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Douglas HB, Etzler FE, Johnson PJ, Hammond HJ. Matrix-based key to the click beetle genera of Canada and USA with a summary of habitat use (Coleoptera, Elateridae). Zookeys 2024; 1200:75-144. [PMID: 38751965 PMCID: PMC11094399 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1200.119315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The Elateridae, or click beetles are abundant and diverse in most terrestrial ecosystems in North America, acting as plant pests and filling many other ecological roles. The 112 genera of Elateridae Leach, 1815, or click beetles, known from Canada and USA are included in a first comprehensive digital interactive key to adults. A link to an online peer-reviewed LUCID key to elaterid genera and downloadable LUCID files are provided. Diagnostic morphological summaries using information from the 61 characters and 158 character states of the matrix key are presented for all genera. A table summarizes current understanding of habitat use by all elaterid genera in Canada and USA from literature, collections, citizen science, and our own observations. Diversity of elaterid genera was high throughout warm and cool temperate regions, especially in mountainous areas and mesic woodlands. Larvae of most genera were associated with soil, litter and decaying wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hume B. Douglas
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, CanadaAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and NematodesOttawaCanada
| | - Frank E. Etzler
- Montana Department of Agriculture, 302 N. Roberts St., Helena, MT, 59601, USAMontana Department of AgricultureHelenaUnited States of America
| | - Paul J. Johnson
- Insect Biodiversity Lab, Box 2100A, 1030 N. Campus Drive, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USASouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsUnited States of America
| | - H.E. James Hammond
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 – 122 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6H 3S5 CanadaNatural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry CentreEdmontonCanada
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2
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Rashed A, van Herk WG. Pest Elaterids of North America: New Insights and Opportunities for Management. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:1-20. [PMID: 37562049 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-123249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The larval stages of click beetle (Coleoptera: Elateridae) species, several of which are serious agricultural pests, are called wireworms. Their cryptic subterranean habitat, resilience, among-species differences in ecology and biology, and broad host range, as well as the lack of objective economic injury thresholds, have rendered wireworms a challenging pest complex to control. Significant progress has been made in recent years, introducing a new effective class of insecticides and improving species identification and our understanding of species-specific phenology, chemical ecology (i.e., adult sex pheromones and larval olfactory cues), and abiotic and biotic factors influencing the efficacy of biological control agents. These new developments have created opportunities for further research into improving our risk assessment, monitoring, and integrated pest management capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Rashed
- Department of Entomology, Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Blackstone, Virginia, USA;
| | - Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada;
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3
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Pagani MK, Johnson TB, Doughty HB, McIntyre KC, Kuhar TP. Burkholderia spp.-based biopesticide controls wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in potatoes. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:1934-1938. [PMID: 37478407 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are economically significant pests of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), damaging the marketable portion of the crop by feeding and tunneling into tubers. While conventional potato growers use the few registered synthetic insecticides to control wireworms, certified organic growers are left with less options due to the limited effectiveness of the available insecticides. Biologically derived pesticides provide an additional alternative for both systems. Certain gram-negative proteobacteria, such as Burkholderia spp., possess insecticidal compounds. However, very little is known about their efficacy on wireworms. From 2018 to 2021, we conducted experiments in Virginia to assess the efficacy of a Burkholderia spp.-based commercial pesticide, Majestene, as a wireworm control in potatoes. In a lab experiment, soil drench application of this insecticide at a rate of 66 g a.i. per 1 liter resulted in 30% wireworm mortality and significantly reduced wireworm feeding damage on potato tubers. In the field, in-furrow applications of Burkholderia spp. at a rate of 17.66 kg a.i. per ha significantly reduced wireworm damage to tubers in 2 of 7 field experiments conducted. By comparison, the commercial standard insecticide, bifenthrin, significantly reduced tuber damage in 3 of the 7 field experiments. Our study demonstrates the prospect for proteobacteria-derived insecticides for control of wireworms and potentially other soil-dwelling insects. In conclusion, findings present growers with another option to combat wireworm pressure, especially in organic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika K Pagani
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Hélène B Doughty
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA 23420, USA
| | - Kelly C McIntyre
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Thomas P Kuhar
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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4
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Schoeppner E, Millar JG, Kuhar TP, Doughty H, Cherry RH, Hall G, Knowles CG, Williams L, Huseth AS. Optimization of 13-tetradecenyl acetate sex pheromone for trapping Melanotus communis (Coleoptera: Elateridae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:1423-1431. [PMID: 37208312 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Corn wireworm, Melanotus communis Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Elateridae), is an economically important larval pest of root and tuber crops in the United States. Previous work to estimate field-level abundance of M. communis has focused on grain-based larval baits placed in soil. However, this sampling method is labor intensive and may not estimate population size accurately. Recent discovery of the M. communis sex pheromone, 13-tetradecenyl acetate, provides a new method to monitor this pest during the adult stage. Early studies with this pheromone showed that different trapping methods might enhance catch and improve trap servicing. We hypothesized that placing lures on elevated traps would increase M. communis capture relative to the in-ground pitfall trapping that is currently used. We had 2 objectives for this study: (a) to compare pheromone captures among in-ground pitfall traps, on-ground pitfalls, elevated pitfalls (1 m), or elevated sticky cards (1 m) and (b) test lure longevity by aging the lures outdoors at 8-, 6-, 4-, 2-, and 0-wk intervals prior to trap deployment in the field. Experiments were conducted in North Carolina, Virginia, South Carolina, and Florida during the 2021 and 2022 field seasons. Results highlight large variation in M. communis abundance across the 4 states. We showed that 1 m elevated pheromone traps caught the most beetles. The age of the lure prior to deployment had a significant effect on trap catch. The lures that were aged for fewer weeks attracted significantly more beetles, with 0- and 2-wk-old lures capturing the greatest numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Schoeppner
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, 840 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California-Riverside, 3401 Watkins Dr., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Thomas P Kuhar
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech University, 311 Price Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Hélène Doughty
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech University, Painter, VA 23420, USA
| | - Ronald H Cherry
- Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Belle Glade, FL 33430, USA
| | - Grace Hall
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, 840 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Caitlin G Knowles
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Livy Williams
- USDA-ARS U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414, USA
| | - Anders S Huseth
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, 840 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Wood MJ, Kortsinoglou AM, Bull JC, Eastwood DC, Kouvelis VN, Bourdon PA, Loveridge EJ, Mathias S, Meyrick A, Midthassel A, Myrta A, Butt T. Evaluation of Metarhizium brunneum- and Metarhizium-Derived VOCs as Dual-Active Biostimulants and Pest Repellents in a Wireworm-Infested Potato Field. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:599. [PMID: 37367536 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Wireworm, the larval stages of click beetles, are a serious pest of tubers, brassicas and other important commercial crops throughout the northern hemisphere. No effective control agent has been developed specifically for them, and many of the pesticides marketed as having secondary application against them have been withdrawn from EU and Asian markets. Metarhizium brunneum, an effective entomopathogenic fungus, and its derived volatile metabolites are known to be effective plant biostimulants and plant protectants, although field efficacy has yet to be validated. Field validation of a combined M. brunneum and derived VOC treatments was conducted in Wales, UK, to assess the effects of each as a wireworm control agent and biostimulant. Plots were treated with Tri-Soil (Trichoderma atroviridae), M. brunneum, 1-octen-3-ol or 3-octanone, or combinations thereof. Treatments were applied subsurface during potato seeding (n = 52), and potatoes were harvested at the end of the growing season. Each potato was weighed individually and scored for levels of wireworm damage. Applications of both the VOCs and the M. brunneum individually were found to significantly decrease wireworm burden (p < 0.001). Combinations of M. brunneum and 3-octanone were also found to significantly decrease wireworm damage (p < 0.001), while no effect on yield was reported, resulting in an increased saleable mass over controls (p < 0.001). Herein, we present a novel 'stimulate and deter' wireworm control strategy that can be used to significantly enhance saleable potato yields and control wireworm populations, even under high pest pressure densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn J Wood
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 73100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alexandra M Kortsinoglou
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - James C Bull
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Daniel C Eastwood
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Vassili N Kouvelis
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Pierre A Bourdon
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - E Joel Loveridge
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | | | - Audun Midthassel
