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Xin R. Inflammatory Gene Panel Guiding the Study of Genetics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mol Diagn Ther 2024:10.1007/s40291-024-00709-x. [PMID: 38635139 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-024-00709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex disease that develops through a sequence of molecular events that are still poorly defined. This process is driven by a multitude of context-dependent genes that play different roles based on their environment. The complexity and multi-faceted nature of these genes make it difficult to study the genetic basis of IBD. The goal of this article is to review the key genes in the pathophysiology of IBD and highlight new technology that can be used in further research. This paper examines Nanostring RNA probe technology, which uses tissue analyzed without the use of enzymes, transcription, or amplification. Nanostring offers several panels of genes to test, including an inflammation panel of 234 genes. This article analyzes this panel and reviews the literature for each gene's effect in IBD for use as a framework to review the pathophysiology of the disease. The panel was narrowed to 26 genes with significant evidence of mechanistic potential in IBD, which were then categorized into specific areas of pathogenesis. These include gut barrier breakdown, inappropriate recognition of commensal bacteria, immune cell activation, proinflammatory cytokine release, and subsequent impairment of the anti-inflammatory response. The eventual goal of this paper is the creation of a customized panel of IBD genes that can be used to better understand the genetic mechanism of IBD and aid in the development of future therapies in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Xin
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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2
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Tian S, Wang Y, Wan J, Yang M, Fu Z. Co-stimulators CD40-CD40L, a potential immune-therapy target for atherosclerosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37718. [PMID: 38579073 PMCID: PMC10994492 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction between CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) a crucial co-stimulatory signal for activating adaptive immune cells, has a noteworthy role in atherosclerosis. It is well-known that atherosclerosis is linked to immune inflammation in blood vessels. In atherosclerotic lesions, there is a multitude of proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and collagen, as well as smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes, particularly the binding of CD40 and CD40L. Therefore, research on inhibiting the CD40-CD40L system to prevent atherosclerosis has been ongoing for more than 30 years. However, it's essential to note that long-term direct suppression of CD40 or CD40L could potentially result in immunosuppression, emphasizing the critical role of the CD40-CD40L system in atherosclerosis. Thus, specifically targeting the CD40-CD40L interaction on particular cell types or their downstream signaling pathways may be a robust strategy for mitigating atherosclerosis, reducing potential side effects. This review aims to summarize the potential utility of the CD40-CD40L system as a viable therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Tian
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Nursing Teaching and Research Office, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Wan
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenkun Fu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, China
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3
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Kim DK, Lee HJ, Lee IH, Lee JJ. Immunomodulatory Effects of Primed Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Atopic Dermatitis via B Cell Regulation. Cells 2023; 13:80. [PMID: 38201284 PMCID: PMC10777933 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) ameliorate T-and B cell-mediated immune responses. In particular, tonsil-MSCs (T-MSCs) are attractive candidates for practical and clinical applications because of their ease of acquisition and relatively low immunogenicity compared with other MSC sources. The use of MSCs as a therapeutic tool in atopic dermatitis (AD) has been investigated, but that of T-MSCs remains to be explored. Therefore, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of primed T-MSCs in AD pathogenesis. In our animal study, primed T-MSCs showed greater immunological suppressive effects than naïve T-MSCs. Additionally, in vitro, the proliferation of B cells was downregulated by the addition of primed T-MSCs compared with naïve T-MSCs. The activation of B cells to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells and produce IgE was also reduced when primed T-MSCs were added. Moreover, under CD40-knockdown conditions, we found that CD40 in primed T-MSCs played a critical role as a regulator of B cell activation and was mediated by the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. Therefore, our findings suggest a promising role for primed T-MSCs in the treatment of AD by regulating B cell-mediated inflammatory responses, which are dependent on CD40 expression on primed T-MSCs mediated through the non-canonical NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Division of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Division of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Hwan Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Division of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Baran J, Kuryk Ł, Szczepińska T, Łaźniewski M, Garofalo M, Mazurkiewicz-Pisarek A, Mikiewicz D, Mazurkiewicz A, Trzaskowski M, Wieczorek M, Pancer K, Hallmann E, Brydak L, Plewczynski D, Ciach T, Mierzejewska J, Staniszewska M. In vitro immune evaluation of adenoviral vector-based platform for infectious diseases. BIOTECHNOLOGIA 2023; 104:403-419. [PMID: 38213479 PMCID: PMC10777723 DOI: 10.5114/bta.2023.132775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
New prophylactic vaccine platforms are imperative to combat respiratory infections. The efficacy of T and B memory cell-mediated protection, generated through the adenoviral vector, was tested to assess the effectiveness of the new adenoviral-based platforms for infectious diseases. A combination of adenovirus AdV1 (adjuvant), armed with costimulatory ligands (ICOSL and CD40L), and rRBD (antigen: recombinant nonglycosylated spike protein rRBD) was used to promote the differentiation of T and B lymphocytes. Adenovirus AdV2 (adjuvant), without ligands, in combination with rRBD, served as a control. In vitro T-cell responses to the AdV1+rRBD combination revealed that CD8+ platform-specific T-cells increased (37.2 ± 0.7% vs. 23.1 ± 2.1%), and T-cells acted against SARS-CoV-2 via CD8+TEMRA (50.0 ± 1.3% vs. 36.0 ± 3.2%). Memory B cells were induced after treatment with either AdV1+rRBD (84.1 ± 0.8% vs. 82.3 ± 0.4%) or rRBD (94.6 ± 0.3% vs. 82.3 ± 0.4%). Class-switching from IgM and IgD to isotype IgG following induction with rRBD+Ab was observed. RNA-seq profiling identified gene expression patterns related to T helper cell differentiation that protect against pathogens. The analysis determined signaling pathways controlling the induction of protective immunity, including the MAPK cascade, adipocytokine, cAMP, TNF, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The AdV1+rRBD formulation induced IL-6, IL-8, and TNF. RNA-seq of the VERO E6 cell line showed differences in the apoptosis gene expression stimulated with the platforms vs. mock. In conclusion, AdV1+rRBD effectively generates T and B memory cell-mediated protection, presenting promising results in producing CD8+ platform-specific T cells and isotype-switched IgG memory B cells. The platform induces protective immunity by controlling the Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell differentiation gene expression patterns. Further studies are required to confirm its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Baran
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kuryk
- National Institute of Public Health, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Szczepińska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Łaźniewski
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Diana Mikiewicz
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alina Mazurkiewicz
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Lidia Brydak
- National Institute of Public Health, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Plewczynski
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Monika Staniszewska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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Samant M, Ziemniak J, Paolini JF. First-in-Human Phase 1 Randomized Trial with the Anti-CD40 Monoclonal Antibody KPL-404: Safety, Tolerability, Receptor Occupancy, and Suppression of T-Cell-Dependent Antibody Response. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 387:306-314. [PMID: 37699709 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40)-CD40L interaction has potential for treating autoimmune diseases and preventing graft rejection. This first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (NCT04497662) evaluated safety, pharmacokinetics, receptor occupancy, and pharmacodynamics of the humanized anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody KPL-404. Healthy volunteers were randomized to one of two single-ascending-dose groups: single intravenous KPL-404 dose 0.03, 0.3, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg or single subcutaneous KPL-404 dose 1 or 5 mg/kg. There were no dose-limiting or dose-related safety findings. Nonlinear dose-dependent changes in various pharmacokinetic parameters were identified following the range of intravenous doses. At the 10 mg/kg intravenous dose level, the t1/2 was approximately 7 days, and full receptor occupancy was observed through Day 71, with complete suppression of T-cell-dependent antibody response (TDAR) to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) challenge on Day 1 and rechallenge on Day 29 through Day 57. With KPL-404 5 mg/kg subcutaneously, full receptor occupancy was observed through Day 43, with complete suppression of TDAR through at least Day 29. Antidrug antibodies to KPL-404 were suppressed for 57 days with 10 mg/kg intravenously and for 50 days with 5 mg/kg subcutaneously, further confirming prolonged target engagement and pharmacodynamics. These findings support continued investigation of KPL-404 intravenous and subcutaneous administration in a broad range of indications. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This first-in-human clinical trial of KPL-404, a fully humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody, was designed with two independent (by route of administration) placebo-controlled single-ascending-dose-level groups, one with four intravenous single-dose cohorts and another with two subcutaneous single-dose cohorts. The pharmacokinetic profile, duration of full CD40 receptor occupancy, and magnitude and duration of memory immune response suppression observed confirm pharmacodynamic activity regardless of administration route. These data provide evidence that chronic KPL-404 dosing regimens (intravenous or subcutaneous) could be practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Samant
- Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, Massachusetts
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Small A, Lowe K, Wechalekar MD. Immune checkpoints in rheumatoid arthritis: progress and promise. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285554. [PMID: 38077329 PMCID: PMC10704353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune inflammatory conditions, and while the mechanisms driving pathogenesis are yet to be completely elucidated, self-reactive T cells and immune checkpoint pathways have a clear role. In this review, we provide an overview of the importance of checkpoint pathways in the T cell response and describe the involvement of these in RA development and progression. We discuss the relationship between immune checkpoint therapy in cancer and autoimmune adverse events, draw parallels with the involvement of immune checkpoints in RA pathobiology, summarise emerging research into some of the lesser-known pathways, and the potential of targeting checkpoint-related pathways in future treatment approaches to RA management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Small
- Department of Rheumatology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katie Lowe
- Department of Rheumatology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mihir D Wechalekar
- Department of Rheumatology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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AlAmeel T, AlMutairdi A, Al-Bawardy B. Emerging Therapies for Ulcerative Colitis: Updates from Recent Clinical Trials. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2023; 16:147-167. [PMID: 37609124 PMCID: PMC10441644 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s375969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disorder that affects the colon. The advent of advanced therapies such as biologic agents and small molecules has revolutionized the management of UC. Despite the expanding therapeutic armamentarium of advanced therapies to treat UC, the overall net remission rates and durability of currently available agents are relatively low. This highlights the need for further drug development and more innovative clinical trial design. There are currently multiple emerging agents in the pipeline for the management of UC. This includes agents with alternative routes of administration such as oral or subcutaneous tumor necrosis factor inhibitors or novel mechanisms of action such as toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist cobitolimod and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor apremilast. In this review, we will highlight novel and emerging advanced therapies currently in the pipeline for the management of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turki AlAmeel
