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Cui J, Wu B, Zhou J. Changes in amino acids, catechins and alkaloids during the storage of oolong tea and their relationship with antibacterial effect. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10424. [PMID: 38710752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60951-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The storage process has a significant impact on tea quality. Few is known about effect of storage on quality of oolong tea. This study aimed to assess the effect of different storage times on the key chemical components of oolong tea by measuring changes in catechin, free amino acid, and alkaloid content. Variation in the main substances was determined by principal component analysis and heat map analysis. The results revealed notable effects of the storage process on the levels of theanine, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and glutamine. These findings suggest that these compounds could serve as indicators for monitoring changes in oolong tea quality during storage. Additionally, the study observed an increase in the antibacterial ability of tea over time. Correlation analysis indicated that the antibacterial ability against Micrococcus tetragenus and Escherichia coli was influenced by metabolites such as aspartic acid, threonine, serine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, ornithine, alanine, arginine, and EGCG. Overall, this study presents an approach for identifying key metabolites to monitor tea quality effectively with relatively limited data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilai Cui
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, 237 Nanhu R., Xinyang, 464000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Ave W., Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Ave W., Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, 237 Nanhu R., Xinyang, 464000, Henan, People's Republic of China
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2
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Qin X, Nong K, Liu Z, Fang X, Zhang B, Chen W, Wang Z, Wu Y, Shi H, Wang X, Zhang H. Regulation of the intestinal flora using polysaccharides from Callicarpa nudiflora Hook to alleviate ulcerative colitis and the molecular mechanisms involved. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128887. [PMID: 38118262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that cannot be completely cured by current treatments. C. nudiflora Hook has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hemostatic biological functions; however, the therapeutic role of C. nudiflora Hook or its extracts in IBD remains poorly understood. In this study, we extracted and purified three fractions of C. nudiflora Hook polysaccharides by hydroalcohol precipitation method, which were named as CNLP-1, CNLP-2 and CNLP-3, respectively. CNLP-2, the main component of the polysaccharides of C. nudiflora Hook is an pyranose type acidic polysaccharide composed of Fuc, Rha, Ara, Gal, Glc, Xyl, Man, Gal-UA and Glc-UA, with an Mn of 15.624 kDa; Mw of 31.375 kDa. CNLP-2 was found to have a smooth lamellar structure as observed by scanning electron microscopy. To investigate the effect of CNLP-2 (abbreviated to CNLP) on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC mice and its mechanism of action, we treated DSS-induced UC mice by administering CNLP at a dose of 100 mg/kg every other day. The results of the study showed that CNLP alleviated the clinical symptoms such as body weight (BW) loss, pathological damage, and systemic inflammation. The mechanism may be through the regulation of intestinal flora and its metabolism, which in turn affects the expression of NF-κB/MAPK pathway-related proteins through the metabolites of intestinal flora to further alleviate inflammation and ultimately improve the intestinal barrier function in UC mice. In conclusion, CNLP has great potential for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Qin
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Keyi Nong
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhineng Liu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xin Fang
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wanyan Chen
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yijia Wu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Huiyu Shi
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Sabbione F, Keitelman IA, Shiromizu CM, Vereertbrugghen A, Vera Aguilar D, Rubatto Birri PN, Pizzano M, Ramos MV, Fuentes F, Saposnik L, Cernutto A, Cassataro J, Jancic CC, Galletti JG, Palermo MS, Trevani AS. Regulation of human neutrophil IL-1β secretion induced by Escherichia coli O157:H7 responsible for hemolytic uremic syndrome. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011877. [PMID: 38127952 PMCID: PMC10769087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections can cause from bloody diarrhea to Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. The STEC intestinal infection triggers an inflammatory response that can facilitate the development of a systemic disease. We report here that neutrophils might contribute to this inflammatory response by secreting Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). STEC stimulated neutrophils to release elevated levels of IL-1β through a mechanism that involved the activation of caspase-1 driven by the NLRP3-inflammasome and neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs). Noteworthy, IL-1β secretion was higher at lower multiplicities of infection. This secretory profile modulated by the bacteria:neutrophil ratio, was the consequence of a regulatory mechanism that reduced IL-1β secretion the higher were the levels of activation of both caspase-1 and NSPs, and the production of NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species. Finally, we also found that inhibition of NSPs significantly reduced STEC-triggered IL-1β secretion without modulating the ability of neutrophils to kill the bacteria, suggesting NSPs might represent pharmacological targets to be evaluated to limit the STEC-induced intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Sabbione
- Laboratorio de inmunidad innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Angelica Keitelman
- Laboratorio de inmunidad innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Maiumi Shiromizu
- Laboratorio de inmunidad innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexia Vereertbrugghen
- Laboratorio de inmunidad innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Douglas Vera Aguilar
