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Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 15:102-122. [PMID: 31452652 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optimal protective immunity to HIV will likely require that plasma cells, memory B cells and memory T cells be stationed in mucosal tissues at portals of viral entry. Mucosal vaccine administration is more effective than parenteral vaccine delivery for this purpose. The challenge has been to achieve efficient vaccine uptake at mucosal surfaces, and to identify safe and effective adjuvants, especially for mucosally administered HIV envelope protein immunogens. Here, we discuss strategies used to deliver potential HIV vaccine candidates in the intestine, respiratory tract, and male and female genital tract of humans and nonhuman primates. We also review mucosal adjuvants, including Toll-like receptor agonists, which may adjuvant both mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV protein immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, 02115, USA
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Glycosylation Benchmark Profile for HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Production Based on Eleven Env Trimers. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02428-16. [PMID: 28202756 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02428-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) glycosylation is important because individual glycans are components of multiple broadly neutralizing antibody epitopes, while shielding other sites that might otherwise be immunogenic. The glycosylation on Env is influenced by a variety of factors, including the genotype of the protein, the cell line used for its expression, and the details of the construct design. Here, we used a mass spectrometry (MS)-based approach to map the complete glycosylation profile at every site in multiple HIV-1 Env trimers, accomplishing two goals. (i) We determined which glycosylation sites contain conserved glycan profiles across many trimeric Envs. (ii) We identified the variables that impact Env's glycosylation profile at sites with divergent glycosylation. Over half of the gp120 glycosylation sites on 11 different trimeric Envs have a conserved glycan profile, indicating that a native consensus glycosylation profile does indeed exist among trimers. We showed that some soluble gp120s and gp140s exhibit highly divergent glycosylation profiles compared to trimeric Env. We also assessed the impact of several variables on Env glycosylation: truncating the full-length Env; producing Env, instead of the more virologically relevant T lymphocytes, in CHO cells; and purifying Env with different chromatographic platforms, including nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA), 2G12, and PGT151 affinity. This report provides the first consensus glycosylation profile of Env trimers, which should serve as a useful benchmark for HIV-1 vaccine developers. This report also defines the sites where glycosylation may be impacted when Env trimers are truncated or produced in CHO cells.IMPORTANCE A protective HIV-1 vaccine will likely include a recombinant version of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env). Env is highly glycosylated, and yet vaccine developers have lacked guidance on how to assess whether their immunogens have optimal glycosylation. The following important questions are still unanswered. (i) What is the "target" glycosylation profile, when the goal is to generate a natively glycosylated protein? (ii) What variables exert the greatest influence on Env glycosylation? We identified numerous sites on Env where the glycosylation profile does not deviate in 11 different Env trimers, and we investigated the impact on the divergent glycosylation profiles of changing the genotype of the Env sequence, the construct design, the purification method, and the producer cell type. The data presented here give vaccine developers a "glycosylation target" for their immunogens, and they show how protein production variables can impact Env glycosylation.
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Interleukin-21 administration leads to enhanced antigen-specific T cell responses and natural killer cells in HIV-1 vaccinated mice. Cell Immunol 2016; 303:55-65. [PMID: 27062692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), which belongs to IL-2 γ chain receptor cytokine family, is as an important regulator of immune responses. In this study, we developed a novel strategy for immunizing mice with a DNA/vaccinia/protein vaccine in the presence or absence of mouse IL-21 (mIL-21) to evaluate whether mIL-21 could enhance immune responses. Our results demonstrated that co-immunization with mIL-21 did not increase significantly the capacity of vaccine induced antibodies to bind to HIV-1 GP140. An effect of mIL-21 in adjusting the efficacy of HIV-1 vaccine through enhancing Th1 type immune response was however observed. The frequencies of HIV-1-specific cytokine-producing CD4+ T and CD4+ TEM cells, especially multifunctional T cell responses, were significantly increased by co-administrating with mIL-21. A significant increase was also observed in the frequency of NK cells in mIL-21 adjuvant groups. Taken together, combination of mIL-21 with HIV-1 vaccines led to distinct enhancement of NK cells and T cell immune responses associated with immune protection.
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Duan L, Du J, Liu X. Insights into vaccine development for acquired immune deficiency syndrome from crystal structures of human immunodeficiency virus-1 gp41 and equine infectious anemia virus gp45. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1549-59. [PMID: 26174372 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An effective vaccine against acquired immune deficiency syndrome is still unavailable after dozens of years of striving. The glycoprotein gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus is a good candidate as potential immunogen because of its conservation and relatively low glycosylation. As a reference of human immunodeficiency virus gp41, gp45 from equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) could be used for comparison because both wild-type and vaccine strain of EIAV have been extensively studied. From structural studies of these proteins, the conformational changes during viral invasion could be unveiled, and a more effective acquired immune deficiency syndrome vaccine immunogen might be designed based on this information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangwei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiansen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Jeong KY, Lee EJ, Kim SJ, Yang SH, Sung YC, Seong J. Irradiation-induced localization of IL-12-expressing mesenchymal stem cells to enhance the curative effect in murine metastatic hepatoma. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:721-30. [PMID: 25639194 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation in conjunction with gene therapy is considered for efficient cancer treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), due to their irradiation-promotable tumor tropism, are ideal delivery vehicles for gene therapy. In this study, we investigated whether treatment with radiation and interleukin (IL)-12-expressing MSCs (MSCs/IL-12) exerts improved antitumor effects on murine metastatic hepatoma. HCa-I and Hepa 1-6 cells were utilized to generate heterotopic murine hepatoma models. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with irradiation or MSCs/IL-12 alone, or a combination. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) expression was assessed in irradiated hepatoma tissues to confirm a chemotactic effect. Combination treatment strategies were established and their therapeutic efficacies were evaluated by monitoring tumor growth, metastasis and survival rate. IL-12 expression was assessed and the apoptotic activity and immunological alterations in the tumor microenvironment were examined. MCP-1/CCL2 expression and localization of MSCs/IL-12 increased in the irradiated murine hepatoma cells. The antitumor effects, including suppression of pulmonary metastasis and survival rate improvements, were increased by the combination treatment with irradiation and MSCs/IL-12. IL-12 expression was increased in tumor cells, causing proliferation of cluster of differentiation 8(+) T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells. The apoptotic activity increased, indicating that the cytotoxicity of immune cells was involved in the antitumor effect of the combined treatment. Treatment with irradiation and MSCs/IL-12 showed effectiveness in treating murine metastatic hepatoma. IL-12-induced proliferation of immune cells played an important role in apoptosis of tumor cells. Our results suggest that treatment with irradiation and MSCs/IL-12 may be a useful strategy for enhancing antitumor activity in metastatic hepatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-Yeong Jeong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University Medical College, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University Medical College, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University Medical College, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Sung
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Jinsil Seong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University Medical College, Seoul, South Korea
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Complement and HIV-I infection/HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:184-98. [PMID: 24639397 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The various neurological complications associated with HIV-1 infection, specifically HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist as a major public health burden worldwide. Despite the widespread use of anti-retroviral therapy, the prevalence of HAND is significantly high. HAND results from the direct effects of an HIV-1 infection as well as secondary effects of HIV-1-induced immune reaction and inflammatory response. Complement, a critical mediator of innate and acquired immunity, plays important roles in defeating many viral infections by the formation of a lytic pore or indirectly by opsonization and recruitment of phagocytes. While the role of complement in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and HAND has been previously recognized for over 15 years, it has been largely underestimated thus far. Complement can be activated through HIV-1 envelope proteins, mannose-binding lectins (MBL), and anti-HIV-1 antibodies. Complement not only fights against HIV-1 infection but also enhances HIV-1 infection. In addition, HIV-1 can hijack complement regulators such as CD59 and CD55 and can utilize these regulators and factor H to escape from complement attack. Normally, complement levels in brain are much lower than plasma levels and there is no or little complement deposition in brain cells. Interestingly, local production and deposition of complement are dramatically increased in HIV-1-infected brain, indicating that complement may contribute to the pathogenesis of HAND. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of complement in HIV-1 infection and HAND, as well as potential therapeutic approaches targeting the complement system for the treatment and eradications of HIV-1 infection.