- Certis Belchim BV, R & D Department, 3521 AZ Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arben Myrta
- Certis Belchim BV, R & D Department, 3521 AZ Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tariq Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Reinbacher L, Praprotnik E, Razinger J, Bacher S, Grabenweger G. Influence of Wireworm Diet on its Susceptibility to and Control With the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) in Laboratory and Field Settings. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:108-118. [PMID: 36575909 PMCID: PMC9912137 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) represent promising control agents against wireworms but success in field experiments is inconsistent. The physiological condition of the targeted insect is crucial for its ability to withstand fungal infection. In particular, nutritional status is among the most important determinants of the insects' immune defense. In this study, we investigated the effects of diet on the development of the wireworm Agriotes obscurus (L.) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and its subsequent susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Metarhizium brunneum (Petch) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) in a pot experiment. After being reared on one of five plant diets for eight weeks, wireworms were exposed to an environment inoculated with the EPF and monitored for their susceptibility to fungal infection. We then performed a field experiment in which three plant diets (clover, radish, and a cover crop mix), selected according to the insects' performance in the laboratory experiment, were grown as a cover crop with EPF application. Plant diet influenced growth and development of larvae, but there were no strong differences in susceptibility toward fungal infection in the laboratory experiment. Damage levels in EPF-treated plots in the field varied depending on the cover crop. Damage was highest in plots planted with a mix of cover crop species, whereas damage was lowest in plots with clover or radish alone. This agrees with the laboratory results where insect performance was inferior when fed on clover or radish. Cover crop effects on wireworm damage in the subsequent cash crop may thus vary depending on the cover crop species selected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Praprotnik
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Plant Protection Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Razinger
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Plant Protection Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sven Bacher
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Giselher Grabenweger
- Agroscope, Extension Arable Crops, Departement Plants and Plant Products, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Drahun I, Poole EA, Hunt KA, van Herk WG, LeMoine CM, Cassone BJ. Seasonal turnover and insights into the overwintering biology of wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in the Canadian Prairies. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:526-536. [PMID: 36196672 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-lived terricolous larvae of click beetles, colloquially called wireworms, pose a significant threat to agriculture worldwide. Several economically important pest species have been documented in the Canadian Prairies, including Hypnoidus bicolor, Limonius californicus and Hypnoidus abbreviatus. However, most monitoring activities are performed in the early spring and there is evidence from other geographical regions of seasonal shifts in wireworm species composition and prevalence. Further, little is known about the overwintering physiology or behaviors of wireworms, which undoubtedly contribute to their population dynamics. RESULTS We surveyed wireworm populations from four Manitoban fields six times throughout the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. Both Hypnoidus species were active throughout the spring and summer; however, L. californicus did not become active until later in the spring. Chill-coma recovery assays indicated Hypnoidus species recovered quicker than L. californicus from cold acclimation. Vertical migration assays simulating progressively lower ambient temperatures experienced by overwintering larvae identified H. bicolor throughout the soil profile, with L. californicus preferentially found at cooler, shallower depths. We speculate that these differences in species distribution within the soil column are due to the higher levels of putative cryoprotectants (for example, trehalose, sorbitol, glucose, glycerol) in L. californicus, as identified by targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION Our findings of a stark seasonal turnover in wireworm species prevalence and composition in the Canadian Prairies should be incorporated into future integrated pest management and surveillance activities. This study also advances our understanding of wireworm overwintering biology, which should be factored into current management approaches. © 2022 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada. Pest Management Science © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Drahun
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Elise A Poole
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | | | - Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada
| | | | - Bryan J Cassone
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
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van Herk WG, Vernon RS, Goudis L, Mitchell T. Protection of Potatoes and Mortality of Wireworms (Agriotes obscurus) With Various Application Methods of Broflanilide, a Novel Meta-Diamide Insecticide. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1930-1946. [PMID: 36222544 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wireworms are primary pests of potatoes in Canada. Presently, the highly toxic organophosphate phorate (i.e., Thimet 20G) is the only effective insecticide in use in Canada. As such, there is an urgent need for novel alternative treatments that provide competitive tuber blemish protection and wireworm reduction with a safer human and environmental portfolio. Herein we evaluated broflanilide, a novel meta-diamide insecticide for both tuber protection and wireworm mortality. When evaluated in field trials in Agassiz, British Columbia over 6 yr, broflanilide applied as a seed piece treatment (SPT) to mother tubers at 1.5-2.0 g AI/100 kg seed (approx. 50 g AI/ha), or as an in-furrow spray (IFS) at 0.23-0.25 g AI/100 m row (approx. 25 g AI/ha) was as effective at reducing blemishes to daughter tubers by wireworms (Agriotes obscurus) as phorate (Thimet 20G at 3230 g AI/ha), bifenthrin (Capture 2EC IFS at 300 g AI/ha) and clothianidin (Titan ST at 312.5 g AI/ha). In addition, broflanilide SPT and IFS applied at the above rates reduced resident wireworms (in the field at the time of planting) by 95.4-99.0% and neonate wireworms (produced from eggs laid during the growing season) by 98.1-100%. Similar results were obtained when broflanilide IFS (nonsystemic) was paired with clothianidin SPT (systemic) for broad-spectrum potato insect pest control. Strategies for the use of broflanilide on wheat (e.g., Teraxxa F4) in rotation with potatoes (Cimegra), both registered in Canada in 2020 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, British Columbia, V0M 1A0, Canada
| | - Robert S Vernon
- Sentinel IPM Services, 4430 Estate Drive, Chilliwack, British Columbia, V2R 3B5, Canada
| | - Lindsey Goudis
- BASF Canada Inc., 1288 Glanworth Drive, London, Ontario, N6N 1H1, Canada
| | - Terisha Mitchell
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, British Columbia, V0M 1A0, Canada
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Lemke E, van Herk WG, Singleton K, Gries G. Seasonal and Diel Communication Periods of Sympatric Pest Limonius Click Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Western Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:980-988. [PMID: 36124752 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In western North America, sympatric Limonius click beetle species produce limoniic acid [(E)-4-ethyloct-4-enoic acid] as a sex pheromone component (L. canus (LeConte), L. californicus (Mannerheim)) or respond to it as a sex attractant (L. infuscatus (Motschulsky)). We tested the hypothesis that these three congeners maintain species-specificity of sexual communication through nonoverlapping seasonal occurrence and/or contrasting diel periodicity of sexual communication. Using capture times of beetles in pheromone-baited traps as a proxy for sexual communication periods, our data show that L. canus and L. californicus have seasonally distinct communication periods. Most L. canus males (>90%) were captured in April and most L. californicus males (>95%) were captured in May/June/July. As almost exclusively L. infuscatus males were captured in two separate 24-hr trapping studies, with data recordings every hour, it remains inconclusive whether the three Limonius congeners communicate at different times of the day. Males of L. infuscatus responded to pheromone lures only during daytime hours and during the warmest period each day. Captures of L. infuscatus overlapping with those of L. canus in April and those of L. californicus in May/June imply the presence of reproductive isolating mechanisms other than seasonal separation of sexual communication periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lemke
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, British Columbia, V0M 1A0, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, British Columbia, V0M 1A0, Canada
| | - Kendal Singleton
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, British Columbia, V0M 1A0, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
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10
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Effect of Host Size on Susceptibility of Melanotus communis (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Wireworms to Entomopathogens. J Nematol 2022; 54:20220033. [PMCID: PMC9583415 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2022-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Wireworms, the soil-borne larvae of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), are important crop pests throughout the world. In the eastern U.S., Melanotus communis larvae attack grain, root/ tuber, and vegetable crops. Our objectives were to characterize the pathogenicity and virulence of fungal and nematode entomopathogens on M. communis wireworms, and determine if wireworm size affected virulence. Pathogens tested included five entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae (All strain), S. feltiae (SN strain), S. riobrave (355 strain), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (VS strain), and H. indica (HiHom1 strain); and two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (GHA strain) and Cordyceps javanica (WF-GA17 strain). None of the pathogens tested caused >15% mortality at 7 or 14 days post-inoculation. Mortality was highest in S. carpocapsae (All strain); the other entomopathogens did not cause higher mortality than the untreated control. Overall, smaller wireworms were more susceptible than larger wireworms. Our results suggested that M. communis wireworms have defenses that limit the ability of the entomopathogens we tested to infect the wireworms. Conceivably, other entomopathogen strains or species may be more effective. Natural populations of entomopathogens may contribute to wireworm population reduction, but further studies are warranted before entomopathogens can be used for M. communis management.