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah AlMutairdi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Al-Bawardy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Osei-Wusu S, Tetteh JKA, Musah AB, Ntiamoah DO, Arthur N, Adjei A, Arbues A, Ofori EA, Mensah KA, Galevo SEA, Frempong AF, Asare P, Asante-Poku A, Otchere ID, Kusi KA, Lenz TL, Gagneux S, Portevin D, Yeboah-Manu D. Macrophage susceptibility to infection by Ghanaian Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lineages 4 and 5 varies with self-reported ethnicity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1163993. [PMID: 37645380 PMCID: PMC10461633 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1163993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) lineage 5 (L5) infections in Ghana revealed a significantly increased prevalence in Ewes compared to other self-reported ethnic groups. In that context, we sought to investigate the early phase of tuberculosis (TB) infection using ex vivo infection of macrophages derived from the blood of Ewe and Akan ethnic group volunteers with MTBC L4 and L5 strains. Methods The study participants consisted of 16 controls, among which self-reported Akan and Ewe ethnicity was equally represented, as well as 20 cured TB cases consisting of 11 Akans and 9 Ewes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from both healthy controls and cured TB cases. CD14+ monocytes were isolated and differentiated into monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) before infection with L4 or L5 endemic strains. The bacterial load was assessed after 2 hours (uptake) as well as 3 and 7 days post-infection. Results We observed a higher capacity of MDMs from Ewes to phagocytose L4 strains (p < 0.001), translating into a higher bacillary load on day 7 (p < 0.001) compared to L5, despite the higher replication rate of L5 in Ewe MDMs (fold change: 1.4 vs. 1.2, p = 0.03) among the controls. On the contrary, within macrophages from Akans, we observed a significantly higher phagocytic uptake of L5 (p < 0.001) compared to L4, also translating into a higher load on day 7 (p = 0.04). However, the replication rate of L4 in Akan MDMs was higher than that of L5 (fold change: L4 = 1.2, L4 = 1.1, p = 0.04). Although there was no significant difference in the uptake of L4 and L5 among cured TB cases, there was a higher bacterial load of both L4 (p = 0.02) and L5 (p = 0.02) on day 7 in Ewe MDMs. Conclusion Our results suggest that host ethnicity (driven by host genetic diversity), MTBC genetic diversity, and individual TB infection history are all acting together to modulate the outcome of macrophage infections by MTBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Osei-Wusu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - John K. A. Tetteh
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Abdul Basit Musah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Nelly Arthur
- Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abraham Adjei
- Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ainhoa Arbues
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ebenezer Addo Ofori
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Akyea Mensah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Abena Frema Frempong
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Prince Asare
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Adwoa Asante-Poku
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Isaac Darko Otchere
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Asamoah Kusi
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Tobias L. Lenz
- Research Group for Evolutionary Immunogenomics, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Damien Portevin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Zeng K, Huang M, Lyu MA, Khoury JD, Ahmed S, Patel KK, Dropulić B, Reese-Koc J, Caimi PF, Sadeghi T, Lima MD, Flowers CR, Parmar S. Adjunct Therapy with T Regulatory Cells Decreases Inflammation and Preserves the Anti-Tumor Activity of CAR T Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1880. [PMID: 37508543 PMCID: PMC10377823 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With greater accessibility and an increased number of patients being treated with CAR T cell therapy, real-world toxicity continues to remain a significant challenge to its widespread adoption. We have previously shown that allogeneic umbilical cord blood-derived (UCB) regulatory T cells (Tregs) can resolve inflammation and treat acute and immune-mediated lung injuries. Allogeneic, cryopreserved UCB Tregs have shown a clinical benefit in patients suffering from COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. The unique properties of UCB Treg cells include a lack of plasticity under inflammatory micro-environments, no requirement for HLA matching, a long shelf life of cryopreserved cells, and immediate product availability, which makes them attractive for treating acute inflammatory syndromes. Therefore, we hypothesized that adjunct therapy with UCB Tregs may resolve the undesirable inflammation responsible for CAR T cell therapy-associated toxicity. In in vitro analysis, no interference from the addition of UCB Tregs was observed on CD19 CAR T cells' ability to kill CD19 Raji cells at different CAR T: Raji cell ratios of 8:1 (80.4% vs. 81.5%); 4:1 (62.0% vs. 66.2%); 2:1 (50.1% vs. 54.7%); and 1:1 (35.4% vs. 44.1%). In the xenogeneic B-cell lymphoma model, multiple injections of UCB Tregs were administered 3 days after CD19 CAR T cell injection, and no detrimental effect of add-on Tregs was noted on the circulating CD8+ T effector cells. The distribution of CAR T cells in multiple organs remained unaffected by the addition of the UCB Tregs. Specifically, no difference in the overall tumor burden was detected between the UCB Treg + CAR T vs. CAR T alone recipients. No tumor was detected in the liver or bone marrow in CAR T cells + UCB Tregs recipients, with a notable corresponding decrease in multiple circulating inflammatory cytokines when compared to CART alone recipients. Here we show the proof of concept for adjunct therapy with UCB Tregs to mitigate the hyper-inflammatory state induced by CAR T cells without any interference in their on-target anti-tumor activity. Administration of UCB Tregs after CAR T cells allows sufficient time for their synapse formation with tumor cells and exerts cytotoxicity, such that the UCB Tregs are diverted to interact with the antigen-presenting cells at the site of inflammation. Such a differential distribution of cells would allow for a two-pronged strategy of a UCB Treg "cooling blanket" effect and lay the groundwork for clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zeng
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meixian Huang
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mi-Ae Lyu
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph D Khoury
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sairah Ahmed
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Krina K Patel
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Jane Reese-Koc
- Department of Cellular Therapy, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Paolo F Caimi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Marcos de Lima
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christopher R Flowers
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Simrit Parmar
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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10
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Krueger K, Lamenza F, Gu H, El-Hodiri H, Wester J, Oberdick J, Fischer AJ, Oghumu S. Sex differences in susceptibility to substance use disorder: Role for X chromosome inactivation and escape? Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103859. [PMID: 37207894 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a sex-based disparity associated with substance use disorders (SUDs) as demonstrated by clinical and preclinical studies. Females are known to escalate from initial drug use to compulsive drug-taking behavior (telescoping) more rapidly, and experience greater negative withdrawal effects than males. Although these biological differences have largely been attributed to sex hormones, there is evidence for non-hormonal factors, such as the influence of the sex chromosome, which underlie sex disparities in addiction behavior. However, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying sex chromosome influences on substance abuse behavior are not completely understood. In this review, we discuss the role that escape from X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in females plays in sex-associated differences in addiction behavior. Females have two X chromosomes (XX), and during XCI, one X chromosome is randomly chosen to be transcriptionally silenced. However, some X-linked genes escape XCI and display biallelic gene expression. We generated a mouse model using an X-linked gene specific bicistronic dual reporter mouse as a tool to visualize allelic usage and measure XCI escape in a cell specific manner. Our results revealed a previously undiscovered X-linked gene XCI escaper (CXCR3), which is variable and cell type dependent. This illustrates the highly complex and context dependent nature of XCI escape which is largely understudied in the context of SUD. Novel approaches such as single cell RNA sequencing will provide a global molecular landscape and impact of XCI escape in addiction and facilitate our understanding of the contribution of XCI escape to sex disparities in SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Krueger
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Felipe Lamenza
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Howard Gu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Heithem El-Hodiri
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jason Wester
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John Oberdick
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Preteroti MW, Traboulsi H, Greiss P, Lapohos O, Fonseca GJ, Eidelman DH, Baglole CJ. Receptor-mediated effects of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on the inflammatory response of alveolar macrophages. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:156-170. [PMID: 36510483 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Δ9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are cannabinoids found in Cannabis sativa. While research supports cannabinoids reduce inflammation, the consensus surrounding receptor(s)-mediated effects has yet to be established. Here, we investigated the receptor-mediated properties of Δ9 -THC and CBD on alveolar macrophages, an important pulmonary immune cell in direct contact with cannabinoids inhaled by cannabis smokers. MH-S cells, a mouse alveolar macrophage cell line, were exposed to Δ9 -THC and CBD, with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Outcomes included RNA-sequencing and cytokine analysis. Δ9 -THC and CBD alone did not affect the basal transcriptional response of MH-S cells. In response to LPS, Δ9 -THC and CBD significantly reduced the expression of numerous proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, an effect that was dependent on CB2 . The anti-inflammatory effects of CBD but not Δ9 -THC were mediated through a reduction in signaling through nuclear factor-kappa B and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2. These results suggest that CBD and Δ9 -THC have potent immunomodulatory properties in alveolar macrophages, a cell type important in immune homeostasis in the lungs. Further investigation into the effects of cannabinoids on lung immune cells could lead to the identification of therapies that may ameliorate conditions characterized by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Preteroti
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hussein Traboulsi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Greiss
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Life Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Orsolya Lapohos
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Quantitative Life Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory J Fonseca
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Quantitative Life Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David H Eidelman
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Antioxidant Therapy Significantly Attenuates Hepatotoxicity following Low Dose Exposure to Microcystin-LR in a Murine Model of Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081625. [PMID: 36009344 PMCID: PMC9404967 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown in a murine model of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) that chronic, low-dose exposure to the Harmful Algal Bloom cyanotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR), resulted in significant hepatotoxicity including micro-vesicular lipid accumulation, impaired toxin metabolism as well as dysregulation of the key signaling pathways involved in inflammation, immune response and oxidative stress. On this background we hypothesized that augmentation of hepatic drug metabolism pathways with targeted antioxidant therapies would improve MC-LR metabolism and reduce hepatic injury in NAFLD mice exposed to MC-LR. We chose N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 40 mM), a known antioxidant that augments the glutathione detoxification pathway and a novel peptide (pNaKtide, 25 mg/kg) which is targeted to interrupting a specific Src-kinase mediated pro-oxidant amplification mechanism. Histological analysis showed significant increase in hepatic inflammation in NAFLD mice exposed to MC-LR which was attenuated on treatment with both NAC and pNaKtide (both p ≤ 0.05). Oxidative stress, as measured by 8-OHDG levels in urine and protein carbonylation in liver sections, was also significantly downregulated upon treatment with both antioxidants after MC-LR exposure. Genetic analysis of key drug transporters including Abcb1a, Phase I enzyme-Cyp3a11 and Phase II metabolic enzymes-Pkm (Pyruvate kinase, muscle), Pklr (Pyruvate kinase, liver, and red blood cell) and Gad1 (Glutamic acid decarboxylase) was significantly altered by MC-LR exposure as compared to the non-exposed control group (all p ≤ 0.05). These changes were significantly attenuated with both pNaKtide and NAC treatment. These results suggest that MC-LR metabolism and detoxification is significantly impaired in the setting of NAFLD, and that these pathways can potentially be reversed with targeted antioxidant treatment.
