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Engevik KA, Scribano FJ, Gebert JT, Hyser JM. Purinergic Signaling Drives Multiple Aspects of Rotavirus Pathophysiology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.07.592953. [PMID: 38765995 PMCID: PMC11100750 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.592953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Rotavirus causes life-threatening diarrhea in children, resulting in ∼200,000 deaths/year. The current treatment during infection is Oral Rehydration Solution which successfully replenishes fluids but does not alleviate diarrhea volume or severity. As a result, there is an urgent need to better understand rotavirus pathophysiology and develop more effective pediatric therapeutics. Rotavirus primarily infects the tips of small intestinal villi, yet has far-reaching effects on cell types distant from infected cells. We recently identified that rotavirus infected cells release the purinergic signaling molecule ADP, which activates P2Y1 receptors on nearby uninfected cells in vitro . To elucidate the role of purinergic signaling via P2Y1 receptors during rotavirus infection in vivo , we used the mouse-like rotavirus strain D6/2 which generates a severe infection in mice. C57BL/6J mouse pups were given an oral gavage of D6/2 rotavirus and assessed over the course of 5-7 days. Beginning at day 1 post infection, infected pups were treated daily by oral gavage with saline or 4 mg/kg MRS2500, a selective P2Y1 antagonist. Mice were monitored for diarrhea severity, diarrhea incidence, and viral shedding. Neonatal mice were euthanized at days 3 and 5 post-infection and small intestine was collected to observe infection. MRS2500 treatment decreased the severity, prevalence, and incidence of rotavirus diarrhea. Viral stool shedding, assessed by qPCR for rotavirus gene levels, revealed that MRS2500 treated pups had significantly lower viral shedding starting at day 4 post infection compared to saline treated pups, which suggests P2Y1 signaling may enhance rotavirus replication. Finally, we found that inhibition of P2Y1 with MRS2500 limited transmitted rotavirus diarrhea to uninfected pups within a litter. Together, these results suggest that P2Y1 signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of a homologous murine rotavirus strain, making P2Y1 receptors a promising anti-diarrheal, anti-viral therapeutic target to reduce rotavirus disease burden.
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Carossino M, Vissani MA, Barrandeguy ME, Balasuriya UBR, Parreño V. Equine Rotavirus A under the One Health Lens: Potential Impacts on Public Health. Viruses 2024; 16:130. [PMID: 38257830 PMCID: PMC10819593 DOI: 10.3390/v16010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses are a well-known cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and children, as well as in many mammalian species and birds, affecting them at a young age. This group of viruses has a double-stranded, segmented RNA genome with high genetic diversity linked to point mutations, recombination, and, importantly, reassortment. While initial molecular investigations undertaken in the 1900s suggested host range restriction among group A rotaviruses based on the fact that different gene segments were distributed among different animal species, recent molecular surveillance and genome constellation genotyping studies conducted by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG) have shown that animal rotaviruses serve as a source of diversification of human rotavirus A, highlighting their zoonotic potential. Rotaviruses occurring in various animal species have been linked with contributing genetic material to human rotaviruses, including horses, with the most recent identification of equine-like G3 rotavirus A infecting children. The goal of this article is to review relevant information related to rotavirus structure/genomic organization, epidemiology (with a focus on human and equine rotavirus A), evolution, inter-species transmission, and the potential zoonotic role of equine and other animal rotaviruses. Diagnostics, surveillance and the current status of human and livestock vaccines against RVA are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Maria Aldana Vissani
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina; (M.A.V.); (M.E.B.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Maria E. Barrandeguy
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina; (M.A.V.); (M.E.B.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
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Hellysaz A, Nordgren J, Neijd M, Martí M, Svensson L, Hagbom M. Microbiota do not restrict rotavirus infection of colon. J Virol 2023; 97:e0152623. [PMID: 37905839 PMCID: PMC10688362 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01526-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Alterations of the gut microbiome can have significant effects on gastrointestinal homeostasis leading to various diseases and symptoms. Increased understanding of rotavirus infection in relation to the microbiota can provide better understanding on how microbiota can be used for clinical prevention as well as treatment strategies. Our volumetric 3D imaging data show that antibiotic treatment and its consequent reduction of the microbial load does not alter the extent of rotavirus infection of enterocytes in the small intestine and that restriction factors other than bacteria limit the infection of colonocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Hellysaz
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Neijd
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magalí Martí
- Division of Children’s and Women’s Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Hagbom
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Traserra S, Casabella-Ramón S, Vergara P, Jimenez M. E. coli infection disrupts the epithelial barrier and activates intrinsic neurosecretory reflexes in the pig colon. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1170822. [PMID: 37334046 PMCID: PMC10272729 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1170822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess the barrier integrity and possible activation of enteric neural pathways associated with secretion and motility in the pig colon induced by an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge. 50 Danbred male piglets were used for this study. 16 were challenged with an oral dose of the ETEC strain F4+ 1.5 × 109 colony-forming unit. Colonic samples were studied 4- and 9-days post-challenge using both a muscle bath and Ussing chamber. Colonic mast cells were stained with methylene blue. In control animals, electrical field stimulation induced neurosecretory responses that were abolished by tetrodotoxin (10-6M) and reduced by the combination of atropine (10-4M) and α-chymotrypsin (10U/mL). Exogenous addition of carbachol, vasoactive intestinal peptide, forskolin, 5-HT, nicotine, and histamine produced epithelial Cl- secretion. At day 4 post-challenge, ETEC increased the colonic permeability. The basal electrogenic ion transport remained increased until day 9 post-challenge and was decreased by tetrodotoxin (10-6M), atropine (10-4M), hexamethonium (10-5M), and ondansetron (10-5M). In the muscle, electrical field stimulation produced frequency-dependent contractile responses that were abolished with tetrodotoxin (10-6M) and atropine (10-6M). Electrical field stimulation and carbachol responses were not altered in ETEC animals in comparison with control animals at day 9 post-challenge. An increase in mast cells, stained with methylene blue, was observed in the mucosa and submucosa but not in the muscle layer of ETEC-infected animals on day 9 post-challenge. ETEC increased the response of intrinsic secretory reflexes and produced an impairment of the colonic barrier that was restored on day 9 post-challenge but did not modify neuromuscular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Traserra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Casabella-Ramón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patri Vergara
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcel Jimenez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Kouhetsani S, Khazali H, Rajabi-Maham H. Orexin antagonism and substance-P: Effects and interactions on polycystic ovary syndrome in the wistar rats. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:89. [PMID: 37147728 PMCID: PMC10161431 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder without definitive treatments. Orexin and Substance-P (SP) neuropeptides can affect the ovarian steroidogenesis. Moreover, there are limited studies about the role of these neuropeptides in PCOS. We aimed here to clarify the effects of orexins and SP in PCOS as well as any possible interactions between them. METHODS For this purpose, the animals (n = five rats per group) received intraperitoneally a single dose of SB-334,867-A (orexin-1 receptor antagonist; OX1Ra), JNJ-10,397,049 (orexin-2 receptor antagonist; OX2Ra), and CP-96,345 (neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; NK1Ra), alone or in combination with each other after two months of PCOS induction. The blocking of orexin and SP receptors was studied in terms of ovarian histology, hormonal changes, and gene expression of ovarian steroidogenic enzymes. RESULTS The antagonists' treatment did not significantly affect the formation of ovarian cysts. In the PCOS groups, the co-administration of OX1Ra and OX2Ra as well as their simultaneous injections with NK1Ra significantly reversed testosterone levels and Cyp19a1 gene expression when compared to the PCOS control group. There were no significant interactions between the PCOS groups that received NK1Ra together with one or both OX1R- and OX2R-antagonists. CONCLUSION The blocking of the orexin receptors modulates abnormal ovarian steroidogenesis in the PCOS model of rats. This suggests that the binding of orexin-A and -B to their receptors reduces Cyp19a1 gene expression while increasing testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Kouhetsani
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homayoun Khazali
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Rajabi-Maham
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Jiang L, Tang A, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. Advances in the development of antivirals for rotavirus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1041149. [PMID: 37006293 PMCID: PMC10063883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1041149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes 200,000 deaths per year and imposes a serious burden to public health and livestock farming worldwide. Currently, rehydration (oral and intravenous) remains the main strategy for the treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE), and no specific drugs are available. This review discusses the viral replication cycle in detail and outlines possible therapeutic approaches including immunotherapy, probiotic-assisted therapy, anti-enteric secretory drugs, Chinese medicine, and natural compounds. We present the latest advances in the field of rotavirus antivirals and highlights the potential use of Chinese medicine and natural compounds as therapeutic agents. This review provides an important reference for rotavirus prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lihua Song
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Yigang Tong
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Huahao Fan
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
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Rotavirus Downregulates Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Noradrenergic Sympathetic Nervous System in Ileum, Early in Infection and Simultaneously with Increased Intestinal Transit and Altered Brain Activities. mBio 2022; 13:e0138722. [PMID: 36094089 PMCID: PMC9600178 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01387-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While rotavirus diarrhea has been considered to occur only due to intrinsic intestinal effects within the enteric nervous system, we provide evidence for central nervous system control underlying the clinical symptomology. Our data visualize infection by large-scale three-dimensional (3D) volumetric tissue imaging of a mouse model and demonstrate that rotavirus infection disrupts the homeostasis of the autonomous system by downregulating tyrosine hydroxylase in the noradrenergic sympathetic nervous system in ileum, concomitant with increased intestinal transit. Interestingly, the nervous response was found to occur before the onset of clinical symptoms. In adult infected animals, we found increased pS6 immunoreactivity in the area postrema of the brain stem and decreased phosphorylated STAT5-immunoreactive neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which has been associated with autonomic control, including stress response. Our observations contribute to knowledge of how rotavirus infection induces gut-nerve-brain interaction early in the disease.