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11
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Wei L, Zhou T, Ke J, Sun Y, Zhang F. The complete mitochondrial genome of Agriotes fuscicollis Miwa, 1928 (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:1662-1663. [PMID: 36147359 PMCID: PMC9487937 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2119822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Agriotes fuscicollis Miwa, 1928 (Coleoptera: Elateridae). The results showed that the length of complete mitochondrial genome was 15,866 bp with 26.8% GC content, containing 39.6% A, 33.5% T, 16.8% C, 10% G. There were 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that A. fuscicollis was closely related to Cryptalaus larvatus, Cryptalaus yamato, Pyrophorus divergens and Ignelater luminosus. The complete mitogenome of A. fuscicollis would contribute to the study of the phylogeny and evolution of Elateridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiao Wei
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou City, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou City, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou City, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingru Ke
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou City, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou City, China
| | - Yunzhu Sun
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou City, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou City, China
| | - Feiping Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou City, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou City, China
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12
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Nikoukar A, Rashed A. Integrated Pest Management of Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and the Rhizosphere in Agroecosystems. INSECTS 2022; 13:769. [PMID: 36135470 PMCID: PMC9501627 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rhizosphere is where plant roots, physical soil, and subterranean organisms interact to contribute to soil fertility and plant growth. In agroecosystems, the nature of the ecological interactions within the rhizosphere is highly dynamic due to constant disruptions from agricultural practices. The concept of integrated pest management (IPM) was developed in order to promote an approach which is complementary to the environment and non-target organisms, including natural enemies, by reducing the sole reliance on synthetic pesticides to control pests. However, some of the implemented integrated cultural and biological control practices may impact the rhizosphere, especially when targeting subterranean pests. Wireworms, the larval stage of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), are generalist herbivores and a voracious group of pests that are difficult to control. This paper introduces some existing challenges in wireworm IPM, and discusses the potential impacts of various control methods on the rhizosphere. The awareness of the potential implications of different pest management approaches on the rhizosphere will assist in decision-making and the selection of the control tactics with the least long-term adverse effects on the rhizosphere.
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Identification of the Major Sex Pheromone Component of the Click Beetle Agriotes ferrugineipennis. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:491-501. [PMID: 35895216 PMCID: PMC9375744 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic sex pheromone lures are useful tools to monitor and control populations of adult click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae). However, sex pheromones for Agriotes click beetle species native to North America have yet to be identified. Here we report the identification and field testing of the sex pheromone of Agriotes ferrugineipennis. Headspace volatiles from female beetles were collected on Porapak Q, and aliquots of Porapak extract were analyzed by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometry. 7-Methyloctyl 7-methyloctanoate (7Me7Me) emitted by females was more abundant and elicited much stronger responses from male antennae than the aldehydes octanal and nonanal and the ketone 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone. In a field experiment, captures of A. ferrugineipennis males in traps baited with candidate pheromone components exceeded those of unbaited control traps, on average by nearly 1,200 times. Neither the ketone nor the aldehydes as lure constituents appeared to alter captures of males in 7Me7Me-baited traps. We conclude that 7Me7Me is the major, and possibly the only, sex attractant pheromone component of female A. ferrugineipennis.
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Drahun I, Hunt KA, van Herk WG, Cassone BJ. Evaluation of Standardized Bait Trapping Approaches and Climatic Factors That Influence Wireworm Catch in the Canadian Prairies. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:773-782. [PMID: 35385052 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wireworms are significant pests of a variety of economically important crops grown in the Canadian Prairies. These soil-dwelling larvae of click beetles feed on and burrow into the accessible underground plant tissues, which can result in cosmetic injury, stunting, wilting, and plant death. Successful management of wireworms relies on accurate estimations of their abundance and activity in infested fields. Bait trapping is the most commonly used method for sampling wireworms and standardized approaches have been developed; however, little work has been done to optimize trapping efficacy in different geographical regions. In this study, we evaluated the effect of bait trapping duration, seed formulation, and the causal relationship with CO2 production and soil temperature on the wireworm catch in three fields located in Manitoba, Canada. As expected, wireworm catch increased with trapping duration and placing traps in ground for 8 d is adequate in most cases. Both barley and wheat were more effective baits than soybean; however, barley released more CO2 (i.e., an attractant for wireworms) and performed better at elevated soil temperatures. Overall, the results of this study will serve as valuable guidelines to improve current wireworm sampling methods, and can be integrated into strategies aimed at managing these important pests to crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Drahun
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | | | - Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada
| | - Bryan J Cassone
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
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Field Evaluation of Selected Plant Volatiles and Conspecific Pheromones as Attractants for Agriotes obscurus and A. lineatus (Coleoptera: Elateridae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020173. [PMID: 35206746 PMCID: PMC8877583 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sex pheromones are commonly used in traps to monitor populations and movements of male click beetles, but to date few attractants have been identified for females. Notable exceptions are plant-derived kairomones for female Agriotes brevis and A. ustulatus, allowing the monitoring of both males and females of these species with lures containing both pheromones and plant volatiles. The attractiveness of these plant volatiles for two congeners, A. obscurus and A. lineatus, which are agricultural pests in Europe and North America, was evaluated in the current study. Both the four-component MINIM plant-derived lure for A. brevis, and the blend of (E)-anethol and (E)-cinnamaldehyde for A. ustulatus, were not attractive to A. obscurus and A. lineatus, and instead appeared to reduce captures—both when compared to blank controls, and when blended with and compared to the sex pheromones of these species. This was most pronounced in A. obscurus, where (E)-anethol and (E)-cinnamaldehyde reduced male captures by 43 and 37%, respectively. Combining the pheromones of A. obscurus and A. lineatus reduced captures of these species by 77 and 19%, respectively, compared to these pheromones singly. This suggests that attractants for female click beetles can be highly species-specific, and that the blending of pheromones of congeneric species with each other, or with plant volatiles, can reduce captures. Further research into developing such attractants for economic species is urgently needed.
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Drahun I, Wiebe KF, Gohl P, Koloski CW, Koiter AJ, van Herk WG, Cassone BJ. Three years of surveillance associates agro-environmental factors with wireworm infestations in Manitoba, Canada. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:369-378. [PMID: 34538023 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wireworms, the soil-dwelling larvae of click beetles, are a major threat to global agricultural production. This is largely due to their generalist polyphagous feeding capabilities, extended and cryptic life cycles, and limited management options available. Although wireworms are well-documented as economically important pests in the Canadian Prairies, including Manitoba, there are gaps in knowledge on species distributions, subterranean behaviour and life cycles, feeding ecology and damage capacity, and economic thresholds for crop yield loss. RESULTS We carried out 3 years (2018-2020) of intensive surveillance of larval populations across Manitoba. A total of 31 fields (24 in ≥ 2 consecutive years) were surveyed in early spring using standardized bait trapping approaches. Wireworms were present in 94% of surveyed sites, but the catch within fields varied year to year. While Hypnoidus bicolor predominated (94% of larvae), several other pest species were identified. We then explored the relationships between wireworm trap numbers and agro-environmental factors. The larval catch tended to decrease under conditions of low soil temperatures and increased clay content, coupled with high soil moisture and precipitation during the trapping period. Treatment and cultural methods appeared less influential; however, wheat production in either of the previous two growing seasons was associated with increased wireworm catch. Our models failed to predict a relationship between wireworm catch and crop yields, although infestations were rare in our region. CONCLUSION Our findings better infer the risks posed by wireworms to crop production in the Canadian Prairies, and the agro-environmental factors that represent the greatest contributors to these risks. This information should be incorporated into future integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for wireworms. © 2021 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Pest Management Science © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Drahun
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Kiana F Wiebe
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Patrick Gohl
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Cody W Koloski
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Alex J Koiter
- Department of Geography and Environment, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada
| | - Bryan J Cassone
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