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13
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Ghiboub M, Koster J, Craggs PD, Li Yim AYF, Shillings A, Hutchinson S, Bingham RP, Gatfield K, Hageman IL, Yao G, O’Keefe HP, Coffin A, Patel A, Sloan LA, Mitchell DJ, Hayhow TG, Lunven L, Watson RJ, Blunt CE, Harrison LA, Bruton G, Kumar U, Hamer N, Spaull JR, Zwijnenburg DA, Welting O, Hakvoort TBM, te Velde AA, van Limbergen J, Henneman P, Prinjha RK, de Winther MPJ, Harker NR, Tough DF, de Jonge WJ. Modulation of macrophage inflammatory function through selective inhibition of the epigenetic reader protein SP140. BMC Biol 2022; 20:182. [PMID: 35986286 PMCID: PMC9392322 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SP140 is a bromodomain-containing protein expressed predominantly in immune cells. Genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic modifications in the SP140 locus have been linked to Crohn’s disease (CD), suggesting a role in inflammation. Results We report the development of the first small molecule SP140 inhibitor (GSK761) and utilize this to elucidate SP140 function in macrophages. We show that SP140 is highly expressed in CD mucosal macrophages and in in vitro-generated inflammatory macrophages. SP140 inhibition through GSK761 reduced monocyte-to-inflammatory macrophage differentiation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory activation, while inducing the generation of CD206+ regulatory macrophages that were shown to associate with a therapeutic response to anti-TNF in CD patients. SP140 preferentially occupies transcriptional start sites in inflammatory macrophages, with enrichment at gene loci encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and inflammatory pathways. GSK761 specifically reduces SP140 chromatin binding and thereby expression of SP140-regulated genes. GSK761 inhibits the expression of cytokines, including TNF, by CD14+ macrophages isolated from CD intestinal mucosa. Conclusions This study identifies SP140 as a druggable epigenetic therapeutic target for CD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01380-6.
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14
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Arbitman L, Furie R, Vashistha H. B cell-targeted therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2022; 132:102873. [PMID: 35963808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that primarily affects women of childbearing age. There is no disease more heterogeneous than SLE as patients experience a myriad of manifestations and unpredictable periods of heightened disease activity. This heterogeneity not only makes it difficult for treatment decisions and prognostication, but has made drug development quite challenging. Despite these challenges, belimumab, voclosporin, and anifromulab, approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat SLE or lupus nephritis (LN), enhanced our armamentarium of traditional therapies, such as hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressives. However, there remains a dire need to develop therapies that offer greater efficacy and safety. Patients with SLE produce excessive amounts of autoantibodies and cytokines that result in inflammation and organ damage. While a considerable number of potential drug development targets exist, there has been much attention focused on B cells. Strategies have included direct B cell killing, modulation of B cell function, inhibition of molecules essential to B cell growth and survival, and acceleration of autoantibody clearance, to name just a few. In this article, we review SLE clinical trials evaluating experimental agents that target B cells or plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Arbitman
- Harpur College of Arts and Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Richard Furie
- Division of Rheumatology Northwell Health and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, NY, USA
| | - Himanshu Vashistha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Great Neck, NY, USA.
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15
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Dang AK, Gonzalez DA, Kumar R, Asif S, Bali A, Anne KK, Konanur Srinivasa NK. Vinculum of Cardiovascular Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e26144. [PMID: 35891823 PMCID: PMC9303831 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CrD), is a chronic relapsing-remitting inflammation of the bowel with extraintestinal involvement. Numerous studies published in the last decade have underlined the dangerous cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes of IBD, such as ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and stroke, and the need for better therapeutic and prognostic strategies. This article elucidated the pathological web of mechanisms that link IBD with CVD, such as immune dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and dysbiosis, with a comprehensive review of clinical studies standing for and against the notion in pediatric and adult populations. The current treatment and prevention aim at disease remission and dietary strategies shown to reduce the CVD risk. Exploration of other supplemental preventive and treatment methods, especially during active flares of disease, to reduce the risk of arterial thromboembolic disease (ATED) is the need of the hour.
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16
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Peter L, Wendering DJ, Schlickeiser S, Hoffmann H, Noster R, Wagner DL, Zarrinrad G, Münch S, Picht S, Schulenberg S, Moradian H, Mashreghi MF, Klein O, Gossen M, Roch T, Babel N, Reinke P, Volk HD, Amini L, Schmueck-Henneresse M. Tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products to prevent and treat severe COVID-19 in immunosuppressed patients. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 25:52-73. [PMID: 35252469 PMCID: PMC8882037 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients receive therapeutic immunosuppression that compromises their immune response to infections and vaccines. For this reason, SOT patients have a high risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and an increased risk of death from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Moreover, the efficiency of immunotherapies and vaccines is reduced due to the constant immunosuppression in this patient group. Here, we propose adoptive transfer of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells made resistant to a common immunosuppressant, tacrolimus, for optimized performance in the immunosuppressed patient. Using a ribonucleoprotein approach of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we have generated tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products from convalescent donors and demonstrate their specificity and function through characterizations at the single-cell level, including flow cytometry, single-cell RNA (scRNA) Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes (CITE), and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing analyses. Based on the promising results, we aim for clinical validation of this approach in transplant recipients. Additionally, we propose a combinatory approach with tacrolimus, to prevent an overshooting immune response manifested as bystander T cell activation in the setting of severe COVID-19 immunopathology, and tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products, allowing for efficient clearance of viral infection. Our strategy has the potential to prevent severe COVID-19 courses in SOT or autoimmunity settings and to prevent immunopathology while providing viral clearance in severe non-transplant COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Peter
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Regenerative Therapies at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Désirée Jacqueline Wendering
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Schlickeiser
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrike Hoffmann
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Noster
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Laurin Wagner
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ghazaleh Zarrinrad
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Regenerative Therapies at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Münch
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Samira Picht
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Schulenberg
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Regenerative Therapies at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanieh Moradian
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Klein
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Gossen
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Center for Translational Medicine, Immunology, and Transplantation, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Center for Translational Medicine, Immunology, and Transplantation, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne, Germany
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leila Amini
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schmueck-Henneresse
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Novel Functions of Integrins as Receptors of CD154: Their Role in Inflammation and Apoptosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111747. [PMID: 35681441 PMCID: PMC9179867 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD154, an inflammatory mediator also known as CD40 ligand, has been identified as a novel binding partner for some members of the integrin family. The αIIbβ3, specifically expressed on platelets, was the first integrin to be described as a receptor for CD154 after CD40. Its interaction with soluble CD154 (sCD154) highly contributes to thrombus formation and stability. Identifying αIIbβ3 opened the door for investigating other integrins as partners of CD154. The αMβ2 expressed on myeloid cells was shown capable of binding CD154 and contributing as such to cell activation, adhesion, and release of proinflammatory mediators. In parallel, α5β1 communicates with sCD154, inducing pro-inflammatory responses. Additional pathogenic effects involving apoptosis-preventing functions were exhibited by the CD154–α5β1 dyad in T cells, conferring a role for such interaction in the survival of malignant cells, as well as the persistence of autoreactive T cells. More recently, CD154 receptors integrated two new integrin members, αvβ3 and α4β1, with little known as to their biological significance in this context. This article provides an overview of the novel role of integrins as receptors of CD154 and as critical players in pro-inflammatory and apoptotic responses.
