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Wang JZ, Yuan D, Yang XH, Sun CH, Hou LL, Zhang Y, Xie HX, Gao YX. Epidemiological and etiological characteristics of 1266 patients with severe acute respiratory infection in central China, 2018-2020: a retrospective survey. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:426. [PMID: 38649799 PMCID: PMC11034018 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), a significant global health concern, imposes a substantial disease burden. In China, there is inadequate data concerning the monitoring of respiratory pathogens, particularly bacteria, among patients with SARI. Therefore, this study aims to delineate the demographic, epidemiological, and aetiological characteristics of hospitalised SARI patients in Central China between 2018 and 2020. METHODS Eligible patients with SARI admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2020 were included in this retrospective study. Within the first 24 h of admission, respiratory (including sputum, nasal/throat swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, thoracocentesis fluid, etc.), urine, and peripheral blood specimens were collected for viral and bacterial testing. A multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic approach was used to identify human influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, human bocavirus, human coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus. Bacterial cultures of respiratory specimens were performed with a particular focus on pathogenic microorganisms, including S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, Strep A, H. influenzae, A. baumannii, and E. coli. In cases where bacterial culture results were negative, nucleic acid extraction was performed for PCR to assay for the above-mentioned eight bacteria, as well as L. pneumophila and M. pneumoniae. Additionally, urine specimens were exclusively used to detect Legionella antigens. Furthermore, epidemiological, demographic, and clinical data were obtained from electronic medical records. RESULTS The study encompassed 1266 patients, with a mean age of 54 years, among whom 61.6% (780/1266) were males, 61.4% (778/1266) were farmers, and 88.8% (1124/1266) sought medical treatment in 2020. Moreover, 80.3% (1017/1266) were housed in general wards. The most common respiratory symptoms included fever (86.8%, 1122/1266) and cough (77.8%, 986/1266). Chest imaging anomalies were detected in 62.6% (792/1266) of cases, and 58.1% (736/1266) exhibited at least one respiratory pathogen, with 28.5% (361/1266) having multiple infections. Additionally, 95.7% (1212/1266) of the patients were from Henan Province, with the highest proportion (38.3%, 486/1266) falling in the 61-80 years age bracket, predominantly (79.8%, 1010/1266) seeking medical aid in summer and autumn. Bacterial detection rate (39.0%, 495/1266) was higher than viral detection rate (36.9%, 468/1266), with the primary pathogens being influenza virus (13.8%, 175/1266), K. pneumoniae (10.0%, 127/1266), S. pneumoniae (10.0%, 127/1266), adenovirus (8.2%, 105/1266), P. aeruginosa (8.2%, 105/1266), M. pneumoniae (7.8%, 100/1266), and respiratory syncytial virus (7.7%, 98/1266). During spring and winter, there was a significant prevalence of influenza virus and human coronavirus, contrasting with the dominance of parainfluenza viruses in summer and autumn. Respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus exhibited higher prevalence across spring, summer, and winter. P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and M. pneumoniae were identified at similar rates throughout all seasons without distinct spikes in prevalence. However, S. pneumoniae showed a distinctive pattern with a prevalence that doubled during summer and winter. Moreover, the positive detection rates of various other viruses and bacteria were lower, displaying a comparatively erratic prevalence trend. Among patients admitted to the intensive care unit, the predominant nosocomial bacteria were K. pneumoniae (17.2%, 43/249), A. baumannii (13.6%, 34/249), and P. aeruginosa (12.4%, 31/249). Conversely, in patients from general wards, predominant pathogens included influenza virus (14.8%, 151/1017), S. pneumoniae (10.4%, 106/1017), and adenovirus (9.3%, 95/1017). Additionally, paediatric patients exhibited significantly higher positive detection rates for influenza virus (23.9%, 11/46) and M. pneumoniae (32.6%, 15/46) compared to adults and the elderly. Furthermore, adenovirus (10.0%, 67/669) and rhinovirus (6.4%, 43/669) were the primary pathogens in adults, while K. pneumoniae (11.8%, 65/551) and A. baumannii (7.1%, 39/551) prevailed among the elderly, indicating significant differences among the three age groups. DISCUSSION In Central China, among patients with SARI, the prevailing viruses included influenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Among bacteria, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and M. pneumoniae were frequently identified, with multiple infections being very common. Additionally, there were substantial variations in the pathogen spectrum compositions concerning wards and age groups among patients. Consequently, this study holds promise in offering insights to the government for developing strategies aimed at preventing and managing respiratory infectious diseases effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhu Wang
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Intensive Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ding Yuan
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Yang
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Intensive Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang-Hua Sun
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lin-Lin Hou
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yan-Xia Gao
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Liu W, Zhang H, Zhao T, Cai X, Yang L, Gao G, Che X, Zhu Z, Zeng T, Cui F. Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of an Outbreak on Respiratory Virus Coinfection in Gansu, China. Viruses 2024; 16:540. [PMID: 38675883 PMCID: PMC11054386 DOI: 10.3390/v16040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of an outbreak primarily caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in a kindergarten and primary school. The outbreak was investigated by field epidemiological investigation, and the common respiratory pathogens were screened by RT-PCR detection technology. The attack rate of this outbreak was 63.95% (110/172). Main symptoms included cough (85.45%), sore throat (60.91%), and sneezing (60.00%). Multifactorial logistic regression analysis revealed that continuous handwashing and mouth and nose covering when sneezing were protective factors. All 15 collected throat swab specimens tested positive for viruses, with HMPV as the predominant pathogen (80.00%), followed by HRV (53.33%), and two cases of positive respiratory syncytial virus (13.33%). Among them, six samples showed coinfections of HMPV and HRV, and one had coinfections of HMPV and RSV, resulting in a coinfection rate of 46.67%. Genetic sequencing indicated that the HMPV genotype in this outbreak was A2c, and the HRV genotype was type A, resulting in a coinfection outbreak of HMPV, HRV, and RSV in schools and kindergartens, suggesting that multi-pathogen surveillance of respiratory tract infections should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Liu
- Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China; (W.L.); (L.Y.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (Gansu Province), Lanzhou 730050, China;
| | - Tianshuo Zhao
- Department of Health Inspection, Vaccine Research and Evaluation Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 101100, China; (T.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Xianming Cai
- Department of Health Inspection, Vaccine Research and Evaluation Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 101100, China; (T.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Liguo Yang
- Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China; (W.L.); (L.Y.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Genxia Gao
- Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China; (W.L.); (L.Y.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyan Che
- Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China; (W.L.); (L.Y.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhenhong Zhu
- Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China; (W.L.); (L.Y.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Tongxia Zeng
- Scientific Research Training Department, Baiyin City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baiyin 730900, China
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Department of Health Inspection, Vaccine Research and Evaluation Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 101100, China; (T.Z.); (X.C.)