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Effect of sumatriptan on acetic acid-induced experimental colitis in rats: a possible role for the 5-HT 1B/1D receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:563-577. [PMID: 35171300 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal inflammation in colitis is associated with changes in the intestinal serotonin (5-HT) level. Sumatriptan, a 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory characteristics. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of sumatriptan in a rat model of acute experimental colitis and to elucidate the probable participation of presynaptic 5-HT1B/1D receptors. To induce colitis, acetic acid (4%) was injected intrarectally. Treatments were given intraperitoneally (IP) once daily over 3 consecutive days starting 1-h post-induction. Sumatriptan was given at 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg. GR-127935, a 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist, was injected (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) 30 min prior to the most effective dose of sumatriptan (1 mg/kg). On day 4, the colon samples were isolated. Significant enhancements of the tissue tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), myeloperoxidase (MPO), microscopic and macroscopic damages, body weight losses, and also reductions in tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 5-HT were observed in colitis rats. On the other hand, sumatriptan at doses 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg could diminish pathologic changes in the measured biomarkers, histopathologic damages, and body weight losses. Although GR-127935 at dose 0.3 mg/kg could markedly improve the pathologic indexes, its sub-effective dose (0.1 mg/kg) reversed the protective effect of sumatriptan (1 mg/kg). Moreover, sumatriptan (1 and 5 mg/kg) and GR-127935 (0.3 mg/kg) increased the serotonin level. Post-treatment with low-dose sumatriptan demonstrated a protective impact on this peripheral inflammatory condition. Notably, this protective effect may be mediated, at least in part, through 5-HT1B/1D receptors, as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative characteristics.
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Melnik LI, Garry RF. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Toxin and Ebola Virus Delta Peptide: Similarities and Differences. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020170. [PMID: 35215114 PMCID: PMC8878840 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) STb toxin exhibits striking structural similarity to Ebola virus (EBOV) delta peptide. Both ETEC and EBOV delta peptide are enterotoxins. Comparison of the structural and functional similarities and differences of these two toxins illuminates features that are important in induction of pathogenesis by a bacterial and viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia I. Melnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(504)988-3818
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Abstract
Rotavirus infection is highly prevalent in children, and the most severe effects are diarrhea and vomiting. It is well accepted that the enteric nervous system (ENS) is activated and plays an important role, but knowledge of how rotavirus activates nerves within ENS and to the vomiting center is lacking. Serotonin is released during rotavirus infection, and antagonists to the serotonin receptor subtype 3 (5-HT3 receptor) can attenuate rotavirus-induced diarrhea. In this study, we used a 5-HT3 receptor knockout (KO) mouse model to investigate the role of this receptor in rotavirus-induced diarrhea, motility, electrolyte secretion, inflammatory response, and vomiting reflex. The number of diarrhea days (P = 0.03) and the number of mice with diarrhea were lower in infected 5-HT3 receptor KO than wild-type pups. In vivo investigation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran transit time showed that intestinal motility was lower in the infected 5-HT3 receptor KO compared to wild-type mice (P = 0.0023). Ex vivo Ussing chamber measurements of potential difference across the intestinal epithelia showed no significant difference in electrolyte secretion between the two groups. Immediate early gene cFos expression level showed no difference in activation of the vomiting center in the brain. Cytokine analysis of the intestine indicated a low effect of inflammatory response in rotavirus-infected mice lacking the 5-HT3 receptor. Our findings indicate that the 5-HT3 receptor is involved in rotavirus-induced diarrhea via its effect on intestinal motility and that the vagus nerve signaling to the vomiting center occurs also in the absence of the 5-HT3 receptor. IMPORTANCE The mechanisms underlying rotavirus-induced diarrhea and vomiting are not yet fully understood. To better understand rotavirus pathophysiology, characterization of nerve signaling within the ENS and through vagal efferent nerves to the brain, which have been shown to be of great importance to the disease, is necessary. Serotonin (5-HT), a mediator of both diarrhea and vomiting, has been shown to be released from enterochromaffin cells in response to rotavirus infection and the rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4. Here, we investigated the role of the serotonin receptor 5-HT3, which is known to be involved in the nerve signals that regulate gut motility, intestinal secretion, and signal transduction through the vagus nerve to the brain. We show that the 5-HT3 receptor is involved in rotavirus-induced diarrhea by promoting intestinal motility. The findings shed light on new treatment possibilities for rotavirus diarrhea.
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Hellysaz A, Hagbom M. Understanding the Central Nervous System Symptoms of Rotavirus: A Qualitative Review. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040658. [PMID: 33920421 PMCID: PMC8069368 DOI: 10.3390/v13040658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This qualitative review on rotavirus infection and its complications in the central nervous system (CNS) aims to understand the gut–brain mechanisms that give rise to CNS driven symptoms such as vomiting, fever, feelings of sickness, convulsions, encephalitis, and encephalopathy. There is substantial evidence to indicate the involvement of the gut–brain axis in symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. The underlying mechanisms are, however, not rotavirus specific, they represent evolutionarily conserved survival mechanisms for protection against pathogen entry and invasion. The reviewed studies show that rotavirus can exert effects on the CNS trough nervous gut–brain communication, via the release of mediators, such as the rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4, which stimulates neighboring enterochromaffin cells in the intestine to release serotonin and activate both enteric neurons and vagal afferents to the brain. Another route to CNS effects is presented through systemic spread via lymphatic pathways, and there are indications that rotavirus RNA can, in some cases where the blood brain barrier is weakened, enter the brain and have direct CNS effects. CNS effects can also be induced indirectly as a consequence of systemic elevation of toxins, cytokines, and/or other messenger molecules. Nevertheless, there is still no definitive or consistent evidence for the underlying mechanisms of rotavirus-induced CNS complications and more in-depth studies are required in the future.
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Dian Z, Sun Y, Zhang G, Xu Y, Fan X, Yang X, Pan Q, Peppelenbosch M, Miao Z. Rotavirus-related systemic diseases: clinical manifestation, evidence and pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:580-595. [PMID: 33822674 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1907738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses, double-stranded, non-enveloped RNA viruses, are a global health concern, associated with acute gastroenteritis and secretory-driven watery diarrhoea, especially in infants and young children. Conventionally, rotavirus is primarily viewed as a pathogen for intestinal enterocytes. This notion is challenged, however, by data from patients and animal models documenting extra-intestinal clinical manifestations and viral replication following rotavirus infection. In addition to acute gastroenteritis, rotavirus infection has been linked to various neurological disorders, hepatitis and cholestasis, type 1 diabetes, respiratory illness, myocarditis, renal failure and thrombocytopenia. Concomitantly, molecular studies have provided insight into potential mechanisms by which rotavirus can enter and replicate in non-enterocyte cell types and evade host immune responses. Nevertheless, it is fair to say that the extra-intestinal aspect of the rotavirus infectious process is largely being overlooked by biomedical professionals, and there are gaps in the understanding of mechanisms of pathogenesis. Thus with the aim of increasing public and professional awareness we here provide a description of our current understanding of rotavirus-related extra-intestinal clinical manifestations and associated molecular pathogenesis. Further understanding of the processes involved should prove exceedingly useful for future diagnosis, treatment and prevention of rotavirus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Dian
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guiqian Zhang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ya Xu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhijiang Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Patra U, Mukhopadhyay U, Mukherjee A, Dutta S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Treading a HOSTile path: Mapping the dynamic landscape of host cell-rotavirus interactions to explore novel host-directed curative dimensions. Virulence 2021; 12:1022-1062. [PMID: 33818275 PMCID: PMC8023246 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1903198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular pathogens and are dependent on host cellular resources to carry out their cycles of perpetuation. Obtaining an integrative view of host-virus interaction is of utmost importance to understand the complex and dynamic interplay between viral components and host machineries. Besides its obvious scholarly significance, a comprehensive host-virus interaction profile also provides a platform where from host determinants of pro-viral and antiviral importance can be identified and further be subjected to therapeutic intervention. Therefore, adjunct to conventional methods of prophylactic vaccination and virus-directed antivirals, this host-targeted antiviral approach holds promising therapeutic potential. In this review, we present a comprehensive landscape of host cellular reprogramming in response to infection with rotavirus (RV) which causes profuse watery diarrhea in neonates and infants. In addition, an emphasis is given on how host determinants are either usurped or subverted by RV in course of infection and how therapeutic manipulation of specific host factors can effectively modulate the RV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upayan Patra
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Urbi Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Arpita Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The gut barrier serves as the primary interface between the environment and host in terms of surface area and complexity. Luminal chemosensing is a term used to describe how small molecules in the gut lumen interact with the host through surface receptors or via transport into the subepithelial space. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in the understanding of the luminal chemosensory system in the gastroduodenal epithelium consisting of enterocytes, enteroendocrine, and tuft cells, with particular emphasis on how chemosensing affects mucosal protective responses and the metabolic syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS Recent single-cell RNA sequencing provides detailed cell type-specific expression of chemosensory receptors and other bioactive molecules as well as cell lineages; some are similar to lingual taste cells whereas some are gut specific. Gut luminal chemosensing is not only important for the local or remote regulation of gut function, but also contributes to the systemic regulation of metabolism, energy balance, and food intake. We will discuss the chemosensory mechanisms of the proximal intestine, in particular to gastric acid, with a focus on the cell types and receptors involved in chemosensing, with emphasis on the rare chemosensory cells termed tuft cells. We will also discuss the chemosensory functions of intestinal ectoenzymes and bacterial components (e.g., lipopolysaccharide) as well as how they affect mucosal function through altering the gut-hormonal-neural axis. SUMMARY Recent updates in luminal chemosensing by different chemosensory cells have provided new possibilities for identifying novel molecular targets for the treatment of mucosal injury, metabolic disorders, and abnormal visceral sensation.
