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Kim HM, Kwon MH, Lee ES, Ha KB, Chung CH. DA-6034 ameliorates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in high fat diet-induced obese mice. JOURNAL OF YEUNGNAM MEDICAL SCIENCE 2024; 41:103-112. [PMID: 38486464 DOI: 10.12701/jyms.2023.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by an increase in hepatic triglyceride content and increased inflammatory macrophage infiltration through the C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR) 5 pathway in the liver. DA-6034 (7-carboxymethyloxy-3',4',5-trimethoxy flavone), is a synthetic derivative of eupatilin that exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in inflammatory bowel disease. However, the effect of DA-6034 on the inflammatory response in NAFLD is not well elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of DA-6034 on hepatic steatosis and inflammation. METHODS Forty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into the following four groups: (1) regular diet (RD), (2) RD with DA-6034, (3) high fat diet (HFD), and (4) HFD with DA-6034. All mice were sacrificed 12 weeks after the start of the experiment. The effects of DA-6034 on macrophages were assessed using RAW264.7 cells. RESULTS DA-6034 not only reduced hepatic triglyceride levels and lipid accumulation but also macrophage infiltration and proinflammatory cytokines in HFD-fed mice. According to fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, DA-6034 reduced the CD8+ T cell fraction in the liver of HFD-fed mice. DA-6034 also reduced CCR5 expression and the migration of liver macrophages in HFD-fed mice and inhibited CCR2 ligand and CCR4 ligand, which stimulated the migration of macrophages. CONCLUSION Overall, DA-6034 attenuates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in obesity by regulating CCR5 expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mi-Hye Kwon
- The East Coast Research Institute of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Eun Soo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Metabolism and Inflammation, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kyung Bong Ha
- Department of Clinical Research, Vaccine Center for Assisting Safety & Technology, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Metabolism and Inflammation, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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2
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Bauer A, Rawa T. Circulating Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1333. [PMID: 38279333 PMCID: PMC10816849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease that leads to the destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts. While the inflammatory process can be mediated by monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), the importance of circulating MCP-1 as a biomarker is unclear. Our aim was to assess the diagnostic significance of the serum concentrations of MCP-1 in PBC patients. We compared circulating MCP-1 with biochemical, immunological and histological parameters. Serum samples were collected from 120 PBC patients, 60 pathologic controls and 30 healthy donors. MCP-1 levels were determined by using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Elevated serum MCP-1 levels were detected in 66% of PBC patients with a specificity of 97%. Significantly higher levels of MCP-1 protein were found in the sera of patients with PBC than in the group of healthy individuals-410.2 pg/mL vs. 176.0 pg/mL, p < 0.01). Patients with higher concentrations of alkaline phosphatase also had higher levels of MCP-1 (r = 0.4, p < 0.01). In accordance with Ludwig's classification, a positive correlation of serum MCP-1 concentration with the degree of fibrosis was observed, OR = 6.1, p = 0.0003. We compared the MCP-1 with procollagen type III, hyaluronic acid (HA), FIB-4 index, APRI and collagen type IV when predicting the advance of liver fibrosis. Circulating MCP-1 is better correlated with liver fibrosis and is also associated with the occurrence of specific antimitochondrial autoantibodies and specific anti-nuclear autoantibodies-anti-gp210. MPC-1 can be considered to be a tool for diagnosing the degree of fibrosis in PBC, and combinations of MCP-1 and other specific biomarkers could support the diagnosis of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 00-022 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Rawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
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3
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Wu Y, Yang L, Wu X, Wang L, Qi H, Feng Q, Peng B, Ding Y, Tang J. Identification of the hub genes in polycystic ovary syndrome based on disease-associated molecule network. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23056. [PMID: 37342921 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202103r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the key genes involved in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and elucidating its pathogenic mechanism is of extreme importance for the development of targeted clinical therapy for PCOS. Investigating disease by integrating several associated and interacting molecules in biological systems will make it possible to discover new pathogenic genes. In this study, an integrative disease-associated molecule network, combining protein-protein interactions and protein-metabolites interactions (PPMI) network was constructed based on the PCOS-associated genes and metabolites systematically collected. This new PPMI strategy identified several potential PCOS-associated genes, which have unreported in previous publications. Moreover, the systematic analysis of five benchmarks data sets indicated the DERL1 was identified as downregulated in PCOS granulosa cell and has good classification performance between PCOS patients and healthy controls. CCR2 and DVL3 were upregulated in PCOS adipose tissues and have good classification performance. The expression of novel gene FXR2 identified in this study is significantly increased in ovarian granulosa cells of PCOS patients compared with controls via quantitative analysis. Our study uncovers substantial differences in the PCOS-specific tissue and provides a plethora of information on dysregulated genes and metabolites that are linked to PCOS. This knowledgebase could have the potential to benefit the scientific and clinical community. In sum, the identification of novel gene associated with PCOS provides valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of PCOS and could potentially lead to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lingping Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xianglu Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lidan Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qian Feng
- Department of Gynecology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Bin Peng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yubin Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacology, Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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Chavakis T, Alexaki VI, Ferrante AW. Macrophage function in adipose tissue homeostasis and metabolic inflammation. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:757-766. [PMID: 37012544 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-related metabolic organ inflammation contributes to cardiometabolic disorders. In obese individuals, changes in lipid fluxes and storage elicit immune responses in the adipose tissue (AT), including expansion of immune cell populations and qualitative changes in the function of these cells. Although traditional models of metabolic inflammation posit that these immune responses disturb metabolic organ function, studies now suggest that immune cells, especially AT macrophages (ATMs), also have important adaptive functions in lipid homeostasis in states in which the metabolic function of adipocytes is taxed. Adverse consequences of AT metabolic inflammation might result from failure to maintain local lipid homeostasis and long-term effects on immune cells beyond the AT. Here we review the complex function of ATMs in AT homeostasis and metabolic inflammation. Additionally, we hypothesize that trained immunity, which involves long-term functional adaptations of myeloid cells and their bone marrow progenitors, can provide a model by which metabolic perturbations trigger chronic systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony W Ferrante