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Mohanty P, Panda P, Acharya RK, Pande B, Bhaskar LVKS, Verma HK. Emerging perspectives on RNA virus-mediated infections: from pathogenesis to therapeutic interventions. World J Virol 2023; 12:242-255. [PMID: 38187500 PMCID: PMC10768389 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v12.i5.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses continue to pose significant threats to global public health, necessitating a profound understanding of their pathogenic mechanisms and the development of effective therapeutic interventions. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of emerging perspectives on RNA virus-mediated infections, spanning from the intricate intricacies of viral pathogenesis to the forefront of innovative therapeutic strategies. A critical exploration of antiviral drugs sets the stage, highlighting the diverse classes of compounds that target various stages of the viral life cycle, underscoring the ongoing efforts to combat viral infections. Central to this discussion is the exploration of RNA-based therapeutics, with a spotlight on messenger RNA (mRNA)-based approaches that have revolutionized the landscape of antiviral interventions. Furthermore, the manuscript delves into the intricate world of delivery systems, exploring inno-vative technologies designed to enhance the efficiency and safety of mRNA vaccines. By analyzing the challenges and advancements in delivery mechanisms, this review offers a roadmap for future research and development in this critical area. Beyond conventional infectious diseases, the document explores the expanding applications of mRNA vaccines, including their promising roles in cancer immunotherapy and personalized medicine approaches. This manuscript serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers alike, offering a nuanced perspective on RNA virus pathogenesis and the cutting-edge therapeutic interventions. By synthesizing the latest advancements and challenges, this review contributes significantly to the ongoing discourse in the field, driving the development of novel strategies to combat RNA virus-mediated infections effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Mohanty
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Poojarani Panda
- Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Acharya
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Babita Pande
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Raipur 492001, chhattisgarh, India
| | - LVKS Bhaskar
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Henu Kumar Verma
- Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich 85764, Bayren, Germany
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Otálora-Otálora BA, López-Rivera JJ, Aristizábal-Guzmán C, Isaza-Ruget MA, Álvarez-Moreno CA. Host Transcriptional Regulatory Genes and Microbiome Networks Crosstalk through Immune Receptors Establishing Normal and Tumor Multiomics Metafirm of the Oral-Gut-Lung Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16638. [PMID: 38068961 PMCID: PMC10706695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome has shown a correlation with the diet and lifestyle of each population in health and disease, the ability to communicate at the cellular level with the host through innate and adaptative immune receptors, and therefore an important role in modulating inflammatory process related to the establishment and progression of cancer. The oral cavity is one of the most important interaction windows between the human body and the environment, allowing the entry of an important number of microorganisms and their passage across the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. In this review, the contribution of the microbiome network to the establishment of systemic diseases like cancer is analyzed through their synergistic interactions and bidirectional crosstalk in the oral-gut-lung axis as well as its communication with the host cells. Moreover, the impact of the characteristic microbiota of each population in the formation of the multiomics molecular metafirm of the oral-gut-lung axis is also analyzed through state-of-the-art sequencing techniques, which allow a global study of the molecular processes involved of the flow of the microbiota environmental signals through cancer-related cells and its relationship with the establishment of the transcription factor network responsible for the control of regulatory processes involved with tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Javier López-Rivera
- Grupo de Investigación INPAC, Specialized Laboratory, Clinica Universitaria Colombia, Clínica Colsanitas S.A., Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
| | - Claudia Aristizábal-Guzmán
- Grupo de Investigación INPAC, Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá 110131, Colombia;
| | - Mario Arturo Isaza-Ruget
- Keralty, Sanitas International Organization, Grupo de Investigación INPAC, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá 110131, Colombia;
| | - Carlos Arturo Álvarez-Moreno
- Infectious Diseases Department, Clinica Universitaria Colombia, Clínica Colsanitas S.A., Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
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Salles GBC, Pilati GVT, Muniz EC, de Lima Neto AJ, Vogt JR, Dahmer M, Savi BP, Padilha DA, Fongaro G. Trends and Challenges in the Surveillance and Control of Avian Metapneumovirus. Viruses 2023; 15:1960. [PMID: 37766366 PMCID: PMC10535940 DOI: 10.3390/v15091960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the respiratory pathogens of birds, the Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the most relevant, as it is responsible for causing infections of the upper respiratory tract and may induce respiratory syndromes. aMPV is capable of affecting the reproductive system of birds, directly impacting shell quality and decreasing egg production. Consequently, this infection can cause disorders related to animal welfare and zootechnical losses. The first cases of respiratory syndromes caused by aMPV were described in the 1970s, and today six subtypes (A, B, C, D, and two more new subtypes) have been identified and are widespread in all chicken and turkey-producing countries in the world, causing enormous economic losses for the poultry industry. Conventionally, immunological techniques are used to demonstrate aMPV infection in poultry, however, the identification of aMPV through molecular techniques helped in establishing the traceability of the virus. This review compiles data on the main aMPV subtypes present in different countries; aMPV and bacteria co-infection; vaccination against aMPV and viral selective pressure, highlighting the strategies used to prevent and control respiratory disease; and addresses tools for viral diagnosis and virus genome studies aiming at improving and streamlining pathogen detection and corroborating the development of new vaccines that can effectively protect herds, preventing viral escapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleidson Biasi Carvalho Salles
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
- Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, São Paulo 04709-111, Brazil; (E.C.M.); (J.R.V.)
| | - Giulia Von Tönnemann Pilati
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Eduardo Correa Muniz
- Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, São Paulo 04709-111, Brazil; (E.C.M.); (J.R.V.)
| | | | - Josias Rodrigo Vogt
- Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, São Paulo 04709-111, Brazil; (E.C.M.); (J.R.V.)