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Network Pharmacology-Based Strategy for Predicting Active Ingredients and Potential Targets of Gegen Qinlian Decoction for Rotavirus Enteritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2957567. [PMID: 32802121 PMCID: PMC7414372 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2957567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Materials and Methods In this study, a network pharmacology-based strategy was used to elucidate the mechanism of GGQLD for the treatment of RVE. Oral bioavailability and drug-likeness were taken as the judgment criteria to search the active ingredients of GGQLD in traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP). The affinity between protein and ingredients was further determined using the similarity ensemble approach to find the corresponding targets. According to the genes related to enteritis in GeneCards database, the key targets were screened by intersections between drug and disease targets. And the therapeutic mechanism was predicted using the protein-protein interactions (PPIs), the Gene Ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, which was verified by detecting calcium ion concentration with the fluorescent probe. Result 130 active ingredients were screened from GGQLD, including (R)-canadine, moupinamide, formononetin, and other flavonoids. They act on a total of 366 targets, which is mainly distributed in the biological process of hormone binding or signaling pathways of neuroactive ligand receptor interaction, serotonergic synapse, and calcium signaling pathway. Furthermore, serotonin receptors, adrenergic receptors, cholinergic receptors, and dopamine receptors in the enteric nervous system may be the key targets of RVE treatment by GGQLD. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the potential mechanism that GGQLD can effectively improve the symptoms of RVE may depend on the regulation of calcium ions, serotonin, and gastrointestinal hormone ion that could mutually affect the intestinal nervous system.
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Kumar A, Russell RM, Pifer R, Menezes-Garcia Z, Cuesta S, Narayanan S, MacMillan JB, Sperandio V. The Serotonin Neurotransmitter Modulates Virulence of Enteric Pathogens. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:41-53.e8. [PMID: 32521224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is crucial to microbial-host interactions. The neurotransmitter serotonin is primarily synthesized in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where it is secreted into the lumen and subsequently removed by the serotonin transporter, SERT. Here, we show that serotonin decreases virulence gene expression by enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Citrobacter rodentium, a murine model for EHEC. The membrane-bound histidine sensor kinase, CpxA, is a bacterial serotonin receptor. Serotonin induces dephosphorylation of CpxA, which inactivates the transcriptional factor CpxR controlling expression of virulence genes, notably those within the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). Increasing intestinal serotonin by genetically or pharmacologically inhibiting SERT decreases LEE expression and reduces C. rodentium loads. Conversely, inhibiting serotonin synthesis increases pathogenesis and decreases host survival. As other enteric bacteria contain CpxA, this signal exploitation may be engaged by other pathogens. Additionally, repurposing serotonin agonists to inhibit CpxA may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for enteric bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Regan M Russell
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Reed Pifer
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zelia Menezes-Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sanjeev Narayanan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - John B MacMillan
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Abstract
Human and mouse studies have shown that rotavirus infection is associated with low inflammation and unaffected intestinal barrier at the time of diarrhea, properties different from most bacterial and inflammatory diseases of the gut. We showed by in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experiments that neurotrophic factors and 5-HT have barrier protective properties during rotavirus insult. These observations advance our understanding of how the gut barrier is protected against rotavirus and suggest that rotavirus affects the gut barrier differently from bacteria. This is the first report to show that neurotrophic factors contribute to maintain the gut epithelial barrier during viral insult. Increased intestinal permeability has been proposed as a mechanism of rotavirus-induced diarrhea. Studies with humans and mice have, however, shown that rotavirus leaves intestinal permeability unaffected or even reduced during diarrhea, in contrast to most bacterial infections. Gastrointestinal permeability is regulated by the vagus nerve and the enteric nervous system, which is composed of neurons and enteric glial cells (EGCs). We investigated whether the vagus nerve, serotonin (5-HT), EGCs, and neurotropic factors contribute to maintaining gut barrier homeostasis during rotavirus infection. Using subdiaphragmatic vagotomized and 5-HT3 receptor knockout mice, we found that the unaffected epithelial barrier during rotavirus infection is independent of the vagus nerve but dependent on 5-HT signaling through enteric intrinsic 5-HT3 receptors. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that rotavirus-infected enterocytes were in close contact with EGCs and enteric neurons and that the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was strongly upregulated in enterocytes of infected mice. Moreover, rotavirus and 5-HT activated EGCs (P < 0.001). Using Ussing chambers, we found that GDNF and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) led to denser epithelial barriers in small intestinal resections from noninfected mice (P < 0.01) and humans (P < 0.001) and that permeability was unaffected in rotavirus-infected mice. GSNO made the epithelial barrier denser in Caco-2 cells by increasing the expression of the tight junction protein zona occludens 1 (P < 0.001), resulting in reduced passage of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (P < 0.05) in rotavirus-infected monolayers. This is the first report to show that neurotropic factors contribute to maintaining the gut epithelial barrier during viral insult.
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Abstract
Rotavirus infections are a leading cause of severe, dehydrating gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age. Despite the global introduction of vaccinations for rotavirus over a decade ago, rotavirus infections still result in >200,000 deaths annually, mostly in low-income countries. Rotavirus primarily infects enterocytes and induces diarrhoea through the destruction of absorptive enterocytes (leading to malabsorption), intestinal secretion stimulated by rotavirus non-structural protein 4 and activation of the enteric nervous system. In addition, rotavirus infections can lead to antigenaemia (which is associated with more severe manifestations of acute gastroenteritis) and viraemia, and rotavirus can replicate in systemic sites, although this is limited. Reinfections with rotavirus are common throughout life, although the disease severity is reduced with repeat infections. The immune correlates of protection against rotavirus reinfection and recovery from infection are poorly understood, although rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin A has a role in both aspects. The management of rotavirus infection focuses on the prevention and treatment of dehydration, although the use of antiviral and anti-emetic drugs can be indicated in some cases.