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Hou J, Liu Y, Hsi J, Wang H, Tao R, Shao Y. Cholera toxin B subunit acts as a potent systemic adjuvant for HIV-1 DNA vaccination intramuscularly in mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1274-83. [PMID: 24633335 PMCID: PMC4896579 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) was investigated as a classical mucosal adjuvant that can increase vaccine immunogenicity. In this study, we found out the in vitro efficacy of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) in activating mice bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) through Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. In vitro RNA and transcriptional level profiling arrays revealed that CTB guides high levels of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Based on the robustness of these profiling results, we examined the induction of HIV Env-specific immunity by CTB co-inoculated with HIV Env DNA vaccine intramuscularly in vivo. CTB enhanced HIV-Env specific cellular immune responses in Env-specific IFN-γ ELISPOT, compared with DNA vaccine alone. Moreover, CTB induced high levels of Env specific humoral response and promoted antibody maturation after the third round of vaccination. This combination immunization strategy induced a Th2-type bias response which is indicative of a high ratio of IgG1/IgG2a. This study reports that CTB as a classical mucosal adjuvant could enhance HIV-1 DNA-based vaccine immunogenicity intramuscularly; therefore, these findings suggest that CTB could serve as an effective candidate adjuvant for DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control; National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, PR China
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology; Hefei Institutes of Physical Science; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control; National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, PR China
| | - Jenny Hsi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control; National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology; Hefei Institutes of Physical Science; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei, PR China
| | - Ran Tao
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei, PR China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control; National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, PR China
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Song XT, Aldrich M, Chen SY. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 inhibition strategy to enhance anti-HIV vaccination. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 5:495-503. [PMID: 16989630 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.4.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Extensive efforts aimed at stimulating immune responses by modifying HIV antigens and using various delivery systems and adjuvants have so far failed to generate promising HIV vaccines, highlighting the urgent need to explore alternative immunization approaches. Antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, play a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of immune responses against HIV infection and dendritic cells are regulated by stimulatory, as well as inhibitory signaling. Recent studies demonstrate that the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) functions as an antigen-presentation attenuator by restricting the Janus-activated kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription and Toll-like receptor-signaling pathways. SOCS1-silenced dendritic cells produce higher levels of both T-helper 1- and 2-polarizing cytokines, broadly enhance memory HIV-specific B-cell and T-cell responses and activate natural killer cells owing to unbridled cytokine feedback signaling loops. Therefore, the inhibition of antigen-presentation attenuators represents a generally applicable and alternative strategy for enhancing the potency of various forms of prophylactic and therapeutic HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tong Song
- Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Gurwith M, Lock M, Taylor EM, Ishioka G, Alexander J, Mayall T, Ervin JE, Greenberg RN, Strout C, Treanor JJ, Webby R, Wright PF. Safety and immunogenicity of an oral, replicating adenovirus serotype 4 vector vaccine for H5N1 influenza: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 13:238-50. [PMID: 23369412 PMCID: PMC3576519 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Replication-competent virus vector vaccines might have advantages compared with non-replicating vector vaccines. We tested the safety and immunogenicity of an oral adenovirus serotype 4 vector vaccine candidate (Ad4-H5-Vtn) expressing the haemagglutinin from an avian influenza A H5N1 virus. Methods We did this phase 1 study at four sites in the USA. We used a computer-generated randomisation list (block size eight, stratified by site) to assign healthy volunteers aged 18–40 years to receive one of five doses of Ad4-H5-Vtn (107 viral particles [VP], 108 VP, 109 VP, 1010 VP, 1011 VP) or placebo (3:1). Vaccine or placebo was given on three occasions, about 56 days apart. Participants, investigators, and study-site personnel were masked to assignment throughout the study. Subsequently, volunteers received a boost dose with 90 μg of an inactivated parenteral H5N1 vaccine. Primary immunogenicity endpoints were seroconversion by haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI), defined as a four-times rise compared with baseline titre, and HAI geometric mean titre (GMT). We solicited symptoms of reactogenicity daily for 7 days after each vaccination and recorded symptoms that persisted beyond 7 days as adverse events. Primary analysis was per protocol. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01006798. Findings We enrolled 166 participants (125 vaccine; 41 placebo) between Oct 19, 2009, and Sept 9, 2010. HAI responses were low: 13 of 123 vaccinees (11%, 95% CI 6–17) and three of 41 placebo recipients (7%, 2–20) seroconverted. HAI GMT was 6 (95% CI 5–7) for vaccinees, and 5 (5–6) for placebo recipients. However, when inactivated H5N1 vaccine became available, one H5N1 boost was offered to all participants. In this substudy, HAI seroconversion occurred in 19 of 19 participants in the 1011 VP cohort (100%; 95% CI 82–100) and eight of 22 placebo recipients (36%; 17–59); 17 of 19 participants in the 1011 VP cohort (89%; 67–99) achieved seroprotection compared with four of 22 placebo recipients (18%; 5–40); GMT was 135 (89–205) with 1011 VP, compared with 13 (7–21) with placebo. The cumulative frequency of abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and nasal congestion after all three vaccinations was significantly higher in vaccinees than placebo recipients (21 [16·8%] of 125 vs one [2·4%] of 41, p=0·017; 24 [19·2%] of 125 vs two [4·9%] of 41, p=0·027; 41 [32·8%] of 125 vs six [14·6%] of 41, p=0·028; respectively). No serious treatment-related adverse events occurred. Interpretation Oral Ad4 vector priming might enhance the efficacy of poorly immunogenic vaccines such as H5N1. Funding Wellcome Trust Foundation, PaxVax.