| | - Mariane Dahmer
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Beatriz Pereira Savi
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Dayane Azevedo Padilha
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
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Mohammadi M. HBoV-1: virus structure, genomic features, life cycle, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical manifestations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1198127. [PMID: 37265497 PMCID: PMC10229813 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1198127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The single-stranded DNA virus known as human bocavirus 1 (HBoV-1) is an icosahedral, linear member of the Parvoviridae family. In 2005, it was discovered in nasopharyngeal samples taken from kids who had respiratory tract illnesses. The HBoV genome is 4.7-5.7 kb in total length. The HBoV genome comprises three open-reading frames (ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3) that express structural proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3), viral non-coding RNA, and non-structural proteins (NS1, NS1-70, NS2, NS3, and NP1) (BocaSR). The NS1 and NP1 are crucial for viral DNA replication and are substantially conserved proteins. Replication of the HBoV-1 genome in non-dividing, polarized airway epithelial cells. In vitro, HBoV-1 infects human airway epithelial cells that are strongly differentiated or polarized. Young children who have HBoV-1 are at risk for developing a wide range of respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold, acute otitis media, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis. The most common clinical symptoms are wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, and rhinorrhea. After infection, HBoV-1 DNA can continue to be present in airway secretions for months. The prevalence of coinfections is considerable, and the clinical symptoms can be more severe than those linked to mono-infections. HBoV-1 is frequently detected in combination with other pathogens in various reports. The fecal-oral and respiratory pathways are more likely to be used for HBoV-1 transmission. HBoV-1 is endemic; it tends to peak in the winter and spring. This Review summarizes the knowledge on HBoV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Mohammadi
- Social Security Organization, Isfahan, Iran
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Zhao J, Xu L, Bai Y, Wang C, Guo P, Wang Z, Du G, Liu A. The efficacy and mechanism of salmeterol against influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110226. [PMID: 37159964 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is the most harmful pathogen to human beings among the various subtypes of influenza virus, which can lead to immune response, cause serious inflammation and damage to the lung. Salmeterol is a candidate compound with anti-IAV activity screened by virtual network proximity predication. In this paper, we further evaluated the pharmacodynamics of salmeterol against IAV in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that salmeterol could inhibit the activity of three IAV strains (H1N1, H3N2 and H1N1 strain resistant to oseltamivir and amantadine) in the MDCK cells. In vivo, salmeterol could improve the survival state of infected mice, and further mechanism studies shown that salmeterol could improve the pathological characteristics of the lungs, reduce the loads of virus and the expression of M2 and IFITM3 proteins in the lungs of mice. In addition, salmeterol could inhibit the formation of NLRP3 inflammasome, thus reducing the production of the TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 and alleviating inflammatory symptoms. Further results showed that salmeterol can protect A549 cells from cytopathic effect caused by IAV and reduce the production of inflammasome by decreasing the expression of RIG-1 in A549 cells. Finally, salmeterol could improve the spleen morphology and significantly increase the ratio of lymphocyte CD4+/CD8+ to improve immune function of infected mice. In our study, it is confirmed that salmeterol has certain anti-IAV activity through pharmacodynamic study in vivo and in vitro, which lays an important research foundation for the new indication of salmeterol and discovery of new drug against IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Lab of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lvjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Lab of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yiming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Lab of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Lab of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Lab of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Lab of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Lab of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ailin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Lab of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Liu Y, Wu P, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yang H, Zhou G, Wu X, Wen Q. Application of Precision-Cut Lung Slices as an In Vitro Model for Research of Inflammatory Respiratory Diseases. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120767. [PMID: 36550973 PMCID: PMC9774555 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The leading cause of many respiratory diseases is an ongoing and progressive inflammatory response. Traditionally, inflammatory lung diseases were studied primarily through animal models, cell cultures, and organoids. These technologies have certain limitations, despite their great contributions to the study of respiratory diseases. Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) are thin, uniform tissue slices made from human or animal lung tissue and are widely used extensively both nationally and internationally as an in vitro organotypic model. Human lung slices bridge the gap between in vivo and in vitro models, and they can replicate the living lung environment well while preserving the lungs' basic structures, such as their primitive cells and trachea. However, there is no perfect model that can completely replace the structure of the human lung, and there is still a long way to go in the research of lung slice technology. This review details and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of precision lung slices as an in vitro model for exploring respiratory diseases associated with inflammation, as well as recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Anesthesiology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116041, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116014, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Anesthesiology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116041, China
| | - Yansong Liu
- Anesthesiology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116041, China
| | - Hongfang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian 116021, China
| | | | - Xiaoqi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116014, China
| | - Qingping Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116014, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-180-9887-7988
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Tackling the Future Pandemics: Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents (BSAAs) Based on A-Type Proanthocyanidins. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238353. [PMID: 36500445 PMCID: PMC9736452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A-type proanthocyanidins (PAC-As) are plant-derived natural polyphenols that occur as oligomers or polymers of flavan-3-ol monomers, such as (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, connected through an unusual double A linkage. PAC-As are present in leaves, seeds, flowers, bark, and fruits of many plants, and are thought to exert protective natural roles against microbial pathogens, insects, and herbivores. Consequently, when tested in isolation, PAC-As have shown several biological effects, through antioxidant, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and antiviral activities. PAC-As have been observed in fact to inhibit replication of many different human viruses, and both enveloped and non-enveloped DNA and RNA viruses proved sensible to their inhibitory effect. Mechanistic studies revealed that PAC-As cause reduction of infectivity of viral particles they come in contact with, as a result of their propensity to interact with virion surface capsid proteins or envelope glycoproteins essential for viral attachment and entry. As viral infections and new virus outbreaks are a major public health concern, development of effective Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents (BSAAs) that can be rapidly deployable even against future emerging viruses is an urgent priority. This review summarizes the antiviral activities and mechanism of action of PAC-As, and their potential to be deployed as BSAAs against present and future viral infections.
