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Ayagama T, Charles PD, Bose SJ, Boland B, Priestman DA, Aston D, Berridge G, Fischer R, Cribbs AP, Song Q, Mirams GR, Amponsah K, Heather L, Galione A, Herring N, Kramer H, Capel RA, Platt FM, Schotten U, Verheule S, Burton RA. Compartmentalization proteomics revealed endolysosomal protein network changes in a goat model of atrial fibrillation. iScience 2024; 27:109609. [PMID: 38827406 PMCID: PMC11141153 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Endolysosomes (EL) are known for their role in regulating both intracellular trafficking and proteostasis. EL facilitate the elimination of damaged membranes, protein aggregates, membranous organelles and play an important role in calcium signaling. The specific role of EL in cardiac atrial fibrillation (AF) is not well understood. We isolated atrial EL organelles from AF goat biopsies and conducted a comprehensive integrated omics analysis to study the EL-specific proteins and pathways. We also performed electron tomography, protein and enzyme assays on these biopsies. Our results revealed the upregulation of the AMPK pathway and the expression of EL-specific proteins that were not found in whole tissue lysates, including GAA, DYNLRB1, CLTB, SIRT3, CCT2, and muscle-specific HSPB2. We also observed structural anomalies, such as autophagic-vacuole formation, irregularly shaped mitochondria, and glycogen deposition. Our results provide molecular information suggesting EL play a role in AF disease process over extended time frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamali Ayagama
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Samuel J. Bose
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Barry Boland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Daniel Aston
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Road, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK
| | | | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam P. Cribbs
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Qianqian Song
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gary R. Mirams
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine & Biology, Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Kwabena Amponsah
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine & Biology, Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Lisa Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, , University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Antony Galione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Herring
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, , University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Holger Kramer
- Mass spectrometry Facility, The MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | | | - Ulrich Schotten
- Departments of Physiology and Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Verheule
- Departments of Physiology and Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca A.B. Burton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- University of Liverpool, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool, UK
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Hu C, Lei Y, Liu X, Yu X, Geng Z, Liu Y, Yang L, Tie X, Zhou W, Li X, Zhang Y, Liang Y. Dissecting microenvironment in cystadenomas and hepatic cysts based on single nucleus RNA-sequencing data. Comput Biol Med 2024; 176:108541. [PMID: 38744012 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic cystadenoma is a rare disease, accounting for about 5% of all cystic lesions, with a high tendency of malignant transformation. The preoperative diagnosis of cystadenoma is difficult, and some cystadenomas are easily misdiagnosed as hepatic cysts at first. Hepatic cyst is a relatively common liver disease, most of which are benign, but large hepatic cysts can lead to pressure on the bile duct, resulting in abnormal liver function. To better understand the difference between the microenvironment of cystadenomas and hepatic cysts, we performed single-nuclei RNA-sequencing on cystadenoma and hepatic cysts samples. In addition, we performed spatial transcriptome sequencing of hepatic cysts. Based on nucleus RNA-sequencing data, a total of seven major cell types were identified. Here we described the tumor microenvironment of cystadenomas and hepatic cysts, particularly the transcriptome signatures and regulators of immune cells and stromal cells. By inferring copy number variation, it was found that the malignant degree of hepatic stellate cells in cystadenoma was higher. Pseudotime trajectory analysis demonstrated dynamic transformation of hepatocytes in hepatic cysts and cystadenomas. Cystadenomas had higher immune infiltration than hepatic cysts, and T cells had a more complex regulatory mechanism in cystadenomas than hepatic cysts. Immunohistochemistry confirms a cystadenoma-specific T-cell immunoregulatory mechanism. These results provided a single-cell atlas of cystadenomas and hepatic cyst, revealed a more complex microenvironment in cystadenomas than in hepatic cysts, and provided new perspective for the molecular mechanisms of cystadenomas and hepatic cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxue Hu
- College of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yongqi Lei
- College of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- College of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xingxin Yu
- College of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhida Geng
- College of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Liyu Yang
- College of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xuehong Tie
- College of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wenzhe Zhou
- College of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- College of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Yingjian Liang
- College of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Guo J, Kong Z, Yang S, Da J, Chu L, Han G, Liu J, Tan Y, Zhang J. Therapeutic effects of orexin-A in sepsis-associated encephalopathy in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:131. [PMID: 38760784 PMCID: PMC11102217 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03111-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) causes acute and long-term cognitive deficits. However, information on the prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunction after sepsis is limited. The neuropeptide orexin-A (OXA) has been shown to play a protective role against neurological diseases by modulating the inflammatory response through the activation of OXR1 and OXR2 receptors. However, the role of OXA in mediating the neuroprotective effects of SAE has not yet been reported. METHODS A mouse model of SAE was induced using cecal ligation perforation (CLP) and treated via intranasal administration of exogenous OXA after surgery. Mouse survival, in addition to cognitive and anxiety behaviors, were assessed. Changes in neurons, cerebral edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and brain ultrastructure were monitored. Levels of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α) and microglial activation were also measured. The underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated by proteomics analysis and western blotting. RESULTS Intranasal OXA treatment reduced mortality, ameliorated cognitive and emotional deficits, and attenuated cerebral edema, BBB disruption, and ultrastructural brain damage in mice. In addition, OXA significantly reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α, and inhibited microglial activation. In addition, OXA downregulated the expression of the Rras and RAS proteins, and reduced the phosphorylation of P-38 and JNK, thus inhibiting activation of the MAPK pathway. JNJ-10,397,049 (an OXR2 blocker) reversed the effect of OXA, whereas SB-334,867 (an OXR1 blocker) did not. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the intranasal administration of moderate amounts of OXA protects the BBB and inhibits the activation of the OXR2/RAS/MAPK pathway to attenuate the outcome of SAE, suggesting that OXA may be a promising therapeutic approach for the management of SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- GuiZhou University Medical College, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhuo Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Sha Yang
- GuiZhou University Medical College, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jingjing Da
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Liangzhao Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guoqiang Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.
| | - Jiqin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.
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Jin T, Lu H, Zhou Q, Chen D, Zeng Y, Shi J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Shen X, Cai X. H 2S-Releasing Versatile Montmorillonite Nanoformulation Trilogically Renovates the Gut Microenvironment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Modulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308092. [PMID: 38308198 PMCID: PMC11005690 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the intestinal mucosal immune system, resulting from damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier and extensive invasion by pathogens, contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current first-line treatments for IBD have limited efficacy and significant side effects. An innovative H2S-releasing montmorillonite nanoformulation (DPs@MMT) capable of remodeling intestinal mucosal immune homeostasis, repairing the mucosal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota is developed by electrostatically adsorbing diallyl trisulfide-loaded peptide dendrimer nanogels (DATS@PDNs, abbreviated as DPs) onto the montmorillonite (MMT) surface. Upon rectal administration, DPs@MMT specifically binds to and covers the damaged mucosa, promoting the accumulation and subsequent internalization of DPs by activated immune cells in the IBD site. DPs release H2S intracellularly in response to glutathione, initiating multiple therapeutic effects. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that DPs@MMT effectively alleviates colitis by eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting inflammation, repairing the mucosal barrier, and eradicating pathogens. RNA sequencing revealed that DPs@MMT exerts significant immunoregulatory and mucosal barrier repair effects, by activating pathways such as Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K-AKT, and RAS/MAPK/AP-1, and inhibiting the p38/ERK MAPK, p65 NF-κB, and JAK-STAT3 pathways, as well as glycolysis. 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that DPs@MMT remodels the gut microbiota by eliminating pathogens and increasing probiotics. This study develops a promising nanoformulation for IBD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jin
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Hongyang Lu
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of OtolaryngologyRuian People's HospitalThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325016China
| | - Dongfan Chen
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Youyun Zeng
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Jiayi Shi
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Xianwen Wang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringResearch and Engineering Center of Biomedical MaterialsAnhui Medical UniversityHefei230032China
| | - Xinkun Shen
