijichi H, Ikenoue T, Sata M, Sudo T, Shiina S, Kawabe T, Matsushima K, Omata M. Reduced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in donor grafts accelerates acute intestinal graft-versus-host disease in mice. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:2210-21. [PMID: 15971269 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a major target of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which constitutes a life-threatening complication of bone marrow transplantation. GVHD is mainly caused by the activation of donor-derived lymphocytes, in which cytokine cascades play essential roles. Since p38 MAPK (p38) has been identified as a regulator of cytokine reactions and proposed as a molecular target for anti-inflammatory therapy, we investigated the contribution of p38 to the severity of murine intestinal GVHD. Unexpectedly, p38alpha(+/-) donor graft induced more acute GVHD-related mortality and more severe gut injury. The survival of p38alpha(+/-) donor-derived intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) was prolonged in vitro and in vivo, and TNF-alpha expression in the p38alpha(+/-) donor-derived IEL was also increased compared with wild-type cells. In contrast, the p38alpha(+/-) grafted mice resulted in decreased expansion of donor lymphocytes in mesenteric lymph nodes, and the up-regulation of IL-12p40 and IL-18 was diminished. These findings suggest that p38 has dichotomous effects for inflammatory response in vivo; not only regulates inflammatory cytokine expression and lymphocyte expansion, but also has distinct regulatory functions for IEL in intestinal GVHD. In conclusion, the inhibition of p38 may not be a suitable anti-inflammatory strategy for GVHD due to the associated intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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McKarns SC, Schwartz RH. Distinct Effects of TGF-β1 on CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Survival, Division, and IL-2 Production: A Role for T Cell Intrinsic Smad3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2071-83. [PMID: 15699137 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
TGF-beta1 is critical for maintaining T cell homeostasis. Smad3 has been implicated in this regulatory process, yet the cellular targets and molecular details remain poorly understood. In this study, we report that TGF-beta1 impairs the entry of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the cell cycle as well as their progression through subsequent rounds of division, and show that Smad3 is essential for TGF-beta1 to inhibit TCR-induced division of only CD4+ and not CD8+ T cells. Both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from Smad3-/- mice were refractory to TGF-beta1-induced inhibition of IL-2 production, thus demonstrating that not all CD8+ T cell responses to TGF-beta1 are Smad3 independent. These TGF-beta1 effects were all T cell intrinsic, as they were reproduced in purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Finally, we found that Smad3 was critical for the survival of CD8+, but not CD4+ T cells following activation ex vivo. The TCR-induced death of Smad3-/- CD8+ T cells was not dependent upon TNF-alpha production. Exogenous TGF-beta1 partially rescued the CD8+ T cells by signaling through a Smad3-independent pathway. TGF-beta1 also enhanced survival of TCR-stimulated CD4+CD44high T cells in a Smad3-independent manner. Collectively, these findings firmly establish for the first time that TGF-beta1 discriminately regulates CD4+ and CD8+ T cell expansion by signaling through distinct intracellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C McKarns
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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50
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Mehrotra S, Chhabra A, Chattopadhyay S, Dorsky DI, Chakraborty NG, Mukherji B. Rescuing melanoma epitope-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes from activation-induced cell death, by SP600125, an inhibitor of JNK: implications in cancer immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6017-24. [PMID: 15528336 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced cell death (AICD) as well as programmed cell death (PCD) serve to control the expansion of activated T cells to limit untoward side effects of continued effector responses by T cells and to maintain homeostasis. AICD of T cells in tumor immunotherapy can be counterproductive particularly if the activated T cells undergo apoptotic death after the very first secondary encounter of the specific epitope. We examined the extent to which tumor epitope-specific CTLs that are activated and expanded in an in vitro-matured dendritic cell-based primary stimulation protocol undergo AICD following their first secondary encounter of the cognate epitope. Using the MART-1(27-35) epitope as a prototype vaccine epitope, we also examined whether these CTLs could be rescued from AICD. Our results demonstrate that a substantial fraction of MART-1(27-35) epitope-specific primary CTLs undergo AICD upon the very first secondary encounter of the cognate epitope. The AICD in these CTLs is neither caspase dependent nor is it triggered by the extrinsic death signaling pathways (Fas, TNFR, etc.). These CTLs, interestingly, could be rescued from AICD by the JNK inhibitor, SP600125. We also found that SP600125 interferes with their IFN-gamma response but does not block their cytolytic function. The rescued CTLs, however, regain their capacity to synthesize IFN-gamma if continued in culture without the inhibitor. These observations have implications in tumor immunotherapy and in further studies for regulation of AICD in CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhar Mehrotra
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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