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Eliasberg CD, Carballo CB, Piacentini A, Caughey S, Havasy J, Khan M, Liu Y, Ivasyk I, Rodeo SA. Effect of CCR2 Knockout on Tendon Biomechanical Properties in a Mouse Model of Delayed Rotator Cuff Repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2023; 105:779-788. [PMID: 36947666 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.22.01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high incidence of incomplete or failed healing after rotator cuff repair (RCR) has led to an increased focus on the biologic factors that affect tendon-to-bone healing. Inflammation plays a critical role in the initial tendon-healing response. C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) is a chemokine receptor linked to the recruitment of monocytes in early inflammatory stages and is associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory macrophages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of CCR2 in tendon healing following RCR in C57BL/6J wildtype (WT) and CCR2-/- knockout (CCR2KO) mice in a delayed RCR model. METHODS Fifty-two 12-week-old, male mice were allocated to 2 groups (WT and CCR2KO). All mice underwent unilateral supraspinatus tendon (SST) detachment at the initial surgical procedure, followed by a delayed repair 2 weeks later. The primary outcome measure was biomechanical testing. Secondary measures included histology, gene expression analysis, flow cytometry, and gait analysis. RESULTS The mean load-to-failure was 1.64 ± 0.41 N in the WT group and 2.50 ± 0.42 N in the CCR2KO group (p = 0.030). The mean stiffness was 1.43 ± 0.66 N/mm in the WT group and 3.00 ± 0.95 N/mm in the CCR2KO group (p = 0.008). Transcriptional profiling demonstrated 7 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) when comparing the CCR2KO and WT groups (p < 0.05) and significant differences in Type-I and Type-II interferon pathway scores (p < 0.01). Flow cytometry demonstrated significant differences between groups for the percentage of macrophages present (8.1% for the WT group compared with 5.8% for the CCR2KO group; p = 0.035). Gait analysis demonstrated no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS CCR2KO may potentially improve tendon biomechanical properties by decreasing macrophage infiltration and/or by suppressing inflammatory mediator pathways in the setting of delayed RCR. CLINICAL RELEVANCE CCR2 may be a promising target for novel therapeutics that aim to decrease failure rates following RCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D Eliasberg
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Camila B Carballo
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Alexander Piacentini
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Sarah Caughey
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Janice Havasy
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Marjan Khan
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Yulei Liu
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Iryna Ivasyk
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
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Guha Ray A, Odum OP, Wiseman D, Weinstock A. The diverse roles of macrophages in metabolic inflammation and its resolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1147434. [PMID: 36994095 PMCID: PMC10041730 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1147434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the most functionally diverse immune cells, indispensable to maintain tissue integrity and metabolic health. Macrophages perform a myriad of functions ranging from promoting inflammation, through inflammation resolution to restoring and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Metabolic diseases encompass a growing list of diseases which develop from a mix of genetics and environmental cues leading to metabolic dysregulation and subsequent inflammation. In this review, we summarize the contributions of macrophages to four metabolic conditions-insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and neurodegeneration. The role of macrophages is complex, yet they hold great promise as potential therapies to address these growing health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ada Weinstock
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Yahoo N, Dudek M, Knolle P, Heikenwälder M. Role of immune responses for development of NAFLD-associated liver cancer and prospects for therapeutic modulation. J Hepatol 2023:S0168-8278(23)00165-4. [PMID: 36893854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic organ of the body regulating energy and lipid metabolism and at the same time has potent immunological functions. Overwhelming the metabolic capacity of the liver by obesity and sedentary lifestyle leads to hepatic lipid accumulation, chronic necro-inflammation, enhanced mitochondrial/ER-stress and development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), with its pathologic form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Based on knowledge on pathophysiological mechanisms, specifically targeting metabolic diseases to prevent or slow down progression of NAFLD to liver cancer will become possible. Genetic/environmental factors contribute to development of NASH and liver cancer progression. The complex pathophysiology of NAFLD-NASH is reflected by environmental factors, particularly the gut microbiome and its metabolic products. NAFLD-associated HCC occurs in most of the cases in the context of a chronically inflamed liver and cirrhosis. Recognition of environmental alarmins or metabolites derived from the gut microbiota and the metabolically injured liver create a strong inflammatory milieu supported by innate and adaptive immunity. Several recent studies indicate that the chronic hepatic microenvironment of steatosis induces auto-aggressive CD8+CXCR6+PD1+ T cells secreting TNF and upregulating FasL to eliminate parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in an antigen independent manner. This promotes chronic liver damage and a pro-tumorigenic environment. CD8+CXCR6+PD1+ T cells possess an exhausted, hyperactivated, resident phenotype and trigger NASH to HCC transition, and might be responsible for a less efficient treatment response to immune-check-point inhibitors - in particular atezolizumab/bevacizumab. Here, we provide an overview of NASH-related inflammation/pathogenesis focusing on new discoveries on the role of T cells in NASH-immunopathology and therapy response. This review discusses preventive measures to halt disease progression to liver cancer and therapeutic strategies to manage NASH-HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Yahoo
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Dudek
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; The M3 Research Institute, Karl Eberhards Universitaet Tübingen, Medizinische Fakultät, Otfried-Müller-Straße 37, 72076 Tübingen.