- Department of OtolaryngologyRuian People's HospitalThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325016China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
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Zhou J, Yu J, Chu Q. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals potential regulatory mechanisms of genes and immune pathways following Vibrio harveyi infection in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109386. [PMID: 38242261 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), as an important economical marine fish, has been affected by various bacterial diseases in recent years. Vibrio harveyi cause fatal vibriosis in S. ocellatus, leading to massive mortality and causing significant setbacks in aquaculture. However, the regulatory mechanisms of S. ocellatus response to V. harveyi infection are poorly understood. In this regard, we performed transcriptomic analysis with head kidney tissues of S. ocellatus after V. harveyi infection from 12 h to 48 h to reveal genes, gene expression profiles, and pathways involved in immune and inflammation responses. Specifically, a total of 9,599, 5,728, and 7144 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after V. harveyi infection at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h, respectively, and 1,848 shared DEGs have been identified from the above three comparison groups. Subsequent pathway analysis revealed that the shared DEGs following V. harveyi were involved in complement and coagulation cascades (C1R, C1QC, C3, C4, C5, C7, C8A, C8B, C8G, C9, CFB, CFH, and CFI), MAPK signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway (CCL19, CXCL8, CXCL12, CXCL14, CCR4, CCR7, and CXCR2), PPAR signaling pathway (PPAR-α, PPAR-γ and PPAR-β), and TNF signaling pathway. Finally, the expression patterns of DEGs in head kidney tissues and S. ocellatus macrophages were validated by qRT-PCR, suggesting the reliability of RNA sequencing for gene expression analysis. This dynamic transcriptome analyses provided insights into gene expression regulation and immune related pathways involved in S. ocellatus after V. harveyi infection, and provides useful information for further study on the immune defense mechanisms in S. ocellatus as well as other teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Zhou
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jingyao Yu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Qing Chu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
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6
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Lu Y, Shan L, Cheng X, Zhu XL. Exploring the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of butein in colorectal cancer using network pharmacology and single-cell RNA sequencing data. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3628. [PMID: 37963584 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butein has shown substantial potential as a cancer treatment, but its precise mechanism of action in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. This study aimed to uncover the underlying mechanisms through which butein operates in CRC and to identify potential biomarkers through a comprehensive investigation. METHODS Target genes associated with butein were sourced from SwissTargetPrediction, CTD, BindingDB and TargetNet. Gene expression data from the GSE38026 dataset and the single-cell dataset (GSE222300) were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The activation of disease-related pathways was assessed using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Gene Ontology and differential gene analysis. Disease-associated genes were identified through differential analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The protein-protein interaction network was utilized to pinpoint potential drug targets. Molecular complex detection (MCODE) analysis was employed to uncover relevant genes influenced by butein within key subgroup networks. Machine learning techniques were applied for the screening of potential biomarkers, with receiver operating characteristic curves used to evaluate their clinical significance. Single-cell analysis was conducted to assess the pharmacological targets of butein in CRC, with validation performed using the external dataset GSE40967. RESULTS A total of 232 target genes for butein were identified. Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, JAK-STAT and NF-κB, among these genes. Differential analysis, in conjunction with WGCNA, yielded 520 disease-related genes. Subsequently, a disease-drug-gene network consisting of 727 targets was established, and a subnetwork containing 56 crucial genes was extracted. Important pathways such as the FoxO signaling pathway exhibited significant enrichment within these key genes. Machine learning applied to the 56 important genes led to the identification of a potential biomarker, UBE2C. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated the excellent clinical predictive utility of UBE2C. Single-cell analysis suggested that butein's therapeutic effects might be linked to its influence on epithelial and T cells, with UBE2C expression associated with these cell types. Validation using the external dataset GSE40967 further confirmed the exceptional clinical predictive capability of UBE2C. CONCLUSION This study combines network pharmacology with single-cell analysis to unravel the mechanisms underlying butein's effects in CRC. Notably, UBE2C emerged as a promising biomarker with superior clinical efficacy. These research findings contribute significantly to our understanding of specific molecular mechanisms, potentially shaping future clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Soochow University Affiliated Taicang Hospital (The First People's Hospital of Taicang), Taicang, Jiangsu, China
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University/Soochow University Affiliated Taicang Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Shan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Soochow University Affiliated Taicang Hospital (The First People's Hospital of Taicang), Taicang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Soochow University Affiliated Taicang Hospital (The First People's Hospital of Taicang), Taicang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Soochow University Affiliated Taicang Hospital (The First People's Hospital of Taicang), Taicang, Jiangsu, China
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Guo Z, Xie Q, Wu Y, Mo H, Zhang J, He G, Li Z, Gan L, Feng L, Li T, Wang Y, Fu Y, Cai L, Li S, Yu C, Gao Y, Pan M, Fu S. Aberrant expression of circular RNA DHPR facilitates tumor growth and metastasis by regulating the RASGEF1B/RAS/MAPK axis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023; 46:1333-1350. [PMID: 37099250 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are noncoding RNAs. Accumulating evidence suggests that circRNAs play a critical role in human biological processes, especially tumorigenesis, and development. However, the exact mechanisms of action of circRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. METHODS Bioinformatic tools and RT-qPCR were used to identify the role of circDHPR, a circRNA derived from the dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) locus, in HCC and para-carcinoma tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazard model were used to analyze the correlation between circDHPR expression and patient prognosis. Lentiviral vectors were used to establish stable circDHPR-overexpressing cells. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that tumor proliferation and metastasis are affected by circDHPR. Mechanistic assays, including Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, dual-luciferase reporter assays, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and RNA immunoprecipitation, have demonstrated the molecular mechanism underlying circDHPR. RESULTS CircDHPR was downregulated in HCC, and low circDHPR expression was associated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival rates. CircDHPR overexpression inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Further systematic studies revealed that circDHPR binds to miR-3194-5p, an upstream regulator of RASGEF1B. This endogenous competition suppresses the silencing effect of miR-3194-5p. We confirmed that circDHPR overexpression inhibited HCC growth and metastasis by sponging miR-3194-5p to upregulate the expression of RASGEF1B, which is regarded as a suppressor of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant circDHPR expression leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. CircDHPR may serve as a biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Qingyu Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
- Center of Pancreas, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Haiyu Mo
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Guolin He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Zhongzhe Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Luxiang Gan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China.
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China.
| | - Mingxin Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China.
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China.
| | - Shunjun Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China.
- Research Centre for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering & Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China.
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Nair A, Chakraborty S, Saha B. CD40 induces selective routing of Ras isoforms to subcellular compartments. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:1009-1021. [PMID: 37126117 PMCID: PMC10409697 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras GTPases are central to cellular signaling and oncogenesis. The three loci of the Ras gene encode for four protein isoforms namely Harvey-Ras (H-Ras), Kirsten-Ras (K-Ras 4A and 4B), and Neuroblastoma-Ras (N-Ras) which share ~ 80% sequence similarity and used to be considered functionally redundant. The small molecule inhibitors of Ras lack specificity for the isoforms leading to widespread toxicity in Ras-targeted therapeutics. Ras isoforms' tissue-specific expression and selective association with carcinogenesis, embryonic development, and infection suggested their non-redundancy. We show that CD40, an antigen-presenting cell (APC)-expressed immune receptor, induces selective relocation of H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras to the Plasma membrane (PM) lipid rafts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but not to the Golgi complex (GC). The two palmitoylated Ras isoforms-H-Ras and N-Ras-have a similar pattern of colocalization into the lipid-rich raft microdomain of the PM at early time points when compared to non-palmitoylated K-Ras (4B) with polylysine residues. CD40-induced trafficking of H-Ras and K-Ras to mitochondria and ER was found to be similar but different from that of N-Ras. Trafficking of all the Ras isoforms to the GC was independent of CD40 stimulation. The receptor-driven trafficking and spatial segregation of H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras imply isoform-specific subcellular signaling platforms for the functional non-redundancy of Ras isoforms. PDB structures have been modified to illustrate various signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - Sushmita Chakraborty
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 1100029, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India.