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10
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Abstract
RNA viruses include respiratory viruses, such as coronaviruses and influenza viruses, as well as vector-borne viruses, like dengue and West Nile virus. RNA viruses like these encounter various environments when they copy themselves and spread from cell to cell or host to host. Ex vivo differences, such as geographical location and humidity, affect their stability and transmission, while in vivo differences, such as pH and host gene expression, impact viral receptor binding, viral replication, and the host immune response against the viral infection. A critical factor affecting RNA viruses both ex vivo and in vivo, and defining the outcome of viral infections and the direction of viral evolution, is temperature. In this minireview, we discuss the impact of temperature on viral replication, stability, transmission, and adaptation, as well as the host innate immune response. Improving our understanding of how RNA viruses function, survive, and spread at different temperatures will improve our models of viral replication and transmission risk analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Bisht
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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11
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Duclos M, Hommel B, Allantaz F, Powell M, Posteraro B, Sanguinetti M. Multiplex PCR Detection of Respiratory Tract Infections in SARS-CoV-2-Negative Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department: an International Multicenter Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0236822. [PMID: 36154273 PMCID: PMC9603986 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02368-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infection (RTI) is a common cause of visits to the hospital emergency department. During the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), nonpharmaceutical intervention has influenced the rates of circulating respiratory viruses. In this study, we sought to detect RTI etiological agents other than SARS-CoV-2 in emergency department patients from 13 countries in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa from December 2020 to March 2021. We sought to measure the impact of patient characteristics and national-level behavioral restrictions on the positivity rate for RTI agents. Using the BioFire Respiratory Panel 2.0 Plus, 1,334 nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with RTI symptoms who were negative for SARS-CoV-2 were tested. The rate of positivity for viral or bacterial targets was 36.3%. Regarding viral targets, human rhinovirus or enterovirus was the most prevalent (56.5%), followed by human coronaviruses (11.0%) and adenoviruses (9.9%). Interestingly, age stratification showed that the positivity rate was significantly higher in the children's group than in the adults' group (68.8% versus 28.2%). In particular, human rhinovirus or enterovirus, the respiratory syncytial virus, and other viruses, such as the human metapneumovirus, were more frequently detected in children than in adults. A logistic regression model was also used to determine an association between the rate of positivity for viral agents with each country's behavioral restrictions or with patients' age and sex. Despite the impact of behavioral restrictions, various RTI pathogens were actively circulating, particularly in children, across the 13 countries. IMPORTANCE As SARS-CoV-2 has dominated the diagnostic strategies for RTIs during the current COVID-19 pandemic situation, our data provide evidence that a variety of RTI pathogens may be circulating in each of the 13 countries included in the study. It is now plausible that the COVID-19 pandemic will one day move forward to endemicity. Our study illustrates the potential utility of detecting respiratory pathogens other than SARS-CoV-2 in patients who are admitted to the emergency department for RTI symptoms. Knowing if a symptomatic patient is solely infected by an RTI pathogen or coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 may drive timely and appropriate clinical decision-making, especially in the emergency department setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brunella Posteraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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12
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Bimouhen A, Regragui Z, El Falaki F, Ihazmade H, Benkerroum S, Cherkaoui I, Rguig A, Ezzine H, Benamar T, Triki S, Bakri Y, Oumzil H. Viral aetiology of influenza-like illnesses and severe acute respiratory illnesses in Morocco, September 2014 to December 2016. J Glob Health 2022; 12:04062. [PMID: 35866188 PMCID: PMC9304922 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.04062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a scarcity of information on the viral aetiology of influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) among patients in Morocco. Methods From September 2014 to December 2016, we prospectively enrolled inpatients and outpatients from all age groups meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) case definition for ILI and SARI from 59 sentinel sites. The specimens were tested using real-time monoplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction method for detecting 16 relevant respiratory viruses. Results At least one respiratory virus was detected in 1423 (70.8%) of 2009 specimens. Influenza viruses were the most common, detected in 612 (30.4%) of processed samples, followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 359 (17.9%), human rhinovirus (HRV) in 263 (13.1%), adenovirus (HAdV) in 124 (6.2%), parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) in 107 (5.3%), coronaviruses (HCoV) in 94 (4.7%), human bocavirus (HBoV) in 92 (4.6%), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in 74 (3.7%). From 770 samples from children under 5 years old, RSV (288, 36.6%), influenza viruses (106, 13.8%), HRV (96, 12.5%) and HAdV (91, 11.8%) were most prevalent. Among 955 samples from adults, Influenza viruses (506, 53.0%), and HRV (167, 17.5%) were most often detected. Co-infections were found in 268 (18.8%) of 1423 positive specimens, and most (60.4%) were in children under 5 years of age. While influenza viruses, RSV, and HMPV had a defined period of circulation, the other viruses did not display clear seasonal patterns. Conclusions We found that RSV was predominant among SARI cases in Morocco, particularly in children under 5 years of age. Our results are in line with reported data from other parts of the world, stating that RSV is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahman Bimouhen
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.,National Influenza Center, Virology department, National Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Morocco
| | - Zakia Regragui
- National Influenza Center, Virology department, National Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Morocco
| | - Fatima El Falaki
- National Influenza Center, Virology department, National Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Morocco
| | - Hassan Ihazmade
- National Influenza Center, Virology department, National Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Morocco
| | - Samira Benkerroum
- National Influenza Center, Virology department, National Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Morocco
| | - Imad Cherkaoui
- Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Rguig
- Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Morocco
| | - Hind Ezzine
- Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Morocco
| | - Touria Benamar
- Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Morocco
| | | | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hicham Oumzil
- National Influenza Center, Virology department, National Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Morocco.,Pedagogy and Research Unit of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
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Kountz TS, Biyasheva A, Schleimer RP, Prakriya M. Extracellular Nucleotides and Histamine Suppress TLR3- and RIG-I-Mediated Release of Antiviral IFNs from Human Airway Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2390-2402. [PMID: 35459743 PMCID: PMC9444327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses stimulate the release of antiviral IFNs from the airway epithelium. Previous studies have shown that asthmatic patients show diminished release of type I and type III IFNs from bronchial epithelia. However, the mechanism of this suppression is not understood. In this study, we report that extracellular nucleotides and histamine, which are elevated in asthmatic airways, strongly inhibit release of type I and type III IFNs from human bronchial airway epithelial cells (AECs). Specifically, ATP, UTP, and histamine all inhibited the release of type I and type III IFNs from AECs induced by activation of TLR3, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), or cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-STING. This inhibition was at least partly mediated by Gq signaling through purinergic P2Y2 and H1 receptors, but it did not involve store-operated calcium entry. Pharmacological blockade of protein kinase C partially reversed inhibition of IFN production. Conversely, direct activation of protein kinase C with phorbol esters strongly inhibited TLR3- and RIG-I-mediated IFN production. Inhibition of type I and type III IFNs by ATP, UTP, histamine, and the proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) receptor agonist SLIGKV also occurred in differentiated AECs grown at an air-liquid interface, indicating that the suppression is conserved following mucociliary differentiation. Importantly, histamine and, more strikingly, ATP inhibited type I IFN release from human airway cells infected with live influenza A virus or rhinovirus 1B. These results reveal an important role for extracellular nucleotides and histamine in attenuating the induction of type I and III IFNs from AECs and help explain the molecular basis of the suppression of IFN responses in asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Kountz
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Assel Biyasheva