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van Herk WG, Lemke E, Gries G, Gries R, Serrano JM, Catton H, Wanner K, Landolt PJ, Cooper WR, Meers S, Nikoukar A, Smith JL, Alamsetti SK, Etzler FE. Limoniic Acid and Its Analog as Trap Lures for Pest Limonius Species (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in North America. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2108-2120. [PMID: 34374412 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Four species of Limonius wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae), L. californicus, L. canus, L. infuscatus and L. agonus, are serious crop pests in North America. Limoniic acid, (E)-4-ethyloct-4-enoic acid, has been reported as a sex pheromone component of female L. californicus and L. canus, and a sex attractant for male L. infuscatus. In the same study, both limoniic acid and the analog (E)-5-ethyloct-4-enoic acid were highly attractive in field experiments. Moreover, six carboxylic acids in headspace volatiles of Limonius females elicited responses from male antennae but were not tested for behavioral activity. Here, we report trap catch data of Limonius spp. obtained in field experiments at 27 sites across North America. All four Limonius species were attracted to limoniic acid and to the analog but not to the carboxylic acids. Adding these carboxylic acids to limoniic acid, or to the analog, reduced its attractiveness. In dose-response studies, trap lures containing 0.4 mg or 4 mg of limoniic acid afforded large captures of L. californicus and L. infuscatus. Neither limoniic acid nor the analog were deterrent to other elaterid pest species. The broad attractiveness of limoniic acid to Limonius spp., and its non-deterrent effect on heterogeners, may facilitate the development of generic pheromone-based monitoring and management tools for multiple click beetle species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada
| | - Emily Lemke
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Regine Gries
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | - Haley Catton
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | | | - Peter J Landolt
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Wapato, WA, USA
| | - W Rodney Cooper
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Wapato, WA, USA
| | - Scott Meers
- Crop Diversification Centre, Alberta Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Brooks, AB, Canada
- Mayland Consulting, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Jocelyn L Smith
- University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON, Canada
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Nikoukar A, Ensafi P, Lewis EE, Crowder DW, Rashed A. Efficacy of Naturally Occurring and Commercial Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Sugar Beet Wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2241-2244. [PMID: 34240170 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wireworms are the larval stage of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), and some of their species are serious pests of many crops. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of naturally occurring and commercial entomopathogenic nematode species against the sugar beet wireworm, Limonius californicus (Mannerheim), in the laboratory. First, efficacies of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) collected from an irrigated (S. feltiae-SSK) and a dryland (S. feltiae-SSC) field and the two commercial entomopathogenic nematode species, S. carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), were examined. Efficacies of the two field-collected S. feltiae isolates were also compared against a commercial S. feltiae strain. In the first bioassay, S. feltiae-SSK caused 63.3% wireworm mortality, followed by 30% caused by S. carpocapsae, 23.3% by S. feltiae-SSC, and 6.7% by H.bacteriophora. In the second assay, S. feltiae-SSK killed 56.7% of the wireworms, ≈2.1- and ≈5.7-fold higher than S. feltiae-SSC and the commercial isolate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atoosa Nikoukar
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 2329, Moscow, ID, USA
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Aberdeen Research and Extension Center, Aberdeen, ID, USA
| | - Pooria Ensafi
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Aberdeen Research and Extension Center, Aberdeen, ID, USA
| | - Edwin E Lewis
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 2329, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Arash Rashed
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 2329, Moscow, ID, USA
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Aberdeen Research and Extension Center, Aberdeen, ID, USA
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van Herk WG, Vernon RS, Labun TJ, Sevcik MH, Schwinghamer TD. Distribution of Pest Wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Species in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Canada). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:663-672. [PMID: 33560338 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present findings of a general survey of pest wireworms in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba conducted from 2004 to 2019; the first such survey of the Canadian Prairie provinces since that published by Glen et al. (1943). Samples were collected from 571 farmland locations where crop damage from wireworms was observed or suspected, and a total of 5,704 specimens (3,548 larvae, 2,156 beetles) were identified. Most specimens (96.9%) were identified as Hypnoidus bicolor (3,278), Selatosomus aeripennis destructor (1,280), Limonius californicus (842), and Aeolus mellillus (125). This suggests that H. bicolor has replaced S. a. destructor as the predominant species and that the relative importance of L. californicus as a pest species has increased since earlier reports. Despite the relatively small number of specimens collected per location (approx. 10), H. bicolor and S. a. destructor, and S. a. destructor and L. californicus were frequently collected at or near the same location (within 1 km). We provide species records and incidence of co-occurrence at different spatial scales, discuss potential reasons for and implications of shifts in species composition, implications of species co-occurrence for managing wireworm pests in crop production, and outline pertinent research needs. A path analysis approach used to correlate incidence of the main species with various soil characteristics indicated that organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and water retention capacity all had a significant species-specific influence on wireworm presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Mika H Sevcik
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada
| | - Timothy D Schwinghamer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Douglas HB, Kundrata R, Brunke AJ, Escalona HE, Chapados JT, Eyres J, Richter R, Savard K, Ślipiński A, McKenna D, Dettman JR. Anchored Phylogenomics, Evolution and Systematics of Elateridae: Are All Bioluminescent Elateroidea Derived Click Beetles? BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060451. [PMID: 34063961 PMCID: PMC8224040 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In the era of phylogenomics, new molecular sequencing and computational techniques can aid in resolving phylogenetic relationships that were previously intractable by morphological or limited molecular data. In this study, we used anchored hybrid enrichment—designed to recover DNA sequences from hundreds of single-copy orthologous genes—to resolve the phylogeny of the Elateridae (click-beetles) and establish their placement within superfamily Elateroidea. The resulting data were compatible with published transcriptomes, allowing for integrating our dataset with previously published data. Using a wide range of analyses on these molecular data, we tested hypotheses long-debated in the morphological literature and also the robustness of our phylogenetic inferences. Our results placed the bioluminescent lampyroids (fireflies and relatives) within the click-beetles, challenging the current classification of Elateridae, Lampyridae, Phengodidae, and Rhagophthalmidae. However, despite the large amount of molecular data analyzed, a few nodes with conflicting phylogenetic signals could not be unambiguously resolved. Overall, we recovered well-resolved tree topologies that will serve as a framework for further systematic and evolutionary studies of click-beetles. This work further demonstrates that the click-beetle lineage contains not only pest wireworms, but also many species that benefit agriculture. Abstract Click-beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are an abundant, diverse, and economically important beetle family that includes bioluminescent species. To date, molecular phylogenies have sampled relatively few taxa and genes, incompletely resolving subfamily level relationships. We present a novel probe set for anchored hybrid enrichment of 2260 single-copy orthologous genes in Elateroidea. Using these probes, we undertook the largest phylogenomic study of Elateroidea to date (99 Elateroidea, including 86 Elateridae, plus 5 non-elateroid outgroups). We sequenced specimens from 88 taxa to test the monophyly of families, subfamilies and tribes. Maximum likelihood and coalescent phylogenetic analyses produced well-resolved topologies. Notably, the included non-elaterid bioluminescent families (Lampyridae + Phengodidae + Rhagophthalmidae) form a clade within the otherwise monophyletic Elateridae, and Sinopyrophoridae may not warrant recognition as a family. All analyses recovered the elaterid subfamilies Elaterinae, Agrypninae, Cardiophorinae, Negastriinae, Pityobiinae, and Tetralobinae as monophyletic. Our results were conflicting on whether the hypnoidines are sister to Dendrometrinae or Cardiophorinae + Negastriinae. Moreover, we show that fossils with the eucnemid-type frons and elongate cylindrical shape may belong to Eucnemidae, Elateridae: Thylacosterninae, ancestral hard-bodied cantharoids or related extinct groups. Proposed taxonomic changes include recognition of Plastocerini as a tribe in Dendrometrinae and Hypnoidinae stat. nov. as a subfamily within Elateridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hume B. Douglas
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.J.B.); (J.T.C.); (J.E.); (R.R.); (K.S.); (J.R.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Robin Kundrata
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Adam J. Brunke
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.J.B.); (J.T.C.); (J.E.); (R.R.); (K.S.); (J.R.D.)
| | - Hermes E. Escalona
- Australian National Insect Collection, National Collections Australia, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (H.E.E.); (A.Ś.)
| | - Julie T. Chapados
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.J.B.); (J.T.C.); (J.E.); (R.R.); (K.S.); (J.R.D.)
| | - Jackson Eyres
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.J.B.); (J.T.C.); (J.E.); (R.R.); (K.S.); (J.R.D.)
| | - Robin Richter
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.J.B.); (J.T.C.); (J.E.); (R.R.); (K.S.); (J.R.D.)
| | - Karine Savard
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.J.B.); (J.T.C.); (J.E.); (R.R.); (K.S.); (J.R.D.)
| | - Adam Ślipiński
- Australian National Insect Collection, National Collections Australia, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (H.E.E.); (A.Ś.)
| | - Duane McKenna
- Center for Biodiversity Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Jeremy R. Dettman
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.J.B.); (J.T.C.); (J.E.); (R.R.); (K.S.); (J.R.D.)
