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Wang L. Zebrafish as a model for study of disorders in pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023:1-12. [PMID: 38153103 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2023.2298742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Pyrimidine nucleotides are not only the building blocks of DNA and RNA but also participate in multiple cellular metabolic processes, including protein, lipid and polysaccharide biosynthesis. Pyrimidine nucleotides are synthesized by two distinct pathways-the de novo and salvage pathways. Disorders in pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism cause severe neurodegenerative disorders in human. For example, deficiency in thymidylate kinase, an essential enzyme in dTTP synthesis, causes severe microcephaly in human patients. Zebrafish mutants selected by insertion mutagenesis that results in inactive enzymes in pyrimidine metabolism showed also neurological and developmental disorders. In this work I have summarized current data on neurological and developmental disorders caused by defects in enzymes in pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in zebrafish and compared to human. All these data suggest that zebrafish is a useful animal model to study pathogenic mechanism of neurological disorders due to defect in pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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The Role of Pulmonary Surfactant Phospholipids in Fibrotic Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010326. [PMID: 36613771 PMCID: PMC9820286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD) or Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a heterogeneous group of lung conditions with common characteristics that can progress to fibrosis. Within this group of pneumonias, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is considered the most common. This disease has no known cause, is devastating and has no cure. Chronic lesion of alveolar type II (ATII) cells represents a key mechanism for the development of IPF. ATII cells are specialized in the biosynthesis and secretion of pulmonary surfactant (PS), a lipid-protein complex that reduces surface tension and minimizes breathing effort. Some differences in PS composition have been reported between patients with idiopathic pulmonary disease and healthy individuals, especially regarding some specific proteins in the PS; however, few reports have been conducted on the lipid components. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which phospholipids (PLs) could be involved in the development of the fibroproliferative response.
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3
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Ludwig-Peisker O, Ansel E, Schweizer D, Jagannathan V, Loechel R, Leeb T. PCYT1A Missense Variant in Vizslas with Disproportionate Dwarfism. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122354. [PMID: 36553621 PMCID: PMC9777673 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disproportionate dwarfism phenotypes represent a heterogeneous subset of skeletal dysplasias and have been described in many species including humans and dogs. In this study, we investigated Vizsla dogs that were affected by disproportionate dwarfism that we propose to designate as skeletal dysplasia 3 (SD3). The most striking skeletal changes comprised a marked shortening and deformation of the humerus and femur. An extended pedigree with six affected dogs suggested autosomal recessive inheritance. Combined linkage and homozygosity mapping localized a potential genetic defect to a ~4 Mb interval on chromosome 33. We sequenced the genome of an affected dog, and comparison with 926 control genomes revealed a single, private protein-changing variant in the critical interval, PCYT1A:XM_038583131.1:c.673T>C, predicted to cause an exchange of a highly conserved amino acid, XP_038439059.1:p.(Y225H). We observed perfect co-segregation of the genotypes with the phenotype in the studied family. When genotyping additional Vizslas, we encountered a single dog with disproportionate dwarfism that did not carry the mutant PCYT1A allele, which we hypothesize was due to heterogeneity. In the remaining 130 dogs, we observed perfect genotype-phenotype association, and none of the unaffected dogs were homozygous for the mutant PCYT1A allele. PCYT1A loss-of-function variants cause spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone-rod dystrophy (SMD-CRD) in humans. The skeletal changes in Vizslas were comparable to human patients. So far, no ocular phenotype has been recognized in dwarf Vizslas. We propose the PCYT1A missense variant as a candidate causative variant for SD3. Our data facilitate genetic testing of Vizslas to prevent the unintentional breeding of further affected puppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odette Ludwig-Peisker
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emily Ansel
- BluePearl Pet Hospital, Raleigh, NC 27616, USA
| | - Daniela Schweizer
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-684-23-26
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4
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Mild Choline Deficiency and MTHFD1 Synthetase Deficiency Interact to Increase Incidence of Developmental Delays and Defects in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010127. [PMID: 35011003 PMCID: PMC8747146 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate and choline are interconnected metabolically. The MTHFD1 R653Q SNP is a risk factor for birth defects and there are concerns that choline deficiency may interact with this SNP and exacerbate health risks. 80–90% of women do not meet the Adequate Intake (AI) for choline. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of choline deficiency on maternal one-carbon metabolism and reproductive outcomes in the MTHFD1-synthetase deficient mouse (Mthfd1S), a model for MTHFD1 R653Q. Mthfd1S+/+ and Mthfd1S+/− females were fed control (CD) or choline-deficient diets (ChDD; 1/3 the amount of choline) before mating and during pregnancy. Embryos were evaluated for delays and defects at 10.5 days gestation. Choline metabolites were measured in the maternal liver, and total folate measured in maternal plasma and liver. ChDD significantly decreased choline, betaine, phosphocholine, and dimethylglycine in maternal liver (p < 0.05, ANOVA), and altered phosphatidylcholine metabolism. Maternal and embryonic genotype, and diet-genotype interactions had significant effects on defect incidence. Mild choline deficiency and Mthfd1S+/− genotype alter maternal one-carbon metabolism and increase incidence of developmental defects. Further study is required to determine if low choline intakes contribute to developmental defects in humans, particularly in 653QQ women.
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5
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Ma C, Martinez-Rodriguez V, Hoffmann PR. Roles for Selenoprotein I and Ethanolamine Phospholipid Synthesis in T Cell Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011174. [PMID: 34681834 PMCID: PMC8540796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The selenoprotein family includes 25 members, many of which are antioxidant or redox regulating enzymes. A unique member of this family is Selenoprotein I (SELENOI), which does not catalyze redox reactions, but instead is an ethanolamine phosphotransferase (Ept). In fact, the characteristic selenocysteine residue that defines selenoproteins lies far outside of the catalytic domain of SELENOI. Furthermore, data using recombinant SELENOI lacking the selenocysteine residue have suggested that the selenocysteine amino acid is not directly involved in the Ept reaction. SELENOI is involved in two different pathways for the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and plasmenyl PE, which are constituents of cellular membranes. Ethanolamine phospholipid synthesis has emerged as an important process for metabolic reprogramming that occurs in pluripotent stem cells and proliferating tumor cells, and this review discusses roles for upregulation of SELENOI during T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. SELENOI deficiency lowers but does not completely diminish de novo synthesis of PE and plasmenyl PE during T cell activation. Interestingly, metabolic reprogramming in activated SELENOI deficient T cells is impaired and this reduces proliferative capacity while favoring tolerogenic to pathogenic phenotypes that arise from differentiation. The implications of these findings are discussed related to vaccine responses, autoimmunity, and cell-based therapeutic approaches.
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6
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Metabolic control of T FH cells and humoral immunity by phosphatidylethanolamine. Nature 2021; 595:724-729. [PMID: 34234346 PMCID: PMC8448202 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are crucial for B cell-mediated humoral immunity1. Although transcription factors such as BCL6 drive the differentiation of TFH cells2,3, it is unclear whether and how post-transcriptional and metabolic programs enforce TFH cell programming. Here we show that the cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-ethanolamine pathway co-ordinates the expression and localization of CXCR5 with the responses of TFH cells and humoral immunity. Using in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screening and functional validation in mice, we identify ETNK1, PCYT2, and SELENOI-enzymes in the CDP-ethanolamine pathway for de novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-as selective post-transcriptional regulators of TFH cell differentiation that act by promoting the surface expression and functional effects of CXCR5. TFH cells exhibit unique lipid metabolic programs and PE is distributed to the outer layer of the plasma membrane, where it colocalizes with CXCR5. De novo synthesis of PE through the CDP-ethanolamine pathway co-ordinates these events to prevent the internalization and degradation of CXCR5. Genetic deletion of Pcyt2, but not of Pcyt1a (which mediates the CDP-choline pathway), in activated T cells impairs the differentiation of TFH cells, and this is associated with reduced humoral immune responses. Surface levels of PE and CXCR5 expression on B cells also depend on Pcyt2. Our results reveal that phospholipid metabolism orchestrates post-transcriptional mechanisms for TFH cell differentiation and humoral immunity, highlighting the metabolic control of context-dependent immune signalling and effector programs.