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Hagbom M, Novak D, Ekström M, Khalid Y, Andersson M, Lindh M, Nordgren J, Svensson L. Ondansetron treatment reduces rotavirus symptoms-A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186824. [PMID: 29077725 PMCID: PMC5659648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus and norovirus cause acute gastroenteritis with severe diarrhoea and vomiting, symptoms that may lead to severe dehydration and death. The objective of this randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study was to investigate whether ondansetron, a serotonin receptor antagonist could attenuate rotavirus- and norovirus-induced vomiting and diarrhoea, which would facilitate oral rehydration and possibly accelerate recovery and reduce need for hospitalization. Methods Children with acute gastroenteritis, aged 6 months to 16 years where enrolled (n = 104) and randomized to one single oral dose (0.15mg/kg) of ondansetron (n = 52) or placebo (n = 52). The number of diarrhoea and vomiting episodes during the 24 hours following treatment was reported as well as the number of days with symptoms. Pathogens in faeces were diagnosed by real-time PCR. Outcome parameters were analyzed for rotavirus- and norovirus-positive children. Results One dose of oral ondansetron reduced duration of rotavirus clinical symptoms (p = 0.014), with a median of two days. Furthermore, ondansetron reduced diarrhea episodes, most pronounced in children that had been sick for more than 3 days before treatment (p = 0.028). Conclusion Ondansetron may be a beneficial treatment for children with rotavirus gastroenteritis. Trial registration European Clinical Trial Database EudraCT 2011-005700-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hagbom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Novak
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, The Emergency Department, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Ekström
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, The Emergency Department, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Younis Khalid
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, The Emergency Department, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Liñán-Rico A, Ochoa-Cortes F, Zuleta-Alarcon A, Alhaj M, Tili E, Enneking J, Harzman A, Grants I, Bergese S, Christofi FL. UTP - Gated Signaling Pathways of 5-HT Release from BON Cells as a Model of Human Enterochromaffin Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:429. [PMID: 28751862 PMCID: PMC5508028 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Enterochromaffin cells (EC) synthesize and release 5-HT and ATP to trigger or modulate gut neural reflexes and transmit information about visceral/pain sensation. Alterations in 5-HT signaling mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD or IBS, but the pharmacologic or molecular mechanisms modulating Ca2+-dependent 5-HT release are not understood. Previous studies indicated that purinergic signaling via ATP and ADP is an important mechanism in modulation of 5-HT release. However, EC cells also respond to UTP and UDP suggesting uridine triphosphate receptor and signaling pathways are involved as well. We tested the hypothesis that UTP is a regulator of 5-HT release in human EC cells. Methods: UTP signaling mechanisms were studied in BON cells, a human EC model, using Fluo-4/Ca2+imaging, patch-clamp, pharmacological analysis, immunohistochemistry, western blots and qPCR. 5-HT release was monitored in BON or EC isolated from human gut surgical specimens (hEC). Results: UTP, UTPγS, UDP or ATP induced Ca2+oscillations in BON. UTP evoked a biphasic concentration-dependent Ca2+response. Cells responded in the order of UTP, ATP > UTPγS > UDP >> MRS2768, BzATP, α,β-MeATP > MRS2365, MRS2690, and NF546. Different proportions of cells activated by UTP and ATP also responded to UTPγS (P2Y4, 50% cells), UDP (P2Y6, 30%), UTPγS and UDP (14%) or MRS2768 (<3%). UTP Ca2+responses were blocked with inhibitors of PLC, IP3R, SERCA Ca2+pump, La3+sensitive Ca2+channels or chelation of intracellular free Ca2+ by BAPTA/AM. Inhibitors of L-type, TRPC, ryanodine-Ca2+pools, PI3-Kinase, PKC or SRC-Kinase had no effect. UTP stimulated voltage-sensitive Ca2+currents (ICa), Vm-depolarization and inhibited IK (not IA) currents. An IKv7.2/7.3 K+ channel blocker XE-991 mimicked UTP-induced Vm-depolarization and blocked UTP-responses. XE-991 blocked IK and UTP caused further reduction. La3+ or PLC inhibitors blocked UTP depolarization; PKC inhibitors, thapsigargin or zero Ca2+buffer did not. UTP stimulated 5-HT release in hEC expressing TPH1, 5-HT, P2Y4/P2Y6R. Zero-Ca2+buffer augmented Ca2+responses and 5-HT release. Conclusion: UTP activates a predominant P2Y4R pathway to trigger Ca2+oscillations via internal Ca2+mobilization through a PLC/IP3/IP3R/SERCA Ca2+signaling pathway to stimulate 5-HT release; Ca2+influx is inhibitory. UTP-induced Vm-depolarization depends on PLC signaling and an unidentified K channel (which appears independent of Ca2+oscillations or Ica/VOCC). UTP-gated signaling pathways triggered by activation of P2Y4R stimulate 5-HT release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andromeda Liñán-Rico
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Fernando Ochoa-Cortes
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Alix Zuleta-Alarcon
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Mazin Alhaj
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Esmerina Tili
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
- Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Josh Enneking
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Alan Harzman
- Department of Surgery, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Iveta Grants
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Sergio Bergese
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Fievos L. Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
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Linan-Rico A, Ochoa-Cortes F, Beyder A, Soghomonyan S, Zuleta-Alarcon A, Coppola V, Christofi FL. Mechanosensory Signaling in Enterochromaffin Cells and 5-HT Release: Potential Implications for Gut Inflammation. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:564. [PMID: 28066160 PMCID: PMC5165017 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterochromaffin (EC) cells synthesize 95% of the body 5-HT and release 5-HT in response to mechanical or chemical stimulation. EC cell 5-HT has physiological effects on gut motility, secretion and visceral sensation. Abnormal regulation of 5-HT occurs in gastrointestinal disorders and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) where 5-HT may represent a key player in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. The focus of this review is on mechanism(s) involved in EC cell "mechanosensation" and critical gaps in our knowledge for future research. Much of our knowledge and concepts are from a human BON cell model of EC, although more recent work has included other cell lines, native EC cells from mouse and human and intact mucosa. EC cells are "mechanosensors" that respond to physical forces generated during peristaltic activity by translating the mechanical stimulus (MS) into an intracellular biochemical response leading to 5-HT and ATP release. The emerging picture of mechanosensation includes Piezo 2 channels, caveolin-rich microdomains, and tight regulation of 5-HT release by purines. The "purinergic hypothesis" is that MS releases purines to act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to activate excitatory (P2Y1, P2Y4, P2Y6, and A2A/A2B) or inhibitory (P2Y12, A1, and A3) receptors to regulate 5-HT release. MS activates a P2Y1/Gαq/PLC/IP3-IP3R/SERCA Ca2+signaling pathway, an A2A/A2B-Gs/AC/cAMP-PKA signaling pathway, an ATP-gated P2X3 channel, and an inhibitory P2Y12-Gi/o/AC-cAMP pathway. In human IBD, P2X3 is down regulated and A2B is up regulated in EC cells, but the pathophysiological consequences of abnormal mechanosensory or purinergic 5-HT signaling remain unknown. EC cell mechanosensation remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andromeda Linan-Rico
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA; CONACYT-Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomedicas, University of ColimaColima, Mexico
| | - Fernando Ochoa-Cortes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Arthur Beyder
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Suren Soghomonyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alix Zuleta-Alarcon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- SBS-Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fievos L Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
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Kim JJ, Wang H, Terc JD, Zambrowicz B, Yang QM, Khan WI. Blocking peripheral serotonin synthesis by telotristat etiprate (LX1032/LX1606) reduces severity of both chemical- and infection-induced intestinal inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26206858 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00299.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal inflammation is accompanied by an alteration in 5-HT. Intestinal 5-HT synthesis is catalyzed by tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) and we have shown that mice deficient in this rate-limiting enzyme have reduced severity of intestinal inflammation in models of chemical-induced experimental colitis. Here, we investigated the effect of blocking peripheral 5-HT synthesis in generation of intestinal inflammation by a using peripheral Tph inhibitor, telotristat etiprate (LX1606), in models of intestinal inflammation. LX1606 was given orally either prophylactically or therapeutically to mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis or with infection with Trichuris muris. Severity of intestinal inflammation was measured by assessment of disease activity scores, histological damage, and MPO and inflammatory cytokine levels. LX1606 significantly reduced intestinal 5-HT levels and delayed onset and severity of DSS-induced acute and chronic colitis. This was associated with decreased MPO and proinflammatory cytokine levels compared with vehicle-treated controls. In the infection-induced inflammation model, treatment with LX1606 enhanced worm expulsion as well as increased IL-10 production and goblet cell numbers. LX1606-treated mice had significantly lower MPO and IL-1β levels compared with controls postinfection. Our results demonstrate that peripheral 5-HT plays an important role in intestinal inflammation and in the generation of immune responses. Pharmacological reduction of peripheral 5-HT may serve as a potential strategy for modulating various intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice J Kim
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Huaqing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Joshua D Terc
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | | | - Qi M Yang
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc., The Woodlands, Texas
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
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Kim JJ, Khan WI. 5-HT7 receptor signaling: improved therapeutic strategy in gut disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:396. [PMID: 25565996 PMCID: PMC4263172 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is most commonly known for its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the majority of the body’s 5-HT is produced in the gut by enterochromaffin (EC) cells. Alterations in 5-HT signaling have been associated with various gut disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and enteric infections. Recently, our studies have identified a key role for 5-HT in the pathogenesis of experimental colitis. 5-HT7 receptors are expressed in the gut and very recently, we have shown evidence of 5-HT7 receptor expression on intestinal immune cells and demonstrated a key role for 5-HT7 receptors in generation of experimental colitis. This review summarizes the key findings of these studies and provides a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge of the 5-HT7 receptor in terms of its pathophysiological relevance and therapeutic potential in intestinal inflammatory conditions, such as IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice J Kim
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Serotonin 5-HT7 receptor is critically involved in acute and chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:1516-29. [PMID: 25072499 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal inflammation is often associated with an increased level of serotonin (5-HT), an important gastrointestinal signaling molecule involved in gut homeostasis through stimulation of specific receptors. In this study, we investigated the role of 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7R) in the induction and development of intestinal inflammation using a mouse model of acute and chronic colitis and human patients with Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS Acute colitis was induced through administration of dextran sodium sulfate to wild-type, 5-HT7R-deficient mice and hematopoietic bone marrow chimera. Chronic colitis was induced in interleukin 10-deficient mice. The role of 5-HT7R in gut inflammation was assessed using agonist/antagonist treatment. We investigated expression and distribution of 5-HT7R, extent of gut inflammation with magnetic resonance imaging and histological analysis, survival rate, and disease activity index. Finally, biopsies from the large intestine of patients with CD were analyzed. RESULTS Under basal conditions, 5-HT7R is expressed both in enteric neurons and CD11c cells of the large intestine. Expression of 5-HT7R significantly increased after induction of colitis in mice and in inflamed intestinal regions of patients with CD in CD11c/CD86 double-positive cells. Pharmacological blockade or genetic ablation of 5-HT7R resulted in increased severity of both acute and chronic dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis, whereas receptor stimulation showed an anti-inflammatory effect. Analysis of bone marrow chimera indicated importance of 5-HT7R expressed by hematopoietic cells in intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS The 5-HT7R expressed on CD11c/CD86-positive myeloid cells modulates the severity of intestinal inflammation in an acute and chronic colitis and thus represents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as CD.