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Drahun I, Wiebe KF, Koloski CW, van Herk WG, Cassone BJ. Genetic structure and population demographics of Hypnoidus bicolor (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in the Canadian Prairies. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2282-2291. [PMID: 33421259 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following banning of the pesticide lindane in most counties, wireworms (i.e., the soil-living larval stages of click beetles) have become major pests of a variety of economically important field crops. Hypnoidus bicolor is a common pest species in the Canadian Prairies. However, little is known about its life history, which impedes the development of effective integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Population genetic approaches have the potential to assist in the development of IPM. RESULTS We sequenced a 622-bp fragment of the COX1 gene from 326 H. bicolor wireworm and click beetles collected from 13 localities on the Canadian Prairies. Two genetically distinct (>4.66% sequence divergence) clades were identified, suggesting that they may be part of a species complex. Clade A predominated and increased in prevalence the further east samples were collected, whereas the opposite was true for clade B. Clade B appears to be comprised of two mitochondrial DNA groups, however, one group was represented by only one haplotype. Both clades were characterized by uneven gene flow among populations with low levels of regional genetic structuring. Clade A appeared to have undergone population and range expansions, which may coincide with the advent of intensive agriculture practices in the prairies. CONCLUSION Knowledge of species composition and population structure is important for the development of effective IPM strategies but is often lacking for wireworms. Our study fills these knowledge gaps for a predominant pest species in the prairies, H. bicolor, by providing robust evidence for cryptic forms and characterizing its dispersal patterns and population dynamics. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Drahun
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kiana F Wiebe
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Cody W Koloski
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bryan J Cassone
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
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Gries R, Alamsetti SK, van Herk WG, Catton HA, Meers S, Lemke E, Gries G. Limoniic Acid - Major Component of the Sex Pheromones of the Click Beetles Limonius canus and L. californicus. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:123-133. [PMID: 33606109 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Wireworms, the larvae of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), are soil-dwelling insect pests inflicting major economic damage on many types of agricultural crops worldwide. The objective of this work was to identify the female-produced sex pheromones of the Pacific Coast wireworm, Limonius canus LeConte, and the sugarbeet wireworm, L. californicus (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Headspace volatiles from separate groups of female L. canus and L. californicus were collected on Porapak Q and analyzed by gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometry. GC-EAD recordings revealed strong responses from male L. canus and male L. californicus antennae to the same compound, which appeared below GC detection threshold. The structure of this candidate pheromone component was deduced from the results of micro-analytical treatments of extracts, retention index calculations on four GC columns, and by syntheses of more than 25 model compounds which were assessed for their GC retention characteristics and electrophysiological activity. The EAD-active compound was identified as (E)-4-ethyloct-4-enoic acid, which we name limoniic acid. In field experiments in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, traps baited with synthetic limoniic acid captured large numbers of male Limonius click beetles, whereas unbaited control traps captured few. Compared to traps baited with the analogue, (E)-5-ethyloct-4-enoic acid, traps baited with limoniic acid captured 9-times more male L. californicus, and 6.5-times more male western field wireworms, L. infuscatus Motschulsky, but 2.3-times fewer male L. canus. Limoniic acid can now be developed for detection, monitoring and possibly control of L. californicus, L. infuscatus and L. canus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Santosh K Alamsetti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, V0M 1A0, Canada
| | - Haley A Catton
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Scott Meers
- Mayland Consulting, Calgary, Alberta, T2E 4V5, Canada
| | - Emily Lemke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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23
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Diet composition of the Javan mongoose (Urva javanica) within two forests across a karst landscape, on Java, Indonesia. Trop Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-021-00142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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van Herk WG, Vernon RS, Goudis L, Mitchell T. Broflanilide, a Meta-Diamide Insecticide Seed Treatment for Protection of Wheat and Mortality of Wireworms (Agriotes obscurus) in the Field. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:161-173. [PMID: 33140830 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Following the deregistration of lindane, several neonicotinoid insecticides have been registered as seed treatments for controlling wireworms in cereal crops. Unlike lindane, which did both, neonicotinoids provide crop protection but do not reduce wireworm populations. Hence populations of various economic species are growing in key wheat production areas of the United States and Canada, and there is a need for novel seed treatments that match the efficacy of lindane. Herein we evaluated broflanilide, a novel GABA-gated Cl- channel allosteric modulator that differs from the cyclodienes (e.g., lindane) in that it binds to a unique site in the GABA receptor. As such, broflanilide confers a new mode of insecticidal action (Group 30 MOA), and is the first meta-diamide insecticide developed. When evaluated in field trials over 7 yr at various rates, broflanilide at 5.0 g [AI]/100 kg wheat seed was as effective at protecting wheat stand from wireworm (Agriotes obscurus) injury as the current industry standard thiamethoxam at 20-30 g [AI]/100 kg seed. In addition, broflanilide at 5.0 g reduced neonate wireworms (produced from eggs laid in established wheat during the growing season) and resident wireworms (in the field at time of planting) by 73.1 and 81.1%, respectively, which is comparable to that reported for the previous industry standard lindane (75.3 and 57.6%, respectively). These studies show that broflanilide at 5.0 g [AI] will provide consistent wheat stand protection (equal to thiamethoxam at 20-30 g [AI]), and A. obscurus wireworm population reduction (equal to lindane at 59 g [AI]), and will do so at far lower dosages per hectare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Terisha Mitchell
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
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25
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Orlov V. Features of the formation of click beetle complexes in perennial plantings of the Western Caucasus. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213404015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexes of click beetles in the perennial plantations of the Western Caucasus are formed at the expense of species from the surrounding (adjacent) biotopes. In the forest zone, the complexes are formed by their similarity to meadow biotopes (biocenoses) with inclusions of dominant species from meadow biotopes of the foothill lane. Agriotes tauricus Heyd., and Drasterius bimaculatus (Rossi) are common species in all lanes and zones of the studied region. Species Agriotes gurgistanus (Fald.), Melanotus fusciceps (Gyll.), Athous Circassiensis Reitt., Agriotes sputator (L.) are most often dominant of elateridocoplex.
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26
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Poggi S, Sergent M, Mammeri Y, Plantegenest M, Le Cointe R, Bourhis Y. Dynamic role of grasslands as sources of soil-dwelling insect pests: New insights from in silico experiments for pest management strategies. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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27
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Effect of Collection Month, Visible Light, and Air Movement on the Attraction of Male Agriotes obscurus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Click Beetles to Female Sex Pheromone. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110729. [PMID: 33114520 PMCID: PMC7693911 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Wireworms are larvae of adult click beetles and can be major pests of many crops. The larvae live for several years in the soil and are difficult to manage, so additional control methods are being investigated, including the targeting of their adult stage, click beetles. For example, sex pheromones of female beetles can be used to attract males to a substrate treated with an insecticide. We examined whether the response of male click beetles to female sex pheromone is affected by environmental and seasonal factors i.e., beetles collected from the field in different months. Using small-scale lab experiments, we found that the beetles’ response to pheromone was not affected by light, but that air movement made them move faster. Exposure to pheromone made the beetles move more, but this did not vary with collection month, although beetles collected in May moved more slowly than those collected in March and April. In the field, male beetles were attracted up to 14 m from a pheromone source, the furthest distance tested. Understanding how beetle response to pheromone varies with these factors is important for the refinement of programs aimed at their management. Abstract Elaterid female sex pheromone, while currently used for monitoring the adult life stage (click beetle), has only recently been explored as a potential management tool. Consequently, there is little understanding of how abiotic and biotic conditions influence the response of click beetles to the pheromone. We examined whether the response of male Agriotes obscurus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) beetles to a cellulose-based formulation of female sex pheromone (‘pheromone granules’) is influenced by air movement, presence of visible light, and month of beetle collection. In addition, we investigated the distance from which beetles were attracted to the pheromone granules. Click beetle response was determined by measuring movement parameters in free-walking arena experiments. The response to pheromone was not affected by the presence or absence of visible light. We found that beetles collected earlier in the season had increased activity and interaction with pheromone under moving air conditions, compared to beetles collected later. When controlling for storage time, we confirmed that individuals collected in May were less active than beetles collected in March and April. In the field, beetles were recaptured from up to 14 m away from a pheromone granule source, with over 50% being recovered within 4.4 h from a distance of 7 m or less. Understanding how abiotic and biotic factors affect pest response to pheromone can lead to more effective and novel uses of pheromone-based management strategies.