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Tavasoli M, Lahire S, Reid T, Brodovsky M, McMaster CR. Genetic diseases of the Kennedy pathways for membrane synthesis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17877-17886. [PMID: 33454021 PMCID: PMC7762932 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.013529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The two branches of the Kennedy pathways (CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine) are the predominant pathways responsible for the synthesis of the most abundant phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively, in mammalian membranes. Recently, hereditary diseases associated with single gene mutations in the Kennedy pathways have been identified. Interestingly, genetic diseases within the same pathway vary greatly, ranging from muscular dystrophy to spastic paraplegia to a childhood blinding disorder to bone deformations. Indeed, different point mutations in the same gene (PCYT1; CCTα) result in at least three distinct diseases. In this review, we will summarize and review the genetic diseases associated with mutations in genes of the Kennedy pathway for phospholipid synthesis. These single-gene disorders provide insight, indeed direct genotype-phenotype relationships, into the biological functions of specific enzymes of the Kennedy pathway. We discuss potential mechanisms of how mutations within the same pathway can cause disparate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Tavasoli
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sarah Lahire
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Taryn Reid
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Maren Brodovsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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8
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Ogasawara Y, Cheng J, Tatematsu T, Uchida M, Murase O, Yoshikawa S, Ohsaki Y, Fujimoto T. Long-term autophagy is sustained by activation of CCTβ3 on lipid droplets. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4480. [PMID: 32900992 PMCID: PMC7479109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy initiates by formation of isolation membranes, but the source of phospholipids for the membrane biogenesis remains elusive. Here, we show that autophagic membranes incorporate newly synthesized phosphatidylcholine, and that CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase β3 (CCTβ3), an isoform of the rate-limiting enzyme in the Kennedy pathway, plays an essential role. In starved mouse embryo fibroblasts, CCTβ3 is initially recruited to autophagic membranes, but upon prolonged starvation, it concentrates on lipid droplets that are generated from autophagic degradation products. Omegasomes and isolation membranes emanate from around those lipid droplets. Autophagy in prolonged starvation is suppressed by knockdown of CCTβ3 and is enhanced by its overexpression. This CCTβ3-dependent mechanism is also present in U2OS, an osteosarcoma cell line, and autophagy and cell survival in starvation are decreased by CCTβ3 depletion. The results demonstrate that phosphatidylcholine synthesis through CCTβ3 activation on lipid droplets is crucial for sustaining autophagy and long-term cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ogasawara
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Jinglei Cheng
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tsuyako Tatematsu
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Misaki Uchida
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Omi Murase
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shogo Yoshikawa
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohsaki
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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9
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Cornell RB. Membrane Lipids Assist Catalysis by CTP: Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5023-5042. [PMID: 32234309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While most of the articles in this issue review the workings of integral membrane enzymes, in this review, we describe the catalytic mechanism of an enzyme that contains a soluble catalytic domain but appears to catalyze its reaction on the membrane surface, anchored and assisted by a separate regulatory amphipathic helical domain and inter-domain linker. Membrane partitioning of CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT), a key regulatory enzyme of phosphatidylcholine metabolism, is regulated chiefly by changes in membrane phospholipid composition, and boosts the enzyme's catalytic efficiency >200-fold. Catalytic enhancement by membrane binding involves the displacement of an auto-inhibitory helix from the active site entrance-way and promotion of a new conformational ensemble for the inter-domain, allosteric linker that has an active role in the catalytic cycle. We describe the evidence for close contact between membrane lipid, a compact allosteric linker, and the CCT active site, and discuss potential ways that this interaction enhances catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary B Cornell
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A-1S6.
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10
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O'Dwyer C, Yaworski R, Katsumura S, Ghorbani P, Gobeil Odai K, Nunes JRC, LeBlond ND, Sanjana S, Smith TTK, Han S, Margison KD, Alain T, Morita M, Fullerton MD. Hepatic Choline Transport Is Inhibited During Fatty Acid-Induced Lipotoxicity and Obesity. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:876-889. [PMID: 32490323 PMCID: PMC7262319 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient and a critical component of the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (PC), the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, while also contributing to the methylation pathway. In the liver specifically, PC is the major membrane constituent and can be synthesized by the cytidine diphosphate-choline or the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase pathway. With the continuing global rise in the rates of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, we sought to explore how excess fatty acids on primary hepatocytes and diet-induced obesity affect choline uptake and metabolism. Our results demonstrate that hepatocytes chronically treated with palmitate, but not oleate or a mixture, had decreased choline uptake, which was associated with lower choline incorporation into PC and lower expression of choline transport proteins. Interestingly, a reduction in the rate of degradation spared PC levels in response to palmitate when compared with control. The effects of palmitate treatment were independent of endoplasmic reticulum stress, which counterintuitively augmented choline transport and transporter expression. In a model of obesity-induced hepatic steatosis, male mice fed a 60% high-fat diet for 10 weeks had significantly diminished hepatic choline uptake compared with lean mice fed a control diet. Although the transcript and protein expression of various choline metabolic enzymes fluctuated slightly, we observed reduced protein expression of choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1) in the liver of mice fed a high-fat diet. Polysome profile analyses revealed that in livers of obese mice, the CTL1 transcript, despite being more abundant, was translated to a lesser extent compared with lean controls. Finally, human liver cells demonstrated a similar response to palmitate treatment. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the altered fatty acid milieu seen in obesity-induced fatty liver disease progression may adversely affect choline metabolism, potentially through CTL1, but that compensatory mechanisms work to maintain phospholipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Dwyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Rebecca Yaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Sakie Katsumura
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX
| | - Peyman Ghorbani
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Kaelan Gobeil Odai
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Julia R C Nunes
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Nicholas D LeBlond
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Sabrin Sanjana
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Tyler T K Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Shauna Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Kaitlyn D Margison
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Masahiro Morita
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX.,Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX.,Institute of Resource Development and Analysis Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Morgan D Fullerton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
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11
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Singh MD, Jensen M, Lasser M, Huber E, Yusuff T, Pizzo L, Lifschutz B, Desai I, Kubina A, Yennawar S, Kim S, Iyer J, Rincon-Limas DE, Lowery LA, Girirajan S. NCBP2 modulates neurodevelopmental defects of the 3q29 deletion in Drosophila and Xenopus laevis models. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008590. [PMID: 32053595 PMCID: PMC7043793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1.6 Mbp deletion on chromosome 3q29 is associated with a range of neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, microcephaly, and intellectual disability. Despite its importance towards neurodevelopment, the role of individual genes, genetic interactions, and disrupted biological mechanisms underlying the deletion have not been thoroughly characterized. Here, we used quantitative methods to assay Drosophila melanogaster and Xenopus laevis models with tissue-specific individual and pairwise knockdown of 14 homologs of genes within the 3q29 region. We identified developmental, cellular, and neuronal phenotypes for multiple homologs of 3q29 genes, potentially due to altered apoptosis and cell cycle mechanisms during development. Using the fly eye, we screened for 314 pairwise knockdowns of homologs of 3q29 genes and identified 44 interactions between pairs of homologs and 34 interactions with other neurodevelopmental genes. Interestingly, NCBP2 homologs in Drosophila (Cbp20) and X. laevis (ncbp2) enhanced the phenotypes of homologs of the other 3q29 genes, leading to significant increases in apoptosis that disrupted cellular organization and brain morphology. These cellular and neuronal defects were rescued with overexpression of the apoptosis inhibitors Diap1 and xiap in both models, suggesting that apoptosis is one of several potential biological mechanisms disrupted by the deletion. NCBP2 was also highly connected to other 3q29 genes in a human brain-specific interaction network, providing support for the relevance of our results towards the human deletion. Overall, our study suggests that NCBP2-mediated genetic interactions within the 3q29 region disrupt apoptosis and cell cycle mechanisms during development. Rare copy-number variants, or large deletions and duplications in the genome, are associated with a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders. The 3q29 deletion confers an increased risk for schizophrenia and autism. To understand the conserved biological mechanisms that are disrupted by this deletion, we systematically tested 14 individual homologs and 314 pairwise interactions of 3q29 genes for neuronal, cellular, and developmental phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster and Xenopus laevis models. We found that multiple homologs of genes within the deletion region contribute towards developmental defects, such as larval lethality and disrupted cellular organization. Interestingly, we found that NCBP2 acts as a key modifier gene within the region, enhancing the developmental phenotypes of each of the homologs for other 3q29 genes and leading to disruptions in apoptosis and cell cycle pathways. Our results suggest that multiple genes within the 3q29 region interact with each other through shared mechanisms and jointly contribute to neurodevelopmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayanglambam Dhruba Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Micaela Lasser
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily Huber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tanzeen Yusuff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lucilla Pizzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian Lifschutz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Inshya Desai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexis Kubina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sneha Yennawar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sydney Kim
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Janani Iyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Diego E Rincon-Limas
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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12
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Yang J, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Cheng J, Zhao C, Wang Z. CCT α is a novel biomarker for diagnosis of laryngeal squamous cell cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11823. [PMID: 31413263 PMCID: PMC6694151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline phosphate-based delivery systems can target the acidic tumor microenvironment. In this study, we set out to evaluate the diagnostic value of Choline phosphate cytidylyltransferase-α (CCTα) in laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC). The expression of CCTα was detected using immunohistochemistry in 50 LSCC patients’ tissues and 16 vocal polyps as control group. Then, clinical data was collected and we used receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) to estimate the potential of CCTα as diagnostic biomarker. We found CCTα levels to be significantly high in the tissues derived from LSCC patients, (p < 0.001). Further, we observed a positive correlation of CCTα with tumor size (p < 0.001), TNM stage (p < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001) as well as the grade of LSCC malignancy (p < 0.001). Furthermore, AUC was determined to be 0.939 by ROC, and the optimal cutoff value 3.100, with 76.0% sensitivity and 100% specificity. We also found an epigenetic basis of CCTα over-expression in LSCC tissues with significantly reduced methylation of CCTα in LSCC tissues, compared to vocal polyps (p < 0.001). These results support epigenetically-induced over-expression of CCTα as a potential diagnostic marker for LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpu Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Zhuping Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, 26 Shengli Street, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jinzhang Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Zonggui Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China.