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18
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Herold Z, Herold M, Herczeg G, Fodor A, Szasz AM, Dank M, Somogyi A. High plasma CD40 ligand level is associated with more advanced stages and worse prognosis in colorectal cancer. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:4084-4096. [PMID: 35665117 PMCID: PMC9131230 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i13.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is often associated with elevated platelet count (> 400 × 109/L), known as thrombocytosis. The role of CD40 ligand (CD40L), a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, is controversial in CRC. Circulating CD40L is higher in CRC, but its relationship with disease staging and local and distant metastasis is not clear. Although most of the circulating CD40L is produced by platelets, no previous study investigated its relationship with CRC-related thrombocytosis.
AIM To investigate the role of CD40L to predict the outcome of CRC and its relation to thrombocytosis.
METHODS A total of 106 CRC patients and 50 age and sex-matched control subjects were enrolled for the study. Anamnestic data including comorbidities and histopathological data were collected. Laboratory measurements were performed at the time of CRC diagnosis and 1.5 mo and at least 6 mo after the surgical removal of the tumor. Plasma CD40L and thrombopoietin were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while plasma interleukin-6 was measured via electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Patient follow-ups were terminated on January 31, 2021.
RESULTS Plasma CD40L of CRC patients was tendentiously higher, while platelet count (P = 0.0479), interleukin-6 (P = 0.0002), and thrombopoietin (P = 0.0024) levels were significantly higher as opposed to the control subjects. Twelve of the 106 CRC patients (11.3%) had thrombocytosis. Significantly higher CD40L was found in the presence of distant metastases (P = 0.0055) and/or thrombocytosis (P = 0.0294). A connection was found between CD40L and platelet count (P = 0.0045), interleukin-6 (P = 0.0130), and thrombocytosis (P = 0.0155). CD40L was constant with the course of CRC, and all baseline differences persisted throughout the whole study. Both pre- and postoperative elevated platelet count, CD40L, and interleukin-6 level were associated with poor overall and disease-specific survival of patients. The negative effect of CD40L and interleukin-6 on patient survival remained even after the stratification by thrombocytosis.
CONCLUSION CD40L levels of CRC patients do not change with the course of the disease. The CD40L level is strongly correlated with platelet count, interleukin-6, thrombocytosis, and the presence of distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Herold
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1088, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1088, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Herczeg
- Department of General Surgery, Szent Imre University Teaching Hospital, Budapest H-1115, Hungary
| | - Agnes Fodor
- Department of General Surgery, Szent Imre University Teaching Hospital, Budapest H-1115, Hungary
| | - Attila Marcell Szasz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Dank
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
| | - Aniko Somogyi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1088, Hungary
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19
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Mahadik R, Kiptoo P, Tolbert T, Siahaan TJ. Immune Modulation by Antigenic Peptides and Antigenic Peptide Conjugates for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2022; 10:10.18103/mra.v10i5.2804. [PMID: 36381196 PMCID: PMC9648198 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v10i5.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The immune system defends our body by fighting infection from pathogens utilizing both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response is generated rapidly as the first line of defense. It is followed by the adaptive immune response that selectively targets infected cells. The adaptive immune response is generated more slowly, but selectively, by targeting a wide range of foreign particles (i.e., viruses or bacteria) or molecules that enter the body, known as antigens. Autoimmune diseases are the results of immune system glitches, where the body's adaptive system recognizes self-antigens as foreign. Thus, the host immune system attacks the self-tissues or organs with a high level of inflammation and causes debilitation in patients. Many current treatments for autoimmune diseases (i.e., multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA)) have been effective but lead to adverse side effects due to general immune system suppression, which makes patients vulnerable to opportunistic infections. To counter these negative effects, many different avenues of antigen specific treatments are being developed to selectively target the autoreactive immune cells for a specific self-antigen or set of self-antigens while not compromising the general immune system. These approaches include soluble antigenic peptides, bifunctional peptide inhibitors (BPI) including IDAC and Fc-BPI, polymer conjugates, and peptide-drug conjugates. Here, various antigen-specific methods of potential treatments, their efficacy, and limitations will be discussed along with the potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Mahadik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | | | - Tom Tolbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Teruna J Siahaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047
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20
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Lad A, Breidenbach JD, Su RC, Murray J, Kuang R, Mascarenhas A, Najjar J, Patel S, Hegde P, Youssef M, Breuler J, Kleinhenz AL, Ault AP, Westrick JA, Modyanov NN, Kennedy DJ, Haller ST. As We Drink and Breathe: Adverse Health Effects of Microcystins and Other Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins in the Liver, Gut, Lungs and Beyond. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030418. [PMID: 35330169 PMCID: PMC8950847 DOI: 10.3390/life12030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing in number and severity worldwide. These HABs are chiefly composed of one or more species of cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, such as Microcystis and Anabaena. Numerous HAB cyanobacterial species produce toxins (e.g., microcystin and anatoxin—collectively referred to as HAB toxins) that disrupt ecosystems, impact water and air quality, and deter recreation because they are harmful to both human and animal health. Exposure to these toxins can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. Acute health effects of HAB toxins have been well documented and include symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, headache, fever, and skin rashes. While these adverse effects typically increase with amount, duration, and frequency of exposure, susceptibility to HAB toxins may also be increased by the presence of comorbidities. The emerging science on potential long-term or chronic effects of HAB toxins with a particular emphasis on microcystins, especially in vulnerable populations such as those with pre-existing liver or gastrointestinal disease, is summarized herein. This review suggests additional research is needed to define at-risk populations who may be helped by preventative measures. Furthermore, studies are required to develop a mechanistic understanding of chronic, low-dose exposure to HAB toxins so that appropriate preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies can be created in a targeted fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Lad
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Joshua D. Breidenbach
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Robin C. Su
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Jordan Murray
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Rebecca Kuang
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Alison Mascarenhas
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - John Najjar
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Shivani Patel
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Prajwal Hegde
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Mirella Youssef
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Jason Breuler
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Andrew L. Kleinhenz
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Judy A. Westrick
- Lumigen Instrumentation Center, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Nikolai N. Modyanov
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - David J. Kennedy
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
- Correspondence: (D.J.K.); (S.T.H.); Tel.: +1-419-383-6822 (D.J.K.); +1-419-383-6859 (S.T.H.)
| | - Steven T. Haller
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
- Correspondence: (D.J.K.); (S.T.H.); Tel.: +1-419-383-6822 (D.J.K.); +1-419-383-6859 (S.T.H.)
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21
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Muralidharan S, Njenga M, Garron T, Bondensgaard K, Paolini JF. Preclinical immunopharmacologic assessment of KPL-404, a novel, humanized, non-depleting antagonistic anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 381:12-21. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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22
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Friedrich V, Forné I, Matzek D, Ring D, Popper B, Jochum L, Spriewald S, Straub T, Imhof A, Krug A, Stecher B, Brocker T. Helicobacter hepaticus is required for immune targeting of bacterial heat shock protein 60 and fatal colitis in mice. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-20. [PMID: 33550886 PMCID: PMC7889221 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1882928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and the immune system are in constant exchange shaping both host immunity and microbial communities. Here, improper immune regulation can cause inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis. Antibody therapies blocking signaling through the CD40-CD40L axis showed promising results as these molecules are deregulated in certain IBD patients. To better understand the mechanism, we used transgenic DC-LMP1/CD40 animals with a constitutive CD40-signal in CD11c+ cells, causing a lack of intestinal CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) and failure to induce regulatory T (iTreg) cells. These mice rapidly develop spontaneous fatal colitis, accompanied by dysbiosis and increased inflammatory IL-17+IFN-γ+ Th17/Th1 and IFN-γ + Th1 cells. In the present study, we analyzed the impact of the microbiota on disease development and detected elevated IgA- and IgG-levels in sera from DC-LMP1/CD40 animals. Their serum antibodies specifically bound intestinal bacteria, and by proteome analysis, we identified a 60 kDa chaperonin GroEL (Hsp60) from Helicobacter hepaticus (Hh) as the main specific antigen targeted in the absence of iTregs. When re-derived to a different Hh-free specific-pathogen-free (SPF) microbiota, mice showed few signs of disease, normal microbiota, and no fatality. Upon recolonization of mice with Hh, the disease developed rapidly. Thus, the present work identifies GroEL/Hsp60 as a major Hh-antigen and its role in disease onset, progression, and outcome in this colitis model. Our results highlight the importance of CD103+ DC- and iTreg-mediated immune tolerance to specific pathobionts to maintain healthy intestinal balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Friedrich
- Institute for Immunology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ignasi Forné
- Protein Analysis Unit, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dana Matzek
- Core Facility Animal Models, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Ring
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Popper
- Core Facility Animal Models, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara Jochum
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Spriewald
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Core Facility Bioinformatics, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Imhof
- Protein Analysis Unit, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Krug
- Institute for Immunology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Brocker
- Institute for Immunology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany,CONTACT Thomas Brocker Institute for Immunology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich82152, Germany
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23
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Wu HH, Ralph KL, Sepuldeva E, Hansen G, Li H, Huang ZF, Liu D, Dziegelewski M, Ahlberg J, Frego L, Fogal S, van Tongeren S, Grimaldi C, Litzenberger T, Presky D, Singh S, Brodeur S, Kroe-Barrett R. An optimally designed anti-human CD40 antibody with potent B cell suppression for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121162. [PMID: 34624444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies targeting the CD40-CD40L pathway have great potential for treating autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis (LN), and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, in addition to the known difficulty in generating a purely antagonistic CD40 antibody, the presence of CD40 and CD40L on platelets creates additional unique challenges for the safety, target coverage, and clearance of antibodies targeting this pathway. Previously described therapeutic antibodies targeting this pathway have various shortcomings, and the full therapeutic potential of this axis has yet to be realized. Herein, we describe the generation and characterization of BI 655064, a novel, purely antagonistic anti-CD40 antibody that potently neutralizes CD40-CD40L-dependent B-cell stimulation without evidence of impacting platelet functions. This uniquely optimized antibody targeting a highly challenging pathway was obtained by applying stringent functional and biophysical criteria during the lead selection process. BI 655064 has favorable target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD)-saturation pharmacokinetics, consistent with that of a high-quality therapeutic monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Haixia Wu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Ridgefield, CT, USA.