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Brinkmann A, Uddin S, Ulm SL, Pape K, Förster S, Enan K, Nourlil J, Krause E, Schaade L, Michel J, Nitsche A. RespiCoV: Simultaneous identification of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and 46 respiratory tract viruses and bacteria by amplicon-based Oxford-Nanopore MinION sequencing. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264855. [PMID: 35263362 PMCID: PMC8906600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019 the world has been facing the outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Identification of infected patients and discrimination from other respiratory infections have so far been accomplished by using highly specific real-time PCRs. Here we present a rapid multiplex approach (RespiCoV), combining highly multiplexed PCRs and MinION sequencing suitable for the simultaneous screening for 41 viral and five bacterial agents related to respiratory tract infections, including the human coronaviruses NL63, HKU1, OC43, 229E, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. RespiCoV was applied to 150 patient samples with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection and compared with specific real-time PCR. Additionally, several respiratory tract pathogens were identified in samples tested positive or negative for SARS-CoV-2. Finally, RespiCoV was experimentally compared to the commercial RespiFinder 2SMART multiplex screening assay (PathoFinder, The Netherlands).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Brinkmann
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven Uddin
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie-Luisa Ulm
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Pape
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Förster
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Khalid Enan
- Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Eva Krause
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Schaade
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Michel
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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15
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In Vitro Potential Virucidal Effect Evaluation of Xibornol on Human Adenovirus Type 5, Human Rhinovirus Type 13, Human Coronavirus 229E, Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 1, and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Coghill L, Gitu AC. Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract. Fam Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54441-6_169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Westheim AJF, Bitorina AV, Theys J, Shiri-Sverdlov R. COVID-19 infection, progression, and vaccination: Focus on obesity and related metabolic disturbances. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13313. [PMID: 34269511 PMCID: PMC8420274 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are constantly circulating in humans, causing common colds and mild respiratory infections. In contrast, infection with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), can cause additional severe complications, particularly in patients with obesity and associated metabolic disturbances. Obesity is a principal causative factor in the development of the metabolic syndrome; a series of physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors that increase the risk of obesity-associated diseases. "Metabolically unhealthy" obesity is, in addition to metabolic disturbances, also associated with immunological disturbances. As such, patients with obesity are more prone to develop serious complications from infections, including those from SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we first describe how obesity and related metabolic disturbances increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Then, mechanisms contributing to COVID-19 complications and poor prognosis in these patients are discussed. Finally, we discuss how obesity potentially reduces long-term COVID-19 vaccination efficacy. Despite encouraging COVID-19 vaccination results in patients with obesity and related metabolic disturbances in the short-term, it is becoming increasingly evident that long-term COVID-19 vaccination efficacy should be closely monitored in this vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie J F Westheim
- Department of Precision Medicine, GROW-Research School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V Bitorina
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Theys
- Department of Precision Medicine, GROW-Research School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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18
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Design and Evaluation of Multiplex One-Step Reverse Transcription PCR-Dipstick Chromatography Method for the Analysis of Seven Respiratory Pathogens. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3656-3666. [PMID: 34338833 PMCID: PMC8326646 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02621-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A, influenza B, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae are common pathogens that can cause severe pneumonia and other symptoms, resulting in acute lower respiratory tract infections. The objective of this study was to design and evaluate a sensitive and specific multiplex one-step reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)–dipstick chromatography method for simultaneous rapid detection of these seven pathogens. Streptavidin-coated blue latex particles were used to read out a positive signal. Based on the DNA–DNA hybridization of oligonucleotide sequences (Tag) for forward primer with the complementary oligonucleotide sequence (cTag) on the dipstick and biotin–streptavidin interactions, PCR products were able to be illuminated visually on the dipstick. The specificity and the limit of detection (LOD) were also evaluated. Moreover, the clinical performance of this method was compared with Sanger sequencing for 896 samples. No cross reaction with other pathogens was found, confirming the high specificity of this method. The LOD was 10 copies/µL for each of the tested pathogens, and the whole procedure took less than 40 min. Using 896 samples, the sensitivity and specificity were shown to be no lower than 94.5%. The positive predictive value was higher than 82.1%, and the negative predictive value was higher than 99.5%. The kappa value between the PCR–dipstick chromatography method and Sanger sequencing ranged from 0.869 to 0.940. In summary, our one-step RT-PCR–dipstick chromatography method is a sensitive and specific tool for rapidly detecting multiplex respiratory pathogens.
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19
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Clementi N, Ghosh S, De Santis M, Castelli M, Criscuolo E, Zanoni I, Clementi M, Mancini N. Viral Respiratory Pathogens and Lung Injury. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00103-20. [PMID: 33789928 PMCID: PMC8142519 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00103-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viruses target the human respiratory tract, causing different clinical manifestations spanning from mild upper airway involvement to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As dramatically evident in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the clinical picture is not always easily predictable due to the combined effect of direct viral and indirect patient-specific immune-mediated damage. In this review, we discuss the main RNA (orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses) and DNA (adenoviruses, herpesviruses, and bocaviruses) viruses with respiratory tropism and their mechanisms of direct and indirect cell damage. We analyze the thin line existing between a protective immune response, capable of limiting viral replication, and an unbalanced, dysregulated immune activation often leading to the most severe complication. Our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved is increasing and this should pave the way for the development and clinical use of new tailored immune-based antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sreya Ghosh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria De Santis
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Castelli
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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20
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El Habbal MH. Combination therapy of zinc and trimethoprim inhibits infection of influenza A virus in chick embryo. Virol J 2021; 18:113. [PMID: 34082750 PMCID: PMC8173514 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory RNA viruses including influenza virus have been a cause of health and economic hardships. These viruses depend on its host for replication and infection. Influenza virus infection is lethal to the chick embryo. We examined whether a combination of trimethoprim and zinc (Tri-Z), that acts on the host, can reduce the lethal effect of influenza A virus in chick embryo model. METHOD Influenza virus was isolated from patients and propagated in eggs. We determined viral load that infects 50% of eggs (50% egg lethal dose, ELD50). We introduced 10 ELD50 into embryonated eggs and repeated the experiments using 100 ELD50. A mixture of zinc oxide (Zn) and trimethoprim (TMP) (weight/weight ratios ranged from 0.01 to 0.3, Zn/TMP with increment of 0.1) was tested for embryo survival of the infection (n = 12 per ratio, in triplicates). Embryo survival was determined by candling eggs daily for 7 days. Controls of Zn, TMP, saline or convalescent serum were conducted in parallel. The effect of Tri-Z on virus binding to its cell surface receptor was evaluated in a hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay using chicken red cells. Tri-Z was prepared to concentration of 10 mg TMP and 1.8 mg Zn per ml, then serial dilutions were made. HAI effect was expressed as scores where ++++ = no effect; 0 = complete HAI effect. RESULTS TMP, Zn or saline separately had no effect on embryo survival, none of the embryos survived influenza virus infection. All embryos treated with convalescent serum survived. Tri-Z, at ratio range of 0.15-0.2 (optimal ratio of 0.18) Zn/TMP, enabled embryos to survive influenza virus despite increasing viral load (> 80% survival at optimal ratio). At concentration of 15 µg/ml of optimal ratio, Tri-Z had total HAI effect (scored 0). However, at clinical concentration of 5 µg/ml, Tri-Z had partial HAI effect (+ +). CONCLUSION Acting on host cells, Tri-Z at optimal ratio can reduce the lethal effect of influenza A virus in chick embryo. Tri-Z has HAI effect. These findings suggest that combination of trimethoprim and zinc at optimal ratio can be provided as treatment for influenza and possibly other respiratory RNA viruses infection in man.