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13
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Rodriguez Sawicki L, Garcia KA, Corsico B, Scaglia N. De novo lipogenesis at the mitotic exit is used for nuclear envelope reassembly/expansion. Implications for combined chemotherapy. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1646-1659. [PMID: 31203714 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1629792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitosis has been traditionally considered a metabolically inactive phase. We have previously shown, however, that extensive alterations in lipids occur as the cells traverse mitosis, including increased de novo fatty acid (FA) and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) synthesis and decreased lysophospholipid content. Given the diverse structural and functional properties of these lipids, we sought to study their metabolic fate and their importance for cell cycle completion. Here we show that FA and PtdCho synthesized at the mitotic exit are destined to the nuclear envelope. Importantly, FA and PtdCho synthesis, but not the decrease in lysophospholipid content, are necessary for cell cycle completion beyond G2/M. Moreover, the presence of alternative pathways for PtdCho synthesis renders the cells less sensitive to its inhibition than to the impairment of FA synthesis. FA synthesis, thus, represents a cell cycle-related metabolic vulnerability that could be exploited for combined chemotherapy. We explored the combination of fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibition with agents that act at different phases of the cell cycle. Our results show that the effect of FASN inhibition may be enhanced under some drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Rodriguez Sawicki
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBOLP), UNLP/CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - Karina A Garcia
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBOLP), UNLP/CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - Betina Corsico
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBOLP), UNLP/CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - Natalia Scaglia
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBOLP), UNLP/CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
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14
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León M, Ferreira CR, Eberlin LS, Jarmusch AK, Pirro V, Rodrigues ACB, Favaron PO, Miglino MA, Cooks RG. Metabolites and Lipids Associated with Fetal Swine Anatomy via Desorption Electrospray Ionization - Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7247. [PMID: 31076607 PMCID: PMC6510765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical imaging by mass spectrometry (MS) has been largely used to study diseases in animals and humans, especially cancer; however, this technology has been minimally explored to study the complex chemical changes associated with fetal development. In this work, we report the histologically-compatible chemical imaging of small molecules by desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) - MS of a complete swine fetus at 50 days of gestation. Tissue morphology was unperturbed by morphologically-friendly DESI-MS analysis while allowing detection of a wide range of small molecules. We observed organ-dependent localization of lipids, e.g. a large diversity of phosphatidylserine lipids in brain compared to other organs, as well as metabolites such as N-acetyl-aspartic acid in the developing nervous system and N-acetyl-L-glutamine in the heart. Some lipids abundant in the lungs, such as PC(32:0) and PS(40:6), were similar to surfactant composition reported previously. Sulfatides were highly concentrated in the fetus liver, while hexoses were barely detected at this organ but were abundant in lung and heart. The chemical information on small molecules recorded via DESI-MS imaging coupled with traditional anatomical evaluation is a powerful source of bioanalytical information which reveals the chemical changes associated with embryonic and fetal development that, when disturbed, causes congenital diseases such as spina bifida and cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol León
- Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christina R Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Livia S Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States
| | - Alan K Jarmusch
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Valentina Pirro
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Ana Clara Bastos Rodrigues
- Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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15
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Cornell RB, Taneva SG, Dennis MK, Tse R, Dhillon RK, Lee J. Disease-linked mutations in the phosphatidylcholine regulatory enzyme CCTα impair enzymatic activity and fold stability. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1490-1501. [PMID: 30559292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) is the key regulatory enzyme in phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis and is activated by binding to PC-deficient membranes. Mutations in the gene encoding CCTα (PCYT1A) cause three distinct pathologies in humans: lipodystrophy, spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone-rod dystrophy (SMD-CRD), and isolated retinal dystrophy. Previous analyses showed that for some disease-linked PCYT1A variants steady state levels of CCTα and PC synthesis were reduced in patient fibroblasts, but other variants impaired PC synthesis with little effect on CCT levels. To explore the impact on CCT stability and function we expressed WT and mutant CCTs in COS-1 cells, which have very low endogenous CCT. Over-expression of two missense variants in the catalytic domain (V142M and P150A) generated aggregated enzymes that could not be refolded after solubilization by denaturation. Other mutations in the catalytic core that generated CCTs with reduced solubility could be purified. Five variants destabilized the catalytic domain-fold as assessed by lower transition temperatures for unfolding, and three of these manifested defects in substrate Km values. A mutation (R223S) in a signal-transducing linker between the catalytic and membrane-binding domains also impaired enzyme kinetics. E280del, a single amino acid deletion in the autoinhibitory helix increased the constitutive (lipid-independent) enzyme activity ∼4-fold. This helix also participates in membrane binding, and surprisingly E280del enhanced the enzyme's response to anionic lipid vesicles ∼4-fold. These in vitro analyses on purified mutant CCTs will complement future measurements of their impact on PC synthesis in cultured cells and in tissues with a stringent requirement for CCTα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary B Cornell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada.
| | - Svetla G Taneva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Melissa K Dennis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Ronnie Tse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Randeep K Dhillon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
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16
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Kennelly JP, van der Veen JN, Nelson RC, Leonard KA, Havinga R, Buteau J, Kuipers F, Jacobs RL. Intestinal de novo phosphatidylcholine synthesis is required for dietary lipid absorption and metabolic homeostasis. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1695-1708. [PMID: 30007917 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m087056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis via CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase-α (CTα) is required for VLDL secretion. To determine the precise role of de novo PC synthesis in intestinal lipid metabolism, we deleted CTα exclusively in the intestinal epithelium of mice (CTαIKO mice). When fed a chow diet, CTαIKO mice showed normal fat absorption despite a ∼30% decrease in intestinal PC concentrations relative to control mice, suggesting that biliary PC can fully support chylomicron secretion under these conditions. However, when fed a high-fat diet, CTαIKO mice showed impaired passage of FAs and cholesterol from the intestinal lumen into enterocytes. Impaired intestinal lipid uptake in CTαIKO mice was associated with lower plasma triglyceride concentrations, higher plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY, and disruption of intestinal membrane lipid transporters after a high-fat meal relative to control mice. Unexpectedly, biliary bile acid and PC secretion was enhanced in CTαIKO mice due to a shift in expression of bile-acid transporters to the proximal intestine, indicative of accelerated enterohepatic cycling. These data show that intestinal de novo PC synthesis is required for dietary lipid absorption during high-fat feeding and that the reacylation of biliary lyso-PC cannot compensate for loss of CTα under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kennelly
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jelske N van der Veen
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Randal C Nelson
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelly-Ann Leonard
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rick Havinga
- Departments of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Buteau
- Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Departments of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - René L Jacobs
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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17
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Heterologous expression of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase from Plasmodium falciparum rescues Chinese Hamster Ovary cells deficient in the Kennedy phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8932. [PMID: 29895950 PMCID: PMC5997628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasmodial CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (PfCCT) is a promising antimalarial target, which can be inhibited to exploit the need for increased lipid biosynthesis during the erythrocytic life stage of Plasmodium falciparum. Notable structural and regulatory differences of plasmodial and mammalian CCTs offer the possibility to develop species-specific inhibitors. The aim of this study was to use CHO-MT58 cells expressing a temperature-sensitive mutant CCT for the functional characterization of PfCCT. We show that heterologous expression of wild type PfCCT restores the viability of CHO-MT58 cells at non-permissive (40 °C) temperatures, whereas catalytically perturbed or structurally destabilized PfCCT variants fail to provide rescue. Detailed in vitro characterization indicates that the H630N mutation diminishes the catalytic rate constant of PfCCT. The flow cytometry-based rescue assay provides a quantitative readout of the PfCCT function opening the possibility for the functional analysis of PfCCT and the high throughput screening of antimalarial compounds targeting plasmodial CCT.