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8
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Kohlhepp MS, Liu H, Tacke F, Guillot A. The contradictory roles of macrophages in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and primary liver cancer-Challenges and opportunities. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1129831. [PMID: 36845555 PMCID: PMC9950415 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1129831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases from varying etiologies generally lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Among them, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects roughly one-quarter of the world population, thus representing a major and increasing public health burden. Chronic hepatocyte injury, inflammation (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) and liver fibrosis are recognized soils for primary liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), being the third most common cause for cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite recent advances in liver disease understanding, therapeutic options on pre-malignant and malignant stages remain limited. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify targetable liver disease-driving mechanisms for the development of novel therapeutics. Monocytes and macrophages comprise a central, yet versatile component of the inflammatory response, fueling chronic liver disease initiation and progression. Recent proteomic and transcriptomic studies performed at singular cell levels revealed a previously overlooked diversity of macrophage subpopulations and functions. Indeed, liver macrophages that encompass liver resident macrophages (also named Kupffer cells) and monocyte-derived macrophages, can acquire a variety of phenotypes depending on microenvironmental cues, and thus exert manifold and sometimes contradictory functions. Those functions range from modulating and exacerbating tissue inflammation to promoting and exaggerating tissue repair mechanisms (i.e., parenchymal regeneration, cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, fibrosis). Due to these central functions, liver macrophages represent an attractive target for the treatment of liver diseases. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted and contrary roles of macrophages in chronic liver diseases, with a particular focus on NAFLD/NASH and HCC. Moreover, we discuss potential therapeutic approaches targeting liver macrophages.
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Yang B, Luo W, Wang M, Tang Y, Zhu W, Jin L, Wang M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zuo W, Huang LJ, Zhao Y, Liang G. Macrophage-specific MyD88 deletion and pharmacological inhibition prevents liver damage in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via reducing inflammatory response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166480. [PMID: 35811033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system through toll-like receptors (TLRs) has been repeatedly demonstrated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and several TLRs have been shown to contribute. Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) is as an adapter protein for the activation of TLRs and bridges TLRs to NF-κB-mediated inflammation in macrophages. However, whether myeloid cell MyD88 contributes to NAFLD are largely unknown. To test this approach, we generated macrophage-specific MyD88 knockout mice and show that these mice are protected against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic injury, lipid accumulation, and fibrosis. These protective effects were associated with reduced macrophage numbers in liver tissues and surpassed inflammatory responses. In cultured macrophages, saturated fatty acid palmitate utilizes MyD88 to activate NF-κB and induce inflammatory and fibrogenic factors. In hepatocytes, these factors may cause lipid accumulation and a further elaboration of inflammatory cytokines. In hepatic stellate cells, macrophage-derived factors, especially TGF-β, cause activation and hepatic fibrosis. We further show that pharmacological inhibition of MyD88 is also able to reduce NAFLD injury in HFD-fed mice. Therefore, our study has provided empirical evidence that macrophage MyD88 participates in HFD-induced NAFLD and could be targeted to prevent the development and progression of NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wu Luo
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Minxiu Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yelin Tang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Leiming Jin
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Meihong Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medial University (Xiangshan First People's Hospital Medical and Health Group), Xiangshan, Zhejiang 315799, China
| | - Li-Jiang Huang
- Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medial University (Xiangshan First People's Hospital Medical and Health Group), Xiangshan, Zhejiang 315799, China
| | - Yunjie Zhao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China.
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10
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Kim KD, Choe JM, Myoung S, Lee SH, Kim M, Choi JH, Park HT. Estradiol treatment increases M2-like visceral adipose tissue macrophages in obese ovariectomized mice regardless of its anorectic action. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2022; 26:243-253. [PMID: 36275444 PMCID: PMC9586618 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2128871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) treatment has been known to induce changes in food intake, energy expenditure, and weight gain. However, its direct effects on adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) in vivo are not fully understood. Thus, we aimed to explore this aspect at cellular and molecular levels in ovariectomized obese mice. We examined the changes in ATMs after eight weeks of a high-fat diet (HFD) in male, female, and ovariectomized (OVX) mice. After eight weeks, osmotic pumps were inserted into OVX mice to provide two weeks of E2 treatment. We additionally set up a vehicle Pair-Fed (PF) control group that supplied the same amount of HFD consumed by the E2-treated group. We then investigated the in vivo phenotypic changes of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) macrophages. The percentage of M1-like ATMs decreased by the anorectic effect of E2, while M2-like ATMs increased regardless of the anorexia. E2 treatment increased the expression of anti-inflammatory genes but decreased pro-inflammatory genes in VAT. Monocyte recruitment and local proliferation contributed to M2-like ATMs. Furthermore, M2-like phenotypes were induced by E2 treatment in human macrophages. E2 treatment increases M2-like macrophages and improves the tissue milieu of VAT regardless of the anorectic reaction of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-dae Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Choe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Myoung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Xu X, Poulsen KL, Wu L, Liu S, Miyata T, Song Q, Wei Q, Zhao C, Lin C, Yang J. Targeted therapeutics and novel signaling pathways in non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:287. [PMID: 35963848 PMCID: PMC9376100 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH) has become the leading cause of liver disease worldwide. NASH, an advanced form of NAFL, can be progressive and more susceptible to developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, lifestyle interventions are the most essential and effective strategies for preventing and controlling NAFL without the development of fibrosis. While there are still limited appropriate drugs specifically to treat NAFL/NASH, growing progress is being seen in elucidating the pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discussed recent developments in etiology and prospective therapeutic targets, as well as pharmacological candidates in pre/clinical trials and patents, with a focus on diabetes, hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Importantly, growing evidence elucidates that the disruption of the gut-liver axis and microbe-derived metabolites drive the pathogenesis of NAFL/NASH. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a signaling mediator, resulting in lipid accumulation, macrophage and hepatic stellate cell activation, further promoting inflammation and liver fibrosis progression during the development of NAFL/NASH. Targeting gut microbiota or EVs may serve as new strategies for the treatment of NAFL/NASH. Finally, other mechanisms, such as cell therapy and genetic approaches, also have enormous therapeutic potential. Incorporating drugs with different mechanisms and personalized medicine may improve the efficacy to better benefit patients with NAFL/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lijuan Wu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Tatsunori Miyata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Qiaoling Song