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Chen Y, Mah MG, Low JG, Ooi EE, Su YC, Moorthy M, Smith GJ, Linster M. Etiology of febrile respiratory infections in the general adult population in Singapore, 2007-2013. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06329. [PMID: 33665466 PMCID: PMC7907478 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens that cause upper respiratory infections are numerous and specific preventive and therapeutic strategies are scarce. In order to ascertain the etiological agents resulting in upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in adults in Singapore, nasal swab samples were collected from 2057 patients presenting with fever at primary healthcare clinics in Singapore from December 2007 to February 2013. Samples were tested using the Luminex NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen Panel that includes 22 respiratory pathogen targets. Patient-reported symptoms and vital signs were recorded and full blood and differential counts taken. Pathogens were detected in the following order of frequency: influenza viruses, rhino-/enteroviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, pneumoviruses, adenovirus, bocavirus and C. pneumoniae. Fifteen virus species were detected as part of coinfections, in which rhinoviruses were the most commonly observed pathogen. Our results suggest that influenza viruses are the main etiological agents, but multiple other respiratory viruses contribute to the total burden of URTI in adults in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Chen
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Marcus G. Mah
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jenny G.H. Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Yvonne C.F. Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Moorthy
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Gavin J.D. Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Martin Linster
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Corresponding author.
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Abioye AI, Bromage S, Fawzi W. Effect of micronutrient supplements on influenza and other respiratory tract infections among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2020-003176. [PMID: 33472840 PMCID: PMC7818810 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) are a leading cause of ill-health and death globally. Individual or multiple micronutrients have been shown to modulate immune function and affect the risk and severity of a number of infectious diseases. We systematically reviewed the evidence on the impact of micronutrient supplements to reduce the occurrence of ARIs and shorten the duration of ARI symptoms among adults. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the pooled effects of vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc and multiple micronutrient supplementation (MMS) on the occurrence of ARIs and the duration of ARI symptoms. Vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of ARI (risk ratio (RR)=0.97; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.00; p=0.028) and shortened the duration of symptoms (per cent difference: −6% (95% CI −9% to −2%; p=0.003)). The RR of vitamin D to prevent ARI was farther from the null when diagnosis was based on clinical diagnosis or laboratory testing, compared with self-report and when the loading dose was <60 000 IU. Vitamin C supplementation reduced the risk of ARIs (RR=0.96; 95% CI 0.93 to 0.99; p=0.01) and shortened the duration of symptoms (per cent difference: −9% (95% CI −16% to −2%; p=0.014)). The effect of vitamin C on preventing ARI was stronger among men and in middle-income countries, compared with women and high-income countries, respectively. Zinc supplementation did not reduce the risk of ARIs but shortened the duration of symptoms substantially (per cent difference: −47% (95% CI −73% to −21%; p=0.0004)). Our synthesis of global evidence from randomised controlled trials indicates that micronutrient supplements including zinc, vitamins C and D, and multiple micronutrient supplements may be modestly effective in preventing ARIs and improving their clinical course. Further research is warranted to better understand the effectiveness that individual or multiple micronutrients have on SARS-CoV-2 infection and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajibola Ibraheem Abioye
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sabri Bromage
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wafaie Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Ottogalli ME, Rodríguez PE, Frutos MC, Moreno LB, Ghietto LM, Cuffini CG, Cámara JA, Adamo MP, Valinotto LE, Cámara A. Circulation of human coronaviruses OC43 and 229E in Córdoba, Argentina. Arch Virol 2021; 166:929-933. [PMID: 33492522 PMCID: PMC7829625 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study of respiratory infections in Córdoba, Argentina, caused by endemic human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43 and HCOV-229E, which circulated during 2011-2012 at a 3% rate, either as single or multiple infections. They were detected mainly in children, but HCoV-229E was also found in adults. HCoV-229E was detected in five out of 631 samples (0.8%), and HCoV-OC43 was found in 14 out of 631 (2.2%) samples. Clinical manifestations ranged from fever to respiratory distress, and a significant association of HCoV-229E with asthma was observed. Further studies and surveillance are needed to provide better clinical insights, early diagnosis, and medical care of patients, as well as to contribute to epidemiology modeling and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Emilia Ottogalli
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pamela Elizabeth Rodríguez
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Celia Frutos
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Beatriz Moreno
- Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucía María Ghietto
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Gabriela Cuffini
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge Augusto Cámara
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Pilar Adamo
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Alicia Cámara
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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24
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Cao QT, Aguiar JA, Tremblay BJM, Abbas N, Tiessen N, Revill S, Makhdami N, Ayoub A, Cox G, Ask K, Doxey AC, Hirota JA. ABCF1 Regulates dsDNA-induced Immune Responses in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:487. [PMID: 33042865 PMCID: PMC7525020 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The airway epithelium represents a critical component of the human lung that helps orchestrate defenses against respiratory tract viral infections, which are responsible for more than 2.5 million deaths/year globally. Innate immune activities of the airway epithelium rely on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide binding and leucine-rich-repeat pyrin domain containing (NLRP) receptors, and cytosolic nucleic acid sensors. ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters are ubiquitous across all three domains of life—Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya—and expressed in the human airway epithelium. ABCF1, a unique ABC family member that lacks a transmembrane domain, has been defined as a cytosolic nucleic acid sensor that regulates CXCL10, interferon-β expression, and downstream type I interferon responses. We tested the hypothesis that ABCF1 functions as a dsDNA nucleic acid sensor in human airway epithelial cells important in regulating antiviral responses. Methods: Expression and localization experiments were performed using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in human lung tissue, while confirmatory transcript and protein expression was performed in human airway epithelial cells. Functional experiments were performed with siRNA methods in a human airway epithelial cell line. Complementary transcriptomic analyses were performed to explore the contributions of ABCF1 to gene expression patterns. Results: Using archived human lung and human airway epithelial cells, we confirm expression of ABCF1 gene and protein expression in these tissue samples, with a role for mediating CXCL10 production in response to dsDNA viral mimic challenge. Although, ABCF1 knockdown was associated with an attenuation of select genes involved in the antiviral responses, Gene Ontology analyses revealed a greater interaction of ABCF1 with TLR signaling suggesting a multifactorial role for ABCF1 in innate immunity in human airway epithelial cells. Conclusion: ABCF1 is a candidate cytosolic nucleic acid sensor and modulator of TLR signaling that is expressed at gene and protein levels in human airway epithelial cells. The precise level where ABCF1 protein functions to modulate immune responses to pathogens remains to be determined but is anticipated to involve IRF-3 and CXCL10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh T Cao
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Nadin Abbas
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Tiessen
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Spencer Revill
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nima Makhdami
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Anmar Ayoub
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gerard Cox
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew C Doxey
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Solís-Rodríguez M, Alpuche-Solís ÁG, Tirado-Mendoza RG. Metapneumovirus humano: epidemiología y posibles tratamientos profilácticos. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2020. [DOI: 10.22201/fm.24484865e.2020.63.3.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2001 in the Netherlands, Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was identified as a “new” etiologic agent causing acute respiratory infections in children younger than 5 years old;
however, it has also been isolated in the elderly and immunocompromised people. This virus is considered the second etiological agent in acute diseases of the respiratory tract. Currently, the estimated cost of IRAs in our country is of 9,000USD per inpatient.