- Laboratorio de inmunidad innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paolo Nahuel Rubatto Birri
- Laboratorio de inmunidad innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuela Pizzano
- Laboratorio de inmunidad innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Ramos
- Laboratorio de patogénesis e inmunología de procesos infecciosos. Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Fuentes
- Laboratorio de microscopía, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Saposnik
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín. San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín. San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agostina Cernutto
- Laboratorio de inmunidad innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juliana Cassataro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín. San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín. San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Cristina Jancic
- Laboratorio de inmunidad innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jeremías Gaston Galletti
- Laboratorio de inmunidad innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Sandra Palermo
- Laboratorio de patogénesis e inmunología de procesos infecciosos. Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Silvina Trevani
- Laboratorio de inmunidad innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)—CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zhang K, Chen J, Liang L, Wang Z, Xiong Q, Yu H, Du H. Lcn2 deficiency accelerates the infection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by disrupting the intestinal barrier function. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106435. [PMID: 37931825 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections result in intestinal inflammation and injury, which affects gut health and nutrient absorption. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is a protein that reacts to microbial invasion, inflammatory responses, and tissue damage. However, it remains unclear whether Lcn2 has a protective effect against bacterial induced intestinal inflammation. Therefore, this study endeavors to investigate the involvement of Lcn2 in the intestinal inflammation of mice infected with Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7). Lcn2 knockout (Lcn2-/-) mice were used to evaluate the changes of inflammatory responses. Lcn2 deficiency significantly exacerbated clinical symptoms of E. coli O157:H7 infection by reducing body weight and encouraging bacterial colonization of. Compared to infected wild type mice, infected Lcn2-/- mice had significantly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum and ileum, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as severe villi destruction in the jejunum. Furthermore, Lcn2 deficiency aggravated intestinal barrier degradation by significantly reducing the expression of tight junction proteins occludin and claudin 1, the content of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the ileum, and the number of goblet cells in the colon. Our findings indicated that Lcn2 could alleviate inflammatory damage caused by E. coli O157:H7 infection in mice by enhancing intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahua Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Elshimy R, Zedan H, Elmorsy TH, Khattab RA. Prevalence and In Vivo Assessment of Virulence in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates from Greater Cairo Area. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:407-415. [PMID: 37579256 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2022.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has been identified as an important etiologic agent of human disease in Egypt. Aims: To investigate the occurrence and describe the characterization as well as prevalence of STEC in Greater Cairo hospitals as well as molecular characterization of virulence and resistance genes. Methods: Four hundred seventy E. coli clinical isolates were collected from eight hospitals and analyzed by genotypic and phenotypic methods for STEC, followed by histopathological examination and scoring of different organs lesions. Results: The highest proportion of isolates was from urine (151 isolates), whereas the lowest was from splenic drain (3 isolates). In tandem, when serogrouping was performed, 15 serogroups were obtained where the most prevalent was O157 and the least prevalent was O151. All isolates were positive when screened for identity gene gad A, while only typable strains were screened for seven virulence genes stx1 (gene encoding Shiga toxin 1), stx2 (gene encoding Shiga toxin 2), tsh (gene encoding thermostable hemagglutinin), eaeA (gene encoding intimin), invE (gene encoding invasion protein), aggR (gene encoding aggregative adherence transcriptional regulator), and astA (aspartate transaminase) where the prevalence was 48%, 30%, 50%, 57%, 7.5%, 12%, and 58%, respectively. Of 254 typable isolates, 152 were STEC carrying stx1 or stx2 genes or both. Conclusions: Relying on in vivo comparison between different E. coli pathotypes via histopathological examination of different organs, E. coli pathotypes could be divided into mild virulent, moderate virulent, and high virulent strains. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlation between different serogroups and presence of virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Elshimy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Hamdallah Zedan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek H Elmorsy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza, Egypt
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6