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25
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Desselberger U. Rotaviruses. Virus Res 2014; 190:75-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Istrate C, Hagbom M, Vikström E, Magnusson KE, Svensson L. Rotavirus infection increases intestinal motility but not permeability at the onset of diarrhea. J Virol 2014; 88:3161-9. [PMID: 24371070 PMCID: PMC3957942 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02927-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The disease mechanisms associated with onset and secondary effects of rotavirus (RV) diarrhea remain to be determined and may not be identical. In this study, we investigated whether onset of RV diarrhea is associated with increased intestinal permeability and/or motility. To study the transit time, fluorescent fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran was given to RV-infected adult and infant mice. Intestinal motility was also studied with an opioid receptor agonist (loperamide) and a muscarinic receptor antagonist (atropine). To investigate whether RV increases permeability at the onset of diarrhea, fluorescent 4- and 10-kDa dextran doses were given to infected and noninfected mice, and fluorescence intensity was measured subsequently in serum. RV increased transit time in infant mice. Increased motility was detected at 24 h postinfection (h p.i.) and persisted up to 72 h p.i in pups. Both loperamide and atropine decreased intestinal motility and attenuated diarrhea. Analysis of passage of fluorescent dextran from the intestine into serum indicated unaffected intestinal permeability at the onset of diarrhea (24 to 48 h p.i.). We show that RV-induced diarrhea is associated with increased intestinal motility via an activation of the myenteric nerve plexus, which in turn stimulates muscarinic receptors on intestinal smooth muscles. IMPORTANCE We show that RV-infected mice have increased intestinal motility at the onset of diarrhea, and that this is not associated with increased intestinal permeability. These new observations will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in RV diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Istrate
- Grupo de Virologia, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Trópicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Hagbom
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elena Vikström
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karl-Eric Magnusson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
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Purinergic autocrine regulation of mechanosensitivity and serotonin release in a human EC model: ATP-gated P2X3 channels in EC are downregulated in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:2366-79. [PMID: 23917247 PMCID: PMC4037929 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0b013e31829ecf4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT) signaling in inflamed gut may contribute to pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) regulates mucosal-mechanosensory reflexes and ATP receptors are sensitive to mucosal inflammation. Yet, it remains unknown whether ATP can modulate 5-HT signaling in enterochromaffin cells (EC). We tested the novel purinergic hypothesis that ATP is a critical autocrine regulator of EC mechanosensitivity and whether EC expression of ATP-gated P2X3-ion channels is altered in inflammatory bowel diseases. METHODS Laser confocal (fluo-4) Ca imaging was performed in 1947 BON cells. Chemical stimulation or mechanical stimulation (MS) was used to study 5-HT or ATP release in human BON or surgical mucosal specimens, and purine receptors by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western Blot, or P2X3-immunoreactivity in BON or 5-HT human EC (hEC) in 11 control and 10 severely inflamed ulcerative colitis (UC) cases. RESULTS ATP or MS triggered Ca-transients or 5-HT release in BON. ATP or adenosine diphosphate increased 5-HT release 5-fold. MS caused ATP release, detected after 5'ecto-ATPase inhibition by ARL67156. ARL67156 augmented and apyrase blocked Ca/5-HT mechanosensitive responses. 2-Methyl-thio-adenosine diphosphate 5'-monophosphate-evoked (P2Y1,12) or mechanically-evoked responses were blocked or augmented by a P2Y1,12 antagonist, MRS2179, in different cells or inhibited by U73122. A P2Y12 antagonist, 2MeSAMP, augmented responses. A P2X1,3 agonist, α,β-MeATP, triggered Ca responses, whereas a P2X1,2/3,3 antagonist, 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-ATP, blocked mechanical responses or cell-surface 5'ATP- labeling. In hEC, α,β-MeATP stimulated 5-HT release. In UC, P2X3-immunoreactivity decreased from 15% to 0.2% of 5-HThECs. Human mucosa and BON expressed P2X1, P2X3, P2X4, P2X5, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, and P2Y12R-messenger RNA transcripts. CONCLUSIONS ATP is a critical determinant of mechanosensation and 5-HT release via autocrine activation of slow P2Y1-phospholipase C/inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-Ca or inhibitory P2Y12-purinergic pathways, and fast ATP-gated P2X3-channels. UC downregulation of P2X3-channels (or A2B) is postulated to mediate abnormal 5-HT signaling.
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Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) has been recognized for decades as an important signalling molecule in the gut, but it is still revealing its secrets. Novel gastrointestinal functions of 5-HT continue to be discovered, as well as distant actions of gut-derived 5-HT, and we are learning how 5-HT signalling is altered in gastrointestinal disorders. Conventional functions of 5-HT involving intrinsic reflexes include stimulation of propulsive and segmentation motility patterns, epithelial secretion and vasodilation. Activation of extrinsic vagal and spinal afferent fibres results in slowed gastric emptying, pancreatic secretion, satiation, pain and discomfort, as well as nausea and vomiting. Within the gut, 5-HT also exerts nonconventional actions such as promoting inflammation and serving as a trophic factor to promote the development and maintenance of neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal. Platelet 5-HT, originating in the gut, promotes haemostasis, influences bone development and serves many other functions. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and 5-HT4 receptor agonists have been used to treat functional disorders with diarrhoea or constipation, respectively, and the synthetic enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase has also been targeted. Emerging evidence suggests that exploiting epithelial targets with nonabsorbable serotonergic agents could provide safe and effective therapies. We provide an overview of these serotonergic actions and treatment strategies.
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IL-13-mediated immunological control of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia and serotonin production in the gut. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:146-55. [PMID: 22763407 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa are the main source of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) in the body. 5-HT is implicated in the pathophysiology of many GI disorders including functional and inflammatory bowel disorders. Herein we studied the role of interleukin 13 (IL-13) in EC cell biology by utilizing IL-13-deficient (IL-13-/-) mice and BON cells (a model for human EC cells). The numbers of EC cells and 5-HT amount were significantly lower in enteric parasite, Trichuris muris-infected IL-13-/- mice compared with the wild-type mice. This was accompanied with increased parasite burden in IL-13-/- mice. Treatment of naive and infected IL-13-/- mice with IL-13 increased EC cell numbers and 5-HT amount. BON cells expressed IL-13 receptor and in response to IL-13 produced more 5-HT. These results provide novel information on IL-13-mediated immunological control of 5-HT in the gut, which may ultimately lead to improved therapeutic opportunities in various GI disorders.