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Zhang X, Han X, Dai D, Bao M, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Bice T, Zhao M, Cao Y, Shang H. Mimotopes selected by biopanning with high-titer HIV-neutralizing antibodies in plasma from Chinese slow progressors. Braz J Infect Dis 2012; 16:510-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Mahajan SD, Aalinkeel R, Law WC, Reynolds JL, Nair BB, Sykes DE, Yong KT, Roy I, Prasad PN, Schwartz SA. Anti-HIV-1 nanotherapeutics: promises and challenges for the future. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5301-14. [PMID: 23055735 PMCID: PMC3468275 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s25871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the prognosis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, however the adverse side effects associated with prolonged HAART therapy use continue. Although systemic viral load can be undetectable, the virus remains sequestered in anatomically privileged sites within the body. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems are being developed to target the virus within different tissue compartments and are being evaluated for their safety and efficacy. The current review outlines the various nanomaterials that are becoming increasingly used in biomedical applications by virtue of their robustness, safety, multimodality, and multifunctionality. Nanotechnology can revolutionize the field of HIV medicine by not only improving diagnosis, but also by improving delivery of antiretrovirals to targeted regions in the body and by significantly enhancing the efficacy of the currently available antiretroviral medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya D Mahajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Kanagavelu SK, Snarsky V, Termini JM, Gupta S, Barzee S, Wright JA, Khan WN, Kornbluth RS, Stone GW. Soluble multi-trimeric TNF superfamily ligand adjuvants enhance immune responses to a HIV-1 Gag DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2011; 30:691-702. [PMID: 22146759 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA vaccines remain an important component of HIV vaccination strategies, typically as part of a prime/boost vaccination strategy with viral vector or protein boost. A number of DNA prime/viral vector boost vaccines are currently being evaluated for both preclinical studies and in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials. These vaccines would benefit from molecular adjuvants that increase correlates of immunity during the DNA prime. While HIV vaccine immune correlates are still not well defined, there are a number of immune assays that have been shown to correlate with protection from viral challenge including CD8+ T cell avidity, antigen-specific proliferation, and polyfunctional cytokine secretion. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Recombinant DNA vaccine adjuvants composed of a fusion between Surfactant Protein D (SP-D) and either CD40 Ligand (CD40L) or GITR Ligand (GITRL) were previously shown to enhance HIV-1 Gag DNA vaccines. Here we show that similar fusion constructs composed of the TNF superfamily ligands (TNFSFL) 4-1BBL, OX40L, RANKL, LIGHT, CD70, and BAFF can also enhanced immune responses to a HIV-1 Gag DNA vaccine. BALB/c mice were vaccinated intramuscularly with plasmids expressing secreted Gag and SP-D-TNFSFL fusions. Initially, mice were analyzed 2 weeks or 7 weeks following vaccination to evaluate the relative efficacy of each SP-D-TNFSFL construct. All SP-D-TNFSFL constructs enhanced at least one Gag-specific immune response compared to the parent vaccine. Importantly, the constructs SP-D-4-1BBL, SP-D-OX40L, and SP-D-LIGHT enhanced CD8+ T cell avidity and CD8+/CD4+ T cell proliferation 7 weeks post vaccination. These avidity and proliferation data suggest that 4-1BBL, OX40L, and LIGHT fusion constructs may be particularly effective as vaccine adjuvants. Constructs SP-D-OX40L, SP-D-LIGHT, and SP-D-BAFF enhanced Gag-specific IL-2 secretion in memory T cells, suggesting these adjuvants can increase the number of self-renewing Gag-specific CD8+ and/or CD4+ T cells. Finally adjuvants SP-D-OX40L and SP-D-CD70 increased T(H)1 (IgG2a) but not T(H)2 (IgG1) antibody responses in the vaccinated animals. Surprisingly, the B cell-activating protein BAFF did not enhance anti-Gag antibody responses when given as an SP-D fusion adjuvant, but nonetheless enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. CONCLUSIONS We present evidence that various SP-D-TNFSFL fusion constructs can enhance immune responses following DNA vaccination with HIV-1 Gag expression plasmid. These data support the continued evaluation of SP-D-TNFSFL fusion proteins as molecular adjuvants for DNA and/or viral vector vaccines. Constructs of particular interest included SP-D-OX40L, SP-D-4-1BBL, SP-D-LIGHT, and SP-D-CD70. SP-D-BAFF was surprisingly effective at enhancing T cell responses, despite its inability to enhance anti-Gag antibody secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana K Kanagavelu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
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Abstract
Successful live attenuated vaccines mimic natural exposure to pathogens without causing disease and have been successful against several viruses. However, safety concerns prevent the development of attenuated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a vaccine candidate. If a safe, replicating virus vaccine could be developed, it might have the potential to offer significant protection against HIV infection and disease. Described here is the development of a novel self-replicating chimeric virus vaccine candidate that is designed to provide natural exposure to a lentivirus-like particle and to incorporate the properties of a live attenuated virus vaccine without the inherent safety issues associated with attenuated lentiviruses. The genome from the alphavirus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) was modified to express SHIV89.6P genes encoding the structural proteins Gag and Env. Expression of Gag and Env from VEE RNA in primate cells led to the assembly of particles that morphologically and functionally resembled lentivirus virions and that incorporated alphavirus RNA. Infection of CD4⁺ cells with chimeric lentivirus-like particles was specific and productive, resulting in RNA replication, expression of Gag and Env, and generation of progeny chimeric particles. Further genome modifications designed to enhance encapsidation of the chimeric virus genome and to express an attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) protease for particle maturation improved the ability of chimeric lentivirus-like particles to propagate in cell culture. This study provides proof of concept for the feasibility of creating chimeric virus genomes that express lentivirus structural proteins and assemble into infectious particles for presentation of lentivirus immunogens in their native and functional conformation.
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Girard MP, Osmanov S, Assossou OM, Kieny MP. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunopathogenesis and vaccine development: a review. Vaccine 2011; 29:6191-218. [PMID: 21718747 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of a safe, effective and globally affordable HIV vaccine offers the best hope for the future control of the HIV-1 pandemic. Since 1987, scores of candidate HIV-1 vaccines have been developed which elicited varying degrees of protective responses in nonhuman primate models, including DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, live vectored recombinant vaccines and various prime-boost combinations. Four of these candidate vaccines have been tested for efficacy in human volunteers, but, to the exception of the recent RV144 Phase III trial in Thailand, which elicited a modest but statistically significant level of protection against infection, none has shown efficacy in preventing HIV-1 infection or in controlling virus replication and delaying progression of disease in humans. Protection against infection was observed in the RV144 trial, but intensive research is needed to try to understand the protective immune mechanisms at stake. Building-up on the results of the RV144 trial and deciphering what possibly are the immune correlates of protection are the top research priorities of the moment, which will certainly accelerate the development of an highly effective vaccine that could be used in conjunction with other HIV prevention and treatment strategies. This article reviews the state of the art of HIV vaccine development and discusses the formidable scientific challenges met in this endeavor, in the context of a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Girard
- University Paris 7, French National Academy of Medicine, 39 rue Seignemartin, FR 69008 Lyon, France.
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Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin as a Vaccine Vector for Global Infectious Disease Control. Tuberc Res Treat 2011; 2011:574591. [PMID: 22567267 PMCID: PMC3335490 DOI: 10.1155/2011/574591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only available vaccine for tuberculosis (TB). Although this vaccine is effective in controlling infantile TB, BCG-induced protective effects against pulmonary diseases in adults have not been clearly demonstrated. Recombinant BCG (rBCG) technology has been extensively applied to obtain more potent immunogenicity of this vaccine, and several candidate TB vaccines have currently reached human clinical trials. On the other hand, recent progress in the improvement of the BCG vector, such as the codon optimization strategy and combination with viral vector boost, allows us to utilize this bacterium in HIV vaccine development. In this paper, we review recent progress in rBCG-based vaccine studies that may have implications in the development of novel vaccines for controlling global infectious diseases in the near future.
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Hahn S, Setz C, Wild J, Schubert U. The PTAP sequence within the p6 domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag regulates its ubiquitination and MHC class I antigen presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5706-18. [PMID: 21482733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous peptides presented by MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules are mostly derived from de novo synthesized, erroneous proteins, so-called defective ribosomal products (DRiPs), which are rapidly degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. We have previously shown that the HIV-1 Gag protein represents a bona fide substrate for the DRiP pathway and that the amount of Gag-DRiPs can be enhanced by the introduction of an N-end rule degradation signal, leading to increased MHC-I presentation and immunogenicity of Gag. Based on these findings, we sought to identify a naturally occurring sequence motif within Gag that regulates its entry into the DRiP pathway. As the PTAP late assembly domain motif in the C-terminal p6 domain of Gag has been shown to negatively regulate the ubiquitination of Gag, we analyzed the correlation between ubiquitination and MHC-I presentation of PTAP-deficient Gag. Intriguingly, mutation of PTAP not only reduces the release of virus-like particles, but also increases ubiquitination of Gag and, consistently, enhances MHC-I presentation of a Gag-derived epitope. Although the half-life of the PTAP mutant was only mildly reduced, the entry into the DRiP pathway was significantly increased, as demonstrated by short-term pulse-chase analyses under proteasome inhibition. Collectively, these results indicate that, besides driving virus release, the PTAP motif regulates the entry of Gag into the DRiP pathway and, thus, into the MHC-I pathway. Although there are no naturally occurring PTAP mutants of HIV-1, mutations of PTAP might enhance the immunogenicity of Gag and, thus, be considered for the improvement of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hahn
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Hong B, Song XT, Rollins L, Berry L, Huang XF, Chen SY. Mucosal and systemic anti-HIV immunity controlled by A20 in mouse dendritic cells. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:739-51. [PMID: 21206085 DOI: 10.1172/jci42656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both mucosal and systemic immune responses are required for preventing or containing HIV transmission and chronic infection. However, currently described vaccination approaches are largely ineffective in inducing both mucosal and systemic responses. In this study, we found that the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20--an inducible feedback inhibitor of the TNFR, RIG-I, and TLR signaling pathways that broadly controls the maturation, cytokine production, and immunostimulatory potency of DCs--restricted systemically immunized DCs to induce both robust mucosal and systemic HIV-specific cellular and humoral responses. Mechanistic studies revealed that A20 regulated DC production of retinoic acid and proinflammatory cytokines, inhibiting the expression of gut-homing receptors on T and B cells. Furthermore, A20-silenced, hyperactivated DCs exhibited an enhanced homing capacity to draining and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) after systemic administration. Thus, this study provides insights into the role of A20 in innate immunity. This work may allow the development of an efficient HIV vaccination strategy that is capable of inducing both robust systemic and mucosal anti-HIV cellular and humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangxing Hong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Schneider-Ohrum K, Ross TM. Virus-Like Particles for Antigen Delivery at Mucosal Surfaces. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 354:53-73. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, a collection of detailed reviews summarizes needs, opportunities, and roadblocks to the development of new vaccines, all in the context of our current knowledge and understanding of key aspects of immune function and microbial interactions with the host. This Perspective is designed to provide a broad overview that discusses our present limitations in designing effective novel vaccines for diseases that do not typically induce robust resistance in infected individuals and how the addition of a systems-level, multiplexed approach to the analysis of the human immune system can complement traditional highly focused research efforts to accelerate our progress toward this goal and the improvement of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section and Program in Systems Immunology and Infectious Disease Modeling, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
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Matsuo K, Yamamoto N. Paradigm change in immune correlation: cellular or humoral? Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:985-7. [PMID: 20822339 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The complement system, a key component of innate immunity, is a first-line defender against foreign pathogens such as HIV-1. The role of the complement system in HIV-1 pathogenesis appears to be multifaceted. Although the complement system plays critical roles in clearing and neutralizing HIV-1 virions, it also represents a critical factor for the spread and maintenance of the virus in the infected host. In addition, complement regulators such as human CD59 present in the envelope of HIV-1 prevent complement-mediated lysis of HIV-1. Some novel approaches are proposed to combat HIV-1 infection through the enhancement of antibody-dependent complement activity against HIV-1. In this paper, we will review these diverse roles of complement in HIV-1 infection.