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28
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Sandhi RK, Shapiro-Ilan D, Reddy GVP. Montana Native Entomopathogenic Nematode Species Against Limonius californicus (Coleoptera: Elateridae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2104-2111. [PMID: 32740654 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wireworms are destructive soil inhabiting polyphagous pests in the Pacific Northwest and Intermountain region of the United States. Continuously increasing wireworm populations and damage in small grain crops such as spring wheat in Northern Great Plains has become a challenge for growers. Due to unavailability of effective control measures, alternative methods, including biological control agents such as entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are needed. Native/indigenous EPN species are expected to have better potential than exotic species to control the local insect pests. Two Montana native EPN species (Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) were tested against, Limonius californicus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in laboratory and shade house studies. In the laboratory bioassay, two isolates of S. feltiae at the rate of 28,000 IJs/five larvae killed 48-50% of the insects within 4 wk. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was not able to cause >30% L. californicus larval mortality. None of the two isolates of S. feltiae performed well against L. californicus when tested in different soil types. Similarly, two isolates of S. feltiae that were tested killed only 20-25% wireworms in a shade house trial that did not differ significantly from the control treatment. Four weeks after EPN treatment in the shade house trial, the percentage of wheat plant damage from L. californicus ranged from 30 to 40% in the presence of S. felitae, not differing statistically from control. These results suggest that S. felitae have limited potential in managing wireworm populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur Sandhi
- Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, Conrad, MT
- Montana Entomology Collection, Marsh Labs, Room 50 Montana State University Bozeman, MT
| | | | - Gadi V P Reddy
- Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, Conrad, MT
- USDA-ARS, Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville, MS
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29
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Andrews KR, Gerritsen A, Rashed A, Crowder DW, Rondon SI, van Herk WG, Vernon R, Wanner KW, Wilson CM, New DD, Fagnan MW, Hohenlohe PA, Hunter SS. Wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) genomic analysis reveals putative cryptic species, population structure, and adaptation to pest control. Commun Biol 2020; 3:489. [PMID: 32895437 PMCID: PMC7477237 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The larvae of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), known as "wireworms," are agricultural pests that pose a substantial economic threat worldwide. We produced one of the first wireworm genome assemblies (Limonius californicus), and investigated population structure and phylogenetic relationships of three species (L. californicus, L. infuscatus, L. canus) across the northwest US and southwest Canada using genome-wide markers (RADseq) and genome skimming. We found two species (L. californicus and L. infuscatus) are comprised of multiple genetically distinct groups that diverged in the Pleistocene but have no known distinguishing morphological characters, and therefore could be considered cryptic species complexes. We also found within-species population structure across relatively short geographic distances. Genome scans for selection provided preliminary evidence for signatures of adaptation associated with different pesticide treatments in an agricultural field trial for L. canus. We demonstrate that genomic tools can be a strong asset in developing effective wireworm control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Andrews
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
| | - Alida Gerritsen
- Computational Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Arash Rashed
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Silvia I Rondon
- Oregon State University, Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hermiston, OR, 97838, USA
| | - Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada, V0M 1A0
| | - Robert Vernon
- Sentinel IPM Services, Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada, V2R 3B5
| | - Kevin W Wanner
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | | | - Daniel D New
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Matthew W Fagnan
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Paul A Hohenlohe
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Samuel S Hunter
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
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30
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Zurowski K, Janmaat AF, Kabaluk T, Cory JS. Modification of reproductive schedule in response to pathogen exposure in a wild insect: Support for the terminal investment hypothesis. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1558-1566. [PMID: 32780527 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trade-offs in the time and energy allocated to different functions, such as reproductive activities, can be driven by alterations in condition which reduce resources, often in response to extrinsic factors such as pathogens or parasites. When individuals are challenged by a pathogen, they may either reduce reproduction as a cost of increasing defence mechanisms or, alternatively, modify reproductive activities so as to increase fecundity thereby minimizing the fitness costs of earlier death, a behaviour consistent with the terminal investment hypothesis (TIH). The TIH predicts that individuals with decreased likelihood of future reproduction will maximize current reproductive effort, which may include shifts in reproductive timing. We examined how wild, adult female click beetles (Agriotes obscurus) responded after exposure to the fungal pathogen Metarhizium brunneum. Field-collected beetles exposed to a high concentration of M. brunneum died earlier and in greater numbers than those exposed to a low concentration. Using a multivariate approach, we examined the impact of pathogen challenge on lifespan and a suite of reproductive traits. Stepdown regression analysis showed that only female lifespan differed among the fungal treatments. Fungal-induced reductions in lifespan drove changes in the reproductive schedule, characterized by a decrease in preoviposition period. Moving the start of egg laying forward allowed the females to offset the costs of a shortened lifespan. These changes suggest that there is a threshold for terminal investment, which is dependent on strength of the survival threat. From an applied perspective, our findings imply that exposing adult click beetles to M. brunneum to reduce their population density might not succeed and is an approach that needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Zurowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alida F Janmaat
- Department of Biology, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd Kabaluk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jenny S Cory
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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31
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Guseva OG, Shpanev AM, Koval AG. Click Beetles (Coleoptera, Elateridae) under the Conditions of Anthropogenic Landscape Transformation. RUSS J ECOL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413620030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Kundrata R, Packova G, Hoffmannova J. Fossil Genera in Elateridae (Insecta, Coleoptera): A Triassic Origin and Jurassic Diversification. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11060394. [PMID: 32604761 PMCID: PMC7348820 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Insect fossils bear important information about the evolutionary history of the group. The fossil record of Elateridae, a large cosmopolitan beetle family, has been greatly understudied and the available data are often replete with ambiguity and uncertainty. The research of Elateridae evolution cannot be done without solid genus-group name concepts. In this study we provide an updated comprehensive summary of the fossil genera in Elateridae, including their systematic placement and information on the type species, gender, number of species, age range, and relevant bibliography. We list seven valid fossil genera in Agrypninae, one in Cardiophorinae, two in Dendrometrinae, five in Elaterinae, two in Negastriinae, one in Omalisinae, one in Pityobiinae, and 36 in Protagrypninae. Additional 19 genera are tentatively classified as Elateridae incertae sedis, and their placements are discussed. Further, we move genera Babuskaya Martins-Neto & Gallego, 2009, Cardiosyne Martins-Neto & Gallego, 2006, Fengningia Hong, 1984 and Gemelina Martins-Neto & Gallego, 2006 from Elateridae to Coleoptera incertae sedis. We also discuss the genera previously placed in Elateridae, which are currently not included in the family. The data on the fossil generic diversity suggest that Elateridae originated in the Triassic and rapidly diversified and became comparatively abundant through the Jurassic. We call for further research on the fossil Elateridae from various deposits in order to increase our knowledge on the origin, evolution, and palaeodiversity of the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kundrata
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Packova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Johana Hoffmannova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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33
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van Herk WG, Vernon RS. Local Depletion of Click Beetle Populations by Pheromone Traps Is Weather and Species Dependent. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:449-460. [PMID: 32002536 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several Agriotes click beetle species are important pests of vegetables and field crops. Monitoring for beetles is generally done with pheromone-baited traps maintained in permanent locations. Since dispersal is mostly by walking, such traps may deplete populations around them, leading to underestimations of populations relative to nontrapped areas, and of concomitant risk of wireworm damage to nearby crops. We placed sets of five pitfall traps in field headland areas in 2015-2017, of which two were baited with Agriotes obscurus (L) or Agriotes lineatus (L) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) pheromone. Of these, one was maintained in a permanent location, while the other moved among the remaining positions. Traps were checked weekly over the emergence period. For A. obscurus, fixed and moving traps initially collected similar numbers, but the latter collected significantly more later in the season, indicating depletion around fixed traps. Depletion was most pronounced after a period of cold weather, and around the peak swarming period. Depletion observed for A. lineatus was not statistically significant. This indicates pheromone-baited traps used for walking insects can underestimate populations, but depletion rates vary with species and temperature and should be accounted for when traps are used to develop action thresholds or time control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert S Vernon
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
- Sentinel IPM Consulting, Estate Dr, Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada
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34
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Merivee E, Must A, Nurme K, Di Giulio A, Muzzi M, Williams I, Mänd M. Neural Code for Ambient Heat Detection in Elaterid Beetles. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:1. [PMID: 32116586 PMCID: PMC7016213 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental thermal conditions play a major role at all levels of biological organization; however, there is little information on noxious high temperature sensation crucial in behavioral thermoregulation and survival of small ectothermic animals such as insects. So far, a capability to unambiguously encode heat has been demonstrated only for the sensory triad of the spike bursting thermo- and two bimodal hygro-thermoreceptor neurons located in the antennal dome-shaped sensilla (DSS) in a carabid beetle. We used extracellular single sensillum recording in the range of 20-45°C to demonstrate that a similar sensory triad in the elaterid Agriotes obscurus also produces high temperature-induced bursty spike trains. Several parameters of the bursts are temperature dependent, allowing the neurons in a certain order to encode different, but partly overlapping ranges of heat up to lethal levels in a graded manner. ISI in a burst is the most useful parameter out of six. Our findings consider spike bursting as a general, fundamental quality of the classical sensory triad of antennal thermo- and hygro-thermoreceptor neurons widespread in many insect groups, being a flexible and reliable mode of coding unfavorably high temperatures. The possible involvement of spike bursting in behavioral thermoregulation of the beetles is discussed. By contrast, the mean firing rate of the neurons in regular and bursty spike trains combined does not carry useful thermal information at the high end of noxious heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enno Merivee