| | - Kerry-Leigh Ralph
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Eliud Sepuldeva
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Gale Hansen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Zhong-Fu Huang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Michael Dziegelewski
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer Ahlberg
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Lee Frego
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Steve Fogal
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Immunology & Respiratory, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Susan van Tongeren
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Nonclinical Drug Safety, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Christine Grimaldi
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Tobias Litzenberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, B-W, Germany
| | | | - Sanjaya Singh
- Janssen Biotherapeutics at Johnson & Johnson. Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Scott Brodeur
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies at Johnson & Johnson. New Jersey, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Kroe-Barrett
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Ridgefield, CT, USA
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24
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Transcriptome analysis revealed that delaying first colostrum feeding postponed ileum immune system development of neonatal calves. Genomics 2021; 113:4116-4125. [PMID: 34743958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of colostrum feeding times on genome-wide gene expression of neonatal calves. In total, twenty-seven calves were assigned to three colostrum feeding treatments: within 45 min (TRT0h, n = 9), 6 h (TRT6h, n = 9) and 12 h (TRT12h, n = 9). Ileum tissues were collected at 51 h and transcriptomic analysis was conducted. Uniquely expressed genes were identified in TRT0h group with enriched "Antigen Presentation" function. Meanwhile, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified four significant gene modules (|correlation| > 0.50 and P ≤ 0.05). In particular, Turquoise gene module with the enriched "Cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion" and "Cell-cell adherences junction" GO terms were significantly correlated with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (R = -0.70, P < 0.01) and Bifidobacterium (R = -0.55, P < 0.01). Our findings suggest feeding colostrum without delay could stimulate the expression of genes involved in immune function development related to host response and microbial colonization in neonatal claves.
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25
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Zaongo SD, Liu Y, Harypursat V, Song F, Xia H, Ma P, Chen Y. P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand 1: A Potential HIV-1 Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710121. [PMID: 34434194 PMCID: PMC8380821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a life-long therapeutic option, remains the only currently effective clinical method to treat HIV-1 infection. However, ART may be toxic to vital organs including the liver, brain, heart, and kidneys, and may result in systemic complications. In this context, to consider HIV-1 restriction factors from the innate immune system to explore novel HIV therapeutics is likely to be a promising investigative strategy. In light of this, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) has recently become the object of close scrutiny as a recognized cell adhesion molecule, and has become a major focus of academic study, as researchers believe that PSGL-1 may represent a novel area of interest in the research inquiry into the field of immune checkpoint inhibition. In this article, we review PSGL-1's structure and functions during infection and/or inflammation. We also outline a comprehensive review of its role and potential therapeutic utility during HIV-1 infection as published in contemporary academic literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.,Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangzhou Song
- Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Xia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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The Relationship between Inflammation Markers (CRP, IL-6, sCD40L) and Colorectal Cancer Stage, Grade, Size and Location. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081382. [PMID: 34441316 PMCID: PMC8393680 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was the evaluation whether in primary colorectal cancer (CRC) patients (n = 55): age, sex, TNM classification results, WHO grade, tumor location (proximal colon, distal colon, rectum), tumor size, platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), mean platelet component (MCP), levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen (CA 19-9), as well as soluble lectin adhesion molecules (L-, E-, and P-selectins) may influence circulating inflammatory biomarkers: IL-6, CRP, and sCD40L. We found that CRP concentration evaluation in routine clinical practice may have an advantage as a prognostic biomarker in CRC patients, as this protein the most comprehensively reflects clinicopathological features of the tumor. Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that in CRC patients: (1) with an increase in PLT by 10 × 103/μL, the mean concentration of CRP increases by 3.4%; (2) with an increase in CA 19-9 of 1 U/mL, the mean concentration of CRP increases by 0.7%; (3) with the WHO 2 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases 3.631 times relative to the WHO 1 grade group; (4) with the WHO 3 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases by 4.916 times relative to the WHO 1 grade group; (5) with metastases (T1-4N+M+) the mean CRP concentration increases 4.183 times compared to non-metastatic patients (T1-4N0M0); (6) with a tumor located in the proximal colon, the mean concentration of CRP increases 2.175 times compared to a tumor located in the distal colon; (7) in patients with tumor size > 3 cm, the CRP concentration is about 2 times higher than in patients with tumor size ≤ 3 cm. In the multivariate linear regression model, the variables that influence the mean CRP value in CRC patients included: WHO grade and tumor localization. R2 for the created model equals 0.50, which indicates that this model explains 50% of the variance in the dependent variable. In CRC subjects: (1) with the WHO 2 grade, the mean CRP concentration rises 3.924 times relative to the WHO 1 grade; (2) with the WHO 3 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases 4.721 times in relation to the WHO 1 grade; (3) with a tumor located in the rectum, the mean CRP concentration rises 2.139 times compared to a tumor located in the distal colon; (4) with a tumor located in the proximal colon, the mean concentration of CRP increases 1.998 times compared to the tumor located in the distal colon; if other model parameters are fixed.
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27
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Zeng XY, Li M. Looking into key bacterial proteins involved in gut dysbiosis. World J Methodol 2021; 11:130-143. [PMID: 34322365 PMCID: PMC8299906 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v11.i4.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in health and has been linked to many diseases. With the rapid accumulation of pyrosequencing data of the bacterial composition, the causal-effect relationship between specific dysbiosis features and diseases is now being explored. The aim of this review is to describe the key functional bacterial proteins and antigens in the context of dysbiosis related-diseases. We subjectively classify the key functional proteins into two categories: Primary key proteins and secondary key proteins. The primary key proteins mainly act by themselves and include biofilm inhibitors, toxin degraders, oncogene degraders, adipose metabolism modulators, anti-inflammatory peptides, bacteriocins, host cell regulators, adhesion and invasion molecules, and intestinal barrier regulators. The secondary key proteins mainly act by eliciting host immune responses and include flagellin, outer membrane proteins, and other autoantibody-related antigens. Knowledge of key bacterial proteins is limited compared to the rich microbiome data. Understanding and focusing on these key proteins will pave the way for future mechanistic level cause-effect studies of gut dysbiosis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumors, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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28
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Shibru B, Fey K, Fricke S, Blaudszun AR, Fürst F, Weise M, Seiffert S, Weyh MK, Köhl U, Sack U, Boldt A. Detection of Immune Checkpoint Receptors - A Current Challenge in Clinical Flow Cytometry. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694055. [PMID: 34276685 PMCID: PMC8281132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological therapy principles are increasingly determining modern medicine. They are used to treat diseases of the immune system, for tumors, but also for infections, neurological diseases, and many others. Most of these therapies base on antibodies, but small molecules, soluble receptors or cells and modified cells are also used. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors is amazingly fast. T-cell directed antibody therapies against PD-1 or CTLA-4 are already firmly established in the clinic. Further targets are constantly being added and it is becoming increasingly clear that their expression is not only relevant on T cells. Furthermore, we do not yet have any experience with the long-term systemic effects of the treatment. Flow cytometry can be used for diagnosis, monitoring, and detection of side effects. In this review, we focus on checkpoint molecules as target molecules and functional markers of cells of the innate and acquired immune system. However, for most of the interesting and potentially relevant parameters, there are still no test kits suitable for routine use. Here we give an overview of the detection of checkpoint molecules on immune cells in the peripheral blood and show examples of a possible design of antibody panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Shibru
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Fey
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Friederike Fürst
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max Weise
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Seiffert
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Katharina Weyh
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Boldt
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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29
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An Overview of Advances in Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapies Based on the Multiple Immune-Cancer Cell Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2097:139-171. [PMID: 31776925 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0203-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumors have a complex ecosystem in which behavior and fate are determined by the interaction of diverse cancerous and noncancerous cells at local and systemic levels. A number of studies indicate that various immune cells participate in tumor development (Fig. 1). In this review, we will discuss interactions among T lymphocytes (T cells), B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), neutrophils, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In addition, we will touch upon attempts to either use or block subsets of immune cells to target cancer.