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Abdel-Motal UM, Wang S, Awad A, Lu S, Wigglesworth K, Galili U. Increased immunogenicity of HIV-1 p24 and gp120 following immunization with gp120/p24 fusion protein vaccine expressing alpha-gal epitopes. Vaccine 2009; 28:1758-65. [PMID: 20034607 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine will require strategies to enhance antigen presentation to the immune system. In a previous study we demonstrated a marked increase in immunogenicity of the highly glycosylated HIV-1 gp120 protein following enzymatic addition of alpha-gal epitopes to the carbohydrate chains. In the present study we determined whether gp120(alphagal) can also serve as an effective platform for targeting other HIV-1 proteins to APC and thus increase immunogenicity of both proteins. For this purpose we produced a recombinant fusion protein between gp120 and the HIV-1 matrix p24 protein (gp120/p24). Multiple alpha-gal epitopes were synthesized enzymatically on the gp120 portion of the fusion protein to generate a gp120(alphagal)/p24 vaccine. Immune responses to gp120(alphagal)/p24 compared to gp120/p24 vaccine lacking alpha-gal epitopes were evaluated in alpha1,3galactosyltransferase knockout (KO) mice. These mice lack alpha-gal epitopes and, therefore, are capable of producing the anti-Gal antibody. T cell responses to p24, as assessed by ELISPOT and by CD8+ T cells intracellular staining assays for IFNgamma, was on average 12- and 10-fold higher, respectively, in gp120(alphagal)/p24 immunized mice than in mice immunized with gp120/p24. In addition, cellular and humoral immune responses against gp120 were higher by 10-30-fold in mice immunized with gp120(alphagal)/p24 than in gp120/p24 immunized mice. Our data suggest that the alpha-gal epitopes on the gp120 portion of the fusion protein can significantly augment the immunogenicity of gp120, as well as that of the fused viral protein which lacks alpha-gal epitopes. This strategy of anti-Gal mediated targeting to APC may be used for production of effective HIV-1 vaccines comprised of various viral proteins fused to gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ussama M Abdel-Motal
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review attempts to acquaint the reader with the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 and to describe some of the more promising approaches to vaccine development in the light of this diversity. RECENT FINDINGS The primary genetic forms of HIV-1 in the world today are subtypes A, B, C, CRF01-AE and CRF02-AG. In sub-Saharan Africa, subtypes A and C and CRF02-AG account for most of the infections. In Asia, there are subtypes B, C and CRF01 AE. Europe, the Americas and the Caribbean are dominated by subtype B, and subtype A is in the former Soviet Union. While the genetic diversity of HIV-1 in the world can seem daunting, the vast majority of infections are actually caused by one of these five genetic forms. Approaches to dealing with this in the development of vaccines include targeting conserved regions of the genome, creating ancestral forms of the virus or putting many different forms together into a cocktail. Each of these approaches shows promise. To optimize the chances of initially showing efficacy in HIV vaccine trials, the genetic form of the vaccine strains will resemble those of the circulating strains in the target population. Once efficacy is demonstrated, however, it will be possible to determine whether genetic subtype is at all predictive of vaccine protection. SUMMARY Although the genetic diversity of HIV-1 is impressive, it is not limitless. Most of the infections worldwide are actually due to a handful of strains. It should be possible for a few vaccine strategies to conquer HIV-1 definitively.
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Elimination of helminth infection restores HIV-1C vaccine-specific T cell responses independent of helminth-induced IL-10. Vaccine 2009; 28:1310-7. [PMID: 19941988 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 prevalence is highest in developing countries; similarly helminth parasites are often highly endemic in these same areas. Helminths are strong immune modulators, and negatively impact the ability of the infected hosts to mount protective vaccine-specific T cell immune responses for HIV-1 and other pathogens. Indeed, previously we found that Schistosoma mansoni infected mice had significantly impaired HIV-1C vaccine-specific T cell responses. Anthelminthics are available and inexpensive; therefore, in this study, we evaluated whether elimination of schistosome infection prior to vaccination with an HIV-1C DNA vaccine would increase recipients vaccine-specific responses. As expected, splenocytes from S. mansoni infected mice produced significantly elevated amounts of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, and significantly lower amounts of interferon (IFN)-gamma than splenocytes from naïve mice. Following elimination of parasites by praziquantel (PZQ) treatment, splenomegaly was significantly reduced, though splenocytes produced similar or higher levels of IL-10 than splenocytes from infected mice. However, we found that PZQ treatment significantly increased levels of IFN-gamma in response to concanavalin A or SEA compared to splenocytes from untreated mice. Importantly, PZQ treatment resulted in complete restoration of HIV-1C vaccine-specific T cell responses at 8 weeks post-PZQ treatment. Restoration of HIV-1C vaccine-specific T cell responses following elimination of helminth infection was time dependent, but surprisingly independent of the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 induced by parasite antigens. Our study shows that elimination of worms offers an affordable and a simple means to restore immune responsiveness to T cell based vaccines for HIV-1 and other infectious diseases in helminth endemic settings.
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X4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 down-modulates expression and immunogenicity of codelivered antigens. J Virol 2009; 83:10941-50. [PMID: 19692474 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00394-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to increase the immune breadth of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines, strategies such as immunization with several HIV antigens or centralized immunogens have been examined. HIV-1 gp120 protein is a major immunogen of HIV and has been routinely considered for inclusion in both present and future AIDS vaccines. However, recent studies proposed that gp120 interferes with the generation of immune response to codelivered antigens. Here, we investigate whether coimmunization with plasmid-encoded gp120 alters the immune response to other coadministered plasmid encoded antigens such as luciferase or ovalbumin in a mouse model. We found that the presence of gp120 leads to a significant reduction in the expression level of the codelivered antigen in vivo. Antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells was also reduced and resulted in the induction of weak antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Importantly, gp120-mediated immune interference was observed after administration of the plasmids at the same or at distinct locations. To characterize the region in gp120 mediating these effects, we used plasmid constructs encoding gp120 that lacks the V1V2 loops (DeltaV1V2) or the V3 loop (DeltaV3). After immunization, the DeltaV1V2, but not the DeltaV3 construct, was able to reduce antigen expression, antigen presentation, and subsequently the immunogenicity of the codelivered antigen. The V3 loop dependence of this phenomenon seems to be limited to V3 loops known to interact with the CXCR4 molecule but not with CCR5. Our study presents a novel mechanism by which HIV-1 gp120 interferes with the immune response against coadministered antigen in a polyvalent vaccine preparation.