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18
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Castillo J, Jodar M, Oliva R. The contribution of human sperm proteins to the development and epigenome of the preimplantation embryo. Hum Reprod Update 2018; 24:535-555. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Castillo
- Molecular Biology of Reproduction and Development Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Jodar
- Molecular Biology of Reproduction and Development Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Oliva
- Molecular Biology of Reproduction and Development Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Haider A, Wei YC, Lim K, Barbosa AD, Liu CH, Weber U, Mlodzik M, Oras K, Collier S, Hussain MM, Dong L, Patel S, Alvarez-Guaita A, Saudek V, Jenkins BJ, Koulman A, Dymond MK, Hardie RC, Siniossoglou S, Savage DB. PCYT1A Regulates Phosphatidylcholine Homeostasis from the Inner Nuclear Membrane in Response to Membrane Stored Curvature Elastic Stress. Dev Cell 2018; 45:481-495.e8. [PMID: 29754800 PMCID: PMC5971203 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell and organelle membranes consist of a complex mixture of phospholipids (PLs) that determine their size, shape, and function. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant phospholipid in eukaryotic membranes, yet how cells sense and regulate its levels in vivo remains unclear. Here we show that PCYT1A, the rate-limiting enzyme of PC synthesis, is intranuclear and re-locates to the nuclear membrane in response to the need for membrane PL synthesis in yeast, fly, and mammalian cells. By aligning imaging with lipidomic analysis and data-driven modeling, we demonstrate that yeast PCYT1A membrane association correlates with membrane stored curvature elastic stress estimates. Furthermore, this process occurs inside the nucleus, although nuclear localization signal mutants can compensate for the loss of endogenous PCYT1A in yeast and in fly photoreceptors. These data suggest an ancient mechanism by which nucleoplasmic PCYT1A senses surface PL packing defects on the inner nuclear membrane to control PC homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afreen Haider
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Yu-Chen Wei
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Koini Lim
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Antonio D Barbosa
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Che-Hsiung Liu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Ursula Weber
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kadri Oras
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Simon Collier
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Liang Dong
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Satish Patel
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anna Alvarez-Guaita
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vladimir Saudek
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Benjamin J Jenkins
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marcus K Dymond
- Division of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Roger C Hardie
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Symeon Siniossoglou
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - David B Savage
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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20
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McMaster CR. From yeast to humans - roles of the Kennedy pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:1256-1272. [PMID: 29178478 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The major phospholipid present in most eukaryotic membranes is phosphatidylcholine (PC), comprising ~ 50% of phospholipid content. PC metabolic pathways are highly conserved from yeast to humans. The main pathway for the synthesis of PC is the Kennedy (CDP-choline) pathway. In this pathway, choline is converted to phosphocholine by choline kinase, phosphocholine is metabolized to CDP-choline by the rate-determining enzyme for this pathway, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, and cholinephosphotransferase condenses CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to produce PC. This Review discusses how PC synthesis via the Kennedy pathway is regulated, its role in cellular and biological processes, as well as diseases known to be associated with defects in PC synthesis. Finally, we present the first model for the making of a membrane via PC synthesis.
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21
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van der Veen JN, Kennelly JP, Wan S, Vance JE, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. The critical role of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1558-1572. [PMID: 28411170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 854] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are the most abundant phospholipids in all mammalian cell membranes. In the 1950s, Eugene Kennedy and co-workers performed groundbreaking research that established the general outline of many of the pathways of phospholipid biosynthesis. In recent years, the importance of phospholipid metabolism in regulating lipid, lipoprotein and whole-body energy metabolism has been demonstrated in numerous dietary studies and knockout animal models. The purpose of this review is to highlight the unappreciated impact of phospholipid metabolism on health and disease. Abnormally high, and abnormally low, cellular PC/PE molar ratios in various tissues can influence energy metabolism and have been linked to disease progression. For example, inhibition of hepatic PC synthesis impairs very low density lipoprotein secretion and changes in hepatic phospholipid composition have been linked to fatty liver disease and impaired liver regeneration after surgery. The relative abundance of PC and PE regulates the size and dynamics of lipid droplets. In mitochondria, changes in the PC/PE molar ratio affect energy production. We highlight data showing that changes in the PC and/or PE content of various tissues are implicated in metabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and obesity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelske N van der Veen
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - John P Kennelly
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-002 Li Ka Shing Centre for Heath Research Innovations, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Sereana Wan
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Jean E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Dennis E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-002 Li Ka Shing Centre for Heath Research Innovations, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
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22
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Brandsma J, Postle AD. Analysis of the regulation of surfactant phosphatidylcholine metabolism using stable isotopes. Ann Anat 2017; 211:176-183. [PMID: 28351529 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The pathways and mechanisms that regulate pulmonary surfactant synthesis, processing, secretion and catabolism have been extensively characterised using classical biochemical and analytical approaches. These have constructed a model, largely in experimental animals, for surfactant phospholipid metabolism in the alveolar epithelial cell whereby phospholipid synthesised on the endoplasmic reticulum is selectively transported to lamellar body storage vesicles, where it is subsequently processed before secretion into the alveolus. Surfactant phospholipid is a complex mixture of individual molecular species defined by the combination of esterified fatty acid groups and a comprehensive description of surfactant phospholipid metabolism requires consideration of the interactions between such molecular species. However, until recently, lipid analytical techniques have not kept pace with the considerable advances in understanding of the enzymology and molecular biology of surfactant metabolism. Refinements in electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) can now provide very sensitive platforms for the rapid characterisation of surfactant phospholipid composition in molecular detail. The combination of ESI-MS and administration of phospholipid substrates labelled with stable isotopes extends this analytical approach to the quantification of synthesis and turnover of individual molecular species of surfactant phospholipid. As this methodology does not involve radioactivity, it is ideally suited to application in clinical studies. This review will provide an overview of the metabolic processes that regulate the molecular specificity of surfactant phosphatidylcholine together with examples of how the application of stable isotope technologies in vivo has, for the first time, begun to explore regulation of the molecular specificity of surfactant synthesis in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Brandsma
- Academic Unit of Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony D Postle
- Academic Unit of Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
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23
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Chen TL, Yang HC, Hung CY, Ou MH, Pan YY, Cheng ML, Stern A, Lo SJ, Chiu DTY. Impaired embryonic development in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient Caenorhabditis elegans due to abnormal redox homeostasis induced activation of calcium-independent phospholipase and alteration of glycerophospholipid metabolism. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2545. [PMID: 28079896 PMCID: PMC5386372 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a commonly pervasive inherited disease in many parts of the world. The complete lack of G6PD activity in a mouse model causes embryonic lethality. The G6PD-deficient Caenorhabditis elegans model also shows embryonic death as indicated by a severe hatching defect. Although increased oxidative stress has been implicated in both cases as the underlying cause, the exact mechanism has not been clearly delineated. In this study with C. elegans, membrane-associated defects, including enhanced permeability, defective polarity and cytokinesis, were found in G6PD-deficient embryos. The membrane-associated abnormalities were accompanied by impaired eggshell structure as evidenced by a transmission electron microscopic study. Such loss of membrane structural integrity was associated with abnormal lipid composition as lipidomic analysis revealed that lysoglycerophospholipids were significantly increased in G6PD-deficient embryos. Abnormal glycerophospholipid metabolism leading to defective embryonic development could be attributed to the increased activity of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA) in G6PD-deficient embryos. This notion is further supported by the fact that the suppression of multiple iPLAs by genetic manipulation partially rescued the embryonic defects in G6PD-deficient embryos. In addition, G6PD deficiency induced disruption of redox balance as manifested by diminished NADPH and elevated lipid peroxidation in embryos. Taken together, disrupted lipid metabolism due to abnormal redox homeostasis is a major factor contributing to abnormal embryonic development in G6PD-deficient C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ling Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Hung