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Lange ME, Clarke ST, Boras VF, Brown CLJ, Zhang G, Laing CR, Uwiera RRE, Montina T, Kalmokoff ML, Taboada EN, Gannon VPJ, Metz GAS, Church JS, Inglis GD. Commensal Escherichia coli Strains of Bovine Origin Competitively Mitigated Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a Gnotobiotic Murine Intestinal Colonization Model with or without Physiological Stress. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2577. [PMID: 37627368 PMCID: PMC10451813 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle are a primary reservoir of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7. Currently, there are no effective methods of eliminating this important zoonotic pathogen from cattle, and colonization resistance in relation to EHEC O157:H7 in cattle is poorly understood. We developed a gnotobiotic EHEC O157:H7 murine model to examine aspects of the cattle pathogen-microbiota interaction, and to investigate competitive suppression of EHEC O157:H7 by 18 phylogenetically distinct commensal E. coli strains of bovine origin. As stress has been suggested to influence enteric colonization by EHEC O157:H7 in cattle, corticosterone administration (±) to incite a physiological stress response was included as an experimental variable. Colonization of the intestinal tract (IT) of mice by the bovine EHEC O157:H7 strain, FRIK-2001, mimicked characteristics of bovine IT colonization. In this regard, FRIK-2001 successfully colonized the IT and temporally incited minimal impacts on the host relative to other EHEC O157:H7 strains, including on the renal metabolome. The presence of the commensal E. coli strains decreased EHEC O157:H7 densities in the cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon. Moreover, histopathologic changes and inflammation markers were reduced in the distal colon of mice inoculated with commensal E. coli strains (both propagated separately and communally). Although stress induction affected the behavior of mice, it did not influence EHEC O157:H7 densities or disease. These findings support the use of a gnotobiotic murine model of enteric bovine EHEC O157:H7 colonization to better understand pathogen-host-microbiota interactions toward the development of effective on-farm mitigations for EHEC O157:H7 in cattle, including the identification of bacteria capable of competitively colonizing the IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximo E. Lange
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (M.E.L.); (S.T.C.); (C.L.J.B.)
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Sandra T. Clarke
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (M.E.L.); (S.T.C.); (C.L.J.B.)
| | - Valerie F. Boras
- Chinook Regional Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB T1J 1W5, Canada;
| | - Catherine L. J. Brown
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (M.E.L.); (S.T.C.); (C.L.J.B.)
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (G.Z.); (E.N.T.)
| | - Chad R. Laing
- National Centre for Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada;
| | - Richard R. E. Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Tony Montina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada;
| | - Martin L. Kalmokoff
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada;
| | - Eduardo N. Taboada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (G.Z.); (E.N.T.)
| | - Victor P. J. Gannon
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada;
| | - Gerlinde A. S. Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada;
| | - John S. Church
- Natural Resource Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada;
| | - G. Douglas Inglis
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (M.E.L.); (S.T.C.); (C.L.J.B.)
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Fang X, Nong K, Wang Z, Jin Y, Gao F, Zeng Q, Wang X, Zhang H. Human cathelicidin LL-37 exerts amelioration effects against EHEC O157:H7 infection regarding inflammation, enteric dysbacteriosis, and impairment of gut barrier function. Peptides 2023; 159:170903. [PMID: 36370932 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 infection impairs intestinal barrier function, causing intestinal inflammation and enteric dysbacteriosis. The human cathelicidin LL-37 can regulate excessive inflammatory responses, barrier function, and balance the intestinal microbial community; however, little is known about its effects on inflammation, intestinal barrier function, and microbiota disorders in EHEC O157:H7-infected mice. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of LL-37 against EHEC O157:H7 infection and elucidated the underlying mechanism using a mouse model. LL-37 treatment was found to inhibit body weight loss, restore edema and destruction of the intestinal villi, and significantly reduce epithelial apoptosis (P < 0.05) in EHEC O157:H7-infected mice. Furthermore, inflammatory infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils into the jejunum and colon was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). LL-37 significantly downregulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) (P < 0.05) and upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) during EHEC O157:H7 infection. LL-37 increased the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, ZO-2, claudin-1, and occludin), which are associated with intestinal barrier function, and had a positive effect on EHEC O157:H7-induced microbial disorders, particularly in terms of the inflammation-related microbiota. LL-37 also significantly decreased the E. coli load in the liver and spleen (P < 0.01) and restored the structure of the liver and kidney. Taken together, LL-37 conferred protection in a EHEC O157:H7-induced mouse model by reducing intestinal inflammation, enhancing intestinal barrier function, and restoring the balance of the intestinal microbiota, which indicates the therapeutic potential of LL-37 against pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Keyi Nong
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yuanli Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Qiuyu Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
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Hudson AW, Barnes AJ, Bray AS, Ornelles DA, Zafar MA. Klebsiella pneumoniae l-Fucose Metabolism Promotes Gastrointestinal Colonization and Modulates Its Virulence Determinants. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0020622. [PMID: 36129299 PMCID: PMC9584338 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00206-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by Klebsiella pneumoniae is generally considered asymptomatic. However, gut colonization allows K. pneumoniae to either translocate to sterile site within the same host or transmit through the fecal-oral route to another host. K. pneumoniae gut colonization is poorly understood, but knowledge of this first step toward infection and spread is critical for combatting its disease manifestations. K. pneumoniae must overcome colonization resistance (CR) provided by the host microbiota to establish itself within the gut. One such mechanism of CR is through nutrient competition. Pathogens that metabolize a broad range of substrates have the ability to bypass nutrient competition and overcome CR. Herein, we demonstrate that in response to mucin-derived fucose, the conserved fucose metabolism operon (fuc) of K. pneumoniae is upregulated in the murine gut, and we subsequently show that fucose metabolism promotes robust gut colonization. Growth studies using cecal filtrate as a proxy for the gut lumen