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Chen FH, Cottrell A. Dynamic equilibria in an epidemic model with voluntary vaccinations. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2009; 3:357-375. [PMID: 22876938 DOI: 10.1080/17513750802344246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of an epidemic model with voluntary vaccinations are studied. Individual vaccination decisions are modelled using an economic/game-theoretic approach: agents in the model decide whether to vaccinate or not by weighing the cost and benefit of vaccination and choose the action that maximizes their net benefit. It is shown that, when vaccine efficacy is low, there are parameter values for which multiple steady-state equilibria and periodic equilibria coexist. When multiplicity of steady states is obtained, which one the population reaches in some cases depends entirely on agents' expectations concerning the future course of an epidemic and not on the initial conditions of the model. (†)Comments and suggestions from anonymous referees of the journal are gratefully acknowledged. This paper is dedicated to the loving memory of Lucy Hauser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick H Chen
- Department of Economics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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28
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Elnekave M, Bivas-Benita M, Gillard GO, Sircar P, Hovav AH. A matter of timing: unsynchronized antigen expression and antigen presentation diminish secondary T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1013-21. [PMID: 19561108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the low and short expression of secondary Ag, prime-boost immunizations using homologous or heterologous vectors are capable of amplifying memory CD8(+) T cells. This is mainly attributed to the rapid presentation of Ag by APCs and the high proliferative capacity of memory CD8(+) T cells. Nevertheless, certain viruses and vectors often require prolonged Ag presentation for optimal T cell priming, and the influence of such a prolonged presentation during secondary immune induction is not clear. To address this issue, we primed and boosted mice intradermally (i.d.) with plasmid DNA that was recently reported to require prolonged Ag presentation for maximal CD8(+) T cell priming. Although functional memory CD8(+) T cells were present in the mice after i.d. priming, the secondary CD8(+) T cell response elicited was limited and reached a similar level of that observed during priming. The initial levels of secondary Ag expressed in the boosted mice were sufficient to prime CD8(+) T cell response in naive hosts, suggesting that lower Ag load alone does not explain the limited secondary immune responses observed. Removal of the injection site 5 or 10 days after i.d. boosting immunization resulted in diminished Ag presentation and no expansion of memory CD8(+) T cells. In fact, Ag-presenting activity following boost occurred mainly two weeks postimmunization, a time when the Ag was no longer expressed in situ. These findings suggest that when the boosting vector triggers prolonged Ag presentation, the lack of synchronicity between Ag accessibility and Ag presentation limits secondary immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazal Elnekave
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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29
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Variable fitness impact of HIV-1 escape mutations to cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000365. [PMID: 19343217 PMCID: PMC2659432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) target and kill HIV-infected cells expressing cognate viral epitopes. This response selects for escape mutations within CTL epitopes that can diminish viral replication fitness. Here, we assess the fitness impact of escape mutations emerging in seven CTL epitopes in the gp120 Env and p24 Gag coding regions of an individual followed longitudinally from the time of acute HIV-1 infection, as well as some of these same epitopes recognized in other HIV-1-infected individuals. Nine dominant mutations appeared in five gp120 epitopes within the first year of infection, whereas all four mutations found in two p24 epitopes emerged after nearly two years of infection. These mutations were introduced individually into the autologous gene found in acute infection and then placed into a full-length, infectious viral genome. When competed against virus expressing the parental protein, fitness loss was observed with only one of the nine gp120 mutations, whereas four had no effect and three conferred a slight increase in fitness. In contrast, mutations conferring CTL escape in the p24 epitopes significantly decreased viral fitness. One particular escape mutation within a p24 epitope was associated with reduced peptide recognition and high viral fitness costs but was replaced by a fitness-neutral mutation. This mutation appeared to alter epitope processing concomitant with a reduced CTL response. In conclusion, CTL escape mutations in HIV-1 Gag p24 were associated with significant fitness costs, whereas most escape mutations in the Env gene were fitness neutral, suggesting a balance between immunologic escape and replicative fitness costs.
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Effect of preexisting immunity on an adenovirus vaccine vector: in vitro neutralization assays fail to predict inhibition by antiviral antibody in vivo. J Virol 2009; 83:5567-73. [PMID: 19279092 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00405-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle to the use of adenovirus vectors derived from common human serotypes, such as human adenovirus 5 (AdHu5), is the high prevalence of virus-neutralizing antibodies in the human population. We previously constructed a variant of chimpanzee adenovirus 68 (AdC68) that maintained the fundamental properties of the carrier but was serologically distinct from AdC68 and resisted neutralization by AdC68 antibodies. In the present study, we tested whether this modified vector, termed AdCDQ, could induce transgene product-specific CD8(+) T cells in mice with preexisting neutralizing antibody to wild-type AdC68. Contrary to our expectation, the data show conclusively that antibodies that fail to neutralize the AdCDQ mutant vector in vitro nevertheless impair the vector's capacity to transduce cells and to stimulate a transgene product-specific CD8(+) T-cell response in vivo. The results thus suggest that in vitro neutralization assays may not reliably predict the effects of virus-specific antibodies on adenovirus vectors in vivo.
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31
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Wick WD. On modeling the effects of T-cell vaccines on HIV acquisition and disease. Stat Med 2009; 27:4805-16. [PMID: 18265425 DOI: 10.1002/sim.3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A 'T-cell vaccine' aims at generating cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs; the so-called 'killer' T-cells) rather than antibodies (as for traditional vaccines). The first (phase IIb) trials of this concept against HIV/AIDS began in 2004. What can mechanistic modeling contribute to understanding the biological action of this class of vaccines, if any? Models are appropriate in any discussion of three potential vaccine effects: on acquisition of infection; on state of disease ('viral load', VL) after infection; and on preventing escape from immune control. Concerning the first two, P. Gilbert, S. Self and I introduced new stochastic models of early HIV infection and the CTL response, and, making use of recent estimates (derived in collaboration with O. Yang and L. Corey) of the rate that CTLs can kill HIV-infected cells, made the (surprising?) discovery that CTLs might prevent some infections--as the trial designers implicitly acknowledged when they chose the dual end points of the study. On sustaining control, we have derived a theoretical formula for the rate of escape by stepwise mutation and a new method of simulating HIV and CTL dynamics in vivo (permitting new mutant strains a stochastic evolution--essential, in our view). These quantitative models and simulation techniques can also prove useful to biostatisticians. For example, in preparation for the STEP trials, Gilbert, Bosch, and Hudgens developed a novel technique for estimating a causal effect of a vaccine on VL while accounting for post-randomization selection bias. By simulating thousands of trials, we demonstrated that GBH's method can correctly identify efficacy while protecting against falsely concluding that the vaccine exacerbates disease. When trial data becomes available, the models may also be exploited to make complementary analyses which, while not relevant to vaccine licensure, may suggest new biological hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W David Wick
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, LE-400, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Schell J, Rose NF, Fazo N, Marx PA, Hunter M, Ramsburg E, Montefiori D, Earl P, Moss B, Rose JK. Long-term vaccine protection from AIDS and clearance of viral DNA following SHIV89.6P challenge. Vaccine 2009; 27:979-86. [PMID: 19135115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In an earlier study, our group vaccinated rhesus macaques with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors expressing Gag, Pol, and Env proteins from a hybrid simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). This was followed by a single boost with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors expressing the same proteins. Following challenge with SHIV89.6P, vaccinated animals cleared challenge virus RNA from the blood by day 150 and maintained normal CD4 T cell counts for 8 months. Here we report on the long-term (>5-year post-challenge) status of these animals and the immunological correlates of long-term protection. Using real-time PCR, we found that viral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the vaccinees declined continuously and fell to below detection (<5copies/10(5)cells) by approximately 3 years post-challenge. SHIV DNA was also below the limit of detection in the lymph nodes of two of the four animals at 5 years post-challenge. We detected long-term persistence of multi-functional Gag-specific CD8(+) T cells in both PBMCs and lymph nodes of the two protected animals with the Mamu A01(+) MHC I allele. All animals also maintained SHIV89.6P neutralizing antibody titers for 5 years. Our results show that this vaccine approach generates solid, long-term control of SHIV infection, and suggest that it is mediated by both cytotoxic T lymphocytes and neutralizing antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Schell
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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33
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Magnitude and quality of vaccine-elicited T-cell responses in the control of immunodeficiency virus replication in rhesus monkeys. J Virol 2008; 82:8812-9. [PMID: 18579590 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00204-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While a diversity of immunogens that elicit qualitatively different cellular immune responses are being assessed in clinical human immunodeficiency virus vaccine trials, the consequences of those varied responses for viral control remain poorly understood. In the present study, we evaluated the induction of virus-specific T-cell responses in rhesus monkeys using a series of diverse vaccine vectors. We assessed both the magnitude and the functional profile of the virus-specific CD8(+) T cells by measuring gamma interferon, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha production. We found that the different vectors generated virus-specific T-cell responses of different magnitudes and with different functional profiles. Heterologous prime-boost vaccine regimens induced particularly high-frequency virus-specific T-cell responses with polyfunctional repertoires. Yet, immediately after a pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge, no significant differences were observed between these cohorts of vaccinated monkeys in the magnitudes or the functional profiles of their virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. This finding suggests that the high viral load shapes the functional repertoire of the cellular immune response during primary infection. Nevertheless, in all vaccination regimens, higher frequency and more polyfunctional vaccine-elicited virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses were associated with better viral control after SHIV challenge. These observations highlight the contributions of both the quality and the magnitude of vaccine-elicited cellular immune responses in the control of immunodeficiency virus replication.