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsin Ou
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yun Pan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Clinical Phenome Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Arnold Stern
- New York University School of Medicine, New York,NY, USA
| | - Szecheng J Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Tsun-Yee Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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24
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Olmeda B, Martínez-Calle M, Pérez-Gil J. Pulmonary surfactant metabolism in the alveolar airspace: Biogenesis, extracellular conversions, recycling. Ann Anat 2016; 209:78-92. [PMID: 27773772 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is a lipid-protein complex that lines and stabilizes the respiratory interface in the alveoli, allowing for gas exchange during the breathing cycle. At the same time, surfactant constitutes the first line of lung defense against pathogens. This review presents an updated view on the processes involved in biogenesis and intracellular processing of newly synthesized and recycled surfactant components, as well as on the extracellular surfactant transformations before and after the formation of the surface active film at the air-water interface. Special attention is paid to the crucial regulation of surfactant homeostasis, because its disruption is associated with several lung pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Olmeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Calle
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Pérez-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Segerer G, Hadamek K, Zundler M, Fekete A, Seifried A, Mueller MJ, Koentgen F, Gessler M, Jeanclos E, Gohla A. An essential developmental function for murine phosphoglycolate phosphatase in safeguarding cell proliferation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35160. [PMID: 27731369 PMCID: PMC5059750 DOI: 10.1038/srep35160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP) is thought to target phosphoglycolate, a 2-deoxyribose fragment derived from the repair of oxidative DNA lesions. However, the physiological role of this activity and the biological function of the DNA damage product phosphoglycolate is unknown. We now show that knockin replacement of murine Pgp with its phosphatase-inactive PgpD34N mutant is embryonically lethal due to intrauterine growth arrest and developmental delay in midgestation. PGP inactivation attenuated triosephosphate isomerase activity, increased triglyceride levels at the expense of the cellular phosphatidylcholine content, and inhibited cell proliferation. These effects were prevented under hypoxic conditions or by blocking phosphoglycolate release from damaged DNA. Thus, PGP is essential to sustain cell proliferation in the presence of oxygen. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism coupling a DNA damage repair product to the control of intermediary metabolism and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Segerer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hadamek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Zundler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Fekete
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annegrit Seifried
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Mueller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Koentgen
- Ozgene Pty Ltd, PO Box 1128, Bentley DC, WA 6983, Australia
| | - Manfred Gessler
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Jeanclos
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antje Gohla
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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26
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Phosphatidylcholine as a metabolic cue for determining B cell fate and function. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:78-88. [PMID: 27502364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In activated B cells, increased production of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), the most abundant cellular phospholipid, is handled primarily by the CDP-choline pathway. B cell-specific deletion of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase α (CCTα), the rate-limiting enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway, led to augmented IgM secretion and reduced IgG production, suggesting that PtdCho synthesis is required for germinal center reactions. To specifically assess whether PtdCho influences B cell fate during germinal center responses, we examined immune responses in mice whereby PtdCho synthesis is disrupted in B cells that have undergone class switch recombination to IgG1 (referred to as either Cγ1wt/wt, Cγ1Cre/wt or Cγ1Cre/Cre based on Cre copy number). Serum IgG1 was markedly reduced in naïve Cγ1Cre/wt and Cγ1Cre/Cre mice, while levels of IgM and other IgG subclasses were similar between Cγ1Cre/wt and Cγ1wt/wt control mice. Serum IgG2b titers were notably reduced and IgG3 titers were increased in Cγ1Cre/Cre mice compared with controls. Following immunization with T cell-dependent antigen NP-KLH, control mice generated high titer IgG anti-NP while IgG anti-NP titers were markedly reduced in both immunized Cγ1Cre/wt and Cγ1Cre/Cre mice. Correspondingly, the frequency of NP-specific IgG antibody-secreting cells was also reduced in spleens and bone marrow of Cγ1Cre/wt and Cγ. 1Cre/Cre mice compared to control mice. Interestingly, though antigen-specific IgM B cells were comparable between Cγ1Cre/wt, Cγ1Cre/Cre and control mice, the frequency and number of IgG1 NP-specific B cells was reduced only in Cγ1Cre/Cre mice. These data indicate that PtdCho is required for the generation of both germinal center-derived B cells and antibody-secreting cells. Further, the reduction in class-switched ASC but not B cells in Cγ1Cre/wt mice suggests that ASC have a greater demand for PtdCho compared to germinal center B cells.
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27
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Heden TD, Neufer PD, Funai K. Looking Beyond Structure: Membrane Phospholipids of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:553-562. [PMID: 27370525 PMCID: PMC4958499 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mitochondria are highly dynamic and are capable of tremendous expansion to meet cellular energetic demands. Such proliferation in mitochondrial mass requires a synchronized supply of enzymes and structural phospholipids. While transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial enzymes has been extensively studied, there is limited information on how mitochondrial membrane lipids are generated in skeletal muscle. Herein we describe how each class of phospholipids that constitute mitochondrial membranes are synthesized and/or imported, and summarize genetic evidence indicating that membrane phospholipid composition represents a significant modulator of skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory function. We also discuss how skeletal muscle mitochondrial phospholipids may mediate the effect of diet and exercise on oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Heden
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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28
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Membrane lipid compositional sensing by the inducible amphipathic helix of CCT. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1861:847-861. [PMID: 26747646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The amphipathic helical (AH) membrane binding motif is recognized as a major device for lipid compositional sensing. We explore the function and mechanism of sensing by the lipid biosynthetic enzyme, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT). As the regulatory enzyme in phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis, CCT contributes to membrane PC homeostasis. CCT directly binds and inserts into the surface of bilayers that are deficient in PC and therefore enriched in lipids that enhance surface charge and/or create lipid packing voids. These two membrane physical properties induce the folding of the CCT M domain into a ≥60 residue AH. Membrane binding activates catalysis by a mechanism that has been partially deciphered. We review the evidence for CCT compositional sensing, and the membrane and protein determinants for lipid selective membrane-interactions. We consider the factors that promote the binding of CCT isoforms to the membranes of the ER, nuclear envelope, or lipid droplets, but exclude CCT from other organelles and the plasma membrane. The CCT sensing mechanism is compared with several other proteins that use an AH motif for membrane compositional sensing. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The cellular lipid landscape edited by Tim P. Levine and Anant K. Menon.
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29
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Chowdhury R, Chowdhury A, Maranas CD. Using Gene Essentiality and Synthetic Lethality Information to Correct Yeast and CHO Cell Genome-Scale Models. Metabolites 2015; 5:536-70. [PMID: 26426067 PMCID: PMC4693185 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Essentiality (ES) and Synthetic Lethality (SL) information identify combination of genes whose deletion inhibits cell growth. This information is important for both identifying drug targets for tumor and pathogenic bacteria suppression and for flagging and avoiding gene deletions that are non-viable in biotechnology. In this study, we performed a comprehensive ES and SL analysis of two important eukaryotic models (S. cerevisiae and CHO cells) using a bilevel optimization approach introduced earlier. Information gleaned from this study is used to propose specific model changes to remedy inconsistent with data model predictions. Even for the highly curated Yeast 7.11 model we identified 50 changes (metabolic and GPR) leading to the correct prediction of an additional 28% of essential genes and 36% of synthetic lethals along with a 53% reduction in the erroneous identification of essential genes. Due to the paucity of mutant growth phenotype data only 12 changes were made for the CHO 1.2 model leading to an additional correctly predicted 11 essential and eight non-essential genes. Overall, we find that CHO 1.2 was 76% less accurate than the Yeast 7.11 metabolic model in predicting essential genes. Based on this analysis, 14 (single and double deletion) maximally informative experiments are suggested to improve the CHO cell model by using information from a mouse metabolic model. This analysis demonstrates the importance of single and multiple knockout phenotypes in assessing and improving model reconstructions. The advent of techniques such as CRISPR opens the door for the global assessment of eukaryotic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Anupam Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Costas D Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA 16802, USA.