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Hu Y, Wang X, Ye L, Li C, Chen W, Cheng H. Rosuvastatin Alleviates Intestinal Injury by Down-Regulating the CD40 Pathway in the Intestines of Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:816. [PMID: 32849246 PMCID: PMC7431906 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins have been reported to suppress CD40 expression and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, which are both up-regulated in the intestines following traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced intestinal injury. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the statin rosuvastatin on post-TBI jejunal injury in rats, focusing on potential mechanisms involving the CD40/NF-κB signaling pathway. The jejunal CD40 expression was determined by western blotting. The DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The severity of the jejunal mucosal injury was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and histopathological evaluation. We found that the post-TBI upregulation of both CD40 expression and NF-κB activity in the jejunal tissues were significantly inhibited by rosuvastatin, while the post-TBI expression of TNF-α and IL-1β was significantly suppressed by rosuvastatin. In addition, rosuvastatin significantly ameliorated TBI-induced effects on the villus height, crypt depth, and villous surface area. Rosuvastatin suppressed TBI-induced intestinal injury in rats, which may be associated with the blockade of the CD40/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchun Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Bachsais M, Salti S, Zaoui K, Hassan GS, Aoudjit F, Mourad W. CD154 inhibits death of T cells via a Cis interaction with the α5β1 integrin. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235753. [PMID: 32745080 PMCID: PMC7398495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD154 plays a major role in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In addition to CD40, soluble CD154 (sCD154) binds to other receptors namely αIIbβ3, αMβ2, α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins. We have previously reported that binding of sCD154 to α5β1 integrin expressed on several human T cell lines is capable of inhibiting Fas-induced cell death. In the current study, we show that such effect of the sCD154/α5β1 interaction is not restricted to the cell death response induced by Fas but could also be exhibited toward other death signals such as TRAIL and TNF- α. We also demonstrate that sCD154 is capable of inhibiting Fas-mediated death of human activated T cells, more importantly of CD4+ than CD8+ T ones. Our data also show that membrane-bound CD154 and α5β1 integrin expressed on the surface of distinct cells failed to influence cell death responses. However, when membrane-bound CD154 and α5β1 are expressed on the surface of same cell, their interaction was capable of down regulating cell death. CD154 was shown to co-localize with the α5β1 integrin on the surface of these cells. These data strongly suggest a cis-type of interaction between CD154 and α5β1 when both are expressed on the same cell surface, rather than a trans-interaction which usually implicates the ligand and its receptor each expressed on the surface of a distinct cell. Taken together, these findings add to the list of roles through which CD154 is contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune-inflammatory diseases, i.e. by protecting T cells from death and enhancing their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Bachsais
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Suzanne Salti
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kossay Zaoui
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ghada S. Hassan
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fawzi Aoudjit
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Walid Mourad
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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CD40 Receptor Knockout Protects against Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) Prolongation and Exacerbation of Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060149. [PMID: 32498446 PMCID: PMC7345682 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is one of the most common gastrointestinal (GI) disorders around the world, and includes diagnoses such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The etiology of IBD is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. One environmental perturbagen that is not well studied within the intestines is microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), which is a toxin produced by cyanobacteria in freshwater environments around the world. We recently reported that MC-LR has limited effects within the intestines of healthy mice, yet interestingly has significant toxicity within the intestines of mice with pre-existing colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). MC-LR was found to prolong DSS-induced weight loss, prolong DSS-induced bloody stools, exacerbate DSS-induced colonic shortening, exacerbate DSS-induced colonic ulceration, and exacerbate DSS-induced inflammatory cytokine upregulation. In addition, we previously reported a significant increase in expression of the pro-inflammatory receptor CD40 in the colons of these mice, along with downstream products of CD40 activation, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). In the current study, we demonstrate that knocking out CD40 attenuates the effects of MC-LR in mice with pre-existing colitis by decreasing the severity of weight loss, allowing a full recovery in bloody stools, preventing the exacerbation of colonic shortening, preventing the exacerbation of colonic ulceration, and preventing the upregulation of the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines IL-1β, MCP-1, and PAI-1. We also demonstrate the promising efficacy of a CD40 receptor blocking peptide to ameliorate the effects of MC-LR exposure in a proof-of-concept study. Our findings suggest for the first time that MC-LR acts through a CD40-dependent mechanism to exacerbate colitis.
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Blockade of CD40L inhibits immunogenic maturation of lung dendritic cells: Implications for the role of lung iNKT cells in mouse models of asthma. Mol Immunol 2020; 121:167-185. [PMID: 32229377 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have shown that maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) is modulated directly by pathogen components via pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors, but also by signal like CD40 ligand (CD40 L or CD154) mediated by activated T cells. Several reports indicate that invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells up-regulate CD40 L upon stimulation and thereby induce activation and maturation of DCs through crosslink with CD40. Our previous findings indicated that iNKT cells promote Th2 cell responses through the induction of immunogenic maturation of lung DCs (LDCs) in the asthmatic murine, but its mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of blockade of CD40 L using anti-CD40 L treatment on Th2 cell responses and immunogenic maturation of LDCs, and further analyzed whether these influences of blockade of CD40 L were related to lung iNKT cells using iNKT cell-deficient mice and the combination treatment of specific iNKT cell activation with anti-CD40 L treatment in murine models of asthma. Our findings showed that blockade of CD40 L using anti-CD40 L treatment attenuated Th2 cell responses in wild-type (WT) mice, but not in CD1d-deficient mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) or house dust mite (HDM). Meanwhile, blockade of CD40 L down-regulated immunogenic maturation of LDCs in WT mice, but not in CD1d-deficient mice sensitized and challenged with OVA. Additionally, agonistic anti-CD40 treatment reversed the inhibitory effects of anti-CD40 L treatment on Th2 cell responses and LDC activation in an OVA-induced mouse model of asthma. Furthermore, LDCs from asthmatic mice treated with anti-CD40 L could significantly reduce the influence on Th2 cell responses in vivo and in vitro. Finally, α-Galactosylceramide plus anti-CD40 L treatment stimulated lung iNKT cells, but suppressed Th2 cell responses in the asthmatic mice. Taken together, our data raise an evidence that blockade of CD40 L attenuates Th2 cell responses through the inhibition of immunogenic maturation of LDCs, which may be at least partially related to lung iNKT cells in murine models of asthma.
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Hu Y, Wang J, Rao J, Xu X, Cheng Y, Yan L, Wu Y, Wu N, Wu X. Comparison of peripheral blood B cell subset ratios and B cell-related cytokine levels between ocular and generalized myasthenia gravis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Nicholson SM, Casey KA, Gunsior M, Drabic S, Iverson W, Cook H, Scott S, O'Day T, Karanth S, Dixit R, Ryan PC. The enhanced immunopharmacology of VIB4920, a novel Tn3 fusion protein and CD40L antagonist, and assessment of its safety profile in cynomolgus monkeys. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1061-1076. [PMID: 31648370 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibition of the T- and B-cell interaction through the CD40/CD40 ligand (L) axis is a favourable approach for inflammatory disease treatment. Clinical studies of anti-CD40L molecules in autoimmune diseases have met challenges because of thromboembolic events and adverse haemostasis. VIB4920 (formerly MEDI4920) is a novel CD40L antagonist and Tn3 fusion protein designed to prevent adverse haemostasis and immunopharmacology. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics, activity and toxicity of VIB4920 in monkeys. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cynomolgus monkeys received i.v. or s.c. 5-300 mg·kg-1 VIB4920 or vehicle, once weekly for 1 month (Studies 1 and 2) or 28 weeks (Study 3). VIB4920 exposure and bioavailability were determined using pharmacokinetic analyses, and immune cell population changes via flow cytometry. Pharmacological activity was evaluated by measuring the animals' capacity to elicit an immune response to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) and tetanus toxoid (TT). KEY RESULTS VIB4920 demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics at multiple doses. Lymphocyte, monocyte, cytotoxic T-cell and NK cell counts were not significantly different between treatment groups. B-cell counts reduced dose-dependently and the T-cell dependent antibody response to KLH was suppressed by VIB4920 dose-dependently. The recall response to TT was similar across treatment groups. No thromboembolic events or symptoms of immune system dysfunctionality were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS VIB4920 demonstrated an acceptable safety profile in monkeys. VIB4920 showed favourable pharmacokinetics, dose-dependent inhibition of a neoantigen-specific immune response and no adverse effects on immune function following long-term use. Our data support the use of VIB4920 in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Halie Cook
- MedImmune/AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Terry O'Day
- MedImmune/AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Mechanistic basis of co-stimulatory CD40-CD40L ligation mediated regulation of immune responses in cancer and autoimmune disorders. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151899. [PMID: 31899051 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.151899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Generation of an accurate humoral and a cell mediated adaptive immune responsesare dictated by binding of an antigen to a T- and a B-cell receptor, respectively (first signal) followed by ligation of costimulatory molecules (second signal). CD40, a costimulatory receptor molecule, expressed mainly on antigen presenting cells, some non-immune cells and tumors, binds to CD40 ligand molecule expressed transiently on T-cells and non-immune cells under inflammatory conditions. In the past decade, the CD40-CD40L interaction has emerged as an immune-potentiating system that governs and regulates host immune response against various diseases and pathogens, failing of which results in detrimental patho-physiologies including cancer and autoimmune disorders. CD40-CD40L transduces immune signals intracellularly via TRAF-dependent and independent mechanisms and further downstream by different MAPK pathways and transcription factors such as NF-κB, p38 etc. While CD40 signaling pathway through its cognate interaction between B and T cells promotes activation and proliferation of B-cells, Ig class switching, and generation of B cell memory; however, CD40-CD40L interaction involving other APCs and non-immune cells relay distinct cell signaling resulting in production of a variety of cytokines/chemokines and cell adhesion molecules ultimately conferring host defense against pathogen. In cancer and autoimmune disorders, CD40-CD40L interaction is also responsible for aberrant expression of many disease specific markers, class I/II MHC molecules and other co-stimulatory molecules such as B7 and CD28 in cell- and disease-specific manner. In the present review, the current state of understanding about the CD40-CD40L mediated regulation of immune and non-immune cells is presented. The current paradigm is to target CD40 using agonist anti-CD40 mAbs alone or in synergistic combination with chemotherapy in order to harness or confer anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory immunity.