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9
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Bodhale N, Nair A, Saha B. Isoform-specific functions of Ras in T-cell development and differentiation. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350430. [PMID: 37173132 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ras GTPases, well characterized for their role in oncogenesis, are the cells' molecular switches that signal to maintain immune homeostasis through cellular development, proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. In the immune system, T cells are the central players that cause autoimmunity if dysregulated. Antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation activates Ras-isoforms, which exhibit isoform-specific activator and effector requirements, functional specificities, and a selective role in T-cell development and differentiation. Recent studies show the role of Ras in T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases; however, there is a scarcity of knowledge about the role of Ras in T-cell development and differentiation. To date, limited studies have demonstrated Ras activation in response to positive and negative selection signals and Ras isoform-specific signaling, including subcellular signaling, in immune cells. The knowledge of isoform-specific functions of Ras in T cells is essential, but still inadequate to develop the T-cell-targeted Ras isoform-specific treatment strategies for the diseases caused by altered Ras-isoform expression and activation in T cells. In this review, we discuss the role of Ras in T-cell development and differentiation, critically analyzing the isoform-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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10
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Tan X, Qi C, Zhao X, Sun L, Wu M, Sun W, Gu L, Wang F, Feng H, Huang X, Xie B, Shi Z, Xie P, Wu M, Zhang Y, Chen G. ERK Inhibition Promotes Engraftment of Allografts by Reprogramming T-Cell Metabolism. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206768. [PMID: 37013935 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) signaling is a master regulator of cell behavior, life, and fate. Although ERK pathway is shown to be involved in T-cell activation, little is known about its role in the development of allograft rejection. Here, it is reported that ERK signaling pathway is activated in allograft-infiltrating T cells. On the basis of surface plasmon resonance technology, lycorine is identified as an ERK-specific inhibitor. ERK inhibition by lycorine significantly prolongs allograft survival in a stringent mouse cardiac allotransplant model. As compared to untreated mice, lycorine-treated mice show a decrease in the number and activation of allograft-infiltrated T cells. It is further confirmed that lycorine-treated mouse and human T cells are less responsive to stimulation in vitro, as indicated by their low proliferative rates and decreased cytokine production. Mechanistic studies reveal that T cells treated with lycorine exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in metabolic reprogramming upon stimulation. Transcriptome analysis of lycorine-treated T cells reveals an enrichment in a series of downregulated terms related to immune response, the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, and metabolic processes. These findings offer new insights into the development of immunosuppressive agents by targeting the ERK pathway involved in T-cell activation and allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Tan
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Changxing Qi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Xiangli Zhao
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Lingjuan Sun
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Mi Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Weiguang Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Lianghu Gu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Fengqing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Hao Feng
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Xia Huang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Bin Xie
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyi Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Peiling Xie
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wu
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, P. R. China
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11
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García-España A, Philips MR. Origin and Evolution of RAS Membrane Targeting. Oncogene 2023; 42:1741-1750. [PMID: 37031342 PMCID: PMC10413328 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
KRAS, HRAS and NRAS proto-oncogenes belong to a family of 40 highly homologous genes, which in turn are a subset of a superfamily of >160 genes encoding small GTPases. RAS proteins consist of a globular G-domain (aa1-166) and a 22-23 aa unstructured hypervariable region (HVR) that mediates membrane targeting. The evolutionary origins of the RAS isoforms, their HVRs and alternative splicing of the KRAS locus has not been explored. We found that KRAS is basal to the RAS proto-oncogene family and its duplication generated HRAS in the common ancestor of vertebrates. In a second round of duplication HRAS generated NRAS and KRAS generated an additional RAS gene we have designated KRASBL, absent in mammals and birds. KRAS4A arose through a duplication and insertion of the 4th exon of NRAS into the 3rd intron of KRAS. We found evolutionary conservation of a short polybasic region (PBR1) in HRAS, NRAS and KRAS4A, a second polybasic region (PBR2) in KRAS4A, two neutralized basic residues (NB) and a serine in KRAS4B and KRASBL, and a modification of the CaaX motif in vertebrates with farnesyl rather than geranylgeranyl polyisoprene lipids, suggesting that a less hydrophobic membrane anchor is critical to RAS protein function. The persistence of four RAS isoforms through >400 million years of evolution argues strongly for differential function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R Philips
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Xu X, Wu G. Non-canonical Golgi-compartmentalized Gβγ signaling: mechanisms, functions, and therapeutic targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:98-111. [PMID: 36494204 PMCID: PMC9901158 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein Gβγ subunits are key mediators of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling under physiological and pathological conditions; their inhibitors have been tested for the treatment of human disease. Conventional wisdom is that the Gβγ complex is activated and subsequently exerts its functions at the plasma membrane (PM). Recent studies have revealed non-canonical activation of Gβγ at intracellular organelles, where the Golgi apparatus is a major locale, via translocation or local activation. Golgi-localized Gβγ activates specific signaling cascades and regulates fundamental cell processes such as membrane trafficking, proliferation, and migration. More recent studies have shown that inhibiting Golgi-compartmentalized Gβγ signaling attenuates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and prostate tumorigenesis, indicating new therapeutic targets. We review novel activation mechanisms and non-canonical functions of Gβγ at the Golgi, and discuss potential therapeutic interventions by targeting Golgi-biased Gβγ-directed signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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13
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A Focused Review of Ras Guanine Nucleotide-Releasing Protein 1 in Immune Cells and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021652. [PMID: 36675167 PMCID: PMC9864139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Four Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing proteins (RasGRP1 through 4) belong to the family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). RasGRPs catalyze the release of GDP from small GTPases Ras and Rap and facilitate their transition from an inactive GDP-bound to an active GTP-bound state. Thus, they regulate critical cellular responses via many downstream GTPase effectors. Similar to other RasGRPs, the catalytic module of RasGRP1 is composed of the Ras exchange motif (REM) and Cdc25 domain, and the EF hands and C1 domain contribute to its cellular localization and regulation. RasGRP1 can be activated by a diacylglycerol (DAG)-mediated membrane recruitment and protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation. RasGRP1 acts downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptors (BCR), and pre-TCR, and plays an important role in the thymocyte maturation and function of peripheral T cells, B cells, NK cells, mast cells, and neutrophils. The dysregulation of RasGRP1 is known to contribute to numerous disorders that range from autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and schizophrenia to neoplasia. Given its position at the crossroad of cell development, inflammation, and cancer, RASGRP1 has garnered interest from numerous disciplines. In this review, we outline the structure, function, and regulation of RasGRP1 and focus on the existing knowledge of the role of RasGRP1 in leukemia and other cancers.
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14
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Li L, Ding P, Lv X, Xie S, Li L, Chen J, Zhou D, Wang X, Wang Q, Zhang W, Xu Y, Lu R, Hu W. CD59-Regulated Ras Compartmentalization Orchestrates Antitumor T-cell Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:1475-1489. [PMID: 36206575 PMCID: PMC9716252 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated immunotherapy represents a promising strategy for cancer treatment; however, it has achieved satisfactory clinical responses in only a limited population. Thus, a broader view of the T-cell immune response is required. The Ras/MAPK pathway operates in many important signaling cascades and regulates multiple cellular activities, including T-cell development, proliferation, and function. Herein, we found that the typical membrane-bound complement regulatory protein CD59 is located intracellularly in T cells and that the intracellular form is increased in the T cells of patients with cancer. When intracellular CD59 is abundant, it facilitates Ras transport to the inner plasma membrane via direct interaction; in contrast, when CD59 is insufficient or deficient, Ras is arrested in the Golgi, thus enhancing Ras/MAPK signaling and T-cell activation, proliferation, and function. mCd59ab deficiency almost completely abolished tumor growth and metastasis in tumor-bearing mice, in which CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly increased compared with their proportions in wild-type littermates, and their proportions were inversely correlated with tumor growth. Using bone marrow transplantation and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell depletion assays, we further demonstrated the critical roles of these cells in the potent antitumor activity induced by mCd59ab deficiency. Reducing CD59 expression also enhanced MAPK signaling and T-cell activation in human T cells. Therefore, the subcellular compartmentalization of Ras regulated by intracellular CD59 provides spatial selectivity for T-cell activation and a potential T cell-mediated immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Ding
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Lv
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suhong Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danlei Zhou
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochao Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Xu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renquan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Corresponding Author: Weiguo Hu, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China. Phone: 213-477-7590; Fax: 216-417-2585; E-mail:
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15
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Nuevo-Tapioles C, Philips MR. The role of KRAS splice variants in cancer biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1033348. [PMID: 36393833 PMCID: PMC9663995 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1033348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The three mammalian RAS genes (HRAS, NRAS and KRAS) encode four proteins that play central roles in cancer biology. Among them, KRAS is mutated more frequently in human cancer than any other oncogene. The pre-mRNA of KRAS is alternatively spliced to give rise to two products, KRAS4A and KRAS4B, which differ in the membrane targeting sequences at their respective C-termini. Notably, both KRAS4A and KRAS4B are oncogenic when KRAS is constitutively activated by mutation in exon 2 or 3. Whereas KRAS4B is the most studied oncoprotein, KRAS4A is understudied and until recently considered relatively unimportant. Emerging work has confirmed expression of KRAS4A in cancer and found non-overlapping functions of the splice variants. The most clearly demonstrated of these is direct regulation of hexokinase 1 by KRAS4A, suggesting that the metabolic vulnerabilities of KRAS-mutant tumors may be determined in part by the relative expression of the splice variants. The aim of this review is to address the most relevant characteristics and differential functions of the KRAS splice variants as they relate to cancer onset and progression.
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Proliferation of bovine myoblast by LncPRRX1 via regulation of the miR-137/CDC42 axis. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Circadian Clock Genes Act as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers of Glioma: Clinic Implications for Chronotherapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9774879. [PMID: 35832846 PMCID: PMC9273445 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9774879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors and closely related to circadian clock. Due to the high mortality and morbidity of gliomas, exploring novel diagnostic and early prognostic markers is necessary. Circadian clock genes (CCGs) play important roles in regulating the daily oscillation of biological processes and the development of tumor. Therefore, we explored the influences that the oscillations of circadian clock genes (CCGs) on diagnosis and prognosis of gliomas using bioinformatics. In this work, we systematically analyzed the rhythmic expression of CCGs in brain and found that some CCGs had strong rhythmic expression; the expression levels were significantly different between day and night. Four CCGs (ARNTL, NPAS2, CRY2, and DBP) with rhythmic expression were not only identified as differentially expressed genes but also had significant independent prognostic ability in the overall survival of glioma patients and were highly correlated with glioma prognosis in COX analysis. Besides, we found that CCG-based predictive model demonstrated higher predictive accuracy than that of the traditional grade-based model; this new prediction model can greatly improve the accuracy of glioma prognosis. Importantly, based on the four CCGs’ circadian oscillations, we revealed that patients sampled at night had higher predictive ability. This may help detect glioma as early as possible, leading to early cancer intervention. In addition, we explored the mechanism of CCGs affecting the prognosis of glioma. CCGs regulated the cell cycle, DNA damage, Wnt, mTOR, and MAPK signaling pathways. In addition, it also affects prognosis through gene coexpression and immune infiltration. Importantly, ARNTL can rhythmically modulated the cellular sensitivity to clinic drugs, temozolomide. The optimal point of temozolomide administration should be when ARNTL expression is highest, that is, the effect is better at night. In summary, our study provided a basis for optimizing clinical dosing regimens and chronotherapy for glioma. The four key CCGs can serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for glioma patients, and ARNTL also has obvious advantages in the direction of glioma chronotherapy.