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30
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Using Targeted Resequencing for Identification of Candidate Genes and SNPs for a QTL Affecting the pH Value of Chicken Meat. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:2085-9. [PMID: 26276381 PMCID: PMC4592991 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.020552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using targeted genetical genomics, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting the initial postmortem pH value of chicken breast muscle (Pectoralis major) on chromosome 1 (GGA1) recently was fine-mapped. Thirteen genes were present in the QTL region of approximately 1 Mb. In this study, 10 birds that were inferred to be homozygous for either the high (QQ) or low (qq) QTL allele were selected for resequencing. After enrichment for 1 Mb around the QTL region, >500 × coverage for the QTL region in each of the 10 birds was obtained. In total 5056 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified for which the genotypes were consistent with one of the QTL genotypes. We used custom tools to identify putative causal mutations in the mapped QTL region from these SNPs. Four nonsynonymous SNPs differentiating the two QTL genotype groups were identified within four local genes (PRDX4, EIF2S3, PCYT1B, and E1BTD2). Although these are likely candidate SNPs to explain the QTL effect, 54 additional consensus SNPs were detected within gene-related regions (untranslated regions, splicing sites CpG island, and promoter regions) for the QQ birds and 71 for the qq birds. These could also play a role explaining the observed QTL effect. The results provide an important step for prioritizing among a large amount of candidate mutations and significantly contribute to the understanding of the genetic mechanisms affecting the initial postmortem pH value of chicken muscle.
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31
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Cornell RB, Ridgway ND. CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase: Function, regulation, and structure of an amphitropic enzyme required for membrane biogenesis. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 59:147-71. [PMID: 26165797 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) catalyzes a rate-limiting and regulated step in the CDP-choline pathway for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and PC-derived lipids. Control of CCT activity is multi-layered, and includes direct regulation by reversible membrane binding involving a built-in lipid compositional sensor. Thus CCT contributes to phospholipid compositional homeostasis. CCT also modifies the curvature of its target membrane. Knowledge of CCT structure and regulation of its catalytic function are relatively advanced compared to many lipid metabolic enzymes, and are reviewed in detail. Recently the genetic origins of two human developmental and lipogenesis disorders have been traced to mutations in the gene for CCTα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary B Cornell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and the Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A-1S6, Canada.
| | - Neale D Ridgway
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4H7, Canada
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32
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Marton L, Nagy GN, Ozohanics O, Lábas A, Krámos B, Oláh J, Vékey K, Vértessy BG. Molecular Mechanism for the Thermo-Sensitive Phenotype of CHO-MT58 Cell Line Harbouring a Mutant CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129632. [PMID: 26083347 PMCID: PMC4470507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Control and elimination of malaria still represents a major public health challenge. Emerging parasite resistance to current therapies urges development of antimalarials with novel mechanism of action. Phospholipid biosynthesis of the Plasmodium parasite has been validated as promising candidate antimalarial target. The most prevalent de novo pathway for synthesis of phosphatidylcholine is the Kennedy pathway. Its regulatory and often also rate limiting step is catalyzed by CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT). The CHO-MT58 cell line expresses a mutant variant of CCT, and displays a thermo-sensitive phenotype. At non-permissive temperature (40°C), the endogenous CCT activity decreases dramatically, blocking membrane synthesis and ultimately leading to apoptosis. In the present study we investigated the impact of the analogous mutation in a catalytic domain construct of Plasmodium falciparum CCT in order to explore the underlying molecular mechanism that explains this phenotype. We used temperature dependent enzyme activity measurements and modeling to investigate the functionality of the mutant enzyme. Furthermore, MS measurements were performed to determine the oligomerization state of the protein, and MD simulations to assess the inter-subunit interactions in the dimer. Our results demonstrate that the R681H mutation does not directly influence enzyme catalytic activity. Instead, it provokes increased heat-sensitivity by destabilizing the CCT dimer. This can possibly explain the significance of the PfCCT pseudoheterodimer organization in ensuring proper enzymatic function. This also provide an explanation for the observed thermo-sensitive phenotype of CHO-MT58 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Marton
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest Hungary
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely N. Nagy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest Hungary
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olivér Ozohanics
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Lábas
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Krámos
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Oláh
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Vékey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta G. Vértessy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest Hungary
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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33
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Mutations disrupting the Kennedy phosphatidylcholine pathway in humans with congenital lipodystrophy and fatty liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8901-6. [PMID: 24889630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408523111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the major glycerophospholipid in eukaryotic cells and is an essential component in all cellular membranes. The biochemistry of de novo PC synthesis by the Kennedy pathway is well established, but less is known about the physiological functions of PC. We identified two unrelated patients with defects in the Kennedy pathway due to biallellic loss-of-function mutations in phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1 alpha (PCYT1A), the rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway. The mutations lead to a marked reduction in PCYT1A expression and PC synthesis. The phenotypic consequences include some features, such as severe fatty liver and low HDL cholesterol levels, that are predicted by the results of previously reported liver-specific deletion of murine Pcyt1a. Both patients also had lipodystrophy, severe insulin resistance, and diabetes, providing evidence for an additional and essential role for PCYT1A-generated PC in the normal function of white adipose tissue and insulin action.
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34
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Vaezi AE, Bepler G, Bhagwat NR, Malysa A, Rubatt JM, Chen W, Hood BL, Conrads TP, Wang L, Kemp CE, Niedernhofer LJ. Choline phosphate cytidylyltransferase-α is a novel antigen detected by the anti-ERCC1 antibody 8F1 with biomarker value in patients with lung and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer 2014; 120:1898-907. [PMID: 24692084 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determination of in situ protein levels of ERCC1 with the 8F1 monoclonal antibody is prognostic of survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The authors previously demonstrated that 8F1 recognizes a second nuclear antigen. This antigen was identified and its value as a biomarker of clinical outcomes analyzed. METHODS The second antigen was identified by mass spectrometry. Protein identity and antibody specificity were confirmed through knockdown and overexpression experiments. Immunohistochemistry of 187 early-stage NSCLC samples and 60 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) was used to examine the influence of the second antigen on 8F1 immunoreactivity and its association with patient outcomes. RESULTS Choline phosphate cytidylyltransferase-α (CCTα, also known as phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1 choline alpha [PCYT1A], a phospholipid synthesis enzyme regulated by RAS) is the second antigen recognized by 8F1. In NSCLC samples, CCTα contributed (rho, 0.38) to 8F1 immunoreactivity. In samples of squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, CCTα was found to be the dominant determinant of 8F1 immunoreactivity, whereas its contribution in other subtypes of lung cancer was negligible. High expression of CCTα, but not ERCC1, was found to be prognostic of longer disease-free survival (log-rank P = .002) and overall survival (log-rank P = .056). Similarly, in patients with HNSCC, CCTα contributed strongly to 8F1 immunoreactivity (rho, 0.74), and high CCTα expression was found to be prognostic of survival (log-rank P = .022 for disease-free survival and P = .027 for overall survival). CONCLUSIONS CCTα is the second antigen detected by 8F1. High CCTα expression appears to be prognostic of survival in patients with NSCLC who are treated by surgery alone and patients with HNSCC. CCTα is a promising biomarker of patient survival and deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec E Vaezi
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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35
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Yamamoto G, Baratela W, Almeida T, Lazar M, Afonso C, Oyamada M, Suzuki L, Oliveira L, Ramos E, Kim C, Passos-Bueno M, Bertola D. Mutations in PCYT1A cause spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone-rod dystrophy. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:113-9. [PMID: 24387991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone-rod dystrophy is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by severe short stature, progressive lower-limb bowing, flattened vertebral bodies, metaphyseal involvement, and visual impairment caused by cone-rod dystrophy. Whole-exome sequencing of four individuals affected by this disorder from two Brazilian families identified two previously unreported homozygous mutations in PCYT1A. This gene encodes the alpha isoform of the phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1 choline enzyme, which is responsible for converting phosphocholine into cytidine diphosphate-choline, a key intermediate step in the phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis pathway. A different enzymatic defect in this pathway has been previously associated with a muscular dystrophy with mitochondrial structural abnormalities that does not have cartilage and/or bone or retinal involvement. Thus, the deregulation of the phosphatidylcholine pathway may play a role in multiple genetic diseases in humans, and further studies are necessary to uncover its precise pathogenic mechanisms and the entirety of its phenotypic spectrum.