illustrate the growth advantage that the fuc operon provides K. pneumoniae. We further show that fucose metabolism allows K. pneumoniae to be competitive with a commensal Escherichia coli isolate (Nissle). However, Nissle is eventually able to outcompete K. pneumoniae, suggesting that it can be utilized to enhance CR. Finally, we observed that fucose metabolism positively modulates hypermucoviscosity, autoaggregation, and biofilm formation but not capsule biogenesis. Together, these insights enhance our understanding of the role of alternative carbon sources in K. pneumoniae gut colonization and the complex relationship between metabolism and virulence in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Hudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew J. Barnes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew S. Bray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David A. Ornelles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. Ammar Zafar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Escherichia coli 0157:H7 virulence factors and the ruminant reservoir. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2022; 35:205-214. [PMID: 35665714 PMCID: PMC9302714 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review updates recent findings about Escherichia coli O157:H7 virulence factors and its bovine reservoir. This Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli belongs to the Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) pathotype causing hemorrhagic colitis. Its low infectious dose makes it an efficient, severe, foodborne pathogen. Although EHEC remains in the intestine, Stx can translocate systemically and is cytotoxic to microvascular endothelial cells, especially in the kidney and brain. Disease can progress to life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) with hemolytic anemia, acute kidney failure, and thrombocytopenia. Young children, the immunocompromised, and the elderly are at the highest risk for HUS. Healthy ruminants are the major reservoir of EHEC and cattle are the primary source of human exposure. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in understanding E. coli O157:H7 pathogenesis include molecular mechanisms of virulence, bacterial adherence, type three secretion effectors, intestinal microbiome, inflammation, and reservoir maintenance. SUMMARY Many aspects of E. coli O157:H7 disease remain unclear and include the role of the human and bovine intestinal microbiomes in infection. Therapeutic strategies involve controlling inflammatory responses and/or intestinal barrier function. Finally, elimination/reduction of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle using CRISPR-engineered conjugative bacterial plasmids and/or on-farm management likely hold solutions to reduce infections and increase food safety/security.
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10
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Jiang L, Yang W, Jiang X, Yao T, Wang L, Yang B. Virulence-related O islands in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1992237. [PMID: 34711138 PMCID: PMC8565820 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1992237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a principally foodborne pathogen linked to serious diseases, including bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Comparative genomics analysis revealed that EHEC O157 contains 177 unique genomic islands, termed O islands, compared with the nonpathogenic E. coli K-12 laboratory strain. These O islands contribute largely to the pathogenicity of EHEC O157:H7 by providing numerous virulence factors, effectors, virulence regulatory proteins, and virulence regulatory sRNAs. The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research progress on the function of O islands, especially focusing on virulence-related O islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wen Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xinlei Jiang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ting Yao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China,CONTACT Bin Yang TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin300457, P. R. China
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11
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Xu W, Xu L, Jia W, Mao X, Liu S, Dong H, Zhang H, Zhang Y. Nanomaterials based on phase change materials for antibacterial application. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:6388-6398. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01220k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review presented the applications of PCM-based nanomaterials in bacterial infections. Firstly, the composition and biotoxicity were outlined. Secondly, various antibacterial tactics were highlighted. Lastly, the perspectives were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Linfeng Xu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - Weilu Jia
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinyu Mao
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui Dong
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haidong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yewei Zhang
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
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12
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Nandi I, Aroeti L, Ramachandran RP, Kassa EG, Zlotkin-Rivkin E, Aroeti B. Type III secreted effectors that target mitochondria. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13352. [PMID: 33960116 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A type III secretion system (T3SS) is used by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens to secrete and translocate a battery of proteins, termed effectors, from the bacteria directly into the host cells. These effectors, which are thought to play a key role in bacterial virulence, hijack and modify the activity of diverse host cell organelles, including mitochondria. Mitochondria-the energy powerhouse of the cell-are important cell organelles that play role in numerous critical cellular processes, including the initiation of apoptosis and the induction of innate immunity. Therefore, it is not surprising that pathogenic bacteria use mitochondrially targeted effectors to control host cell death and immunity pathways. Surprisingly, however, we found that despite their importance, only a limited number of type III secreted effectors have been characterised to target host mitochondria, and the mechanisms underlying their mitochondrial activity have not been sufficiently analysed. These include effectors secreted by the enteric attaching and effacing (A/E), Salmonella and Shigella bacterial pathogens. Here we give an overview of key findings, present gaps in knowledge and hypotheses concerning the mode by which these type III secreted effectors control the host and the bacterial cell life (and death) through targeting mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Nandi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lior Aroeti