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Gangopadhyay K, Roy S, Sen Gupta S, Chandradasan A, Chowdhury S, Das R. Regulating the discriminatory response to antigen by T-cell receptor. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20212012. [PMID: 35260878 PMCID: PMC8965820 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-mediated immune response constitutes a robust host defense mechanism to eliminate pathogens and oncogenic cells. T cells play a central role in such a defense mechanism and creating memories to prevent any potential infection. T cell recognizes foreign antigen by its surface receptors when presented through antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and calibrates its cellular response by a network of intracellular signaling events. Activation of T-cell receptor (TCR) leads to changes in gene expression and metabolic networks regulating cell development, proliferation, and migration. TCR does not possess any catalytic activity, and the signaling initiates with the colocalization of several enzymes and scaffold proteins. Deregulation of T cell signaling is often linked to autoimmune disorders like severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. The TCR remarkably distinguishes the minor difference between self and non-self antigen through a kinetic proofreading mechanism. The output of TCR signaling is determined by the half-life of the receptor antigen complex and the time taken to recruit and activate the downstream enzymes. A longer half-life of a non-self antigen receptor complex could initiate downstream signaling by activating associated enzymes. Whereas, the short-lived, self-peptide receptor complex disassembles before the downstream enzymes are activated. Activation of TCR rewires the cellular metabolic response to aerobic glycolysis from oxidative phosphorylation. How does the early event in the TCR signaling cross-talk with the cellular metabolism is an open question. In this review, we have discussed the recent developments in understanding the regulation of TCR signaling, and then we reviewed the emerging role of metabolism in regulating T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Gangopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Swarnendu Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Soumee Sen Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Athira C. Chandradasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
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19
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Ozdemir ES, Koester AM, Nan X. Ras Multimers on the Membrane: Many Ways for a Heart-to-Heart Conversation. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:219. [PMID: 35205266 PMCID: PMC8872464 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of Ras multimers, including dimers and nanoclusters, has emerged as an exciting, new front of research in the 'old' field of Ras biomedicine. With significant advances made in the past few years, we are beginning to understand the structure of Ras multimers and, albeit preliminary, mechanisms that regulate their formation in vitro and in cells. Here we aim to synthesize the knowledge accrued thus far on Ras multimers, particularly the presence of multiple globular (G-) domain interfaces, and discuss how membrane nanodomain composition and structure would influence Ras multimer formation. We end with some general thoughts on the potential implications of Ras multimers in basic and translational biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Sila Ozdemir
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA;
| | - Anna M. Koester
- Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA;
| | - Xiaolin Nan
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA;
- Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA;
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20
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Liu C, Zheng Z, Li W, Tang D, Zhao L, He Y, Li H. Inhibition of KDM5A attenuates cisplatin-induced hearing loss via regulation of the MAPK/AKT pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:596. [PMID: 36396833 PMCID: PMC9672031 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the potential role of lysine-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A) in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. The effect of the KDM5A inhibitor CPI-455 was assessed by apoptosis assay, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, seahorse respirometry assay, and auditory brainstem response test. RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR, and CUT&Tag assays were used to explore the mechanism underlying CPI-455-induced protection. Our results demonstrated that the expression of KDM5A was increased in cisplatin-injured cochlear hair cells compared with controls. CPI-455 treatment markedly declined KDM5A and elevated H3K4 trimethylation levels in cisplatin-injured cochlear hair cells. Moreover, CPI-455 effectively prevented the death of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons and increased the number of ribbon synapses in a cisplatin-induced ototoxicity mouse model both in vitro and in vivo. In HEI-OC1 cells, KDM5A knockdown reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation and improved mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative phosphorylation under cisplatin-induced stress. Mechanistically, through transcriptomics and epigenomics analyses, a set of apoptosis-related genes, including Sos1, Sos2, and Map3k3, were regulated by CPI-455. Altogether, our findings indicate that inhibition of KDM5A may represent an effective epigenetic therapeutic target for preventing cisplatin-induced hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China ,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China ,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China ,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Tang
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China ,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Zhao
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China ,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingzi He
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China ,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huawei Li
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China ,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031 People’s Republic of China ,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China ,The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
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21
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Integrating Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking to Analyse the Potential Mechanism of action of Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. in the Treatment of Bovine Hoof Disease. Vet Sci 2021; 9:vetsci9010011. [PMID: 35051095 PMCID: PMC8779036 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on network pharmacological analysis and molecular docking techniques, the main components of M. cordata for the treatment of bovine relevant active compounds in M. cordata were searched for through previous research bases and literature databases, and then screened to identify candidate compounds based on physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic parameters, bioavailability, and drug-like criteria. Target genes associated with hoof disease were obtained from the GeneCards database. Compound−target, compound−target−pathway−disease visualization networks, and protein−protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed by Cytoscape. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed in R language. Molecular docking analysis was done using AutoDockTools. The visual network analysis showed that four active compounds, sanguinarine, chelerythrine, allocryptopine and protopine, were associated with the 10 target genes/proteins (SRC, MAPK3, MTOR, ESR1, PIK3CA, BCL2L1, JAK2, GSK3B, MAPK1, and AR) obtained from the screen. The enrichment analysis indicated that the cAMP, PI3K-Akt, and ErbB signaling pathways may be key signaling pathways in network pharmacology. The molecular docking results showed that sanguinarine, chelerythrine, allocryptopine, and protopine bound well to MAPK3 and JAK2. A comprehensive bioinformatics-based network topology strategy and molecular docking study has elucidated the multi-component synergistic mechanism of action of M. cordata in the treatment of bovine hoof disease, offering the possibility of developing M. cordata as a new source of drugs for hoof disease treatment.
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22
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Rasool M, Carracedo A, Sibiany A, Al-Sayes F, Karim S, Haque A, Natesan Pushparaj P, Asif M, Achakzai NM. Discovery of a novel and a rare Kristen rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) gene mutation in colorectal cancer patients. Bioengineered 2021; 12:5099-5109. [PMID: 34369256 PMCID: PMC8806922 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1960715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the developed world and is gradually more frequent in the developing world including Saudi Arabia. According to the Saudi Cancer Registry report 2015, CRC is the most common cancer in men (14.9%) and the second most prevalent cancer. Oncogenic mutations in the KRAS gene play a central role in tumorigenesis and are mutated in 30-40% of all CRC patients. To explore the prevalence of KRAS gene mutations in the Saudi population, we collected 80 CRC tumor tissues and sequenced the KRAS gene using automated sequencing technologies. The chromatograms presented mutations in 26 patients (32.5%) in four different codons, that is, 12, 13, 17, and 31. Most of the mutations were identified in codon 12 in 16 patients (61.5% of all mutations). We identified a novel mutation c.51 G>A in codon 17, where serine was substituted by arginine (S17R) in four patients. We also identified a very rare mutation, c.91 G>A, in which glutamic acid was replaced by lysine (E31K) in three patients. In conclusion, our findings further the knowledge about KRAS mutations in different ethnic groups is indispensable to fully understand their role in the development and progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Rasool
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Genomic Medicine Group, University of Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Faten Al-Sayes
- Faculty of Medicine, KAUH, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajjad Karim
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Absarul Haque
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Asif
- ORIC, Department of Biotechnology, Buitems, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Niaz M. Achakzai
- Department of Molecular Biology, City Medical Complex, Kabul, Afghanistan
- Department of Molecular Biology, DNA Section, Legal Medicine Directorate, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
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23
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Dillon M, Lopez A, Lin E, Sales D, Perets R, Jain P. Progress on Ras/MAPK Signaling Research and Targeting in Blood and Solid Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205059. [PMID: 34680208 PMCID: PMC8534156 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway is responsible for regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Overexpression and overactivation of members within the signaling cascade have been observed in many solid and blood cancers. Research often focuses on targeting the pathway to disrupt cancer initiation and progression. We aimed to provide an overview of the pathway’s physiologic role and regulation, interactions with other pathways involved in cancer development, and mutations that lead to malignancy. Several blood and solid cancers are analyzed to illustrate the impact of the pathway’s dysregulation, stemming from mutation or viral induction. Finally, we summarized different approaches to targeting the pathway and the associated novel treatments being researched or having recently achieved approval. Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, consisting of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling cascade, regulates genes that control cellular development, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Within the cascade, multiple isoforms of Ras and Raf each display differences in functionality, efficiency, and, critically, oncogenic potential. According to the NCI, over 30% of all human cancers are driven by Ras genes. This dysfunctional signaling is implicated in a wide variety of leukemias and solid tumors, both with and without viral etiology. Due to the strong evidence of Ras-Raf involvement in tumorigenesis, many have attempted to target the cascade to treat these malignancies. Decades of unsuccessful experimentation had deemed Ras undruggable, but recently, the approval of Sotorasib as the first ever KRas inhibitor represents a monumental breakthrough. This advancement is not without novel challenges. As a G12C mutant-specific drug, it also represents the issue of drug target specificity within Ras pathway; not only do many drugs only affect single mutational profiles, with few pan-inhibitor exceptions, tumor genetic heterogeneity may give rise to drug-resistant profiles. Furthermore, significant challenges in targeting downstream Raf, especially the BRaf isoform, lie in the paradoxical activation of wild-type BRaf by BRaf mutant inhibitors. This literature review will delineate the mechanisms of Ras signaling in the MAPK pathway and its possible oncogenic mutations, illustrate how specific mutations affect the pathogenesis of specific cancers, and compare available and in-development treatments targeting the Ras pathway.