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Hagbom M, Sharma S, Lundgren O, Svensson L. Towards a human rotavirus disease model. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:408-18. [PMID: 22722079 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While the clinical importance of human rotavirus (RV) disease is well recognized and potent vaccines have been developed, our understanding of how human RV causes diarrhoea, vomiting and death remains unresolved. The fact that oral rehydration corrects electrolyte and water loss, indicates that enterocytes in the small intestine have a functional sodium-glucose co-transporter. Moreover, RV infection delays gastric emptying and loperamide appears to attenuate RV diarrhoea, thereby suggesting activation of the enteric nervous system. Serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonists attenuate vomiting in young children with gastroenteritis while zinc and enkephalinase inhibitors attenuate RV-induced diarrhoea. In this review we discuss clinical symptoms, pathology, histology and treatment practices for human RV infections and compile the data into a simplified disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hagbom
- Division of Molecular Virology, University of Linköping, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
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JCM-16021, a Chinese Herbal Formula, Attenuated Visceral Hyperalgesia in TNBS-Induced Postinflammatory Irritable Bowel Syndrome through Reducing Colonic EC Cell Hyperplasia and Serotonin Availability in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:239638. [PMID: 22719782 PMCID: PMC3376539 DOI: 10.1155/2012/239638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of JCM-16021, a revised traditional Chinese herbal formula, on postinflammatory irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) in rats. The trinitrobenzene sulfonic (TNBS) acid-induced PI-IBS model rats were orally administrated with different doses of JCM-16021 (1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 g/kg/d) for 14 consecutive days. The results showed that JCM-16021 treatment dose-dependently attenuated visceral hyperalgesia in PI-IBS rats. Further, the colonic enterochromaffin (EC) cell number, serotonin (5-HT) content, tryptophan hydroxylase expression, and mechanical-stimuli-induced 5-HT release were significantly ameliorated. Moreover, the decreased levels of mucosal cytokines in PI-IBS, especially the helper T-cell type 1- (T(h)1-) related cytokine TNF-α, were also elevated after JCM-16021 treatment. These data demonstrate that the analgesic effect of JCM-16021 on TNBS-induced PI-IBS rats may be medicated via reducing colonic EC cell hyperplasia and 5-HT availability.
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Rydell GE, Kindberg E, Larson G, Svensson L. Susceptibility to winter vomiting disease: a sweet matter. Rev Med Virol 2011; 21:370-82. [PMID: 22025362 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus, the cause of winter vomiting disease, has emerged in recent years to be a major cause of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. The virus has been estimated to cause >200,000 deaths each year in developing countries. Although the virus is highly contagious, volunteer and field studies have shown that a subset of individuals appears resistant to infections. A single nucleotide mutation (G428A) in the fucosyltransferase gene (FUT2) on chromosome 19 provides strong protection from infection in 20% of the white population. Histo-blood group ABO(H) antigens with terminal fucose are believed to function as receptors for human norovirus in the gastrointestinal tract, but also negatively charged potential receptors have been identified. Norovirus infection is a unique example where a single nucleotide mutation in a fucosyltransferase gene plays a crucial role in susceptibility to one of the most common viral diseases. This review discusses the role of host genetics and carbohydrate structures in susceptibility to winter vomiting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf E Rydell
- Dept of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hagbom M, Istrate C, Engblom D, Karlsson T, Rodriguez-Diaz J, Buesa J, Taylor JA, Loitto VM, Magnusson KE, Ahlman H, Lundgren O, Svensson L. Rotavirus stimulates release of serotonin (5-HT) from human enterochromaffin cells and activates brain structures involved in nausea and vomiting. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002115. [PMID: 21779163 PMCID: PMC3136449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the major cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children. A virus-encoded enterotoxin, NSP4 is proposed to play a major role in causing RV diarrhoea but how RV can induce emesis, a hallmark of the illness, remains unresolved. In this study we have addressed the hypothesis that RV-induced secretion of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) by enterochromaffin (EC) cells plays a key role in the emetic reflex during RV infection resulting in activation of vagal afferent nerves connected to nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and area postrema in the brain stem, structures associated with nausea and vomiting. Our experiments revealed that RV can infect and replicate in human EC tumor cells ex vivo and in vitro and are localized to both EC cells and infected enterocytes in the close vicinity of EC cells in the jejunum of infected mice. Purified NSP4, but not purified virus particles, evoked release of 5-HT within 60 minutes and increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in a human midgut carcinoid EC cell line (GOT1) and ex vivo in human primary carcinoid EC cells concomitant with the release of 5-HT. Furthermore, NSP4 stimulated a modest production of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), but not of cAMP. RV infection in mice induced Fos expression in the NTS, as seen in animals which vomit after administration of chemotherapeutic drugs. The demonstration that RV can stimulate EC cells leads us to propose that RV disease includes participation of 5-HT, EC cells, the enteric nervous system and activation of vagal afferent nerves to brain structures associated with nausea and vomiting. This hypothesis is supported by treating vomiting in children with acute gastroenteritis with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Rotavirus (RV) can cause severe dehydration and is a leading cause of childhood deaths worldwide. While most deaths occur due to excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes through vomiting and diarrhoea, the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie this life-threatening disease remain to be clarified. Our previous studies revealed that drugs that inhibit the function of the enteric nervous system can reduce symptoms of RV disease in mice. In this study we have addressed the hypothesis that RV infection triggers the release of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) from enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the intestine leading to activation of vagal afferent nerves connected to brain stem structures associated with vomiting. RV activated Fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract of CNS, the main target for incoming fibers from the vagal nerve. Both secreted and recombinant forms of the viral enterotoxin (NSP4), increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration and released 5-HT from EC cells. 5-HT induced diarrhoea in mice within 60 min, thereby supporting the role of 5-HT in RV disease. Our study provides novel insight into the complex interaction between RV, EC cells, 5-HT and nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hagbom
- Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Claudia Istrate
- Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
- Unidade de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Malaria e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Engblom
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thommie Karlsson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jesus Rodriguez-Diaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - John A. Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vesa-Matti Loitto
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karl-Eric Magnusson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlman
- Department of Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ove Lundgren
- Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Pfannkuche H, Mauksch A, Gäbel G. Modulation of electrogenic transport processes in the porcine proximal colon by enteric neurotransmitters. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:482-93. [PMID: 21623932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the involvement of essential pro- and antisecretory neurotransmitters in regulation of secretion in porcine proximal colon. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were located immunohistochemically in the epithelium and subepithelial layer. Modulation of epithelial secretion was studied in Ussing chambers. Application of carbachol (CA), sodium nitroprussid (SNP), VIP and SP but not of NPY or SOM resulted in a chloride dependent increase in short circuit current (I(sc) ). I(sc) increase induced by CA, VIP or SNP was not altered by preincubation with tetrodotoxin or indomethacin. In contrast, SP-induced I(sc) increase was diminished by preincubation with tetrodotoxin, indomethacin, L-nitro-arginin-methyl-ester, and atropine but not hexamethonium. Simultaneous application of CA and VIP, or CA and SNP increased the I(sc) stronger as expected. Applying SP/CA led to a smaller increase in I(sc) as calculated. It is concluded that mainly prosecretory neurotransmitters are involved in regulation of colonic secretion. Cross-potentiations of acetylcholine and nitric oxide and acetylcholine and VIP suggest activation of different intracellular cascades. Similar intracellular pathways may be stimulated by acetylcholine and SP, thus preventing an additive effect of the transmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pfannkuche