hMPV is a member of the genus Metapneumovirus, family Pneumoviridae, and it belongs to the order Mononegavirales that is part of the negative single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus, consisting of eight genes ordered: 3’-N-P-M-FM2-SH-G-L-5 ‘, and which encodes for 9 proteins. Of these proteins, the F fusion glycoprotein is highly conserved in the genus Metapneumovirus, and is the major antigenic determinant, and because an approved vaccine doesn’t exist, it has been used as a candidate epitope for the design of a vaccine that confers host immunity or as a therapeutic target in the creation of antiviral peptides that inhibit the fusion of the virus to its target cell and to avoid infection in subjects at high risk of contagion since there is currently none accepted by COFEPRIS as a prophylactic treatment against hMPV.
Key words: hMPV; respiratory infections; epitopes; protein F;vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Solís-Rodríguez
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT). Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas. San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Ángel G. Alpuche-Solís
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT). Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas. San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Rocío G. Tirado-Mendoza
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología. Laboratorio de Biología del Citoesqueleto y Virología. Ciudad de México. México
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26
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Coghill L, Gitu A. Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract. Fam Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Folgueira L, Moral N, Pascual C, Delgado R. Comparison of the Panther Fusion and Allplex assays for the detection of respiratory viruses in clinical samples. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226403. [PMID: 31881030 PMCID: PMC6934309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are the most frequent clinical syndrome affecting both children and adults, and early detection is fundamental to avoid infection-related risks and reduce the healthcare costs incurred by unnecessary antibiotic treatments. In this study, performance characteristics of two commercial methods, the Panther Fusion® assay (Hologic Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) were compared to Allplex™ respiratory panels (Seegene, Seoul, South Korea) for the detection of influenza A (Flu A), influenza B (Flu B), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), rhinovirus (RV) and adenovirus (AdV) targets. A total of 865 specimens collected prospectively and retrospectively were included, and discordant results were further examined using another commercial product, R-GENE™ respiratory kits (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). There was high agreement between both methods, with 98.6% concordance and a kappa (k) value of 0.9 (95% CI: 0.89-0.92). A specific analysis of both methods for each viral agent demonstrated comparable sensitivity and specificity, both ranging from 0.83 to 1 with good predictive values for the prospective part of the study. Good agreement between both methods was also found for the κ values obtained (ranging from 97.55% to 98.9%), with the lowest for hMPV (k = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.75-0.91) and RV (k = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.65-0.81). Amplification efficiency, measured according to the value of the cycle threshold (Ct) obtained in each of the amplifications in both tests, was significantly better with Panther Fusion for Flu A, Flu B, hMPV and RV. Regarding discordant results, R-GENE showed higher agreement with Panther Fusion-positive specimens (negative for Allplex; n = 28/71, 34.9%) than with Allplex-positive samples (negative for Panther Fusion; n = 7/49, 14.3%). In summary, Panther Fusion proved to be a more efficient fully-automated methodology, requiring shorter hands-on and turnaround times than Allplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Folgueira
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Moral
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Pascual
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Altered respiratory virome and serum cytokine profile associated with recurrent respiratory tract infections in children. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2288. [PMID: 31123265 PMCID: PMC6533328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) affect a large population, yet the specific decisive factors are largely unknown. Here we study a population of 4407 children diagnosed with ARTI, comparing respiratory virome and serum cytokine profiles associated with multiple ARTIs and single ARTI during a six-year period. The relative abundance of Propionibacterium phages is significantly elevated in multiple ARTIs compared to single ARTI group. Serum levels of TIMP-1 and PDGF-BB are markedly increased in multiple ARTIs compared to single-ARTI and non-ARTI controls, making these two cytokines potential predictors for multiple ARTIs. The presence of Propionibacterium phages is associated with higher levels of TIMP-1 and PDGF-BB. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses show that the combination of TIMP-1, PDGF-BB and Propionibacterium phages could be a strong predictor for multiple ARTIs. These findings indicate that respiratory microbe homeostasis and specific cytokines are associated with the onset of multiple ARTIs over time. Here, the authors determine the respiratory virome and serum cytokine profile in children diagnosed with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) and show that relative abundance of Propionibacterium phages as well as serum levels of TIMP-1 and PDGF-BB are increased in multiple ARTIs compared with single ARTI.