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingda Wei
- School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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12
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Sun X, Wu J, Liu L, Chen Y, Tang Y, Liu S, Chen H, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Yuan H, Lu Y, Chen Z, Cai J. Transcriptional switch of hepatocytes initiates macrophage recruitment and T-cell suppression in endotoxemia. J Hepatol 2022; 77:436-452. [PMID: 35276271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The liver plays crucial roles in the regulation of immune defense during acute systemic infections. However, the roles of liver cellular clusters and intercellular communication in the progression of endotoxemia have not been well-characterized. METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis was performed, and the transcriptomes of 19,795 single liver cells from healthy and endotoxic mice were profiled. The spatial and temporal changes in hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cell types were validated by multiplex immunofluorescence staining, bulk transcriptomic sequencing, or flow cytometry. Furthermore, we used an adeno-associated virus delivery system to confirm the major mechanisms mediating myeloid cell infiltration and T-cell suppression in septic murine liver. RESULTS We identified a proinflammatory hepatocyte (PIH) subpopulation that developed primarily from periportal hepatocytes and to a lesser extent from pericentral hepatocytes and played key immunoregulatory roles in endotoxemia. Multicellular cluster modeling of ligand-receptor interactions revealed that PIHs play a crucial role in the recruitment of macrophages via the CCL2-CCR2 interaction. Recruited macrophages (RMs) released cytokines (e.g., IL6, TNFα, and IL17) to induce the expression of inhibitory ligands, such as PD-L1, on hepatocytes. Subsequently, RM-stimulated hepatocytes led to the suppression of CD4+ and memory T-cell subsets partly via the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in endotoxemia. Furthermore, sinusoidal endothelial cells expressed the highest levels of proapoptotic and inflammatory genes around the periportal zone. This pattern of gene expression facilitated increases in the number of fenestrations and infiltration of immune cells in the periportal zone. CONCLUSIONS Our study elucidates unanticipated aspects of the cellular and molecular effects of endotoxemia on liver cells at the single-cell level and provides a conceptual framework for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for acute infection. LAY SUMMARY The liver plays a crucial role in the regulation of immune defense during acute systemic infections. We identified a proinflammatory hepatocyte subpopulation and demonstrated that the interactions of this subpopulation with recruited macrophages are pivotal in the immune response during endotoxemia. These novel findings provide a conceptual framework for the discovery of rational therapeutic targets in acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Junru Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Lun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Suzhen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Youxiang Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yao Lu
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China.
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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13
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Luo Y, Guo J, Jia W, Wu M, Yin F, Niu G, Shih DQ, Targan SR, Zhang X. TNF-Like Ligand 1 Aberrance Aggravates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis via M1 Macrophage Polarization. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3877617. [PMID: 35003513 PMCID: PMC8741351 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3877617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive, chronic liver disease worldwide which imposes a large economic burden on society. M1/M2 macrophage balance destruction and recruitment of mononuclear immune cells to the liver play critical roles in NASH. Several studies have shown that the expression of TNF-like ligand 1 aberrance (TL1A) increased in macrophages associated with many inflammatory diseases, for example, inflammatory bowel disease, primary biliary cholangitis, and liver fibrosis. One recent research showed that weight, abdominal adipose, and liver leptin, one of the critical fat cytokines, were reduced in TL1A knockout mice. However, the functional and molecular regulatory mechanisms of TL1A on macrophage polarization and recruitment in NASH have yet to be clarified. The authors found that high fructose high fat diet and methionine-choline deficiency diet induced the expression of TL1A in macrophages of liver tissue from murine NASH models. Myeloid-specific TL1A overexpressed mice showed exacerbated steatohepatitis with increased hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation, liver injury, and apoptosis. M1 macrophages' infiltration and the production of proinflammatory and chemotactic cytokines increased in liver of NASH mouse models with myeloid-specific TL1A overexpressed. Furthermore, this paper revealed that bone marrow-derived macrophages and Kupffer cells with overexpression of TL1A exacerbated the lipid accumulation and expression of proinflammatory factors in the murine primary hepatocytes after free fatty acid treatment in vitro. In conclusion, TL1A-mediated M1-type macrophage polarization and recruitment into the liver promoted steatohepatitis in murine NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinbo Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenxiu Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengyao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fengrong Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guochao Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - David Q. Shih
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Stephan R. Targan
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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14
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Yang M, Khoukaz L, Qi X, Kimchi ET, Staveley-O’Carroll KF, Li G. Diet and Gut Microbiota Interaction-Derived Metabolites and Intrahepatic Immune Response in NAFLD Development and Treatment. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121893. [PMID: 34944709 PMCID: PMC8698669 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with pathogenesis ranging from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to the advanced form of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) affects about 25% of the global population. NAFLD is a chronic liver disease associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, which is the most increasing factor that causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although advanced progress has been made in exploring the pathogenesis of NAFLD and penitential therapeutic targets, no therapeutic agent has been approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States. Gut microbiota-derived components and metabolites play pivotal roles in shaping intrahepatic immunity during the progression of NAFLD or NASH. With the advance of techniques, such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), each subtype of immune cells in the liver has been studied to explore their roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. In addition, new molecules involved in gut microbiota-mediated effects on NAFLD are found. Based on these findings, we first summarized the interaction of diet-gut microbiota-derived metabolites and activation of intrahepatic immunity during NAFLD development and progression. Treatment options by targeting gut microbiota and important molecular signaling pathways are then discussed. Finally, undergoing clinical trials are selected to present the potential application of treatments against NAFLD or NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (M.Y.); (L.K.); (X.Q.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Lea Khoukaz
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (M.Y.); (L.K.); (X.Q.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Qi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (M.Y.); (L.K.); (X.Q.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Eric T. Kimchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (M.Y.); (L.K.); (X.Q.); (E.T.K.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Kevin F. Staveley-O’Carroll
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (M.Y.); (L.K.); (X.Q.); (E.T.K.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Correspondence: (K.F.S.-O.); (G.L.)