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Go EP, Irungu J, Zhang Y, Dalpathado DS, Liao HX, Sutherland LL, Alam SM, Haynes BF, Desaire H. Glycosylation site-specific analysis of HIV envelope proteins (JR-FL and CON-S) reveals major differences in glycosylation site occupancy, glycoform profiles, and antigenic epitopes' accessibility. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1660-74. [PMID: 18330979 DOI: 10.1021/pr7006957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a key determinant in mediating viral entry and fusion to host cells and is a major target for HIV vaccine development. While Env is typically about 50% glycan by mass, glycosylation sites are known to evolve, with some glycosylation profiles presumably being more effective at facilitating neutralization escape than others. Thus, characterizing glycosylation patterns of Env and native virions and correlating glycosylation profiles with infectivity and Env immunogenicity are necessary first steps in designing effective immunogens. Herein, we describe a mass spectrometry-based strategy to determine HIV-1 Env glycosylation patterns and have compared two mammalian cell expressed recombinant Env immunogens, one a limited immunogen and one that induces cross-clade neutralizing antibodies. We have used a glycopeptide-based mass mapping approach to identify and characterize Env's glycosylation patterns by elucidating which sites are utilized and what type of glycan motif is present at each glycosylation site. Our results show that the immunogens displayed different degrees of glycosylation as well as a different characteristic set of glycan motifs. Thus, these techniques can be used to (1) define glycosylation profiles of recombinant Env proteins and Env on mature virions, (2) define specific carbohydrate moieties at each glycosylation site, and (3) determine the role of certain carbohydrates in HIV-1 infectivity and in modulation of Env immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden P Go
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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35
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Goldwich A, Hahn SSC, Schreiber S, Meier S, Kämpgen E, Wagner R, Lutz MB, Schubert U. Targeting HIV-1 Gag into the defective ribosomal product pathway enhances MHC class I antigen presentation and CD8+ T cell activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:372-82. [PMID: 18097038 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main source for endogenous peptides presented by the MHC class I (MHC-I) pathway are de novo-synthesized proteins which are degraded via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Different MHC-I Ag pools can be distinguished: first, short-lived defective ribosomal products, which are degraded in concert with or shortly after their synthesis, and, second, functional proteins that enter the standard protein life cycle. To compare the contribution of these two Ag sources to the generation of MHC-I-presented peptides, we established murine cell lines which express as a model Ag the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein fused to ubiquitin (Ub) carrying the epitope SIINFEKL (SL). Gag was expressed either in its wild-type form (UbMGagSL) or as a variant UbRGagSL harboring an N-end rule degron signal. Although UbRGagSL displayed wild-type protein stability, its inherent defective ribosomal products rate observed after proteasome shutdown was increased concomitant with enhanced presentation of the SL epitope. In addition, UbRGagSL induces enhanced T cell stimulation of SL-specific B3Z hybridoma cells as measured in vitro and of adoptively transferred TCR-transgenic OT-1 T cells in vivo. Furthermore, an elevated frequency of SL-specific T cells was detected by IFN-gamma ELISPOT after immunization of naive C57BL/6 mice with UbRGagSL/EL4 cells. These results further underline the role of the defective ribosomal product pathway in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goldwich
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Germany
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Halsey RJ, Tanzer FL, Meyers A, Pillay S, Lynch A, Shephard E, Williamson AL, Rybicki EP. Chimaeric HIV-1 subtype C Gag molecules with large in-frame C-terminal polypeptide fusions form virus-like particles. Virus Res 2008; 133:259-68. [PMID: 18329748 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Pr55 Gag virus-like particles (VLPs) are strong immunogens with potential as candidate HIV vaccines. VLP immunogenicity can be broadened by making chimaeric Gag molecules: however, VLPs incorporating polypeptides longer than 200 aa fused in frame with Gag have not yet been reported. We constructed a range of gag-derived genes encoding in-frame C-terminal fusions of myristoylation-competent native Pr55Gag and p6-truncated Gag (Pr50Gag) to test the effects of polypeptide length and sequence on VLP formation and morphology, in an insect cell expression system. Fused sequences included a modified reverse transcriptase-Tat-Nef fusion polypeptide (RTTN, 778 aa), and truncated versions of RTTN ranging from 113 aa to 450 aa. Baculovirus-expressed chimaeric proteins were examined by western blot and electron microscopy. All chimaeras formed VLPs which could be purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. VLP diameter increased with protein MW, from approximately 100 nm for Pr55Gag to approximately 250 nm for GagRTTN. The presence or absence of the Gag p6 region did not obviously affect VLP formation or appearance. GagRT chimaeric particles were successfully used in mice to boost T-cell responses to Gag and RT that were elicited by a DNA vaccine encoding a GagRTTN polypeptide, indicating the potential of such chimaeras to be used as candidate HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Halsey
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, PO Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
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Manrique M, Micewicz E, Kozlowski PA, Wang SW, Aurora D, Wilson RL, Ghebremichael M, Mazzara G, Montefiori D, Carville A, Mansfield KG, Aldovini A. DNA-MVA vaccine protection after X4 SHIV challenge in macaques correlates with day-of-challenge antiviral CD4+ cell-mediated immunity levels and postchallenge preservation of CD4+ T cell memory. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:505-19. [PMID: 18373436 PMCID: PMC2677999 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of vaccines to induce immunity both in mucosal and systemic compartments may be required for prevention of HIV infection and AIDS. We compared DNA-MVA vaccination regimens adjuvanted by IL-12 DNA, administered intramuscularly and nasally or only nasally. Most of the vaccinated Rhesus macaques developed mucosal and systemic humoral and cell-mediated SHIV-specific immune responses. Stimulation of mucosal anti-Env IgA responses was limited. After rectal challenge with SHIV 89.6P, all vaccinated and naive animals became infected. However, most of the vaccinated animals showed significant control of viremia and protection from CD4(+) T cell loss and AIDS progression compared to the control animals. The levels of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell virus-specific responses measured on the day of challenge correlated with the level of viremia control observed later during the chronic infection. Postchallenge viremia levels inversely correlated with the preservation of SHIV-specific CD4(+)/IL-2(+) and CD8(+)/TNF-alpha(+) T cells but not with CD4(+)/IFN-gamma(+) T cells measured over time after challenge. We also found that during the early chronic infection SHIV vaccination permitted a more significant preservation of both naive and memory CD4(+) T cells compared to controls. In addition, we observed a more significant and prolonged preservation of memory CD4(+) T cells after SHIV vaccination and challenge than that observed after SIV vaccination and challenge. As the antiviral immunity stimulated by vaccination is present in the memory CD4(+) T cell subpopulations, its more limited targeting by SHIV compared to SIV may explain the better control of X4 tropic SHIV than R5 tropic SIVs by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Manrique
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Shephard E, Burgers WA, Van Harmelen JH, Monroe JE, Greenhalgh T, Williamson C, Williamson AL. A multigene HIV type 1 subtype C modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine efficiently boosts immune responses to a DNA vaccine in mice. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:207-17. [PMID: 18240963 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boost vaccine strategies have generated high frequencies of antigen-specific T cells in preclinical and clinical trials of candidate HIV vaccines. We have developed a DNA (SAAVI DNA-C) and MVA (SAAVI MVA-C) vaccine based on HIV-1 subtype C for testing in clinical trials. Both vaccines contain five subtype C genes: gag, reverse transcriptase, tat, and nef, expressed as a polyprotein, and a truncated env (gp150). The individual vaccines induced CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells specific for the vaccine-expressed antigens in BALB/c mice. Combining the vaccines in a DNA prime and MVA boost regimen increased the cumulative peptide response compared to the DNA vaccine alone 10-fold, to over 6000 SFU/10(6) splenocytes in the IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay. Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha levels from HIV-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells increased 20- and 8-fold, respectively, with a SAAVI MVA-C boost. Effector and effector memory RT- and Env-specific memory CD8(+) T cell subsets were boosted after MVA immunization, and over time the cells returned to an intermediate memory phenotype similar to that prior to the boost. Immunization of guinea pigs with the DNA-MVA combination induced high titers of antibodies to gp120, although neutralizing activity was weak or absent. The demonstration that these vaccines induce potent cellular immune responses merits their testing in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enid Shephard