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Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus gives rise to invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. The rise of A. fumigatus antifungal resistance threatens a limited arsenal of treatment options. Here, we use genetic and molecular approaches to dissect the contribution of the citron homology (CNH) domain of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rom2 in regulating the biosynthesis of the essential and unique fungal cell wall, an important target of antifungal compounds. The CNH domain plays an essential role as a stabilizer for the small GTPase Rho1, a key regulator of glucan biosynthesis. This work provides a model for their interaction, revealing a promising molecular mechanism to explore in the quest for novel antifungal compounds. Aspergillus fumigatus is a human opportunistic pathogen showing emerging resistance against a limited repertoire of antifungal agents available. The GTPase Rho1 has been identified as an important regulator of the cell wall integrity signaling pathway that regulates the composition of the cell wall, a structure that is unique to fungi and serves as a target for antifungal compounds. Rom2, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor to Rho1, contains a C-terminal citron homology (CNH) domain of unknown function that is found in many other eukaryotic genes. Here, we show that the Rom2 CNH domain interacts directly with Rho1 to modulate β-glucan and chitin synthesis. We report the structure of the Rom2 CNH domain, revealing that it adopts a seven-bladed β-propeller fold containing three unusual loops. A model of the Rho1–Rom2 CNH complex suggests that the Rom2 CNH domain interacts with the Rho1 Switch II motif. This work uncovers the role of the Rom2 CNH domain as a scaffold for Rho1 signaling in fungal cell wall biosynthesis.
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25
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Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of cellular insulin action have been the focus of much investigation since the discovery of the hormone 100 years ago. Insulin action is impaired in metabolic syndrome, a condition known as insulin resistance. The actions of the hormone are initiated by binding to its receptor on the surface of target cells. The receptor is an α2β2 heterodimer that binds to insulin with high affinity, resulting in the activation of its tyrosine kinase activity. Once activated, the receptor can phosphorylate a number of intracellular substrates that initiate discrete signaling pathways. The tyrosine phosphorylation of some substrates activates phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), which produces polyphosphoinositides that interact with protein kinases, leading to activation of the kinase Akt. Phosphorylation of Shc leads to activation of the Ras/MAP kinase pathway. Phosphorylation of SH2B2 and of Cbl initiates activation of G proteins such as TC10. Activation of Akt and other protein kinases produces phosphorylation of a variety of substrates, including transcription factors, GTPase-activating proteins, and other kinases that control key metabolic events. Among the cellular processes controlled by insulin are vesicle trafficking, activities of metabolic enzymes, transcriptional factors, and degradation of insulin itself. Together these complex processes are coordinated to ensure glucose homeostasis.
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26
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Campbell SL, Philips MR. Post-translational modification of RAS proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 71:180-192. [PMID: 34365229 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of RAS genes drive cancer more frequently than any other oncogene. RAS proteins integrate signals from a wide array of receptors and initiate downstream signaling through pathways that control cellular growth. RAS proteins are fundamentally binary molecular switches in which the off/on state is determined by the binding of GDP or GTP, respectively. As such, the intrinsic and regulated nucleotide-binding and hydrolytic properties of the RAS GTPase were historically believed to account for the entirety of the regulation of RAS signaling. However, it is increasingly clear that RAS proteins are also regulated by a vast array of post-translational modifications (PTMs). The current challenge is to understand what are the functional consequences of these modifications and which are physiologically relevant. Because PTMs are catalyzed by enzymes that may offer targets for drug discovery, the study of RAS PTMs has been a high priority for RAS biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R Philips
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
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27
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Nakaguro M, Tanigawa M, Hirai H, Yamamoto Y, Urano M, Takahashi RH, Sukeda A, Okumura Y, Honda S, Tasaki K, Shimizu A, Tsukahara K, Tada Y, Matsubayashi J, Faquin WC, Sadow PM, Nagao T. The Diagnostic Utility of RAS Q61R Mutation-specific Immunohistochemistry in Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2021; 45:885-894. [PMID: 33481388 PMCID: PMC8192334 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) is a rare salivary gland cancer characterized by biphasic tubular structures composed of inner ductal and outer clear myoepithelial cells. Because of its histologic variety and overlap of histologic features with other salivary gland tumors, there are broad differential diagnoses. The HRAS Q61R mutation has been reported to be frequent in and specific to EMC. We evaluated the usefulness of RAS Q61R mutant-specific immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for detecting this genetic alteration in EMC. We investigated 83 EMC cases and 66 cases of salivary gland tumors with an EMC-like component, including pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, basal cell adenoma/adenocarcinoma, and myoepithelial carcinoma. Sanger sequencing was performed for HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS. The diffuse and membranous/cytoplasmic RAS Q61R IHC expression was observed in 65% of EMC cases, in which all cases harbored the HRAS Q61R mutation. IHC-positive cases were present only in de novo EMCs (54/76 cases, 71%) but not in EMCs ex pleomorphic adenoma. The immunoreactivity was almost always restricted to the myoepithelial cells. Conversely, all EMC cases lacking the HRAS Q61R mutation were negative on IHC. In addition, only 3% of EMC-like tumors showed the abovementioned immunopositivity. None of the cases examined carried KRAS or NRAS mutations. IHC for RAS Q61R is highly sensitive and specific for detecting the HRAS Q61R mutation in EMC. Since significant immunopositivity was almost exclusively identified in nearly two thirds of EMCs but seldom in the histologic mimics, the IHC of RAS Q61R is a useful tool for diagnosing EMC in general pathology laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakaguro
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maki Tanigawa
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hirai
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Urano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | | | - Aoi Sukeda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Okumura
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Honda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tasaki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoaki Tsukahara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Tada
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Matsubayashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - William C. Faquin
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter M. Sadow
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Toshitaka Nagao
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Zhu PC, Chen YX. Facile Synthesis of Boc-Protected Selenocystine and its Compatibility with Late-Stage Farnesylation at Cysteine Site. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:603-611. [PMID: 33357178 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666201223094249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unique hypervariable C-terminal region (HVR) of K-Ras4B, one of the most frequently mutated proteins in many powerful cancers, contains a C-terminal farnesylated and methylated Cys and a poly-lysine motif, which decides the association of K-Ras4B to the inner leaflet of plasma membrane for activating the downstream signaling activity. In our previous work, we inserted an additional Cys in K-Ras4B HVR peptide synthesis for NCL in the semi-synthesis of K-Ras4b protein, but it is not suitable for application in protein dimerization research. The recently developed selenocysteine (Sec, U) mediated native chemical ligation reaction followed by selective deselenization, which can help to broaden the scope of protein synthesis, requires the generation of the peptide fragment with an N-terminal Sec. OBJECTIVE To synthesize K-Ras4B HVR peptide containing both N-terminal Sec and C-terminal farnesylated and methylated Cys to achieve traceless protein semi-synthesis. METHODS AND RESULTS We have developed a facile synthesis approach for producing Boc-Sec)2-OH using economic Se powder, which can facilitate scaling up preparation of peptides containing Sec at the N-terminus. Furthermore, we synthesized K-Ras4B HVR peptide containing selenocystine by utilization of Boc-Sec)2-OH. Finally, we took K-Ras4B HVR peptide as an example to test the compatibility of farnesylation reaction at Cys with the N-terminal Sec)2, and the farnesyl group was successfully added to the thiol group of Cys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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29
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Chen JJ, Fan Y, Boehning D. Regulation of Dynamic Protein S-Acylation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:656440. [PMID: 33981723 PMCID: PMC8107437 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.656440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is the reversible addition of fatty acids to the cysteine residues of target proteins. It regulates multiple aspects of protein function, including the localization to membranes, intracellular trafficking, protein interactions, protein stability, and protein conformation. This process is regulated by palmitoyl acyltransferases that have the conserved amino acid sequence DHHC at their active site. Although they have conserved catalytic cores, DHHC enzymes vary in their protein substrate selection, lipid substrate preference, and regulatory mechanisms. Alterations in DHHC enzyme function are associated with many human diseases, including cancers and neurological conditions. The removal of fatty acids from acylated cysteine residues is catalyzed by acyl protein thioesterases. Notably, S-acylation is now known to be a highly dynamic process, and plays crucial roles in signaling transduction in various cell types. In this review, we will explore the recent findings on protein S-acylation, the enzymatic regulation of this process, and discuss examples of dynamic S-acylation.