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (M.Y.); (L.K.); (X.Q.); (E.T.K.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Correspondence: (K.F.S.-O.); (G.L.)
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15
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Troutman TD, Kofman E, Glass CK. Exploiting dynamic enhancer landscapes to decode macrophage and microglia phenotypes in health and disease. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3888-3903. [PMID: 34464593 PMCID: PMC8500948 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development and functional potential of metazoan cells is dependent on combinatorial roles of transcriptional enhancers and promoters. Macrophages provide exceptionally powerful model systems for investigation of mechanisms underlying the activation of cell-specific enhancers that drive transitions in cell fate and cell state. Here, we review recent advances that have expanded appreciation of the diversity of macrophage phenotypes in health and disease, emphasizing studies of liver, adipose tissue, and brain macrophages as paradigms for other tissue macrophages and cell types. Studies of normal tissue-resident macrophages and macrophages associated with cirrhosis, obese adipose tissue, and neurodegenerative disease illustrate the major roles of tissue environment in remodeling enhancer landscapes to specify the development and functions of distinct macrophage phenotypes. We discuss the utility of quantitative analysis of environment-dependent changes in enhancer activity states as an approach to discovery of regulatory transcription factors and upstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty D Troutman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Eric Kofman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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16
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Luci C, Vieira E, Bourinet M, Rousseau D, Bonnafous S, Patouraux S, Lefevre L, Larbret F, Prod’homme V, Iannelli A, Tran A, Anty R, Bailly-Maitre B, Deckert M, Gual P. SYK-3BP2 Pathway Activity in Parenchymal and Myeloid Cells Is a Key Pathogenic Factor in Metabolic Steatohepatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:173-191. [PMID: 34411785 PMCID: PMC8593618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) signaling pathway regulates critical processes in innate immunity, but its role in parenchymal cells remains elusive in chronic liver diseases. We investigate the relative contribution of SYK and its substrate c-Abl Src homology 3 domain-binding protein-2 (3BP2) in both myeloid cells and hepatocytes in the onset of metabolic steatohepatitis. METHODS Hepatic SYK-3BP2 pathway was evaluated in mouse models of metabolic-associated fatty liver diseases (MAFLD) and in obese patients with biopsy-proven MAFLD (n = 33). Its role in liver complications was evaluated in Sh3bp2 KO and myeloid-specific Syk KO mice challenged with methionine and choline deficient diet and in homozygous Sh3bp2KI/KI mice with and without SYK expression in myeloid cells. RESULTS Here we report that hepatic expression of 3BP2 and SYK correlated with metabolic steatohepatitis severity in mice. 3BP2 deficiency and SYK deletion in myeloid cells mediated the same protective effects on liver inflammation, injury, and fibrosis priming upon diet-induced steatohepatitis. In primary hepatocytes, the targeting of 3BP2 or SYK strongly decreased the lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory mediator expression and 3BP2-regulated SYK expression. In homozygous Sh3bp2KI/KI mice, the chronic inflammation mediated by the proteasome-resistant 3BP2 mutant promoted severe hepatitis and liver fibrosis with augmented liver SYK expression. In these mice, the deletion of SYK in myeloid cells was sufficient to prevent these liver lesions. The hepatic expression of SYK is also up-regulated with metabolic steatohepatitis and correlates with liver macrophages in biopsy-proven MAFLD patients. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data suggest an important role for the SYK-3BP2 pathway in the pathogenesis of chronic liver inflammatory diseases and highlight its targeting in hepatocytes and myeloid cells as a potential strategy to treat metabolic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Luci
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Elodie Vieira
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Manon Bourinet
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | | | | | | | - Lauren Lefevre
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | | | | | | | - Albert Tran
- Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Rodolphe Anty
- Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | | | - Marcel Deckert
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France,Marcel Deckert, PhD, Inserm UMR1065/C3M, Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Team "Microenvironment, signaling and cancer", 151 route Saint Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204 Nice, France.
| | - Philippe Gual
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Philippe Gual, PhD, Inserm UMR1065/C3M, Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Team "Chronic liver diseases associated with obesity and alcohol", 151 route Saint Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204 Nice, France. fax: +33 4 89 06 42 60.