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29
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Vasileiou S, Turney AM, Kuvalekar M, Mukhi SS, Watanabe A, Lulla P, Ramos CA, Naik S, Vera JF, Tzannou I, Leen AM. Rapid generation of multivirus-specific T lymphocytes for the prevention and treatment of respiratory viral infections. Haematologica 2019; 105:235-243. [PMID: 31004020 PMCID: PMC6939529 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.206896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridoula Vasileiou
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne M Turney
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manik Kuvalekar
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shivani S Mukhi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ayumi Watanabe
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Premal Lulla
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlos A Ramos
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Swati Naik
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Juan F Vera
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ifigeneia Tzannou
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ann M Leen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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30
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Bougarn S, Boughorbel S, Chaussabel D, Marr N. A curated transcriptome dataset collection to investigate the blood transcriptional response to viral respiratory tract infection and vaccination. F1000Res 2019; 8:284. [PMID: 31231515 PMCID: PMC6567289 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18533.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune defense mechanisms and factors associated with good versus poor health outcomes following viral respiratory tract infections (VRTI), as well as correlates of protection following vaccination against respiratory viruses, remain incompletely understood. To shed further light into these mechanisms, a number of systems-scale studies have been conducted to measure transcriptional changes in blood leukocytes of either naturally or experimentally infected individuals, or in individual’s post-vaccination. Here we are making available a public repository, for research investigators for interpretation, a collection of transcriptome datasets obtained from human whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to investigate the transcriptional responses following viral respiratory tract infection or vaccination against respiratory viruses. In total, Thirty one31 datasets, associated to viral respiratory tract infections and their related vaccination studies, were identified and retrieved from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and loaded in a custom web application designed for interactive query and visualization of integrated large-scale data. Quality control checks, using relevant biological markers, were performed. Multiple sample groupings and rank lists were created to facilitate dataset query and interpretation. Via this interface, users can generate web links to customized graphical views, which may be subsequently inserted into manuscripts to report novel findings. The GXB tool enables browsing of a single gene across projects, providing new perspectives on the role of a given molecule across biological systems in the diagnostic and prognostic following VRTI but also in identifying new correlates of protection. This dataset collection is available at:
http://vri1.gxbsidra.org/dm3/geneBrowser/list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Bougarn
- Systems Biology and Immunology Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabri Boughorbel
- Systems Biology and Immunology Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Systems Biology and Immunology Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nico Marr
- Systems Biology and Immunology Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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31
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Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Virus Infection. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN SOLID-ORGAN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123882 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15394-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition of infections caused by respiratory viruses (RVs) as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, especially within the thoracic and pediatric population. In addition to their direct, cytopathic, and tissue-invasive effects, RVs can create an inflammatory environment, autoimmune responses, resulting in acute and chronic rejection, although this relationship remains controversial. A laboratory diagnosis in SOT with respiratory syndrome should be performed with nucleic acid amplification tests on respiratory specimens, mainly nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Treatment options remain limited and consist of supportive care, reduction of immunosuppression, and, if available, antiviral therapy. The use of immunomodulatory agents remains a clinical dilemma. Since treatment options for RVs are limited, maximizing prevention measures against viral infections in SOT is mandatory. The main preventive strategy against influenza remains the administration of yearly inactivated influenza vaccine in all SOT. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence-based recommendations on the diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies to decrease the burden of RV infections in SOT recipients.
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32
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Brini Khalifa I, Hannachi N, Guerrero A, Orth-Höller D, Bhiri S, Bougila J, Boughamoura L, Merchaoui SN, Sboui H, Mahdhaoui N, Schiela B, Laer DHV, Boukadida J, Stoiber H. Demographic and seasonal characteristics of respiratory pathogens in neonates and infants aged 0 to 12 months in the Central-East region of Tunisia. J Med Virol 2018; 91:570-581. [PMID: 30351487 PMCID: PMC6492255 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology of pathogenic respiratory agents in patients aged 0 to 12 months and hospitalized for acute respiratory infections in Tunisia between 2013 and 2014. METHODS A total of 20 pathogens, including viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, were detected using molecular sensitive assays, and their associations with the patient's demographic data and season were analyzed. RESULTS Viral infectious agents were found in 449 (87.2%) of 515 specimens. Dual and multiple infectious agents were detected in 31.4% and 18.6% of the samples, respectively. Viral infection was predominant in the pediatric environment (90.8%, P < 0.001), male patients (88.0%), and spring (93.8%). Rhinovirus was the most detected virus (51.8%) followed by respiratory syncytial virus A/B (34.4%), coronavirus group (18.5%), adenovirus (17.9%), and parainfluenza viruses 1-4 (10.9%). Respiratory Syncytial virus A/B was significantly associated with gender (38.0% male cases vs 28.3% female cases, P = 0.02). Infections by Adenovirus, Bocavirus, and Metapneumovirus A/B increased with increasing age of patients (predominated cases aged 6-12 months, P < 0.001). S. pneumoniae was detected in 30.9% of th tested samples. In 18.2% of the negative viral infections, only S. pneumoniae was identified. CONCLUSION A predominance of the rhinovirus infection was observed in this study. Coronavirus subtypes were described for the first time in Tunisia. The observed different pathogenic profiles across age groups could be helpful to avoid the misclassification of patients presenting with ARIs at the triage level when no standardized protocol is available. This study will provide clues for physicians informing decisions regarding preventive strategies and medication in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Brini Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Sousse Medical University, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Department of Microbiology, Research Unit for Genomic Characterization of Infectious Agents UR12SP34, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, Biotechnology and Health, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Naila Hannachi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Sousse Medical University, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Department of Microbiology, Research Unit for Genomic Characterization of Infectious Agents UR12SP34, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Aida Guerrero
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothea Orth-Höller
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sana Bhiri
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Division of Medical Statistics, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Bougila
- Pediatric Ward, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Boughamoura
- Pediatric Ward, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Hassen Sboui
- Neonatology Ward, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nabiha Mahdhaoui
- Neonatology Ward, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Britta Schiela
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Jalel Boukadida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Sousse Medical University, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Department of Microbiology, Research Unit for Genomic Characterization of Infectious Agents UR12SP34, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Heribert Stoiber
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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33
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Berry KN, Kober DL, Su A, Brett TJ. Limiting Respiratory Viral Infection by Targeting Antiviral and Immunological Functions of BST-2/Tetherin: Knowledge and Gaps. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800086. [PMID: 30113067 PMCID: PMC6371793 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings regarding the cellular biology and immunology of BST-2 (also known as tetherin) indicate that its function could be exploited as a universal replication inhibitor of enveloped respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, etc.). BST-2 inhibits viral replication by preventing virus budding from the plasma membrane and by inducing an antiviral state in cells adjacent to infection via unique inflammatory signaling mechanisms. This review presents the first comprehensive summary of what is currently known about BST-2 anti-viral function against respiratory viruses, how these viruses construct countermeasures to antagonize BST-2, and how BST-2 function might be targeted to develop therapies to treat respiratory virus infections. The authors address the current gaps in knowledge, including the need for mechanistic understanding of BST-2 antagonism by respiratory viruses, that should be bridged to achieve that goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla N. Berry
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareDepartment of Internal MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
- Immunology ProgramWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
| | - Daniel L. Kober
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareDepartment of Internal MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
- Microbiology ProgramWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
| | - Alvin Su
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareDepartment of Internal MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
| | - Tom J. Brett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareDepartment of Internal MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
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