- Institute for Veterinary-Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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Li N, Ghia JE, Wang H, McClemens J, Cote F, Suehiro Y, Mallet J, Khan WI. Serotonin activates dendritic cell function in the context of gut inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:662-71. [PMID: 21281798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal inflammation in the gut is characterized by infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells and by an alteration in serotonin-producing enterochromaffin cells. We investigated the role of serotonin in the function of dendritic cells (DCs) and sequential T-cell activation in relation to generation of gut inflammation. DCs isolated from tryptophan hydroxylase-1-deficient (TPH1(-/-)) mice, which have reduced serotonin in the gut, and wild-type (TPH1(+/+)) mice with or without dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide to assess interleukin-12 (IL-12) production. Isolated DCs from TPH1(+/+) and TPH1(-/-) mice were also cocultured with CD4(+) T cells of naive TPH1(+/+) mice to assess the role of serotonin in priming T cells. In addition, serotonin-pulsed DCs were transferred to TPH1(-/-) mice to assess the effect on DSS-induced colitis. Consistent with a reduced severity of colitis, DCs from DSS-induced TPH1(-/-) mice produced less IL-12 compared with the TPH1(+/+) mice. In vitro serotonin stimulation restored the cytokine production from TPH1(-/-) DCs and adoptive transfer of serotonin-pulsed DCs into TPH1(-/-) up-regulated colitis. Furthermore, CD4(+) T cells primed by TPH1(-/-) DCs produce reduced the levels of IL-17 and interferon-γ. This study provides novel information on serotonin-mediated immune signaling and promotion of interactions between innate and adaptive immune responses in the context of gut inflammation, which may ultimately lead to improved strategies to combat gut inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Lundgren O, Jodal M, Jansson M, Ryberg AT, Svensson L. Intestinal epithelial stem/progenitor cells are controlled by mucosal afferent nerves. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16295. [PMID: 21347406 PMCID: PMC3036584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The maintenance of the intestinal epithelium is of great importance for the survival of the organism. A possible nervous control of epithelial cell renewal was studied in rats and mice. Methods Mucosal afferent nerves were stimulated by exposing the intestinal mucosa to capsaicin (1.6 mM), which stimulates intestinal external axons. Epithelial cell renewal was investigated in the jejunum by measuring intestinal thymidine kinase (TK) activity, intestinal 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA, and the number of crypt cells labeled with BrdU. The influence of the external gut innervation was minimized by severing the periarterial nerves. Principal Findings Luminal capsaicin increased all the studied variables, an effect nervously mediated to judge from inhibitory effects on TK activity or 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA by exposing the mucosa to lidocaine (a local anesthetic) or by giving four different neurotransmitter receptor antagonists i.v. (muscarinic, nicotinic, neurokinin1 (NK1) or calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) receptors). After degeneration of the intestinal external nerves capsaicin did not increase TK activity, suggesting the involvement of an axon reflex. Intra-arterial infusion of Substance P (SP) or CGRP increased intestinal TK activity, a response abolished by muscarinic receptor blockade. Immunohistochemistry suggested presence of M3 and M5 muscarinic receptors on the intestinal stem/progenitor cells. We propose that the stem/progenitor cells are controlled by cholinergic nerves, which, in turn, are influenced by mucosal afferent neuron(s) releasing acetylcholine and/or SP and/or CGRP. In mice lacking the capsaicin receptor, thymidine incorporation into DNA and number of crypt cells labeled with BrdU was lower than in wild type animals suggesting that nerves are important also in the absence of luminal capsaicin, a conclusion also supported by the observation that atropine lowered thymidine incorporation into DNA by 60% in control rat segments. Conclusion Enteric nerves are of importance in maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove Lundgren
- Section of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Chow CM, Leung AK, Hon KL. Acute gastroenteritis: from guidelines to real life. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2010; 3:97-112. [PMID: 21694853 PMCID: PMC3108653 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s6554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis is a very common disease. It causes significant mortality in developing countries and significant economic burden to developed countries. Viruses are responsible for approximately 70% of episodes of acute gastroenteritis in children and rotavirus is one of the best studied of these viruses. Oral rehydration therapy is as effective as intravenous therapy in treating mild to moderate dehydration in acute gastroenteritis and is strongly recommended as the first line therapy. However, the oral rehydration solution is described as an underused simple solution. Vomiting is one of the main reasons to explain the underuse of oral rehydration therapy. Antiemetics are not routinely recommended in treating acute gastroenteritis, though they are still commonly prescribed. Ondansetron is one of the best studied antiemetics and its role in enhancing the compliance of oral rehydration therapy and decreasing the rate of hospitalization has been proved recently. The guidelines regarding the recommendation on antiemetics have been changed according to the evidence of these recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung M Chow
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
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Hempson SJ, Matkowskyj K, Bansal A, Tsao E, Habib I, Benya R, Mackow ER, Shaw RD. Rotavirus infection of murine small intestine causes colonic secretion via age restricted galanin-1 receptor expression. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:2410-7. [PMID: 20197068 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mechanisms for age restriction of rotavirus diarrhea are unclear. Because rotavirus primarily infects small intestine, colonic contribution has not been widely studied. Recent data suggest that colonic secretion postbacterial infection is mediated by galanin-1 receptors (Gal1-R). We evaluated age-dependent expression of Gal1-R in Rhesus rotavirus (RRV)-infected mice and its contribution to fluid secretion. METHODS Twenty-four hours after infection of C57BL/6J mice (wild type or Gal1-R knockout) with RRV or vehicle, closed small intestinal and colon loops were constructed. Net fluid content of the loops was calculated (milligrams/centimeters) at 2 hours post-treatment with galanin, galanin antibody, or lidocaine. Gal1-R expression was quantified by automated chromogen analysis. RESULTS Viral antigen was detected in small intestinal epithelial cells but not in colon. Developmental Gal1-R was widely expressed in the small intestine but minimally in the colon. Postinfection, markedly increased Gal1-R was seen in the colon but not after day 25. Galanin caused a significantly higher increase in the net fluid content of infected colon than small intestine. Treatment with lidocaine reduced net fluid secretion in the small intestine and the colon. Mean diarrheal scores were significantly reduced in Gal1-R knockout mice compared with wild type (1.19 +/- 0.31, n = 22 vs 3.36 +/- 0.50, n = 35, P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS These data show that RRV infection of the small intestine increases colonic secretion through Gal1-R and provide a promising start toward understanding the age restriction of rotavirus diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Hempson
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Abstract
Gut inflammation is characterized by mucosal recruitment of activated cells from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In addition to immune cells, inflammation in the gut is associated with an alteration in enteric endocrine cells and various biologically active compounds produced by these cells. Although the change in enteric endocrine cells or their products is considered to be important in regulating gut physiology (motility and secretion), it is not clear whether the change plays any role in immune activation and in the regulation of gut inflammation. Due to the strategic location of enteric endocrine cells in gut mucosa, these gut hormones may play an important role in immune activation and promotion of inflammation in the gut. This review addresses the research on the interface between immune and endocrine systems in gastrointestinal (GI) pathophysiology, specifically in the context of two major products of enteric endocrine systems, namely serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) and chromogranins (Cgs), in relation to immune activation and generation of inflammation. The studies reviewed in this paper demonstrate that 5-HT activates the immune cells to produce proinflammatory mediators and by manipulating the 5-HT system it is possible to modulate gut inflammation. In the case of Cgs the scenario is more complex, as this hormone has been shown to play both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. It is also possible that interaction between 5-HT and Cgs may play a role in the modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. In addition to enhancing our understanding of immunoendocrine interaction in the gut, the data generated from the these studies may have implications in understanding the role of gut hormone in the pathogenesis of both GI and non-GI inflammatory diseases which may lead ultimately to improved therapeutic strategies in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada.
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Clinical characteristics of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children in a medical center. Pediatr Neonatol 2010; 51:112-5. [PMID: 20417462 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-9572(10)60020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is one of the major causes of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the demographic and clinical profiles of rotavirus infection among children hospitalized in the Cathay General Hospital, Taiwan from May 2004 to April 2007. Children under 15 years of age with gastroenteritis were enrolled in the study and had stool specimens tested for the presence of rotavirus. RESULTS There were 238 participating patients, most of whom were aged 3-5 years (44%). The most common symptom was diarrhea (98.7%), and the peak month was May (20.4%). All patients were discharged alive with no complications. CONCLUSION Gastroenteritis due to rotavirus infection was found in older children between 6 and 12 years of age, as well as in hospitalized children between 3 and 5 years of age. Most cases occurred in the spring.