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17
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Cox N, Crozet L, Holtman IR, Loyher PL, Lazarov T, White JB, Mass E, Stanley ER, Elemento O, Glass CK, Geissmann F. Diet-regulated production of PDGFcc by macrophages controls energy storage. Science 2021; 373:373/6550/eabe9383. [PMID: 34210853 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which macrophages regulate energy storage remain poorly understood. We identify in a genetic screen a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-family ortholog, Pvf3, that is produced by macrophages and is required for lipid storage in fat-body cells of Drosophila larvae. Genetic and pharmacological experiments indicate that the mouse Pvf3 ortholog PDGFcc, produced by adipose tissue-resident macrophages, controls lipid storage in adipocytes in a leptin receptor- and C-C chemokine receptor type 2-independent manner. PDGFcc production is regulated by diet and acts in a paracrine manner to control lipid storage in adipose tissues of newborn and adult mice. At the organismal level upon PDGFcc blockade, excess lipids are redirected toward thermogenesis in brown fat. These data identify a macrophage-dependent mechanism, conducive to the design of pharmacological interventions, that controls energy storage in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah Cox
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lucile Crozet
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Inge R Holtman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pierre-Louis Loyher
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tomi Lazarov
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jessica B White
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elvira Mass
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Developmental Biology of the Immune System, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
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18
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Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are present in most tissues with developmental, self-renewal, or functional attributes that do not easily fit into a textbook picture of a plastic and multifunctional macrophage originating from hematopoietic stem cells; nor does it fit a pro- versus anti-inflammatory paradigm. This review presents and discusses current knowledge on the developmental biology of macrophages from an evolutionary perspective focused on the function of macrophages, which may aid in study of developmental, inflammatory, tumoral, and degenerative diseases. We also propose a framework to investigate the functions of macrophages in vivo and discuss how inherited germline and somatic mutations may contribute to the roles of macrophages in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah Cox
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Maria Pokrovskii
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Rocio Vicario
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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19
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Rupcic Rubin V, Bojanic K, Smolic M, Rubin J, Tabll A, Smolic R. An Update on Efficacy and Safety of Emerging Hepatic Antifibrotic Agents. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021. [PMID: 33604256 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00040.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis represents a response to chronic liver injury. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis are the most common chronic liver diseases, both with increasing incidence. Therefore, there is a great impetus for development of agents targeting these conditions. Accumulating data on possible treatment options for liver fibrosis are emerging in the literature. However, despite extensive research and much effort in the field, approved agents for liver fibrosis are still lacking. In this critical review, we have summarized the main data about specific treatment options for liver fibrosis gained from ongoing clinical trials, with an emphasis on efficacy and safety of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinka Rupcic Rubin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Bojanic
- Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Radiology, Health Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Smolic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jurica Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ashraf Tabll
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt.,Department of immunology, Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative
| | - Robert Smolic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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20
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Rupcic Rubin V, Bojanic K, Smolic M, Rubin J, Tabll A, Smolic R. An Update on Efficacy and Safety of Emerging Hepatic Antifibrotic Agents. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:60-70. [PMID: 33604256 PMCID: PMC7868700 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis represents a response to chronic liver injury. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis are the most common chronic liver diseases, both with increasing incidence. Therefore, there is a great impetus for development of agents targeting these conditions. Accumulating data on possible treatment options for liver fibrosis are emerging in the literature. However, despite extensive research and much effort in the field, approved agents for liver fibrosis are still lacking. In this critical review, we have summarized the main data about specific treatment options for liver fibrosis gained from ongoing clinical trials, with an emphasis on efficacy and safety of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinka Rupcic Rubin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Bojanic
- Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Radiology, Health Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Smolic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jurica Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ashraf Tabll
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
- Department of immunology, Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative
| | - Robert Smolic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence to: Robert Smolic, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Department of Pathophysiology J. Huttlera 4, Osijek 31000, Croatia. Tel: +385-31-512-800, Fax: +385-31-512-833, E-mail:
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21
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Vila-Bedmar R, Cruces-Sande M, Arcones AC, Willemen HLDM, Prieto P, Moreno-Indias I, Díaz-Rodríguez D, Francisco S, Jaén RI, Gutiérrez-Repiso C, Heijnen CJ, Boscá L, Fresno M, Kavelaars A, Mayor F, Murga C. GRK2 levels in myeloid cells modulate adipose-liver crosstalk in high fat diet-induced obesity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4957-4976. [PMID: 31927610 PMCID: PMC11105060 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are key effector cells in obesity-associated inflammation. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is highly expressed in different immune cell types. Using LysM-GRK2+/- mice, we uncover that a reduction of GRK2 levels in myeloid cells prevents the development of glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia after a high fat diet (HFD) through modulation of the macrophage pro-inflammatory profile. Low levels of myeloid GRK2 confer protection against hepatic insulin resistance, steatosis and inflammation. In adipose tissue, pro-inflammatory cytokines are reduced and insulin signaling is preserved. Macrophages from LysM-GRK2+/- mice secrete less pro-inflammatory cytokines when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and their conditioned media has a reduced pathological influence in cultured adipocytes or naïve bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our data indicate that reducing GRK2 levels in myeloid cells, by attenuating pro-inflammatory features of macrophages, has a relevant impact in adipose-liver crosstalk, thus preventing high fat diet-induced metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Vila-Bedmar
- Departamento de ciencias básicas de la salud, área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cruces-Sande
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba C Arcones
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hanneke L D M Willemen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Prieto
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Moreno-Indias
- CIBER de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Victoria de Malaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Díaz-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Francisco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael I Jaén