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anne Must
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Nurme
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Maurizio Muzzi
- Department of Science, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Ingrid Williams
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marika Mänd
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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35
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Labrie G, Gagnon AÈ, Vanasse A, Latraverse A, Tremblay G. Impacts of neonicotinoid seed treatments on soil-dwelling pest populations and agronomic parameters in corn and soybean in Quebec (Canada). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229136. [PMID: 32101547 PMCID: PMC7043745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural soil pests, including wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae), are managed primarily with pesticides applied directly to seeds before sowing. Seeds coated with neonicotinoids have been used widely in Quebec (Canada) for several years. To assess the agronomic and economic value of neonicotinoid seed treatments in soybeans and corn in Quebec, trials were conducted from 2012 to 2016 in 84 fields across seven regions in Quebec. We evaluated the effect of neonicotinoid seed treatments on soil pest densities, crop damage and yield. The results showed that 92.6% of corn fields and 69.0% of soybean fields had less than 1 wireworm per bait trap. However, no significant differences in plant stand or yield were observed between treated and untreated corn or soybeans during the study. This study shows that neonicotinoid seed treatments in field crops in Quebec are useful in less than 5% of cases, given the very low level of pest-associated pressure and damage, and that they should not be used prophylactically. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies need to be developed for soil insect pests to offer effective alternative solutions to producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Labrie
- Centre de recherche sur les grains Inc. (CÉROM), St-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie-Ève Gagnon
- Centre de recherche sur les grains Inc. (CÉROM), St-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne Vanasse
- Département de phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Latraverse
- Centre de recherche sur les grains Inc. (CÉROM), St-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, Québec, Canada
| | - Gilles Tremblay
- Centre de recherche sur les grains Inc. (CÉROM), St-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, Québec, Canada
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36
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Faucheux MJ, Németh T, Kundrata R. Comparative Antennal Morphology of Agriotes (Coleoptera: Elateridae), with Special Reference to the Typology and Possible Functions of Sensilla. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020137. [PMID: 32098184 PMCID: PMC7074560 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Species of the click-beetle genus Agriotes Eschscholtz are economically important crop pests distributed mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. They can inflict considerable damage on various field crops. Therefore, the detection, monitoring, and control of Agriotes include the adult trapping using species-specific sex pheromones, which is a critical component of pest research. To obtain a better understanding of the detailed antennal morphology as background information for subsequent chemical ecology research, we conducted a scanning electron microscopy study of the antennal sensilla of both sexes in 10 European Agriotes species. We identified 16 different sensilla in Agriotes, belonging to six main types: sensilla chaetica (subtypes C1 and C2), sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica (subtypes B1–B9), dome-shaped sensilla (subtypes D1 and D2), sensilla campaniformia, and Böhm sensilla. We discuss their possible functions and compare the sensilla of Agriotes with those of other Elateridae in order to consolidate the sensillum nomenclature in this family. Additionally, our study reveals the remarkable interspecific variability in sensillar equipment of Agriotes and identifies several characters of potential importance for future use in systematic studies. The present study provides a strong preliminary framework for subsequent research on the antennal morphology of this crop pest on a wider scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel J. Faucheux
- Laboratoire d’Endocrinologie des Insectes Sociaux, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, B.P. 92208, F-44322 Nantes CEDEX 03, France;
| | - Tamás Németh
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross utca 13, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Robin Kundrata
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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37
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New fossils of Elateridae (Insecta, Coleoptera) from Early Cretaceous Jinju Formation (South Korea) with their implications to evolutionary diversity of extinct Protagrypninae. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225502. [PMID: 31826006 PMCID: PMC6905514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new genera and species of Elateridae, Megalithomerus magohalmii gen. et sp. nov. and Koreagrypnus jinju gen. et sp. nov., are described based on two pairs of fossils from the late Early Cretaceous Jinju Formation in Jinju City, South Korea. Both Megalithomerus and Koreagrypnus represent the youngest occurrences of an extinct elaterid subfamily, Protagrypninae. Megalithomerus magohalmii is the largest known fossil elaterid. These newly described elaterids provide a better understanding of the morphological diversity and occurrence of Protagrypninae through geologic time.
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Tschumi M, Ekroos J, Hjort C, Smith HG, Birkhofer K. Predation-mediated ecosystem services and disservices in agricultural landscapes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:2109-2118. [PMID: 30192426 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecological intensification may reduce environmental externalities of agriculture by harnessing biodiversity to benefit regulating ecosystem services. However, to propose management options for the production of such services, there is a need to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of net effects between ecosystem services and disservices provided by wild organisms across taxonomic groups in relation to habitat and landscape management. We studied the contribution of predatory vertebrates and invertebrates (including both carnivores and seed herbivores) to regulating ecosystem services and disservices in 16 cereal fields in response to a local habitat contrast and a landscape complexity gradient. From May to November 2016, we provided weed (predation reflects an ecosystem service) and crop (predation reflects a disservice) seeds, as well as pest (predation reflects an ecosystem service) and beneficial (predation reflects a disservice) invertebrate prey to predators. Seed predation was dominated by vertebrates, while vertebrates and invertebrates contributed equally to predation of animal prey. Before harvest, predation steadily increased from very low levels in May to high levels in July independent of the resource type. After harvest, ecosystem services declined more rapidly than disservices. The presence of adjacent seminatural grasslands promoted crop seed predation, but reduced pest prey predation. Predation on beneficial prey decreased with increasing proportions of seminatural grassland in the landscape. Predatory vertebrates and invertebrates provide important ecosystem services due to the consumption of pests. However, beneficial invertebrates and crop seeds were often consumed to a similar or even higher extent than harmful invertebrates or weed seeds. Our results therefore raise concerns that management options aimed at enhancing service providers may simultaneously increase levels of disservices. By considering positive and negative effects simultaneously, this study addresses an important knowledge gap and highlights the importance of interactions between local management, landscape composition, and service and disservice provision across taxa and over time. Considering trade-offs between ecosystem services and disservices when evaluating the net effects of biodiversity conservation measures on ecosystem service provision is crucial. Future agri-environment schemes that offer payments for seminatural habitats may need to provide higher compensation for farmers in cases where net effects are likely to be negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tschumi
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 6A, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Ekroos
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Hjort
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 6A, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik G Smith
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 6A, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Klaus Birkhofer
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 6A, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany
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Serrano JM, Collignon RM, Zou Y, Millar JG. Identification of Sex Pheromones and Sex Pheromone Mimics for Two North American Click Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in the Genus Cardiophorus Esch. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:327-338. [PMID: 29479642 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
To date, all known or suspected pheromones of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) have been identified solely from species native to Europe and Asia; reports of identifications from North American species dating from the 1970s have since proven to be incorrect. While conducting bioassays of pheromones of a longhorned beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), we serendipitously discovered that males of Cardiophorus tenebrosus L. and Cardiophorus edwardsi Horn were specifically attracted to the cerambycid pheromone fuscumol acetate, (E)-6,10-dimethylundeca-5,9-dien-2-yl acetate, suggesting that this compound might also be a sex pheromone for the two Cardiophorus species. Further field bioassays and electrophysiological assays with the enantiomers of fuscumol acetate determined that males were specifically attracted by the (R)-enantiomer. However, subsequent analyses of extracts of volatiles from female C. tenebrosus and C. edwardsi showed that the females actually produced a different compound, which was identified as (3R,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-6,10-dodecadienoic acid methyl ester (methyl (3R,6E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesoate). In field trials, both the racemate and the (R)-enantiomer of the pheromone attracted similar numbers of male beetles, suggesting that the (S)-enantiomer was not interfering with responses to the insect-produced (R)-enantiomer. This report constitutes the first conclusive identification of sex pheromones for any North American click beetle species. Possible reasons for the strong and specific attraction of males to fuscumol acetate, which is markedly different in structure to the actual pheromone, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Maxwell Collignon
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,USDA-ARS, Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Yunfan Zou
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Nurme K, Merivee E, Must A, Di Giulio A, Muzzi M, Williams I, Mänd M. Bursty spike trains of antennal thermo- and bimodal hygro-thermoreceptor neurons encode noxious heat in elaterid beetles. J Therm Biol 2018; 72:101-117. [PMID: 29496003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to explain the internal fine structure of potential antennal thermo- and hygroreceptive sensilla, their innervation specifics, and responses of the sensory neurons to thermal and humidity stimuli in an elaterid beetle using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy and electrophysiology, respectively. Several essential, high temperature induced turning points in the locomotion were determined using automated video tracking. Our results showed that the sensilla under study, morphologically, are identical to the dome-shaped sensilla (DSS) of carabids. A cold-hot neuron and two bimodal hygro-thermoreceptor neurons, the moist-hot and dry-hot neuron, innervate them. Above 25-30 °C, all the three neurons, at different threshold temperatures, switch from regular spiking to temperature dependent spike bursting. The percentage of bursty DSS neurons on the antenna increases with temperature increase suggesting that this parameter of the neurons may encode noxious heat in a graded manner. Thus, we show that besides carabid beetles, elaterids are another large group of insects with this ability. The threshold temperature of the beetles for onset of elevated locomotor activity (OELA) was lower by 11.9 °C compared to that of critical thermal maximum (39.4 °C). Total paralysis occurred at 41.8 °C. The threshold temperatures for spike bursting of the sensory neurons in DSS and OELA of the beetles coincide suggesting that probably the spike bursts are responsible for encoding noxious heat when confronted. In behavioural thermoregulation, spike bursting DSS neurons serve as a fast and firm three-fold early warning system for the beetles to avoid overheating and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Nurme