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachana Pattani Ramachandran
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ephrem G Kassa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Zlotkin-Rivkin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Aroeti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Bonvicini F, Pagnotta E, Punzo A, Calabria D, Simoni P, Mirasoli M, Passerini N, Bertoni S, Ugolini L, Lazzeri L, Gentilomi GA, Caliceti C, Roda A. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus Fermented Broths Enriched with Eruca sativa Seed Extracts on Intestinal Barrier and Inflammation in a Co-Culture System of an Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Human Intestinal Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103064. [PMID: 33036498 PMCID: PMC7600469 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) “fermentates” confer a beneficial effect on intestinal function. However, the ability of new fermentations to improve LAB broth activity in preventing pathogen-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction has not yet been studied. The objective of this study was to determine if broths of LAB fermented with Eruca sativa or Barbarea verna seed extracts prevent gut barrier dysfunction and interleukin-8 (CXCL8) release in vitro in human intestinal Caco-2 cells infected with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7. LAB broths were assayed for their effects on EHEC growth and on Caco-2 viability; thereafter, their biological properties were analysed in a co-culture system consisting of EHEC and Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 cells infected with EHEC significantly increased CXCL8 release, and decreased Trans-Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER), a barrier-integrity marker. Notably, when Caco-2 cells were treated with LAB broth enriched with E. sativa seed extract and thereafter infected, both CXCL8 expression and epithelial dysfunction reduced compared to in untreated cells. These results underline the beneficial effect of broths from LAB fermented with E. sativa seed extracts in gut barrier and inflammation after EHEC infection and reveal that these LAB broths can be used as functional bioactive compounds to regulate intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonvicini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology—FABIT, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.B.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Eleonora Pagnotta
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (E.P.); (L.U.); (L.L.)
| | - Angela Punzo
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Donato Calabria
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Patrizia Simoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences—DIMEC, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Nadia Passerini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology—FABIT, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.B.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Serena Bertoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology—FABIT, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.B.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Luisa Ugolini
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (E.P.); (L.U.); (L.L.)
| | - Luca Lazzeri
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (E.P.); (L.U.); (L.L.)
| | - Giovanna Angela Gentilomi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology—FABIT, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.B.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Cristiana Caliceti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences—DIBINEM, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biosistemi e Biostrutture—INBB, 00136 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale Biosistemi e Biostrutture—INBB, 00136 Rome, Italy
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14
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Riebisch AK, Mühlen S. Attaching and effacing pathogens: the effector ABC of immune subversion. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:945-958. [PMID: 32716209 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response resembles an essential barrier to bacterial infection. Many bacterial pathogens have, therefore, evolved mechanisms to evade from or subvert the host immune response in order to colonize, survive and multiply. The attaching and effacing pathogens enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, Escherichia albertii and Citrobacter rodentium are Gram-negative extracellular gastrointestinal pathogens. They use a type III secretion system to inject effector proteins into the host cell to manipulate a variety of cellular processes. Over the last decade, considerable progress was made in identifying and characterizing the effector proteins of attaching and effacing pathogens that are involved in the inhibition of innate immune signaling pathways, in determining their host cell targets and elucidating the mechanisms they employ. Their functions will be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katharina Riebisch
- Systems-Oriented Immunology & Inflammation Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Mühlen
- Institute for Infectiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Site University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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15