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30
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Dai W, Xie S, Chen C, Choi BH. Ras sumoylation in cell signaling and transformation. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:301-309. [PMID: 33812985 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ras proteins are small GTPases that participate in multiple signal cascades, regulating crucial cellular processes including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Mutations or deregulated activities of Ras are frequently the driving force for oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis. Posttranslational modifications play a crucial role in mediating the stability, activity, or subcellular localization/trafficking of numerous cellular regulators including Ras proteins. A series of recent studies reveal that Ras proteins are also regulated by sumoylation. All three Ras protein isoforms (HRas, KRas, and NRas) are modified by SUMO3. The conserved lysine42 appears to be the primary site for mediating sumoylation. Expression of KRasV12/R42 mutants compromised the activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling axis, leading to a reduced rate of cell migration and invasion in vitro in multiple cell lines. Moreover, treatment of transformed pancreatic cells with a SUMO E2 inhibitor blocks cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner, which is associated with a reduced level of both KRas sumoylation and expression of mesenchymal cell markers. Furthermore, mouse xenograft experiments reveal that expression of a SUMO-resistant mutant appears to suppress tumor development in vivo. Combined, these studies indicate that sumoylation functions as an important mechanism in mediating the roles of Ras in cell proliferation, differentiation, and malignant transformation and that the SUMO-modification system of Ras oncoproteins can be explored as a new druggable target for various human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, USA
| | - Suqing Xie
- Institute of Pathology, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Changyan Chen
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Byeong Hyeok Choi
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, USA.
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31
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Choi BH, Kou Z, Colon TM, Chen CH, Chen Y, Dai W. Identification of Radil as a Ras binding partner and putative activator. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100314. [PMID: 33482197 PMCID: PMC7949112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras genes are among the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human malignancies. To date, there are no successful anticancer drugs in the clinic that target Ras proteins or their pathways. Therefore, it is imperative to identify and characterize new components that regulate Ras activity or mediate its downstream signaling. To this end, we used a combination of affinity-pulldown and mass spectrometry to search for proteins that are physically associated with KRas. One of the top hits was Radil, a gene product with a Ras-association domain. Radil is known to be a downstream effector of Rap1, inhibiting RhoA signaling to regulate cell adhesion and migration. We demonstrate that Radil interacted with all three isoforms of Ras including HRas, NRas, and KRas, although it exhibited the strongest interaction with KRas. Moreover, Radil interacts with GTP-bound Ras more efficiently, suggesting a possibility that Radil may be involved in Ras activation. Supporting this, ectopic expression of Radil led to transient activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Radil knockdown resulted in weakened activation of Ras downstream signaling components, which was coupled with decreased cell proliferation and invasion, and reduced expression of mesenchymal cell markers. Moreover, Radil knockdown greatly reduced the number of adhesion foci and depolymerized actin filaments, molecular processes that facilitate cancer cell migration. Taken together, our present studies strongly suggest that Radil is an important player for regulating Ras signaling, cell adhesion, and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and may provide new directions for Ras-related anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hyeok Choi
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ziyue Kou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tania Marlyn Colon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chih-Hong Chen
- Department of Surgery and Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Surgery and Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Zhao J, Galvez C, Beckermann KE, Johnson DB, Sosman JA. Novel insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of NRAS mutant melanoma. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2021; 6:281-294. [PMID: 34485698 PMCID: PMC8415440 DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2021.1938545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NRAS was the first mutated oncogene identified in melanoma and is currently the second most common driver mutation in this malignancy. For patients with NRASmutant advanced stage melanoma refractory to immunotherapy or with contraindications to immune-based regimens, there are few therapeutic options including low-efficacy chemotherapy regimens and binimetinib monotherapy. Here, we review recent advances in preclinical studies of molecular targets for NRAS mutant melanoma as well as the failures and successes of early-phase clinical trials. While there are no targeted therapies for NRAS-driven melanoma, there is great promise in approaches combining MEK inhibition with inhibitors of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK), inhibitors of autophagy pathways, and pan-RAF inhibitors. AREAS COVERED This review surveys new developments in all aspects of disease pathogenesis and potential treatment - including those that have failed, stalled, or progressed through various phases of preclinical and clinical development. EXPERT OPINION There are no currently approved targeted therapies for BRAF wild-type melanoma patients harboring NRAS driver mutations though an array of agents are in early phase clinical trials. The diverse strategies taken exploit combined MAP kinase signaling blockade with inhibition of cell cycle mediators, inhibition of the autophagy pathway, and alteration of kinases involved in actin cytoskeleton signaling. Future advances of developmental therapeutics into late stage trials may yield new options beyond immunotherapy for patients with advanced stage disease and NRAS mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Zhao
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Carlos Galvez
- Northwestern Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Kathryn Eby Beckermann
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, 1301 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, 37232, USA
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, 1301 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- Northwestern Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
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Abankwa D, Gorfe AA. Mechanisms of Ras Membrane Organization and Signaling: Ras Rocks Again. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1522. [PMID: 33172116 PMCID: PMC7694788 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras is the most frequently mutated oncogene and recent drug development efforts have spurred significant new research interest. Here we review progress toward understanding how Ras functions in nanoscale, proteo-lipid signaling complexes on the plasma membrane, called nanoclusters. We discuss how G-domain reorientation is plausibly linked to Ras-nanoclustering and -dimerization. We then look at how these mechanistic features could cooperate in the engagement and activation of RAF by Ras. Moreover, we show how this structural information can be integrated with microscopy data that provide nanoscale resolution in cell biological experiments. Synthesizing the available data, we propose to distinguish between two types of Ras nanoclusters, an active, immobile RAF-dependent type and an inactive/neutral membrane anchor-dependent. We conclude that it is possible that Ras reorientation enables dynamic Ras dimerization while the whole Ras/RAF complex transits into an active state. These transient di/oligomer interfaces of Ras may be amenable to pharmacological intervention. We close by highlighting a number of open questions including whether all effectors form active nanoclusters and whether there is an isoform specific composition of Ras nanocluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Abankwa
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette 4362, Luxembourg
| | - Alemayehu A. Gorfe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ucar G, Ergun Y, Aktürk Esen S, Acikgoz Y, Dirikoc M, Esen İ, Bal Ö, Uncu D. Prognostic and predictive value of KRAS mutation number in metastatic colorectal cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22407. [PMID: 32991469 PMCID: PMC7523797 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Several mutations are involved in the development of CRC. The prognostic significance of the KRAS mutation has been discussed in many studies. We aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of the number of KRAS mutations in metastatic CRC (mCRC).Patients with mutations in the KRAS gene were included in the study. They were divided into 2 groups as single mutation and multiple mutations in the KRAS gene.For the study, 425 CRC patients were screened. KRAS mutation was positive in 191 patients (45%). One hundred ninety-one patients were included in the study, 171 patients (90%) had single mutations and 20 patients (10%) had multiple mutations. Median progression-free survival was 12.8 months in patients with multiple mutations, while it was 8.8 months in patients with single mutations (P: .05). The median overall survival of patients with multiple mutations was 40.7 months, while it was 22.7 months for patients with single mutations (P = .01)We found that the presence of multiple mutations in KRAS mutant patients was associated with better overall survival and progression-free survival than a single mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Ucar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara
| | - Yakup Ergun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara
| | | | - Yusuf Acikgoz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara
| | - Merve Dirikoc
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara
| | - İrfan Esen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yenimahalle Training and Education Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Öznur Bal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara
| | - Doğan Uncu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara
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Shimell JJ, Shah BS, Cain SM, Thouta S, Kuhlmann N, Tatarnikov I, Jovellar DB, Brigidi GS, Kass J, Milnerwood AJ, Snutch TP, Bamji SX. The X-Linked Intellectual Disability Gene Zdhhc9 Is Essential for Dendrite Outgrowth and Inhibitory Synapse Formation. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2422-2437.e8. [PMID: 31747610 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational lipid modification that facilitates vesicular transport and subcellular localization of modified proteins. This process is catalyzed by ZDHHC enzymes that are implicated in several neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. Loss-of-function mutations in ZDHHC9 have been identified in patients with X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) and associated with increased epilepsy risk. Loss of Zdhhc9 function in hippocampal cultures leads to shorter dendritic arbors and fewer inhibitory synapses, altering the ratio of excitatory-to-inhibitory inputs formed onto Zdhhc9-deficient cells. While Zdhhc9 promotes dendrite outgrowth through the palmitoylation of the GTPase Ras, it promotes inhibitory synapse formation through the palmitoylation of another GTPase, TC10. Zdhhc9 knockout mice exhibit seizure-like activity together with increased frequency and amplitude of both spontaneous and miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents. These findings present a plausible mechanism for how the loss of ZDHHC9 function may contribute to XLID and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Shimell
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Bhavin S Shah
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stuart M Cain