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Street 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Enno Merivee
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Street 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anne Must
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Street 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andrea Di Giulio
- Department of Science, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muzzi
- Department of Science, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Ingrid Williams
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Street 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marika Mänd
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Street 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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Mayerhofer J, Eckard S, Hartmann M, Grabenweger G, Widmer F, Leuchtmann A, Enkerli J. Assessing effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum on soil microbial communities in Agriotes spp. biological pest control. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:4111146. [PMID: 28961941 PMCID: PMC5812499 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of large quantities of microorganisms to soil for purposes such as pest control or plant growth promotion may affect the indigenous soil microbial communities. In our study, we investigated potential effects of Metarhizium brunneum ART2825 on soil fungi and prokaryota in bulk soil using high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal markers. Different formulations of this strain, and combinations of the fungus with garlic as efficacy-enhancing agent, were tested over 4 months in a pot and a field experiment carried out for biological control of Agriotes spp. in potatoes. A biocontrol effect was observed only in the pot experiment, i.e. the application of FCBK resulted in 77% efficacy. Colony counts combined with genotyping and marker sequence abundance confirmed the successful establishment of the applied strain. Only the formulated applied strain caused small shifts in fungal communities in the pot experiment. Treatment effects were in the same range as the effects caused by barley kernels, the carrier of the FCBK formulation and temporal effects. Garlic treatments and time affected prokaryotic communities. In the field experiment, only spatial differences affected fungal and prokaryotic communities. Our findings suggest that M. brunneum may not adversely affect soil microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Eckard
- Ecology of Noxious and Beneficial Organisms, Agroscope, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Giselher Grabenweger
- Ecology of Noxious and Beneficial Organisms, Agroscope, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franco Widmer
- Molecular Ecology, Agroscope, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Leuchtmann
- Plant Ecological Genetics, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Enkerli
- Molecular Ecology, Agroscope, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
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Borgström P, Strengbom J, Marini L, Viketoft M, Bommarco R. Above- and belowground insect herbivory modifies the response of a grassland plant community to nitrogen eutrophication. Ecology 2017; 98:545-554. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Borgström
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Ulls väg 16 75651 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Joachim Strengbom
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Ulls väg 16 75651 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Marini
- DAFNAE; University of Padova; Viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padua Italy
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Ulls väg 16 75651 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Ulls väg 16 75651 Uppsala Sweden
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Milosavljević I, Esser AD, Bosque-Pérez NA, Crowder DW. The identity of belowground herbivores, not herbivore diversity, mediates impacts on plant productivity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39629. [PMID: 28004758 PMCID: PMC5177958 DOI: 10.1038/srep39629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Across many ecosystems, increases in species biodiversity generally results in greater resource acquisition by consumers. Few studies examining the impacts of consumer diversity on resource capture have focused on terrestrial herbivores, however, especially taxa that feed belowground. Here we conducted field mesocosm experiments to examine the effects of variation in species richness and composition within a community of wireworm herbivores on wheat plant productivity. Our experiments involved wireworm communities consisting of between one and three species, with all possible combinations of species represented. We found that the presence of wireworms reduced plant biomass and seed viability, but wireworm species richness did not impact these plant metrics. Species identity effects were strong, as two species, Limonius californicus and Selatosomus pruininus, had significantly stronger impacts on plants compared to L. infuscatus. Communities with either of the two most impactful species consistently had the greatest impact on wheat plants. The effects of wireworms were thus strongly dependent on the particular species present rather than the overall diversity of the wireworm community. More broadly, our study supports the general finding that the identity of particular consumer species within communities often has greater impacts on ecosystem functioning than species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Milosavljević
- Washington State University Entomology, 166 FSHN Bldg, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Aaron D Esser
- Washington State University Extension, 205 W Main, Ritzville, WA, 99169, USA
| | - Nilsa A Bosque-Pérez
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID, 83844-2339, USA
| | - David W Crowder
- Washington State University Entomology, 166 FSHN Bldg, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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Benefer CM, D'Ahmed KS, Blackshaw RP, Sint HM, Murray PJ. The Distribution of Soil Insects across Three Spatial Scales in Agricultural Grassland. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sonnemann I, Pfestorf H, Jeltsch F, Wurst S. Community-Weighted Mean Plant Traits Predict Small Scale Distribution of Insect Root Herbivore Abundance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141148. [PMID: 26517119 PMCID: PMC4627808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small scale distribution of insect root herbivores may promote plant species diversity by creating patches of different herbivore pressure. However, determinants of small scale distribution of insect root herbivores, and impact of land use intensity on their small scale distribution are largely unknown. We sampled insect root herbivores and measured vegetation parameters and soil water content along transects in grasslands of different management intensity in three regions in Germany. We calculated community-weighted mean plant traits to test whether the functional plant community composition determines the small scale distribution of insect root herbivores. To analyze spatial patterns in plant species and trait composition and insect root herbivore abundance we computed Mantel correlograms. Insect root herbivores mainly comprised click beetle (Coleoptera, Elateridae) larvae (43%) in the investigated grasslands. Total insect root herbivore numbers were positively related to community-weighted mean traits indicating high plant growth rates and biomass (specific leaf area, reproductive- and vegetative plant height), and negatively related to plant traits indicating poor tissue quality (leaf C/N ratio). Generalist Elaterid larvae, when analyzed independently, were also positively related to high plant growth rates and furthermore to root dry mass, but were not related to tissue quality. Insect root herbivore numbers were not related to plant cover, plant species richness and soil water content. Plant species composition and to a lesser extent plant trait composition displayed spatial autocorrelation, which was not influenced by land use intensity. Insect root herbivore abundance was not spatially autocorrelated. We conclude that in semi-natural grasslands with a high share of generalist insect root herbivores, insect root herbivores affiliate with large, fast growing plants, presumably because of availability of high quantities of food. Affiliation of insect root herbivores with large, fast growing plants may counteract dominance of those species, thus promoting plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Sonnemann
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Pfestorf
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Florian Jeltsch
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, ZALF, Müncheberg, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Wurst
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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Kozina A, Lemic D, Bazok R, Mikac KM, Mclean CM, Ivezić M, Igrc Barčić J. Climatic, Edaphic Factors and Cropping History Help Predict Click Beetle (Coleoptera: Elateridae) (Agriotes spp.) Abundance. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev079. [PMID: 26175463 PMCID: PMC4677495 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It is assumed that the abundance of Agriotes wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) is affected by agro-ecological factors such as climatic and edaphic factors and the crop/previous crop grown at the sites investigated. The aim of this study, conducted in three different geographic counties in Croatia from 2007 to 2009, was to determine the factors that influence the abundance of adult click beetle of the species Agriotes brevis Cand., Agriotes lineatus (L.), Agriotes obscurus (L.), Agriotes sputator (L.), and Agriotes ustulatus Schall. The mean annual air temperature, total rainfall, percentage of coarse and fine sand, coarse and fine silt and clay, the soil pH, and humus were investigated as potential factors that may influence abundance. Adult click beetle emergence was monitored using sex pheromone traps (YATLORf and VARb3). Exploratory data analysis was preformed via regression tree models and regional differences in Agriotes species' abundance were predicted based on the agro-ecological factors measured. It was found that the best overall predictor of A. brevis abundance was the previous crop grown. Conversely, the best predictor of A. lineatus abundance was the current crop being grown and the percentage of humus. The best predictor of A. obscurus abundance was soil pH in KCl. The best predictor of A. sputator abundance was rainfall. Finally, the best predictors of A. ustulatus abundance were soil pH in KCl and humus. These results may be useful in regional pest control programs or for predicting future outbreaks of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kozina
- Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Institute for Plant Protection, Rim 98, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D Lemic
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - R Bazok
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K M Mikac
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - C M Mclean
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - M Ivezić
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - J Igrc Barčić
- Chromos Agro d.d., Radnička cesta 173n, 10 002 Zagreb, Croatia
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Johnson SN, Rasmann S. Root-feeding insects and their interactions with organisms in the rhizosphere. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:517-35. [PMID: 25564744 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Root-feeding insects are an increasingly studied group of herbivores whose impacts on plant productivity and ecosystem processes are widely recognized. Their belowground habitat has hitherto hindered our understanding of how they interact with other organisms that share the rhizosphere. A surge in research in this area has now shed light on these interactions. We review key interactions between root-feeding insects and other rhizospheric organisms, including beneficial plant microbes (mycorrhizal fungi, nitrogen-fixing bacteria), antagonists/pathogens of root herbivores (arthropod predators, entomopathogenic nematodes/fungi, and bacterial pathogens), competitors, symbiotic microbes, and detritivores. Patterns for these interactions are emerging. The negative impacts of mycorrhizal fungi on root herbivores, for instance, raise the intriguing prospect that these fungi could be used for pest management. Moreover, a better understanding of symbiotic microbes in root herbivores, especially those underpinning digestion, could prove useful in industries such as biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia;
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