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Gur-Arie L, Eitan-Wexler M, Weinberger N, Rosenshine I, Livnah O. The bacterial metalloprotease NleD selectively cleaves mitogen-activated protein kinases that have high flexibility in their activation loop. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9409-9420. [PMID: 32404367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial pathogens often target the host mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) network to suppress host immune responses. We previously identified a bacterial type III secretion system effector, termed NleD, a metalloprotease that inactivates MAPKs by specifically cleaving their activation loop. Here, we show that NleDs form a growing family of virulence factors harbored by human and plant pathogens as well as insect symbionts. These NleDs disable specifically Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38s that are required for host immune response, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which is essential for host cell viability, remains intact. We investigated the mechanism that makes ERK resistant to NleD cleavage. Biochemical and structural analyses revealed that NleD exclusively targets activation loops with high conformational flexibility. Accordingly, NleD cleaved the flexible loops of JNK and p38 but not the rigid loop of ERK. Our findings elucidate a compelling mechanism of native substrate proteolysis that is promoted by entropy-driven specificity. We propose that such entropy-based selectivity is a general attribute of proteolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Gur-Arie
- Department Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maayan Eitan-Wexler
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silverman Institute of Life Sciences, The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nina Weinberger
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silverman Institute of Life Sciences, The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilan Rosenshine
- Department Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Livnah
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silverman Institute of Life Sciences, The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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EspFu-Mediated Actin Assembly Enhances Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Adherence and Activates Host Cell Inflammatory Signaling Pathways. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00617-20. [PMID: 32291304 PMCID: PMC7157822 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00617-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
EPEC is among the leading causes of diarrheal disease worldwide. The colonization of the gut mucosa by EPEC results in actin pedestal formation at the site of bacterial attachment. These pedestals are referred to as attaching and effacing (AE) lesions. Here, we exploit the different molecular mechanisms used by EPEC to induce AE lesions on epithelial cells, showing that the effector EspFu is associated with increased bacterial attachment and enhanced epithelial colonization compared to the Tir-Nck pathway. Moreover, we also showed that actin pedestal formation can counterbalance the anti-inflammatory activity induced by EPEC, especially when driven by EspFu. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into virulence mechanisms employed by EPEC to colonize epithelial cells, as well as the host response to this enteric pathogen. The translocation of effectors into the host cell through type 3 secretion systems (T3SS) is a sophisticated strategy employed by pathogenic bacteria to subvert host responses and facilitate colonization. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) utilize the Tir and EspFu (also known as TccP) effectors to remodel the host cytoskeleton, culminating in the formation of attaching and effacing (AE) lesions on enterocytes. While some EPEC strains require tyrosine phosphorylation of Tir and recruitment of the host Nck to trigger actin polymerization, EHEC and certain EPEC strains, whose Tir is not phosphorylated, rely on the effector EspFu for efficient actin remodeling. Here, we investigated the role played by Tir-Nck and Tir-EspFu actin polymerization pathways during the infection of epithelial cells, as well as the host transcriptional response to the AE lesion formation induced by EPEC. We found that EspFu-mediated actin assembly promotes bacterial attachment and epithelial colonization more efficiently than Tir-Nck. Moreover, we showed that both actin polymerization mechanisms can activate inflammatory pathways and reverse the anti-inflammatory response induced by EPEC in epithelial cells. However, this activity is remarkably more evident in infections with EspFu-expressing EPEC strains. This study demonstrates the complex interactions between effector-mediated actin remodeling and inflammation. Different strains carry different combinations of these two effectors, highlighting the plasticity of pathogenic E. coli enteric infections.
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17
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Lacey CA, Miao EA. Programmed Cell Death in the Evolutionary Race against Bacterial Virulence Factors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a036459. [PMID: 31501197 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune sensors can recognize when host cells are irrevocably compromised by pathogens, and in response can trigger programmed cell death (pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis). Innate sensors can directly bind microbial ligands; for example, NAIP/NLRC4 detects flagellin/rod/needle, whereas caspase-11 detects lipopolysaccharide. Other sensors are guards that monitor normal function of cellular proteins; for instance, pyrin monitors Rho GTPases, whereas caspase-8 and receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)3 guards RIPK1 transcriptional signaling. Some proteins that need to be guarded can be duplicated as decoy domains, as seen in the integrated decoy domains within NLRP1 that watch for microbial attack. Here, we discuss the evolutionary battle between pathogens and host innate immune sensors/guards, illustrated by the Red Queen hypothesis. We discuss in depth four pathogens, and how they either fail in this evolutionary race (Chromobacterium violaceum, Burkholderia thailandensis), or how the evolutionary race generates increasingly complex virulence factors and host innate immune signaling pathways (Yersinia species, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli [EPEC]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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18