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Samrat Thouta
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Naila Kuhlmann
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Igor Tatarnikov
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - D Blair Jovellar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - G Stefano Brigidi
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kass
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Austen J Milnerwood
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Terrance P Snutch
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Hassan M, Zahid S, Shahzadi S, Malik E, Zaib S, Iqbal J, Shamim S, Malik A. Mechanistic insight of DACH1 receptor in the development of carcinoma insurgence through MD simulation studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:742-751. [PMID: 32924784 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1818624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are key player in the prognosis and therapeutics of carcinomas through the interactions of downstream signalling cascades. Current work insight the structural and mutational analysis of DACH1 in association with carcinogenesis. The homology modelling was employed to predict mutant and wild protein models and their reliability and accuracy was verified through multiple online approaches. Furthermore, MD simulation technique was employed to check the mutation effects on the stability of DACH1 through root mean square deviation and fluctuation graphs. Our results proposed that DACH1 mutation (C188Y) may cause lethal effects and can disturb the DACH1 structure. The observed mutational results showed that C188Y may cause some lethal effect in human body. Based on aforementioned computational assessments, it has concluded that DACH1 could be used as good therapeutic target in the prognosis and therapeutic of carcinoma insurgence.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Hassan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sara Zahid
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saba Shahzadi
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Bioinformatics, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Erum Malik
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Saba Shamim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Huang C, Zhao J, Luo C, Zhu Z. Overexpression of DGKI in Gastric Cancer Predicts Poor Prognosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:320. [PMID: 32733904 PMCID: PMC7358307 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diacylglycerol kinase iota (DGKI) is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and is associated with poor prognosis in colon cancer. This study evaluated the prognostic value of DGKI in gastric cancer (GC) using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Methods: RNA sequencing results and clinical data of gastric adenoma and adenocarcinoma samples were obtained from the TCGA database (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov). The Wilcoxon or Kruskal–Wallis test and logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between DGKI and the clinicopathological characteristics of GC patients. Univariate Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of GC patients and the relationship between DGKI and overall survival time, and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of GC patients. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed using the TCGA dataset. Results: DGKI was overexpressed in gastric tumors and was related to poor prognosis (p = 0.003). Overexpression of DGKI in GC was significantly correlated with high grade (OR = 1.71 for G3 vs. G2), stage (OR = 2.08 for II vs. I) and T classification (OR = 4.64 for T4 vs. T1; OR = 3.99 for T3 vs. T1; OR = 3.37 for T2 vs. T1) (all p <0.05). DGKI (OR = 7.34; p = 0.000) was an independent risk factor affecting the survival of GC patients. The MAPK signaling pathway was differentially enriched with DGKI overexpression. Conclusion: DGKI overexpression may be a potential molecular marker for poor prognosis in GC. The MAPK signaling pathway may be one of the key pathways related to DGKI regulation in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiefeng Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhengming Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Intermittent Administration of Parathyroid Hormone Enhances Odonto/Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla via JNK and P38 MAPK Pathways. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:5128128. [PMID: 32148520 PMCID: PMC7042551 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5128128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is considered to be essential during the tooth development. Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) are responsible for dentine formation. However, the interaction between PTH and SCAPs remains unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of PTH on odonto/osteogenic differentiation capacity of SCAPs and elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms. Materials and Methods. Here, SCAPs were isolated and identified in vitro. Effects of PTH on the proliferation of SCAPs were determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry (FCM), and EdU. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, Western blot, and RT-PCR were carried out to detect the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of PTH-treated SCAPs as well as the participation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Results An ALP activity assay determined that 10-8 mol/L PTH was the optimal concentration for the induction of SCAPs with no significant influence on the proliferation of SCAPs as indicated by CCK-8, FCM, and EdU. The expression of odonto/osteogenic markers was significantly upregulated in mRNA levels and protein levels. Moreover, intermittent treatment of PTH also increased phosphorylation of JNK and P38, and the differentiation was suppressed following the inhibition of JNK and P38 MAPK pathways. Conclusion PTH can regulate the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of SCAPs via JNK and P38 MAPK pathways.
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Wei X, Zhang Y, Li C, Ai K, Li K, Li H, Yang J. The evolutionarily conserved MAPK/Erk signaling promotes ancestral T-cell immunity in fish via c-Myc-mediated glycolysis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3000-3016. [PMID: 31996375 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway involved in numerous physiological processes. Despite great advances in understanding MAPK-mediated regulation of adaptive immune responses in mammals, its contribution to T-cell immunity in early vertebrates remains unclear. Herein, we used Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to investigate the regulatory roles of MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) signaling in ancestral T-cell immunity of jawed fish. We found that Nile tilapia possesses an evolutionarily conserved MAPK/Erk axis that is activated through a classical three-tier kinase cascade, involving sequential phosphorylation of RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (Raf), MAPK/Erk kinase 1/2 (Mek1/2), and Erk1/2. In Nile tilapia, MAPK/Erk signaling participates in adaptive immune responses during bacterial infection. Upon T-cell activation, the MAPK/Erk axis is robustly activated, and MAPK/Erk blockade by specific inhibitors severely impairs T-cell activation. Furthermore, signals from MAPK/Erk were indispensable for primordial T cells to proliferate and exert their effector functions. Mechanistically, activation of the MAPK/Erk axis promoted glycolysis via induction of the transcriptional regulator proto-oncogene c-Myc (c-Myc), to ensure the proper activation and proliferation of fish T cells. Our results reveal the regulatory mechanisms of MAPK/Erk signaling in T-cell immunity in fish and highlight a close link between immune signals and metabolic programs. We propose that regulation of T-cell immunity by MAPK/Erk is a basic and sophisticated strategy that evolved before the emergence of the tetrapod lineage. These findings shed light on the evolution of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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40
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Sawada S, Nakamura A, Yoshii T, Kuwata K, Nakatsu F, Tsukiji S. Protein-recruiting synthetic molecules targeting the Golgi surface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:15422-15425. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06908f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic molecules consisting of a small-molecule ligand and a tri-N-methylated myristoyl-Gly-Cys lipopeptide serve as chemical tools to rapidly recruit their target proteins from the cytoplasm to the Golgi surface in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sawada
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Nagoya 466-8555
- Japan
| | - Akinobu Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Nagoya 466-8555
- Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Yoshii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Nagoya 466-8555
- Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Fubito Nakatsu
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
- Niigata University
- Niigata 951-8510
- Japan
| | - Shinya Tsukiji
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Nagoya 466-8555
- Japan
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41
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Rieger L, O’Connor R. Controlled Signaling-Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor Endocytosis and Presence at Intracellular Compartments. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:620013. [PMID: 33584548 PMCID: PMC7878670 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.620013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-induced activation of the IGF-1 receptor triggers plasma-membrane-derived signal transduction but also triggers receptor endocytosis, which was previously thought to limit signaling. However, it is becoming ever more clear that IGF-1R endocytosis and trafficking to specific subcellular locations can define specific signaling responses that are important for key biological processes in normal cells and cancer cells. In different cell types, specific cell adhesion receptors and associated proteins can regulate IGF-1R endocytosis and trafficking. Once internalized, the IGF-1R may be recycled, degraded or translocated to the intracellular membrane compartments of the Golgi apparatus or the nucleus. The IGF-1R is present in the Golgi apparatus of migratory cancer cells where its signaling contributes to aggressive cancer behaviors including cell migration. The IGF-1R is also found in the nucleus of certain cancer cells where it can regulate gene expression. Nuclear IGF-1R is associated with poor clinical outcomes. IGF-1R signaling has also been shown to support mitochondrial biogenesis and function, and IGF-1R inhibition causes mitochondrial dysfunction. How IGF-1R intracellular trafficking and compartmentalized signaling is controlled is still unknown. This is an important area for further study, particularly in cancer.
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Abstract
The most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer is KRAS, which utilizes alternative fourth exons to generate two gene products, KRAS4A and KRAS4B, that differ only in their C-terminal membrane-targeting region 1. Because oncogenic mutations occur in exons 2 or 3, when KRAS is activated by mutation two constitutively active KRAS proteins are encoded, each capable of transforming cells 2. No functional distinctions among the splice variants have been established. Oncogenic KRAS alters tumor metabolism 3. Among these alterations is increased glucose uptake and glycolysis, even in the presence of abundant oxygen 4 (the Warburg Effect). Whereas these metabolic effects of oncogenic KRAS have been explained by transcriptional upregulation of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes 3–5, direct regulation of metabolic enzymes has not been examined. We report a direct, GTP-dependent interaction between KRAS4A and hexokinase 1 (HK1) that alters the activity of the kinase, establishing HK1 as an effector of KRAS4A. The interaction is unique to KRAS4A because the palmitoylation/depalmitoylation cycle of this RAS isoform permits co-localization with HK1 on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). KRAS4A expression in cancer may drive unique metabolic vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically.