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Exposure to the Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Toxin Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) Prolongs and Increases Severity of Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060371. [PMID: 31242640 PMCID: PMC6628444 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) represents a collection of gastrointestinal disorders resulting from genetic and environmental factors. Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a toxin produced by cyanobacteria during algal blooms and demonstrates bioaccumulation in the intestinal tract following ingestion. Little is known about the impact of MC-LR ingestion in individuals with IBD. In this study, we sought to investigate MC-LR’s effects in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. Mice were separated into four groups: (a) water only (control), (b) DSS followed by water (DSS), (c) water followed by MC-LR (MC-LR), and (d) DSS followed by MC-LR (DSS + MC-LR). DSS resulted in weight loss, splenomegaly, and severe colitis marked by transmural acute inflammation, ulceration, shortened colon length, and bloody stools. DSS + MC-LR mice experienced prolonged weight loss and bloody stools, increased ulceration of colonic mucosa, and shorter colon length as compared with DSS mice. DSS + MC-LR also resulted in greater increases in pro-inflammatory transcripts within colonic tissue (TNF-α, IL-1β, CD40, MCP-1) and the pro-fibrotic marker, PAI-1, as compared to DSS-only ingestion. These findings demonstrate that MC-LR exposure not only prolongs, but also worsens the severity of pre-existing colitis, strengthening evidence of MC-LR as an under-recognized environmental toxin in vulnerable populations, such as those with IBD.
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Wennhold K, Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, von Bergwelt-Baildon M. B Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 46:36-46. [PMID: 31244580 PMCID: PMC6558332 DOI: 10.1159/000496166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are not only producers of antibodies, but also contribute to immune regulation or act as potent antigen-presenting cells. The potential of B cells for cellular therapy is still largely underestimated, despite their multiple diverse effector functions. The CD40L/CD40 signaling pathway is the most potent activator of antigen presentation capacity in B lymphocytes. CD40-activated B cells are potent antigen-presenting cells that induce specific T-cell responses in vitro and in vivo. In preclinical cancer models in mice and dogs, CD40-activated B cell-based cancer immunotherapy was able to induce effective antitumor immunity. So far, there have been only few early-stage clinical studies involving B cell-based cancer vaccines. These trials indicate that B cell-based immunotherapy is generally safe and associated with little toxicity. Furthermore, these studies suggest that B-cell immunotherapy can elicit antitumor T-cell responses. Alongside the recent advances in cellular therapies in general, major obstacles for generation of good manufacturing practice-manufactured B-cell immunotherapies have been overcome. Thus, a first clinical trial involving CD40-activated B cells might be in reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wennhold
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Gene Center Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Strain specific maturation of Dendritic cells and production of IL-1β controls CD40-driven colitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210998. [PMID: 30653608 PMCID: PMC6336277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal integrity is maintained by balanced numbers of CD103+ Dendritic cells (DCs), which generate peripherally induced regulatory T cells (iTregs). We have developed a mouse model where DC-specific constitutive CD40 signals caused a strong reduction of CD103+ DCs in the lamina propria (LP) and intestinal lymph nodes (LN). As a consequence, also iTregs were strongly reduced and transgenic mice on the C57Bl/6-background (B6) developed fatal colitis. Here we describe that transgenic mice on a pure Balb/c-background (B/c) do not show any pathologies, while transgenic C57Bl/6 x Balb/c (F1) mice develop weak colon inflammation, without fatal colitis. This graded pathology correlated with the effects of CD40-signalling on DCs in each background, with striking loss of CD103+ DCs in B6, but reduced in F1 and diminished in B/c background. We further show direct correlation of CD103+ DC-numbers with numbers of iTregs, the frequencies of which behave correspondingly. Striking effects on B6-DCs reflected robust loss of surface MHCII, known to be crucial for iTreg induction. Furthermore, elevated levels of IL-23 together with IL-1, found only in B6 mice, support generation of intestinal IFN-γ+IL-17+ Th17 cells and IFN-γ+ Th1 cells, responsible for onset of disease. Together, this demonstrates a novel aspect of colitis-control, depending on genetic background. Moreover, strain-specific environmental sensing might alter the CD103+ DC/iTreg-axis to tip intestinal homeostatic balance to pathology.
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Emerson DA, Redmond WL. Overcoming Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression: From Relieving Inhibition to Providing Costimulation with T Cell Agonists. BioDrugs 2018; 32:221-231. [PMID: 29637478 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-018-0277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in T-cell biology and antibody engineering have opened doors to significant improvements in cancer immunotherapy. Initial success with monoclonal antibodies targeting key receptors that inhibit T-cell function such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1) have demonstrated the potency of this new class of therapy, highlighted by long-term complete responses for metastatic cancers once thought incurable. However, only a subset of patients responds to checkpoint blockade because of a multitude of factors, including an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the mutational burden of the cancer. Novel antibodies, as well as ligand-immunoglobulin fusion proteins that target costimulatory immune receptors, are being developed and tested in clinical trials to further enhance the anti-tumor immune response. Many of these costimulatory receptors are in the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and are expressed on multiple immune cell types, including inhibitory cells. While TNFRSFs signal through common pathways, the outcome of targeting different receptors depends on the functional status of the cell types expressing the relevant receptors. In this review, we discuss the current state of targeted costimulatory immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana A Emerson
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2N35, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Department, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - William L Redmond
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2N35, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.
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Zafar S, Sorsa S, Siurala M, Hemminki O, Havunen R, Cervera-Carrascon V, Santos JM, Wang H, Lieber A, De Gruijl T, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. CD40L coding oncolytic adenovirus allows long-term survival of humanized mice receiving dendritic cell therapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1490856. [PMID: 30386680 PMCID: PMC6207416 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1490856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial players in promoting immune responses. Logically, adoptive DC therapy is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. One of the major obstacles in cancer immunotherapy in general is the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which hampers the maturation and activation of DCs. Therefore, human clinical outcomes with DC therapy alone have been disappointing. In this study, we use fully serotype 3 oncolytic adenovirus Ad3-hTERT-CMV-hCD40L, expressing human CD40L, to modulate the tumor microenvironment with subsequently improved function of DCs. We evaluated the synergistic effects of Ad3-hTERT-CMV-hCD40L and DCs in the presence of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ex vivo and in vivo. Tumors treated with Ad3-hTERT-CMV-hCD40L and DCs featured greater antitumor effect compared with unarmed virus or either treatment alone. 100% of humanized mice survived to the end of the experiment, while mice in all other groups died by day 88. Moreover, adenovirally-delivered CD40L induced activation of DCs, leading to induction of Th1 immune responses. These results support clinical trials with Ad3-hTERT-CMV-hCD40L in patients receiving DC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Zafar
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Sorsa
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Siurala
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otto Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Urology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Havunen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor Cervera-Carrascon
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - João Manuel Santos
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andre Lieber
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tanja De Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
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Russell MS, Muralidharan A, Larocque L, Cao J, Deschambault Y, Varga J, Thulasi Raman SN, Li X. Identification and characterisation of the CD40-ligand of Sigmodon hispidus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199067. [PMID: 30052641 PMCID: PMC6063397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton rats are an important animal model to study infectious diseases. They have demonstrated higher susceptibility to a wider variety of human pathogens than other rodents and are also the animal model of choice for pre-clinical evaluations of some vaccine candidates. However, the genome of cotton rats remains to be fully sequenced, with much fewer genes cloned and characterised compared to other rodent species. Here we report the cloning and characterization of CD40 ligand, whose human and murine counterparts are known to be expressed on a range of cell types including activated T cells and B cells, dendritic cells, granulocytes, macrophages and platelets and exerts a broad array of immune responses. The cDNA for cotton rat CD40L we isolated is comprised of 1104 nucleotides with an open reading frame (ORF) of 783bp coding for a 260 amino acid protein. The recombinant cotton rat CD40L protein was recognized by an antibody against mouse CD40L. Moreover, it demonstrated functional activities on immature bone marrow dendritic cells by upregulating surface maturation markers (CD40, CD54, CD80, and CD86), and increasing IL-6 gene and protein expression. The availability of CD40L gene identity could greatly facilitate mechanistic research on pathogen-induced-immunopathogenesis and vaccine-elicited immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha S. Russell
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abenaya Muralidharan
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Louise Larocque
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jingxin Cao
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yvon Deschambault
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jessie Varga
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sathya N. Thulasi Raman
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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43
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Meng X, Yang B, Suen WC. Prospects for modulating the CD40/CD40L pathway in the therapy of the hyper-IgM syndrome. Innate Immun 2017; 24:4-10. [PMID: 29132233 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917739681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of the CD40/CD40L pathway in B-cell proliferation, immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype switching and germinal center formation has been studied and described extensively in previous literature. Interruption of the CD40/CD40L signal causes hyper-IgM (HIGM) syndrome, which has been classified and recognized as a group of rare inherited immune deficiency disorders. Defects in CD40 and CD40L interactions or in downstream signaling molecules, including activation-induced cytidine deaminase, uracyl-DNA-glycosylase, NF-κB and DNA repair enzymes, result in an increased level of serum IgM and a significantly decreased or absent level of IgA, IgG and IgE that is accompanied by severe recurrent infections and autoimmune diseases. Many genetic defects in HIGM have been identified and, as a result, it is possible for patients to be definitively diagnosed by gene sequencing and to delineate the immunological features of the patients. Modifying the CD40/CD40L signaling pathway may offer the possibility of restoring the normal serum Ab production and curing the immunodeficiency. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has achieved a high rate of success using a sibling donor. In addition, successful examples of treating other immunodeficiencies using gene therapy indicated that there was a possibility of eradicating HIGM with this approach. In this review, we summarize the current drugs and a variety of therapeutic approaches for the treatment of the HIGM syndrome by interfering with the defective CD40/CD40L pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxue Meng
- 1 Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523867, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- 2 Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, PR China
| | - Wen-Chen Suen
- 1 Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523867, PR China
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44