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- MRC/UCT Liver Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joanne H. Van Harmelen
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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39
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40
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41
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Abstract
Development of an HIV/AIDS vaccine has been slow because classical approaches to vaccine development have not yielded a vaccine. Encouragingly, new approaches using recombinant viral vectors, DNA vaccines, and combinations of different vectors in heterologous prime/boost regimens are yielding vaccines capable of controlling virulent immunodeficiency virus challenges in non-human primate models. These new vaccines elicit T cells capable of recognizing and killing virus-infected cells. Brief synopses are given for six vaccines currently advancing in human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Robinson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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42
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Jiang S, Rasmussen RA, McGeehan K, Frankel FR, Lieberman J, McClure HM, Williams KM, Babu US, Raybourne RB, Strobert E, Ruprecht RM. Live attenuated Listeria monocytogenes expressing HIV Gag: immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys. Vaccine 2007; 25:7470-9. [PMID: 17854955 PMCID: PMC2518091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Induction of strong cellular immunity will be important for AIDS vaccine candidates. Natural infection with wild-type Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), an orally transmitted organism, is known to generate strong cellular immunity, thus raising the possibility that live attenuated Lm could serve as a vaccine vector. We sought to examine the potential of live attenuated Lm to induce cellular immune responses to HIV Gag. Rhesus macaques were immunized with Lmdd-gag that expresses HIV gag and lacks two genes in the D-alanine (D-ala) synthesis pathway. Without this key component of the bacterial cell wall, vaccine vector replication critically depends on exogenous D-ala. Lmdd-gag was given to animals either solely orally or by oral priming followed by intramuscular (i.m.) boosting; D-ala was co-administered with all vaccinations. Lmdd-gag and D-ala were well tolerated. Oral priming/oral boosting induced Gag-specific cellular immune responses, whereas oral priming/i.m. boosting induced systemic as well as mucosal anti-Gag antibodies. These results suggest that the route of vaccination may bias anti-Gag immune responses either towards T-helper type 1 (Th1) or Th2 responses; overall, our data show that live attenuated, recombinant Lmdd-gag is safe and immunogenic in primates.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, Bacterial
- Genes, gag
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Antibodies/blood
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunization, Secondary
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Listeria monocytogenes/genetics
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macaca mulatta
- Safety
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisong Jiang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Robert A. Rasmussen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Katrina McGeehan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Fred R. Frankel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Judy Lieberman
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Harold M. McClure
- Division of Research Resources and Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Kristina M. Williams
- Immunobiology Branch, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708
| | - Uma S. Babu
- Immunobiology Branch, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708
| | - Richard B. Raybourne
- Immunobiology Branch, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708
| | - Elizabeth Strobert
- Division of Research Resources and Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
- *Corresponding author. Tel: +1-617-632-3719; fax: +1-617-632-3112. E-mail address:
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43
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Abstract
1. Allergic diseases are characterized by inappropriate immune responses to common environmental antigens. The prevalence of these diseases has been increasing worldwide for reasons that are not exactly clear. 2. Current treatment is largely symptomatic. Because the initial observation that simple plasmid DNA injections resulted in in vivo protein expression and induction of adaptive immune responses to the encoded antigen, the potential of modifying the allergic immune responses by DNA vaccination so as to treat and prevent these diseases has been explored extensively. 3. In the present paper we review preclinical studies using animal models of allergic diseases, with an emphasis on DNA vaccine design, for house dust mite allergens-related allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaw Yan Chua
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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44
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Schaubert KL, Price DA, Frahm N, Li J, Ng HL, Joseph A, Paul E, Majumder B, Ayyavoo V, Gostick E, Adams S, Marincola FM, Sewell AK, Altfeld M, Brenchley JM, Douek DC, Yang OO, Brander C, Goldstein H, Kan-Mitchell J. Availability of a diversely avid CD8+ T cell repertoire specific for the subdominant HLA-A2-restricted HIV-1 Gag p2419-27 epitope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7756-66. [PMID: 17548613 PMCID: PMC2365726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
HLA-A2-restricted CTL responses to immunodominant HIV-1 epitopes do not appear to be very effective in the control of viral replication in vivo. In this study, we studied human CD8+ T cell responses to the subdominant HLA-A2-restricted epitope TV9 (Gag p24(19-27), TLNAWVKVV) to explore the possibility of increasing its immune recognition. We confirmed in a cohort of 313 patients, infected by clade B or clade C viruses, that TV9 is rarely recognized. Of interest, the functional sensitivity of the TV9 response can be relatively high. The potential T cell repertoires for TV9 and the characteristics of constituent clonotypes were assessed by ex vivo priming of circulating CD8+ T cells from healthy seronegative donors. TV9-specific CTLs capable of suppressing viral replication in vitro were readily generated, suggesting that the cognate T cell repertoire is not limiting. However, these cultures contained multiple discrete populations with a range of binding avidities for the TV9 tetramer and correspondingly distinct functional dependencies on the CD8 coreceptor. The lack of dominant clonotypes was not affected by the stage of maturation of the priming dendritic cells. Cultures primed by dendritic cells transduced to present endogenous TV9 were also incapable of clonal maturation. Thus, a diffuse TCR repertoire appeared to be an intrinsic characteristic of TV9-specific responses. These data indicate that subdominance is not a function of poor immunogenicity, cognate TCR repertoire availability, or the potential avidity properties thereof, but rather suggest that useful responses to this epitope are suppressed by competing CD8+ T cell populations during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri L. Schaubert
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - David A. Price
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charles-town, MA 02192
| | - Jinzhu Li
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Hwee L. Ng
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Aviva Joseph
- Department of Micro-biology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Elyse Paul
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Biswanath Majumder
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Micro-biology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Micro-biology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Emma Gostick
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Adams
- Section of Immunogenetics, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Francesco M. Marincola
- Section of Immunogenetics, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charles-town, MA 02192
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Otto O. Yang
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christian Brander
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charles-town, MA 02192
| | - Harris Goldstein
- Department of Micro-biology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - June Kan-Mitchell
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. June Kan-Mitchell, Biological Sciences Building, University of Texas, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968. E-mail address:
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45
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Im EJ, Hanke T. Short communication: preclinical evaluation of candidate HIV type 1 vaccines in inbred strains and an outbred stock of mice. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:857-62. [PMID: 17678467 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Outstanding animal immunogenicity is a prerequisite for progression of novel vaccines to clinical trials. The measurement of vaccine immunogenicity is critically dependent on the specificity, accuracy, sensitivity, and precision of the employed assays. This has been greatly aided by the generation of isogenic mouse strains. Here, we identified three novel H-2(d) -restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and demonstrated a fine evaluation of the vaccine-elicited T cell responses in an inbred mouse strain. However, unlike inbred mice, outbred mouse stock indicated preferential induction of CD4+ T cell responses by a heterologous DNA-prime-recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara boost regimen and induction of dominant responses to the env-derived vaccine component, i.e., observations reminiscent of human data. Thus, an outbred mouse stock may provide more rigorous and realistic tests for candidate vaccine evaluation in addition to sensitive assays in a selected, well-responding inbred strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Jun Im