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Nakamura A, Katahira R, Sawada S, Shinoda E, Kuwata K, Yoshii T, Tsukiji S. Chemogenetic Control of Protein Anchoring to Endomembranes in Living Cells with Lipid-Tethered Small Molecules. Biochemistry 2019; 59:205-211. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Rika Katahira
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sawada
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Eri Shinoda
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Yoshii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsukiji
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Materials Science (FRIMS), Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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44
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Chen P, Wang S, Janardhan KS, Zemans RL, Deng W, Karmaus P, Shen S, Sunday M, Que LG, Fessler MB, Zhong XP. Efficient CD4Cre-Mediated Conditional KRas Expression in Alveolar Macrophages and Alveolar Epithelial Cells Causes Fatal Hyperproliferative Pneumonitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:1208-1217. [PMID: 31315887 PMCID: PMC6702086 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The CD4Cre transgenic model has been widely used for T cell-specific gene manipulation. We report unexpected highly efficient Cre-mediated recombination in alveolar macrophages (AMFs), bronchial epithelial cells (BECs), and alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) in this strain of mice. Different from CD4 T cells, AMFs, AECs, and BECs do not express detectable Cre protein, suggesting that Cre protein is either very transiently expressed in these cells or only expressed in their precursors. Mice carrying a conditional constitutively active KRas (caKRas) allele and the CD4Cre transgene contain not only hyperactivated T cells but also develop severe AMF accumulation, AEC and BEC hyperplasia, and adenomas in the lung, leading to early lethality correlated with caKRas expression in these cells. We propose that caKRas-CD4Cre mice represent, to our knowledge, a novel model of proliferative pneumonitis involving macrophages and epithelial cells and that the CD4Cre model may offer unique usefulness for studying gene functions simultaneously in multilineages in the lung. Our observations, additionally, suggest that caution in data interpretation is warranted when using the CD4Cre transgenic model for T cell-specific gene manipulation, particularly when lung pathophysiological status is being examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Kyathanahalli S Janardhan
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., and National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Wenhai Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Peer Karmaus
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Shudan Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Mary Sunday
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Loretta G Que
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710;
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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45
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Bertoli E, Giavarra M, Vitale MG, Minisini AM. Neuroblastoma rat sarcoma mutated melanoma: That's what we got so far. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:744-752. [PMID: 31403745 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma rat sarcoma (NRAS) mutation, occurring in about 20%-30% of cutaneous melanomas, leads to activation of RAS-RAF-MAPK cascade and represents a clear distinct clinicopathological entity in melanoma. In contrast with BRAF mutant melanoma, no specific target therapies are available outside the setting of clinical trials. In the field of immunoncology, the predictive role of NRAS mutation with respect to checkpoint inhibitors treatment has not clearly established and deserves further investigation. At present, the standard treatment is the same as for BRAF wild type melanoma. Ongoing trials are exploring novel combination strategies among patients with advanced NRAS mutant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bertoli
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Department of Oncology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Giavarra
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Department of Oncology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Vitale
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Department of Oncology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy
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46
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Ding T, Zhou Y, Long R, Chen C, Zhao J, Cui P, Guo M, Liang G, Xu L. DUSP8 phosphatase: structure, functions, expression regulation and the role in human diseases. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:70. [PMID: 31467668 PMCID: PMC6712826 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are a subset of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), many of which dephosphorylate the residues of phosphor-serine/threonine and phosphor-tyrosine on mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and hence are also referred to as MAPK phosphatases (MKPs). Homologue of Vaccinia virus H1 phosphatase gene clone 5 (HVH-5), also known as DUSP8, is a unique member of the DUSPs family of phosphatases. Accumulating evidence has shown that DUSP8 plays an important role in phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction of MAPK signaling ranging from cell oxidative stress response, cell apoptosis and various human diseases. It is generally believed that DUSP8 exhibits significant dephosphorylation activity against JNK, however, with the deepening of research, plenty of new literature reports that DUSP8 also has effective dephosphorylation activity on p38 MAPK and ERKs, successfully affects the transduction of MAPKs pathway, indicating that DUSP8 presents a unknown diversity of DUSPs family on distinct corresponding dephosphorylated substrates in different biological events. Therefore, the in-depth study of DUSP8 not only throws a new light on the multi-biological function of DUSPs, but also is much valuable for the reveal of complex pathobiology of clinical diseases. In this review, we provide a detail overview of DUSP8 phosphatase structure, biological function and expression regulation, as well as its role in related clinical human diseases, which might be help for the understanding of biological function of DUSP8 and the development of prevention, diagnosis and therapeutics in related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ding
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China.,2Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Ya Zhou
- 3Department of Medical Physics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Runying Long
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China.,2Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Chao Chen
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Panpan Cui
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Guiyou Liang
- 4Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou China.,5Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Lin Xu
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China.,2Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
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47
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Xie Q, Yu Z, Lu Y, Fan J, Ni Y, Ma L. microRNA-148a-3p inhibited the proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression of non-small-cell lung cancer via modulating Ras/MAPK/Erk signaling. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:12786-12799. [PMID: 30536836 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Son of sevenless (SOS) is one of the guanine nucleotide exchange factors that can regulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase signal pathway via controlling the activation of Ras. microRNAs are key regulon of gene expression and would be treated as tumor biomarkers or therapeutic targets. In this study, we find that miR-148a-3p acts as a tumor-suppressor in the development and progression of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). miR-148a-3p inhibits NSCLC cells proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by reducing the expression of SOS2, which refers Ras activating. Our findings demonstrate that the miR-148a-3p may play a significant role in NSCLC including the kind of lung cancer with K-Ras gene mutation, and it exerted the tumor inhibitor function by targeting SOS2. Because of that, miR-148a-3p and SOS2 may be an efficient target in developing more useful therapies against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Xie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zipu Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingya Fan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiming Ni
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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48
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Choi BH, Philips MR, Chen Y, Lu L, Dai W. K-Ras Lys-42 is crucial for its signaling, cell migration, and invasion. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17574-17581. [PMID: 30228186 PMCID: PMC6231119 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins participate in multiple signal cascades, regulating crucial cellular processes, including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. We have previously reported that Ras proteins are modified by sumoylation and that Lys-42 plays an important role in mediating the modification. In the current study, we further investigated the role of Lys-42 in regulating cellular activities of K-Ras. Inducible expression of K-RasV12 led to the activation of downstream components, including c-RAF, MEK1, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), whereas expression of K-RasV12/R42 mutant compromised the activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling axis. Expression of K-RasV12/R42 also led to reduced phosphorylation of several other protein kinases, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Chk2, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Significantly, K-RasV12/R42 expression inhibited cellular migration and invasion in vitro in multiple cell lines, including transformed pancreatic cells. Given that K-Ras plays a crucial role in mediating oncogenesis in the pancreas, we treated transformed pancreatic cells of both BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa-2 with 2-D08, a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E2 inhibitor. Treatment with the compound inhibited cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner, which was correlated with a reduced level of K-Ras sumoylation. Moreover, 2-D08 suppressed expression of ZEB1 (a mesenchymal cell marker) with concomitant induction of ZO-1 (an epithelial cell marker). Combined, our studies strongly suggest that posttranslational modification(s), including sumoylation mediated by Lys-42, plays a crucial role in K-Ras activities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R Philips
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo Park, New York 10987
| | - Yuan Chen
- City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, and
| | - Lou Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and
| | - Wei Dai
- From the Department of Environmental Medicine .,the Department of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509
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49
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Tang B, Liang W, Liao Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Yan C. PEA15 promotes liver metastasis of colorectal cancer by upregulating the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:43-56. [PMID: 30365128 PMCID: PMC6278416 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver metastasis is one of the major causes of death in patients with colorectal cancer, and although treatment has improved recently, the long‑term survival rate of patients has not improved significantly. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry to determine that phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes‑15 kDa (PEA15) was highly expressed in colorectal cancer tissues and liver metastatic cancer tissues. It was also highly expressed in metastatic colorectal cancer patients compared to non‑metastatic patients. Through clinicopathological data of patients with liver metastasis of colorectal cancer, we found that high expression of PEA15 was positively correlated with TNM staging, liver metastasis and poor prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. Using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, western blotting and cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays, we also determined that PEA15 could promote cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the characteristics of cancer stem cells in vitro, thus promoting the abilities of invasion and migration. In addition, we revealed that PEA15 promoted the liver metastasis of colorectal cancer cells in a xenograft tumor metastasis model. In addition, concerning the mechanism, we used gene chip analysis to determine that PEA15 upregulated the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells. Therefore, we concluded that PEA15 may be a potential biomarker for liver metastasis of colorectal cancer therapy. Collectively, PEA15 promoted the development of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer through the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Wenjin Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
| | - Zeming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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50
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Helgadottir H, Rocha Trocoli Drakensjö I, Girnita A. Personalized Medicine in Malignant Melanoma: Towards Patient Tailored Treatment. Front Oncol 2018; 8:202. [PMID: 29946532 PMCID: PMC6006716 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous international efforts, skin melanoma is still a major clinical challenge. Melanoma takes a top place among the most common cancer types and it has one of the most rapidly increasing incidences in many countries around the world. Until recent years, there have been limited options for effective systemic treatment of disseminated melanoma. However, lately, we have experienced a rapid advancement in the understanding of the biology and molecular background of the disease. This has led to new molecular classifications and the development of more effective targeted therapies adapted to distinct melanoma subtypes. Not only are these treatments more effective but they can be rationally prescribed to the patients standing to benefit. As such, melanoma management has now become one of the most developed for personalized medicine. The aim of the present paper is to summarize the current knowledge on melanoma molecular classification, predictive markers, combination therapies, as well as emerging new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildur Helgadottir
- Skin Tumor Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iara Rocha Trocoli Drakensjö
- Skin Tumor Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ada Girnita
- Skin Tumor Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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