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36
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Hoover-Fong J, Sobreira N, Jurgens J, Modaff P, Blout C, Moser A, Kim OH, Cho TJ, Cho SY, Kim SJ, Jin DK, Kitoh H, Park WY, Ling H, Hetrick KN, Doheny KF, Valle D, Pauli RM. Mutations in PCYT1A, encoding a key regulator of phosphatidylcholine metabolism, cause spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone-rod dystrophy. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:105-12. [PMID: 24387990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hoover-Fong
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Greenberg Center for Skeletal Dysplasias, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Nara Sobreira
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Julie Jurgens
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Peggy Modaff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Carrie Blout
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Greenberg Center for Skeletal Dysplasias, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ann Moser
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ok-Hwa Kim
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Kyunggi 443-721, Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Cho
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Sung Yoon Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Gyeonggi-Do 471-701, Korea
| | - Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Hiroshi Kitoh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 135-710, Korea; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Hua Ling
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kurt N Hetrick
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kimberly F Doheny
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Valle
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard M Pauli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Expression of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic enzymes during early embryogenesis in the amphibian Bufo arenarum. ZYGOTE 2013; 23:257-65. [PMID: 24229731 DOI: 10.1017/s096719941300052x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the principal route of phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis the regulatory steps are catalysed by CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) and choline kinase (CK). Knock-out mice in Pcyt1a (CCT gene) and Chka1 (CK gene) resulted in preimplantation embryonic lethality, demonstrating the essential role of this pathway. However, there is still a lack of detailed CCT and CK expression analysis during development. The aim of the current work was to study the expression during early development of both enzymes in the external-fertilization vertebrate Bufo arenarum. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot confirmed their presence in unfertilized eggs. Analysis performed in total extracts from staged embryos showed constant protein levels of both enzymes until the 32-cell stage: then they decreased, reaching a minimum in the gastrula before starting to recover. CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase is an amphitropic enzyme that inter-converts between cytosolic inactive and membrane-bound active forms. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the cytosolic:total CCT protein ratio does not change throughout embryogenesis, suggesting a progressive decline of CCT activity in early development. However, PC (and phosphatidylethanolamine) content per egg/embryo remained constant throughout the stages analysed. In conclusion, the current data for B. arenarum suggest that net synthesis of PC mediated by CCT and CK is not required in early development and that supplies for membrane biosynthesis are fulfilled by lipids already present in the egg/embryo reservoirs.
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Salem M, Manor ML, Aussanasuwannakul A, Kenney PB, Weber GM, Yao J. Effect of sexual maturation on muscle gene expression of rainbow trout: RNA-Seq approach. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00120. [PMID: 24303187 PMCID: PMC3841051 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle degradation occurs as a response to various physiological states that are regulated by specific molecular mechanisms. Previously, we characterized the metabolic changes of muscle deterioration of the female rainbow trout at full sexual maturity and spawning (Salem et al., Physiol. Genomics 2006;28:33–45; J. Proteomics 2010;73:778–789). Muscle deterioration in this model represents nutrient mobilization as a response to the energetic overdemands of the egg/ovarian growth phase. Our recent studies showed that most of the changes in muscle growth and quality start 2–3 months before spawning. Gravid fish exhibited reduced intramuscular fat that is lower in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and higher in polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to sterile fish. In this study, RNA-Seq was used to explain the mechanisms underlying changes during this phase of sexual maturity. Furthermore, to minimize changes due to nutrient deficits, fish were fed on a high-plane of nutrition. The RNA-Seq technique identified a gene expression signature that is consistent with metabolic changes of gravid fish. Gravid fish exhibited increased abundance of transcripts in metabolic pathways of fatty acid degradation and up-regulated expression of genes involved in biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, increased expression of genes involved in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation was observed for gravid fish. This muscle transcriptomic signature of fish fed on a high nutritional plane is quite distinct from that previously described for fish at terminal stages of maturity and suggest that female rainbow trout approaching spawning, on high nutritional planes, likely mobilize intramuscular fat rather than protein to support gonadal maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 37132 ; Division of Animal and Nutritional Science, West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-6108
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Morton CC, Aitchison AJ, Gehrig K, Ridgway ND. A mechanism for suppression of the CDP-choline pathway during apoptosis. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3373-84. [PMID: 24136823 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m041434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the CDP-choline pathway during apoptosis restricts the availability of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) for assembly of membranes and synthesis of signaling factors. The N-terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS) in CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT)α is removed during apoptosis but the caspase(s) involved and the contribution to suppression of the CDP-choline pathway is unresolved. In this study we utilized siRNA silencing of caspases in HEK293 cells and caspase 3-deficient MCF7 cells to show that caspase 3 is required for CCTα proteolysis and release from the nucleus during apoptosis. CCTα-Δ28 (a caspase-cleaved mimic) expressed in CCTα-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells was cytosolic and had increased in vitro activity. However, [³H]choline labeling experiments in camptothecin-treated MCF7 cells and MCF7 cells expressing caspase 3 (MCF7-C3) revealed a global suppression of the CDP-choline pathway that was consistent with inhibition of a step prior to CCTα. In camptothecin-treated MCF7 and MCF7-C3 cells, choline kinase activity was unaffected; however, choline transport into cells was reduced by 30 and 60%, respectively. We conclude that caspase 3-mediated removal of the CCTα NLS contributes minimally to the inhibition of PtdCho synthesis during DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Rather, the CDP-choline pathway is inhibited by caspase 3-independent and -dependent suppression of choline transport into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Morton
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
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40
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Horvath SE, Daum G. Lipids of mitochondria. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:590-614. [PMID: 24007978 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A unique organelle for studying membrane biochemistry is the mitochondrion whose functionality depends on a coordinated supply of proteins and lipids. Mitochondria are capable of synthesizing several lipids autonomously such as phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and in part phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid and CDP-diacylglycerol. Other mitochondrial membrane lipids such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, sterols and sphingolipids have to be imported. The mitochondrial lipid composition, the biosynthesis and the import of mitochondrial lipids as well as the regulation of these processes will be main issues of this review article. Furthermore, interactions of lipids and mitochondrial proteins which are highly important for various mitochondrial processes will be discussed. Malfunction or loss of enzymes involved in mitochondrial phospholipid biosynthesis lead to dysfunction of cell respiration, affect the assembly and stability of the mitochondrial protein import machinery and cause abnormal mitochondrial morphology or even lethality. Molecular aspects of these processes as well as diseases related to defects in the formation of mitochondrial membranes will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne E Horvath
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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41
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Ridgway ND. The role of phosphatidylcholine and choline metabolites to cell proliferation and survival. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:20-38. [PMID: 23350810 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.735643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The reorganization of metabolic pathways in cancer facilitates the flux of carbon and reducing equivalents into anabolic pathways at the expense of oxidative phosphorylation. This provides rapidly dividing cells with the necessary precursors for membrane, protein and nucleic acid synthesis. A fundamental metabolic perturbation in cancer is the enhanced synthesis of fatty acids by channeling glucose and/or glutamine into cytosolic acetyl-CoA and upregulation of key biosynthetic genes. This lipogenic phenotype also extends to the production of complex lipids involved in membrane synthesis and lipid-based signaling. Cancer cells display sensitivity to ablation of fatty acid synthesis possibly as a result of diminished capacity to synthesize complex lipids involved in signaling or growth pathways. Evidence has accrued that phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid component of eukaryotic membranes, as well as choline metabolites derived from its synthesis and catabolism, contribute to both proliferative growth and programmed cell death. This review will detail our current understanding of how coordinated changes in substrate availability, gene expression and enzyme activity lead to altered phosphatidylcholine synthesis in cancer, and how these changes contribute directly or indirectly to malignant growth. Conversely, apoptosis targets key steps in phosphatidylcholine synthesis and degradation that are linked to disruption of cell cycle regulation, reinforcing the central role that phosphatidylcholine and its metabolites in determining cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neale D Ridgway
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada.