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Desselberger U. Rotaviruses: from basic research to disease prevention by vaccination. Future Virol 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.09.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The third European Rotavirus Biology Meeting, very ably organized by J Gray and M Iturriza-Gómara (Health Protection Agency, London, UK), took place at Cameron House in the picturesque environment of Loch Lomond, with beautiful and warm weather supporting the event. A total of 62 scientists, mainly from Europe but also from India and the USA, participated. The social program included a guided tour of the Glengoyne Distillery (north of Glasgow), who have produced Scotch whisky for almost 200 years, and a Scottish-themed dinner with ‘celebration of the haggis’, performances by two Highland dancers and subsequent ceilidh dancing. The scientific program covered various aspects of rotavirus biology, molecular epidemiology and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Ghia JE, Li N, Wang H, Collins M, Deng Y, El-Sharkawy RT, Côté F, Mallet J, Khan WI. Serotonin has a key role in pathogenesis of experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:1649-60. [PMID: 19706294 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mucosal changes in inflammatory bowel disease are characterized by ulcerative lesions accompanied by a prominent infiltrate of immune cells as well as alteration in serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT])-producing enterochromaffin cells. We investigated the role of 5-HT in colonic inflammation in mice. METHODS Colitis was induced with dextran sulfate sodium or dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in tryptophan hydroxylase 1-deficient (TPH1(-/-)) mice, which have markedly reduced 5-HT in the gastrointestinal tract, and in mice given the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor parachlorophenylalanine. RESULTS Delayed onset, decreased severity of clinical disease, and significantly lower macroscopic and histologic damage scores were observed in TPH1(-/-) mice, compared with wild-type mice, and in mice given parachlorophenylalanine after induction of colitis by dextran sulfate sodium. This was associated with down-regulation of macrophage infiltration and production of proinflammatory cytokines. 5-HT stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages collected from the peritoneal cavity of wild-type mice; this process was inhibited by a nuclear factor kappaB inhibitor, indicating a critical role for nuclear factor kappaB signaling in 5-HT-mediated activation of immune cells. Restoration of 5-HT levels in TPH1(-/-) mice by the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan increased the severity of DSS-induced colitis. We also observed significant reduction in severity of colitis in TPH1(-/-) mice after induction of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS 5-HT is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation in experimental colitis. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of gastrointestinal inflammation and could lead to new therapeutic strategies for inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Eric Ghia
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Noroviruses have emerged as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans of all ages and are responsible for 200,000 deaths every year, mainly in developing countries. Despite high infectivity and lack of long-term immunity, authentic and volunteer studies have shown existence of inherited protective factors. Recent studies have shown that secretor status controlled by the α1,2-fucosyltransferase gene located on chromosome 19 determines susceptibility to most, if not all, norovirus infections, with individuals homozygous for the G428A nonsense mutation (nonsecretors) representing 20% of the highly protected European population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Kindberg
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Professor, Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
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Barajon I, Serrao G, Arnaboldi F, Opizzi E, Ripamonti G, Balsari A, Rumio C. Toll-like receptors 3, 4, and 7 are expressed in the enteric nervous system and dorsal root ganglia. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:1013-23. [PMID: 19546475 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.953539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of innate immunity receptors belonging to the Toll-like family in the neural plexuses of the different tracts of murine intestine, of the human ileum, and in lower dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) from where extrinsic afferents to these plexuses originate. Results obtained by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence on paraffin-embedded tissue and whole-mount preparations show that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) -3 and -7, recognizing viral RNA, and TLR4, recognizing lipopolysaccharide (membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria), are expressed in the myenteric and submucous plexuses of murine intestine and human ileum, and in DRGs primary sensory neurons. They also show that TLR4 immunostaining is stronger in murine distal large bowel. In murine tissue, expression of TLRs was present in both neurons and glial cells. These observations indicate that the enteric neural network might be directly activated by bacterial and viral components and is therefore more in the forefront than previously envisaged in defense responses of the intestinal wall and in the cross-talk with intestinal microbiota. They also highlight the presence of a peripheral neural network that by way of hardwired neurotransmission could potentially convey to the central nervous system specific information on our microbial counterpart and invading or potentially invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Barajon
- Department of Human Morphology and Biomedical Sciences, Città Studi, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Cheng ZF, Zhang YQ, Liu FC. Berberine against gastrointestinal peptides elevation and mucous secretion in hyperthyroid diarrheic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 155:145-9. [PMID: 19323986 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the underlying mechanisms of Berberine-mediated antidiarrheal effects in thyroid hormone-induced diarrhea in rats, gastrointestinal peptides, such as motilin, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and somatostatin from plasma and tissue of hyperthyroid diarrheic rats were measured using radioimmunoassay in healthy control, model, and treated model groups. The number and volume of goblet cells were also observed. Compared with healthy control, hyperthyroid diarrheic rats exhibited a significant reduction in body weight, and increase in plasma concentrations of tri-iodothyronine and free thyroxine along with the increase of wet stool. Both plasma motilin and gastrin were also elevated and reduced remarkably in Berberine-treated subgroup along with the body weight increased and wet stool reduced at the meantime. Significant changes in plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide and somatostatin were not seen. Gastrointestinal peptides trend in tissue samples were similar to those observed in plasma. Morphological data demonstrated an increase in number and/or volume of goblet cells to some extent in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon, respectively and decreased by administration of Berberine. The possible underlying mechanisms of antidiarrheal effects of Berberine may be due in partially to the reduction of the number of goblet cells and the amount of mucous secretion through re-balancing gastrointestinal peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Cheng
- Department of Life Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China.
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Hirotani Y, Mikajiri K, Ikeda K, Myotoku M, Kurokawa N. Changes of intestinal mucosal and plasma PYY in a diarrhea model rat and influence of loperamide as the treatment agent for diarrhea. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:1311-6. [PMID: 18758145 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) is produced by endocrine cells in the lower gastrointestinal tract. The main functions of PYY are antisecretory effects in the colon and inhibition of gastrointestinal motility. We chose PYY as an index of the intrinsic factor in diarrhea and examined the influence of changes induced in a diarrhea rat model by administration of 4 types of laxative and loperamide hydrochloride (loperamide) as an agent for the treatment of diarrhea. A specific radioimmunoassay was performed to determine plasma and intestinal mucosal PYY concentrations. PYY in the rat intestinal tissue extract was distributed at a high density in the lower intestinal mucosa. In the diarrhea rat model, multiple changes in PYY concentrations in the intestinal mucosa and plasma were observed. In rats administered castor oil and sodium picosulfate, the intestinal mucosal PYY levels significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Plasma PYY levels significantly decreased only in rats administered magnesium citrate. Next, we examined the influence of loperamide administration on the intestinal mucosa and plasma PYY concentrations in these rats. Loperamide administration resulted in multiple changes in plasma and intestinal mucosa PYY concentrations, along with an improvement in the diarrhea. Our research showed that the endocrine hormone PYY is involved in the onset of diarrhea, the course of the condition, and the manifestation of medicinal effects in the lower intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Hirotani
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohatani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiorikita, Tondabayashi-City, Japan.
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Spiller R. Serotonin and GI clinical disorders. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:1072-80. [PMID: 18687345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is widely distributed throughout the gut within both the enteric nerves and enterochromaffin (EC) cells. EC cells are located in the gut mucosa with maximal numbers in the duodenum and rectum where they act as signal transducers, responding to pressure and luminal substances both bacterial and dietary. Activation leads to serotonin release which acts on a range of receptors on mucosal afferent and myenteric interneurones to initiate secretomotor reflexes. These cause nausea and vomiting as well as intestinal secretion, propulsion and if pronounced, diarrhoea. Inflammation in animal models acts via T lymphocytes to increase EC cell numbers and mucosal serotonin (5-HT) content while inflammatory cytokines decrease serotonin transporter (SERT) function. Inflammation due to coeliac disease and following gastrointestinal infection increases mucosal 5-HT availability by a combination of increased EC cells and depressed SERT. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) developing after gastrointestinal infection and IBS with diarrhoea is associated with excess 5-HT. The associated diarrhoeal symptoms respond well to 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists. These drugs also inhibit the nausea and vomiting occurring in patients undergoing chemotherapy which cause a marked increase in release of 5-HT as well as other mediators. Other conditions including IBS-C and constipation may have inadequate 5-HT release and benefit from both 5-HT(3) and 5-HT(4) receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Spiller
- Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre, C Floor South Block, University Hospital, Clifton Boulevard, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
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Shibata M, Hisajima T, Nakano M, Goris RC, Funakoshi K. Morphological relationships between peptidergic nerve fibers and immunoglobulin A-producing lymphocytes in the mouse intestine. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:158-66. [PMID: 17931829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) lymphocytes are present close to the nerve fibers in the lamina propria of the small intestine, and the administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) increases the number of these cells and IgA secretion to the lumen. In the present study, we demonstrated that the nerve fibers immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were close to the IgA lymphocytes in the mouse ileum lamina propria. Three hours after intraperitoneal administration of LPSs, IgA lymphocytes close to VIP nerve fibers, those close to basement membrane, and those close to both VIP nerve fibers and basement membrane were increased in number. Further, all IgA lymphocytes seen in the ileum lamina propria expressed the receptors for VIP, VIPR1, and VIPR2. Electron microscopy revealed that varicosities were in close apposition to the lymphocyte plasma membrane. The present study suggests that VIP/NPY/CGRP neurons in the submucosal plexus have a close anatomical relationship to IgA lymphocytes, playing a role in the secretion of IgA and intestinal fluid in response to stimulation by lipopolysaccharides, pathogens, or toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Shibata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Moeser
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Wang H, Steeds J, Motomura Y, Deng Y, Verma-Gandhu M, El-Sharkawy RT, McLaughlin JT, Grencis RK, Khan WI. CD4+ T cell-mediated immunological control of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia and 5-hydroxytryptamine production in enteric infection. Gut 2007; 56:949-57. [PMID: 17303597 PMCID: PMC1994360 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.103226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterochromaffin (EC) cells are dispersed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa and are the main source of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the gut. 5-HT has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several GI disorders, but the mechanisms regulating 5-HT production in the gut are unknown. AIM To investigate the role of CD4(+) T cells in the production of 5-HT using a model of enteric parasitic infection. METHODS AND RESULTS Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice and their wild-type controls were infected with the nematode Trichuris muris and killed on various days after infection to study colonic EC cells and 5-HT production. The number of EC cells and the amount of 5-HT produced were significantly higher in infected wild-type mice than in non-infected mice. The number of EC cells and the amount of 5-HT after infection were significantly lower in SCID mice after infection than in wild-type mice. The number of EC cells and the amount of 5-HT was significantly increased after reconstitution of SCID mice with CD4(+) T cells from infected mice and this was accompanied by an upregulation of colonic CD3 T cells and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines. Laser capture microdissection-based molecular and immunofluorescence techniques revealed the presence of interleukin 13 receptor alpha1-chain on EC cells. CONCLUSION These results show an important immunoendocrine axis in the gut, where secretory products from CD4(+) T cells interact with EC cells to enhance the production of 5-HT in the gut via Th2-based mechanisms. These results show new insights into the mechanisms of gut function, which may ultimately lead to improved therapeutic strategies in functional and inflammatory disorders of the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Wang
- Intestinal Diseases Research Program, Department of Medicine, Room 3N5D, Health Science Centre, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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