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Mackos AR, Allen JM, Kim E, Ladaika CA, Gharaibeh RZ, Moore C, Parry NMA, Boyaka PN, Bailey MT. Mice Deficient in Epithelial or Myeloid Cell Iκκβ Have Distinct Colonic Microbiomes and Increased Resistance to Citrobacter rodentium Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2062. [PMID: 31552024 PMCID: PMC6746829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonic microenvironment, stemming from microbial, immunologic, stromal, and epithelial factors, serves as an important determinant of the host response to enteric pathogenic colonization. Infection with the enteric bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium elicits a strong mucosal Th1-mediated colitis and monocyte-driven inflammation activated via the classical NF-κB pathway. Research has focused on leukocyte-mediated signaling as the main driver for C. rodentium-induced colitis, however we hypothesize that epithelial cell NF-κB also contributes to the exacerbation of infectious colitis. To test this hypothesis, compartmentalized classical NF-κB defective mice, via the deletion of IKKβ in either intestinal epithelial cells (IKKβΔIEC) or myeloid-derived cells (IKKβΔMY), and wild type (WT) mice were challenged with C. rodentium. Both pathogen colonization and colonic histopathology were significantly reduced in IKKβ-deficient mice compared to WT mice. Interestingly, colonic IL-10, RegIIIγ, TNF-α, and iNOS gene expression were increased in IKKβ-deficient mice in the absence of bacterial challenge. This was associated with increased p52, which is involved with activation of NF-κβ through the alternative pathway. IKKβ-deficient mice also had distinct differences in colonic tissue-associated and luminal microbiome that may confer protection against C. rodentium. Taken together, these data demonstrate that classical NF-κB signaling can lead to enhanced enteric pathogen colonization and resulting colonic histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Mackos
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jacob M Allen
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Chris A Ladaika
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Raad Z Gharaibeh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States.,Bioinformatics Services Division, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Cathy Moore
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Nicola M A Parry
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Prosper N Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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19
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Liu W, Li J, Cheng M, Wang Q, Qian Y, Yeung KW, Chu PK, Zhang X. A surface-engineered polyetheretherketone biomaterial implant with direct and immunoregulatory antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biomaterials 2019; 208:8-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Stromberg ZR, Van Goor A, Redweik GAJ, Wymore Brand MJ, Wannemuehler MJ, Mellata M. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli colonization and host inflammatory response in a defined microbiota mouse model. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm035063. [PMID: 30275104 PMCID: PMC6262807 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Escherichia coli strains in the human intestine are harmless. However, enterohemorrhagic Ecoli (EHEC) is a foodborne pathogen that causes intestinal disease in humans. Conventionally reared (CONV) mice are inconsistent models for human infections with EHEC because they are often resistant to Ecoli colonization, in part due to their gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota. Although antibiotic manipulation of the mouse microbiota has been a common means to overcome colonization resistance, these models have limitations. Currently, there are no licensed treatments for clinical EHEC infections and, thus, new tools to study EHEC colonization need to be developed. Here, we used a defined microbiota mouse model, consisting of the altered Schaedler flora (ASF), to characterize intestinal colonization and compare host responses following colonization with EHEC strain 278F2 or non-pathogenic Ecoli strain MG1655. Significantly higher (P<0.05) levels of both strains were found in feces and cecal and colonic contents of C3H/HeN ASF compared to C3H/HeN CONV mice. GI inflammation was significantly elevated (P<0.05) in the cecum of EHEC 278F2-colonized compared to E. coli MG1655-colonized C3H/HeN ASF mice. In addition, EHEC 278F2 differentially modulated inflammatory-associated genes in colonic tissue of C3H/HeN ASF mice compared to E. coli MG1655-colonized mice. This approach allowed for prolonged colonization of the murine GI tract by pathogenic and non-pathogenic Ecoli strains, and for evaluation of host inflammatory processes. Overall, this system can be used as a powerful tool for future studies to assess therapeutics, microbe-microbe interactions, and strategies for preventing EHEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Stromberg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Angelica Van Goor
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Graham A J Redweik
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Meghan J Wymore Brand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Michael J Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Melha Mellata
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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21
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Segura A, Auffret P, Bibbal D, Bertoni M, Durand A, Jubelin G, Kérourédan M, Brugère H, Bertin Y, Forano E. Factors Involved in the Persistence of a Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strain in Bovine Feces and Gastro-Intestinal Content. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:375. [PMID: 29593666 PMCID: PMC5854682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy cattle are the primary reservoir for O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli responsible for human food-borne infections. Because farm environment acts as a source of cattle contamination, it is important to better understand the factors controlling the persistence of E. coli O157:H7 outside the bovine gut. The E. coli O157:H7 strain MC2, identified as a persistent strain in French farms, possessed the characteristics required to cause human infections and genetic markers associated with clinical O157:H7 isolates. Therefore, the capacity of E. coli MC2 to survive during its transit through the bovine gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) and to respond to stresses potentially encountered in extra-intestinal environments was analyzed. E. coli MC2 survived in rumen fluids, grew in the content of posterior digestive compartments and survived in bovine feces at 15°C predicting a successful transit of the bacteria along the bovine GIT and its persistence outside the bovine intestine. E. coli MC2 possessed the genetic information encoding 14 adherence systems including adhesins with properties related to colonization of the bovine intestine (F9 fimbriae, EhaA and EspP autotransporters, HCP pilus, FdeC adhesin) reflecting the capacity of the bacteria to colonize different segments of the bovine GIT. E. coli MC2 was also a strong biofilm producer when incubated in fecal samples at low temperature and had a greater ability to form biofilms than the bovine commensal E. coli strain BG1. Furthermore, in contrast to BG1, E. coli MC2 responded to temperature stresses by inducing the genes cspA and htrA during its survival in bovine feces at 15°C. E. coli MC2 also activated genes that are part of the GhoT/GhoS, HicA/HicB and EcnB/EcnA toxin/antitoxin systems involved in the response of E. coli to nutrient starvation and chemical stresses. In summary, the large number of colonization factors known to bind to intestinal epithelium and to biotic or abiotic surfaces, the capacity to produce biofilms and to activate stress fitness genes in bovine feces could explain the persistence of E. coli MC2 in the farm environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Segura