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42
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Lagace TA, Ridgway ND. The role of phospholipids in the biological activity and structure of the endoplasmic reticulum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2499-510. [PMID: 23711956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an interconnected network of tubular and planar membranes that supports the synthesis and export of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Phospholipids, in particular phosphatidylcholine (PC), are synthesized in the ER where they have essential functions including provision of membranes required for protein synthesis and export, cholesterol homeostasis, and triacylglycerol storage and secretion. Coordination of these biological processes is essential, as highlighted by findings that link phospholipid metabolism in the ER with perturbations in lipid storage/secretion and stress responses, ultimately contributing to obesity/diabetes, atherosclerosis and neurological disorders. Phospholipid synthesis is not uniformly distributed in the ER but is localized at membrane interfaces or contact zones with other organelles, and in dynamic, proliferating ER membranes. The topology of phospholipid synthesis is an important consideration when establishing the etiology of diseases that arise from ER dysfunction. This review will highlight our current understanding of the contribution of phospholipid synthesis to proper ER function, and how alterations contribute to aberrant stress responses and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Functional and structural diversity of endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Lagace
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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43
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Abstract
The alveolar type II epithelial (ATII) cell is highly specialised for the synthesis and storage, in intracellular lamellar bodies, of phospholipid destined for secretion as pulmonary surfactant into the alveolus. Regulation of the enzymology of surfactant phospholipid synthesis and metabolism has been extensively characterised at both molecular and functional levels, but understanding of surfactant phospholipid metabolism in vivo in either healthy or, especially, diseased lungs is still relatively poorly understood. This review will integrate recent advances in the enzymology of surfactant phospholipid metabolism with metabolic studies in vivo in both experimental animals and human subjects. It will highlight developments in the application of stable isotope-labelled precursor substrates and mass spectrometry to probe lung phospholipid metabolism in terms of individual molecular lipid species and identify areas where a more comprehensive metabolic model would have considerable potential for direct application to disease states.
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44
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Arsenault DJ, Yoo BH, Rosen KV, Ridgway ND. ras-Induced up-regulation of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase α contributes to malignant transformation of intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:633-43. [PMID: 23155050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.347682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have enhanced lipogenic capacity characterized by increased synthesis of fatty acids and complex lipids, including phosphatidylcholine (PC). As the rate-limiting enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway for PC synthesis, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase α (CCTα) is implicated in the provision of membranes and bioactive lipids necessary of cell proliferation. In this study, we assessed the role of CCTα in malignant intestinal epithelial cells transformed with activated H-ras (IEC-ras). Three IEC-ras clones had significant up-regulation CCTα expression, but PC synthesis and in vitro activity of CCTα were similar to control IEC. RNA interference of CCTα in adherent IEC-ras did not affect PC synthesis, confirming that the enzyme was relatively inactive. However, CCTα silencing in ras-transformed IEC reduced anchorage-independent growth, a criterion for malignant transformation, as well as tumorigenicity in mice. Relative to their adherent counterparts, detached IEC-ras had increased PC synthesis that was attenuated by inducible CCTα silencing. Detachment of IEC-ras was accompanied by increased CCTα phosphorylation and cytosolic enzyme activity. We conclude that the expanded pool of CCTα in IEC-ras is activated by detachment. This provides the increased PC biosynthetic capacity that contributes to malignant transformation of intestinal epithelial cells when detached from the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Arsenault
- Atlantic Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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45
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Ling J, Zhu LF, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Impaired phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis does not attenuate liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy in hepatic CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase-α deficient mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1403-12. [DOI: 10.1139/y2012-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the major component of mammalian membranes, and the induction of PC biosynthesis has been shown to be an essential step in cell proliferation in various cell lines. Cytidine triphosphate (CTP):phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase α (CTα) regulates the primary pathway of PC biosynthesis in the liver. The targeted disruption of CTα in murine liver (LCTα−/− mice) decreases hepatic PC mass and the number of cells in the liver, suggesting CTα as an important factor for hepatocyte proliferation. To elucidate the role of CTα in hepatic cell division in vivo, we monitored liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy in LCTα−/− and loxP flanked (floxed) LCTα (control) mice. To our surprise, liver re-growth, DNA synthesis, and PC mass after surgery were not impaired in LCTα−/− mice, despite reduced total PC synthesis. Furthermore, PC synthesis in the control mice was not induced after 70% partial hepatectomy. We conclude that CTα is not essential for proliferation of hepatocytes in vivo, and that basal hepatic PC biosynthesis is sufficient to sustain regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ling
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Lin Fu Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Dennis E. Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - René L. Jacobs
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
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Agassandian M, Mallampalli RK. Surfactant phospholipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:612-25. [PMID: 23026158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is essential for life and is composed of a complex lipoprotein-like mixture that lines the inner surface of the lung to prevent alveolar collapse at the end of expiration. The molecular composition of surfactant depends on highly integrated and regulated processes involving its biosynthesis, remodeling, degradation, and intracellular trafficking. Despite its multicomponent composition, the study of surfactant phospholipid metabolism has focused on two predominant components, disaturated phosphatidylcholine that confers surface-tension lowering activities, and phosphatidylglycerol, recently implicated in innate immune defense. Future studies providing a better understanding of the molecular control and physiological relevance of minor surfactant lipid components are needed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Agassandian
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Phosphatidylcholine and the CDP-choline cycle. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:523-32. [PMID: 23010477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The CDP-choline pathway of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) biosynthesis was first described more than 50 years ago. Investigation of the CDP-choline pathway in yeast provides a basis for understanding the CDP-choline pathway in mammals. PtdCho is considered as an intermediate in a cycle of synthesis and degradation, and the activity of a CDP-choline cycle is linked to subcellular membrane lipid movement. The components of the mammalian CDP-choline pathway include choline transport, choline kinase, phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, and choline phosphotransferase activities. The protein isoforms and biochemical mechanisms of regulation of the pathway enzymes are related to their cell- and tissue-specific functions. Regulated PtdCho turnover mediated by phospholipases or neuropathy target esterase participates in the mammalian CDP-choline cycle. Knockout mouse models define the biological functions of the CDP-choline cycle in mammalian cells and tissues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism.
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48
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Agassandian M, Chen BB, Pulijala R, Kaercher L, Glasser JR, Mallampalli RK. Calcium-calmodulin kinase I cooperatively regulates nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of CCTα by accessing a nuclear export signal. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2755-69. [PMID: 22621903 PMCID: PMC3395663 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-10-0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a new calmodulin kinase I (CaMKI) substrate, cytidyltransferase (CCTα), a crucial enzyme required for maintenance of cell membranes. CCTα becomes activated with translocation from the cytoplasm to the nuclear membrane, resulting in increased membrane phospholipids. Calcium-activated CCTα nuclear import is mediated by binding of its C-terminus to 14-3-3 ζ, a regulator of nuclear trafficking. Here CaMK1 phosphorylates residues within this C-terminus that signals association of CCTα with 14-3-3 ζ to initiate calcium-induced nuclear entry. CaMKI docks within the CCTα membrane-binding domain (residues 290-299), a sequence that displays similarities to a canonical nuclear export signal (NES) that also binds CRM1/exportin 1. Expression of a CFP-CCTα mutant lacking residues 290-299 in cells results in cytosolically retained enzyme. CRM1/exportin 1 was required for CCTα nuclear export, and its overexpression in cells was partially sufficient to trigger CCTα nuclear export despite calcium stimulation. An isolated CFP-290-299 peptide remained in the nucleus in the presence of leptomycin B but was able to target to the cytoplasm with farnesol. Thus CaMKI vies with CRM1/exportin 1 for access to a NES, and assembly of a CaMKI-14-3-3 ζ-CCTα complex is a key effector mechanism that drives nuclear CCTα translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Agassandian
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Bill B. Chen
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Roopa Pulijala
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Leah Kaercher
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jennifer R. Glasser
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Rama K. Mallampalli
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
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Niebergall LJ, Vance DE. The ratio of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine does not predict integrity of growing MT58 Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:324-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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50
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UPR-Mediated Membrane Biogenesis in B Cells. Biochem Res Int 2011; 2012:738471. [PMID: 22110962 PMCID: PMC3206326 DOI: 10.1155/2012/738471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein
response (UPR) can coordinate the regulation of
gene transcription and protein translation to
balance the load of client proteins with the
protein folding and degradative capacities of
the ER. Increasing evidence also implicates the
UPR in the regulation of lipid synthesis and
membrane biogenesis. The differentiation of
B lymphocytes into antibody-secreting cells is
marked by significant expansion of the ER, the
site for antibody synthesis and assembly. In
activated B cells, the demand for membrane
protein and lipid components leads to activation
of the UPR transcriptional activator XBP1(S)
which, in turn, initiates a cascade of
biochemical events that enhance supplies of
phospholipid precursors and build machinery for
the synthesis, maturation, and transport of
secretory proteins. The alterations in lipid
metabolism that occur during this developmental
transition and the impact of membrane
phospholipid restriction on B cell secretory
characteristics are discussed in this
paper.
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