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez-Repiso
- CIBER de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Victoria de Malaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Murga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Li M, Chen L, Gao Y, Li M, Wang X, Qiang L, Wang X. Recent advances targeting C-C chemokine receptor type 2 for liver diseases in monocyte/macrophage. Liver Int 2020; 40:2928-2936. [PMID: 33025657 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver plays a critical role in metabolism, nutrient storage and detoxification. Emergency signals or appropriate immune response leads to pathological inflammation and breaks the steady state when liver dysfunction appears, which makes body more susceptible to chronic liver infection, autoimmune diseases and tumour. Compelling proof has illustrated the non-redundant importance of C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), one of G-protein-coupled receptors, in different diseases. Selectively expressed on the surface of cells, CCR2 is involved in various signalling pathways and regulates the migration of cells. Especially, a peculiar role of CCR2 has been identified within decades in the onset and progression of hepatic diseases, which led to particular focusing on CCR2 as a new therapeutic and diagnostic target for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we discuss the effect of CCR2 in monocytes/macrophages on liver diseases. The application and translation of the decades of discoveries into therapies promise novel approaches in the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Big Data Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Big Data Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Mandala A, Janssen RC, Palle S, Short KR, Friedman JE. Pediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Nutritional Origins and Potential Molecular Mechanisms. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3166. [PMID: 33081177 PMCID: PMC7602751 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the number one chronic liver disease worldwide and is estimated to affect nearly 40% of obese youth and up to 10% of the general pediatric population without any obvious signs or symptoms. Although the early stages of NAFLD are reversible with diet and lifestyle modifications, detecting such stages is hindered by a lack of non-invasive methods of risk assessment and diagnosis. This absence of non-invasive means of diagnosis is directly related to the scarcity of long-term prospective studies of pediatric NAFLD in children and adolescents. In the majority of pediatric NAFLD cases, the mechanisms driving the origin and rapid progression of NAFLD remain unknown. The progression from NAFLD to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in youth is associated with unique histological features and possible immune processes and metabolic pathways that may reflect different mechanisms compared with adults. Recent data suggest that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are important new biomarkers underlying pathways of liver injury. Several factors may contribute to pediatric NAFLD development, including high-sugar diets, in utero exposures via epigenetic alterations, changes in the neonatal microbiome, and altered immune system development and mitochondrial function. This review focuses on the unique aspects of pediatric NAFLD and how nutritional exposures impact the immune system, mitochondria, and liver/gastrointestinal metabolic health. These factors highlight the need for answers to how NAFLD develops in children and for early stage-specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Mandala
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.M.); (R.C.J.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Rachel C. Janssen
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.M.); (R.C.J.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Sirish Palle
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Kevin R. Short
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.M.); (R.C.J.); (K.R.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jacob E. Friedman
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.M.); (R.C.J.); (K.R.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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24
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Tang L, Li P, Li L. Whole transcriptome expression profiles in placenta samples from women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:1307-1317. [PMID: 32174045 PMCID: PMC7477506 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Non-coding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) have recently been shown to be involved in various biological processes. However, most of these ncRNAs are of unknown function or without annotation. This study first investigated the whole transcriptome profiles of placentas to identify the potential functions that ncRNAs exerted in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Six placenta samples from healthy pregnant women (n = 3) and GDM (n = 3) were collected to analyze the whole transcriptome profiles by high-throughput sequencing. Differentially expressed ncRNAs were further validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction on an independent set of normal (n = 20) and GDM (n = 20) placenta samples. RESULTS A total of 2,817 microRNAs (miRNAs), 23,339 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 9,513 circular RNAs (circRNAs) were identified. There were 290 differentially expressed ncRNAs in GDM placentas compared with the placentas of healthy pregnant women. Two miRNAs, 86 lncRNAs and 55 circRNAs were upregulated, while two miRNAs, 86 lncRNAs and 59 circRNAs were downregulated in GDM. The expression of the selected ncRNAs, which were further validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, was consistent with the sequencing results. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the major targets of these ncRNAs were associated with insulin resistance, and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism. A GDM-related competing endogenous RNA network suggested the interactions between lncRNAs, circRNAs, messenger RNAs and miRNAs. CONCLUSIONS The whole transcriptome profiles significantly differed in GDM placentas compared with the placentas of healthy pregnant women, which might be valuable for detecting novel ncRNAs, and providing new research insights into exploring the pathogenic mechanisms of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Department of EndocrinologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Ping Li
- Department of EndocrinologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Ling Li
- Department of EndocrinologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Endocrine DiseasesShenyangChina
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25
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Kim MB, Lee Y, Bae M, Kang H, Pham TX, Hu S, Lee JY, Park YK. Comprehensive characterization of metabolic, inflammatory and fibrotic changes in a mouse model of diet-derived nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 85:108463. [PMID: 32891893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a well-characterized mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with a strong manifestation of liver fibrosis. The progression of metabolic, inflammatory and fibrotic features of this mouse model was monitored by performing in vivo time-course study. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose/high-cholesterol diet (34% fat, 34% sucrose and 2.0% cholesterol, by weight) for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 16 weeks to induce obesity-associated metabolic dysfunctions, inflammation and fibrosis in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT). Body and liver weights were gradually increased with significant hepatic triglyceride accumulation, i.e., liver steatosis, and marked elevation of serum alanine transaminase levels at week 10. While hepatic inflammation was displayed with the highest expression of macrophage markers and M1 markers at week 6, liver fibrosis determined by collagen accumulation was continuously increased to week 16. In epididymal WAT, weights and adipocyte size peaked at week 6-8. The increased expression of fibrogenic genes preceded inflammatory features (week 2 to 6 vs. week 6 to 16), suggesting that early fibrosis may trigger inflammatory events in the WAT. This study established a mouse model of diet-induced NASH with a strong manifestation of liver fibrosis. This mouse model will be a valuable in vivo tool in studying the pathophysiology of NASH and also in testing preventive and therapeutic potentials of dietary components and drugs against NASH with liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Bo Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yoojin Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Minkyung Bae