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pauline Auffret
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Delphine Bibbal
- IRSD, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, ENVT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Bertoni
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandra Durand
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Grégory Jubelin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Monique Kérourédan
- IRSD, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, ENVT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hubert Brugère
- IRSD, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, ENVT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yolande Bertin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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22
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A Type III Effector NleF from EHEC Inhibits Epithelial Inflammatory Cell Death by Targeting Caspase-4. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4101745. [PMID: 28593173 PMCID: PMC5448047 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) is a highly pathogenic bacterial strain capable of inducing severe gastrointestinal disease. Here, we show that EHEC uses the T3SS effector NleF to counteract the host inflammatory response by dampening caspase-4-mediated inflammatory epithelial cell death and by preventing the production of IL-1β. The other two inflammatory caspases, caspase-1 and caspase-5, are not involved in EHEC ΔnleF-induced inflammatory cell death. We found that NleF not only interrupted the heterodimerization of caspase-4-p19 and caspase-4-p10, but also inhibited the interaction of caspase-1 and caspase-4. The last four amino acids of the NleF carboxy terminus are essential in inhibiting caspase-4-dependent inflammatory cell death.
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23
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Cordonnier C, Thévenot J, Etienne-Mesmin L, Alric M, Livrelli V, Blanquet-Diot S. Probiotic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: An effective strategy against a deadly enemy? Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:116-132. [PMID: 27798976 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1185602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are major food-borne pathogens that constitute a serious public health threat. Currently, there is no specific treatment available for EHEC infections in human creating an urgent need for the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Among them, one of the most promising approaches is the use of probiotic microorganisms. Even if many studies have shown the antagonistic effects of probiotic bacteria or yeast on EHEC survival, virulence, adhesion on intestinal epithelium or pathogen-induced inflammatory responses, mechanisms mediating their beneficial effects remain unclear. This review describes EHEC pathogenesis and novel therapeutic strategies, with a particular emphasis on probiotics. The interests and limits of a probiotic-based approach and the way it might be incorporated into global health strategies against EHEC infections will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cordonnier
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Jonathan Thévenot
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Monique Alric
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Valérie Livrelli
- b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,c Service de Bactériologie , CHU Clermont-Ferrand , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
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24
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Kaper JB, O'Brien AD. Overview and Historical Perspectives. Microbiol Spectr 2014; 2:10.1128/microbiolspec.EHEC-0028-2014. [PMID: 25590020 PMCID: PMC4290666 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ehec-0028-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this overview, we describe the history of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in two phases. In phase one, between 1977 and 2011, we learned that E. coli could produce Shiga toxin and cause both hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans and that the prototype STEC-E. coli O157:H7-adheres to and effaces intestinal epithelial cells by a mechanism similar to that of enteropathogenic E. coli. We also recognized that the genes for Stx are typically encoded on a lysogenic phage; that STEC O157:H7 harbors a large pathogenicity island that encodes the elements needed for the characteristic attaching and effacing lesion; and that the most severe cases of human disease are linked to production of Stx type 2a, not Stx type 1a. Phase two began with a large food-borne outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Germany in 2011. That outbreak was caused by a novel strain consisting of enteroaggregative E. coli O104:H4 transduced by a Stx2a-converting phage. From this outbreak we learned that any E. coli strain that can adhere tightly to the human bowel (either by a biofilm-like mechanism as in E. coli O104:H4 or by an attaching and effacing mechanism as in E. coli O157:H7) can cause severe diarrheal and systemic illness when it acquires the capacity to produce Stx2a. This overview provides the basis for the review of current information regarding these fascinating and complex pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Kaper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21122
| | - Alison D O'Brien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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