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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46
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Tripathi S, Chaubey B, Barton BE, Pandey VN. Anti HIV-1 virucidal activity of polyamide nucleic acid-membrane transducing peptide conjugates targeted to primer binding site of HIV-1 genome. Virology 2007; 363:91-103. [PMID: 17320140 PMCID: PMC2038983 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that polyamide nucleic acids (PNAs) targeted to the PBS (PNA(PBS)) and A-loop (PNA(A-loop)) sequences, when transfected into cells, inhibit HIV-1 replication by blocking the initiation of reverse transcription via destabilizing tRNA(3)(Lys) primer from the viral genome. Here we demonstrate that both PNA(PBS) and PNA(A-loop) conjugated with the membrane-transducing peptide (MTD) vectors penetratin and Tat are rapidly taken up by cells and inhibit HIV-1 replication. Moreover, MTD peptide conjugates of PNA(PBS) and PNA(A-loop) displayed potent virucidal activity against HIV-1. Brief exposure of HIV-1 virions to these conjugates rendered them noninfectious. The IC(50) values for virucidal activity were in the range of approximately 50 nM; IC(50) values for inhibition of HIV-1 replication/infection were 0.5 microM-0.7 microM. The virucidal property of these conjugates suggests that a cocktail of anti-HIV-1 PNA-MTD peptide conjugates targeting critical regions of the HIV-1 genome could serve as a prophylactic agent for inactivating HIV-1 virions after exposure to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehlata Tripathi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Binay Chaubey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Beverly E. Barton
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Virendra N. Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103
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47
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Dubey S, Clair J, Fu TM, Guan L, Long R, Mogg R, Anderson K, Collins KB, Gaunt C, Fernandez VR, Zhu L, Kierstead L, Thaler S, Gupta SB, Straus W, Mehrotra D, Tobery TW, Casimiro DR, Shiver JW. Detection of HIV vaccine-induced cell-mediated immunity in HIV-seronegative clinical trial participants using an optimized and validated enzyme-linked immunospot assay. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45:20-7. [PMID: 17310936 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3180377b5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An effective vaccine for HIV is likely to require induction of T-cell-mediated immune responses, and the interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay has become the most commonly used assay for measuring these responses in vaccine trials. We optimized and validated the HIV ELISPOT assay using an empirical method to establish positivity criteria that results in a < or =1% false-positive rate. Using this assay, we detected a broad range of HIV-specific ELISPOT responses to peptide pools of overlapping 20mers, 15mers, or 9mers in study volunteers receiving DNA- or adenovirus vector-based HIV vaccines and in HIV-seropositive donors. We found that 15mers generally had higher response magnitudes than 20mers and lower false-positive rates than 9mers. These studies show that our validated ELISPOT assay using 15mer peptide pools and the positivity criteria of > or =55 spots per 10(6) cells and > or =4-fold over mock (negative control) is a sensitive and specific assay for the detection of HIV vaccine-induced cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri Dubey
- Department of Vaccine and Biologics Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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48
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Earl PL, Americo JL, Wyatt LS, Eller LA, Montefiori DC, Byrum R, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Amara RR, Robinson HL, Huggins JW, Moss B. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara provides durable protection against disease caused by an immunodeficiency virus as well as long-term immunity to an orthopoxvirus in a non-human primate. Virology 2007; 366:84-97. [PMID: 17499326 PMCID: PMC2077303 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant and non-recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) strains are currently in clinical trials as human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) and attenuated smallpox vaccines, respectively. Here we tested the ability of a recombinant MVA delivered by alternative needle-free routes (intramuscular, intradermal, or into the palatine tonsil) to protect against immunodeficiency and orthopoxvirus diseases in a non-human primate model. Rhesus macaques were immunized twice 1 month apart with MVA expressing 5 genes from a pathogenic simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)/89.6P and challenged intrarectally 9 months later with the pathogenic SHIV/89.6P and intravenously 2.7 years later with monkeypox virus. Irrespective of the route of vaccine delivery, binding and neutralizing antibodies and CD8 responses to SHIV and orthopoxvirus proteins were induced and the monkeys were successively protected against the diseases caused by the challenge viruses in unimmunized controls as determined by viral loads and clinical signs. These non-human primate studies support the clinical testing of recombinant MVA as an HIV vaccine and further demonstrate that MVA can provide long-term poxvirus immunity, essential for use as an alternative smallpox vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 33, Room 1E19, 33 North Drive, MSC 3210, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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49
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He Y, Falo LD. Induction of T cell immunity by cutaneous genetic immunization with recombinant lentivector. Immunol Res 2007; 36:101-17. [PMID: 17337771 PMCID: PMC3065303 DOI: 10.1385/ir:36:1:101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that T cell-based cellular immunity plays an important role in preventing and delaying progression of infectious and neoplastic diseases. Based on these findings, recent efforts in vaccine research are giving rise to a new generation of "T cell" vaccines. The development of T cell vaccines has been problematic. Current investigations are focusing on gene-based immunization strategies, including the development of non-viral "naked" plasmid DNA and recombinant viral vector-based genetic immunization approaches. Here, we briefly review recent progress in the development of recombinant viral vectors for genetic immunization and our own recent studies elucidating differences in mechanisms of genetic immunization. We propose that the mechanism of immune induction depends in part on unique features of specific viral vectors, and that a comparison of representative vectors mechanistically will enable a more informed understanding of the determining parameters of immune induction. Our initial studies have focused on the identification of antigen-presenting-cell subsets important for priming CD8+ T cell immunity, the effects of antigen persistence on immune responses, and the unique immunogenicity of skin as a target tissue for vaccine delivery. We review data suggesting that the unique properties of recombinant lentivectors make them appealing candidates as genetic immunization vehicles for eliciting T cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai He
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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50
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Asquith B, McLean AR. In vivo CD8+ T cell control of immunodeficiency virus infection in humans and macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:6365-70. [PMID: 17404226 PMCID: PMC1851058 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700666104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty million people are estimated to be infected with HIV-1, and only a small fraction of those have access to life-prolonging antiretroviral treatment. As the epidemic grows there is an urgent need for effective therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines. Nonhuman primate models of immunodeficiency virus infection are essential for the preclinical evaluation of candidate vaccines. To interpret the results of these trials, comparative studies of the human and macaque immune responses are needed. Despite the widespread use of macaques to evaluate vaccines designed to elicit a CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, the efficiency with which CTL control immunodeficiency virus infections has not been compared between humans and macaques, largely because of difficulties in assaying the functional CTL response. We recently developed a method for estimating the rate at which CTLs kill cells productively infected with HIV-1 in humans in vivo. Here, using the same technique, we quantify the rate at which CTLs kill infected cells in macaque models of HIV infection. We show that CTLs kill productively infected cells significantly faster (P = 0.004) and that escape variants have significantly higher fitness costs (P = 0.003) in macaques compared with humans. These results suggest that it may be easier to elicit a protective CTL response in macaques than in humans and that vaccine studies conducted in macaques need to be interpreted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca Asquith
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
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