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Silveira MG, Lindor KD. Investigational drugs in phase II clinical trials for primary biliary cholangitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:1115-1121. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1371135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina G. Silveira
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Keith D. Lindor
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Office of the University Provost, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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45
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Cugno M, Borghi A, Marzano AV. PAPA, PASH and PAPASH Syndromes: Pathophysiology, Presentation and Treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 2017; 18:555-562. [PMID: 28236224 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-017-0265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a neutrophilic dermatosis usually manifesting as skin ulcers with undermined erythematous-violaceous borders. It may be isolated, associated with systemic conditions or occurring in the context of autoinflammatory syndromes such as PAPA (pyogenic arthritis, PG and acne), PASH (PG, acne and suppurative hidradenitis) or PAPASH (pyogenic arthritis, acne, PG and suppurative hidradenitis). From a physiopathological point of view, all these conditions share common mechanisms consisting of over-activation of the innate immune system leading to increased production of the interleukin (IL)-1 family and 'sterile' neutrophil-rich cutaneous inflammation. From a genetic point of view, a number of mutations affecting the proteins of the inflammasome complex (the molecular platform responsible for triggering autoinflammation) or the proteins that regulate inflammasome function have been described in these disorders. As these debilitating entities are all associated with the over-expression of IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, biological drugs specifically targeting these cytokines are currently the most effective treatments but, given the emerging role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of these syndromes, IL-17 antagonists may represent the future management of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Cugno
- Medicina Interna, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Via Pace, 9, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Borghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Dermatologia e Malattie Infettive, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angelo V Marzano
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Unità Operativa di Dermatologia, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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46
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Connor R, Jones LD, Qiu X, Thakar J, Maggirwar SB. Frontline Science: c-Myc regulates P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 expression in monocytes during HIV-1 infection. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:953-964. [PMID: 28663244 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.6hi0217-043r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte extravasation is a crucial feature of the normal immune response to disease and infection and is implicated in various pathologies during chronic inflammatory disease. P-Selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is critical for leukocyte extravasation; however, despite extensive study, it remains unclear how its expression is regulated, which in turn, impedes a more precise understanding of how its expression level affects transmigration. To investigate the regulation of PSGL-1, 60 subjects, with or without HIV infection, were recruited and PSGL-1 expression in monocytes was measured. PSGL-1 was found to be up-regulated on leukocytes from HIV-infected individuals, and the physiologically relevant mediators soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) and glutamate were able to induce PSGL-1 transcription in human monocytes ex vivo. HIV-1 induced PSGL-1 induction, and its dependence on CD40L was validated further by use of the mouse-tropic HIV (EcoHIV) mouse model of HIV infection in C57BL/6 and CD40L knockout (KO) mice. To investigate crosstalk between the signaling cascades induced by CD40L and glutamate that lead to PSGL-1 induction, a network-based, discrete dynamic model was developed. The model reveals the MAPK pathway and oxidative stress as critical mediators of crosstalk between CD40L and glutamate-induced pathways. Importantly, the model predicted induction of the c-Myc transcription factor upon cotreatment, which was validated using transcriptomic data and pharmacologic inhibition of c-Myc. This study suggests a novel systems serology approach for translational research and reveals a mechanism for PSGL-1 transcriptional regulation, which might be leveraged to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Letitia D Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Xing Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA; .,Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA;
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47
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Michel NA, Zirlik A, Wolf D. CD40L and Its Receptors in Atherothrombosis-An Update. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:40. [PMID: 28676852 PMCID: PMC5477003 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40L (CD154), a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, is a co-stimulatory molecule that was first discovered on activated T cells. Beyond its fundamental role in adaptive immunity-ligation of CD40L to its receptor CD40 is a prerequisite for B cell activation and antibody production-evidence from more than two decades has expanded our understanding of CD40L as a powerful modulator of inflammatory pathways. Although inhibition of CD40L with neutralizing antibodies has induced life-threatening side effects in clinical trials, the discovery of cell-specific effects and novel receptors with distinct functional consequences has opened a new path for therapies that specifically target detrimental properties of CD40L. Here, we carefully evaluate the signaling network of CD40L by gene enrichment analysis and its cell-specific expression, and thoroughly discuss its role in cardiovascular pathologies with a specific emphasis on atherosclerotic and thrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Anto Michel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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48
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Delaney AA, Khan Z, Zheng Y, Correa LF, Zanfagnin V, Shenoy CC, Schoolmeester JK, Saadalla AM, El-Nashar S, Famuyide AO, Subramaniam M, Hawse JR, Khazaie K, Daftary GS. KLF10 Mediated Epigenetic Dysregulation of Epithelial CD40/CD154 Promotes Endometriosis. Biol Reprod 2016; 95:62. [PMID: 27488034 PMCID: PMC5333936 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.140764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a highly prevalent, chronic, heterogeneous, fibro-inflammatory disease that remains recalcitrant to conventional therapy. We previously showed that loss of KLF11, a transcription factor implicated in uterine disease, results in progression of endometriosis. Despite extensive homology, co-expression, and human disease association, loss of the paralog Klf10 causes a unique inflammatory, cystic endometriosis phenotype in contrast to fibrotic progression seen with loss of Klf11. We identify here for the first time a novel role for KLF10 in endometriosis. In an animal endometriosis model, unlike wild-type controls, Klf10−/− animals developed cystic lesions with massive immune infiltrate and minimal peri-lesional fibrosis. The Klf10−/− disease progression phenotype also contrasted with prolific fibrosis and minimal immune cell infiltration seen in Klf11−/− animals. We further found that lesion genotype rather than that of the host determined each unique disease progression phenotype. Mechanistically, KLF10 regulated CD40/CD154-mediated immune pathways. Both inflammatory as well as fibrotic phenotypes are the commonest clinical manifestations in chronic fibro-inflammatory diseases such as endometriosis. The complementary, paralogous Klf10 and Klf11 models therefore offer novel insights into the mechanisms of inflammation and fibrosis in a disease-relevant context. Our data suggests that divergence in underlying gene dysregulation critically determines disease-phenotype predominance rather than the conventional paradigm of inflammation being precedent to fibrotic scarring. Heterogeneity in clinical progression and treatment response are thus likely from disparate gene regulation profiles. Characterization of disease phenotype-associated gene dysregulation offers novel approaches for developing targeted, individualized therapy for recurrent and recalcitrant chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Delaney
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zaraq Khan
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ye Zheng
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Luiz F Correa
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Valentina Zanfagnin
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chandra C Shenoy
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John K Schoolmeester
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Sherif El-Nashar
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Abimbola O Famuyide
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Gaurang S Daftary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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49
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Azizi G, Ghanavatinejad A, Abolhassani H, Yazdani R, Rezaei N, Mirshafiey A, Aghamohammadi A. Autoimmunity in primary T-cell immunodeficiencies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:989-1006. [PMID: 27063703 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1177458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are a genetically heterogeneous group of more than 270 disorders that affect distinct components of both humoral and cellular arms of the immune system. Primary T cell immunodeficiencies affect subjects at the early age of life. In most cases, T-cell PIDs become apparent as combined T- and B-cell deficiencies. Patients with T-cell PID are prone to life-threatening infections. On the other hand, non-infectious complications such as lymphoproliferative diseases, cancers and autoimmunity seem to be associated with the primary T-cell immunodeficiencies. Autoimmune disorders of all kinds (organ specific or systemic ones) could be subjected to this class of PIDs; however, the most frequent autoimmune disorders are immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). In this review, we discuss the proposed mechanisms of autoimmunity and review the literature reported on autoimmune disorder in each type of primary T-cell immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Azizi
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran.,b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Alireza Ghanavatinejad
- c Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,d Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Reza Yazdani
- e Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- c Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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50
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Zhan Y, Wei Y, Chen P, Zhang H, Liu D, Zhang J, Liu R, Chen R, Zhang J, Mo W, Zhang X. Expression, purification and biological characterization of the extracellular domain of CD40 from Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:8. [PMID: 26809818 PMCID: PMC4727258 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD40, also called Bp50, is a novel member of the TNF receptor superfamily. Based on its important role in multiple physiological and pathological processes, the CD40 signaling pathway has become a vital target for treating transplantation, autoimmune diseases and cancers. This study generated a protein fragment that disrupts this signaling pathway. RESULTS A DNA fragment encoding the extracellular domain of CD40 (CD40-N) has been codon-optimized and cloned into pPIC9K to create a Pichia pastoris expression and secretion strain. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting assays using the culture media from methanol-induced expression strains showed that recombinant CD40-N, a 27 kDa glycosylated protein, was secreted into the culture broth. The recombinant protein was purified to more than 90 % using Sephadex G-50 size-exclusion chromatography and Q Sepharose Fast Flow ion exchange. Finally, 120 mg of the protein was obtained at a relatively high purity from 3 l supernatant. Binding assay (ITC200 assay) shown the direct interaction of CD40-N and CD40 agonist antibody (G28-5). The bioactivity of recombinant CD40-N was confirmed by its ability to disrupt non-canonical NF-κB signaling activated by CD40 agonist antibody or CD40 ligand and to inhibit ant-CD40 agonist antibody-induced TNF-alpha expression in BJAB cells in vitro. In addition, our data indicate that the protein has curative potential in treating dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the experimental procedure we have developed using P. pastoris can be used to produce large amounts of active CD40-N for research and industrial purposes. The protein fragment we have acquired has potential to be used in research or even treating inflammation diseases such as colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yilei Wei
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Haohao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Dandan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Rongzeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.
| | - Wei Mo
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoren Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of System Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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