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Hyunju Kang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Tho X Pham
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Siqi Hu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Young-Ki Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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26
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Doulberis M, Papadimitriou K, Papaefthymiou A, Kountouras J, Polyzos SA. The therapeutic potential of C-C chemokine receptor antagonists in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2020.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pooled prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) globally is about 25%. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with advanced fibrosis has been linked with substantial morbidity and mortality, without having to-date any licensed treatment. C-C chemokine receptor (CCR) antagonists have been investigated as candidates for the treatment of NASH. Inhibition of CCR2 is expected to mitigate hepatic inflammation, through reducing the activation of Kupffer cells, as well as the infiltration of monocytes and macrophages into the liver. Inhibition of CCR5 is expected to mitigate hepatic fibrogenesis, through impairing the activation of hepatic stellate cells, as well as to mitigate hepatic inflammation, through impairing the activation of Kupffer cells and macrophages. Cenicriviroc (CVC) is the first in class, dual inhibitor of CCR2 and CCR5. After exhibiting favorable results in animal models, CVC was shown to be beneficial in NASH patients with more severe fibrosis at a phase 2b trial (CENTAUR) and is currently at a phase 3 clinical trial (AURORA). Apart from CVC, other CCR5 mono-antagonists, such as maraviroc, are under evaluation in clinical trials with human immunodeficiency virus patients with NAFLD. The aim of this review was to summarize existing evidence on CVC and other CCR antagonists in NASH patients, primarily focusing on their clinical efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doulberis
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Department, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Kasiani Papadimitriou
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Apostolis Papaefthymiou
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Stergios A. Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
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27
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Chang Y, Li H. Hepatic Antifibrotic Pharmacotherapy: Are We Approaching Success? J Clin Transl Hepatol 2020; 8:222-229. [PMID: 32832403 PMCID: PMC7438353 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence rate and mortality of liver fibrosis caused by various etiologies are high throughout the world. Liver fibrosis, the subsequent cirrhosis and other serious related complications threaten the health of patients and represent a serious medical burden; yet, there is still a lack of approved methods to prevent or reverse liver fibrosis. Therefore, effective hepatic antifibrotic drugs are urgently needed. The activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells are still the mechanisms of fibrosis that remain the focus of therapeutic research. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development and applicability of antifibrosis drugs. In this review, we summarize the effectiveness and safety of available antifibrosis drugs utilizing different targets. In addition, some characteristics of antifibrosis drugs in phase II and III trials are introduced in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Xiqing Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Xiqing Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, Tianjin, China
- Correspondence to: Hai Li, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Xiqing Hospital, No. 403 Xiqing Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300380, China. Tel: +86-22- 60578765, Fax: +86-22-24370605, E-mail:
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28
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Ministrini S, Montecucco F, Sahebkar A, Carbone F. Macrophages in the pathophysiology of NAFLD: The role of sex differences. Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13236. [PMID: 32294235 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial pathological condition, which recognizes a certain sexual dimorphism. Experimental and clinical studies provided evidence for a critical role of macrophages in NAFLD development and progression. Especially, liver-resident macrophages (also known as Kupffer cells) are likely the common final pathway of several pro-steatosic signals. A huge amount of danger-associated molecular patterns recognized by Kupffer cells is provided within the liver by lipid and glucose toxicity. Other pro-inflammatory signals come from surrounding tissues into the portal vein, directly to the liver: they come from dysfunctional adipocytes, adipose tissue macrophages and gut dysbiosis. These complex crosstalks are differently represented across sexes, as sexual hormones control many of these processes. Sexual dimorphism then modulates metabolic and inflammatory cascades driving the liver from a simple steatosis to NAFLD and beyond. Here, metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms underlying NALFD pathophysiology will be updated. A special attention will be paid to describe sex-related differences that could provide insights for patient stratification and more tailored therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ministrini
- Internal Medicine Department, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Federico Carbone
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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29
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Gehrke N, Schattenberg JM. Metabolic Inflammation-A Role for Hepatic Inflammatory Pathways as Drivers of Comorbidities in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease? Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1929-1947.e6. [PMID: 32068022 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global and growing health concern. Emerging evidence points toward metabolic inflammation as a key process in the fatty liver that contributes to multiorgan morbidity. Key extrahepatic comorbidities that are influenced by NAFLD are type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and impaired neurocognitive function. Importantly, the presence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced hepatic fibrosis increase the risk for systemic comorbidity in NAFLD. Although the precise nature of the crosstalk between the liver and other organs has not yet been fully elucidated, there is emerging evidence that metabolic inflammation-in part, emanating from the fatty liver-is the engine that drives cellular dysfunction, cell death, and deleterious remodeling within various body tissues. This review describes several inflammatory pathways and mediators that have been implicated as links between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurocognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gehrke
- Metabolic Liver Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Metabolic Liver Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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30
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Daemen S, Schilling JD. The Interplay Between Tissue Niche and Macrophage Cellular Metabolism in Obesity. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3133. [PMID: 32038642 PMCID: PMC6987434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with the development of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The presence of chronic, low-grade inflammation appears to be an important mechanistic link between excess nutrients and clinical disease. The onset of these metabolic disorders coincides with changes in the number and phenotype of macrophages in peripheral organs, particularly in the liver and adipose tissue. Macrophage accumulation in these tissues has been implicated in tissue inflammation and fibrosis, contributing to metabolic disease progression. Recently, the concept has emerged that changes in macrophage metabolism affects their functional phenotype, possibly triggered by distinct environmental metabolic cues. This may be of particular importance in the setting of obesity, where both liver and adipose tissue are faced with a high metabolic burden. In the first part of this review we will discuss current knowledge regarding macrophage dynamics in both adipose tissue and liver in obesity. Then in the second part, we will highlight data linking macrophage metabolism to functional phenotype with an emphasis on macrophage activation in metabolic disease. The importance of understanding how tissue niche influences macrophage function in obesity will be highlighted. In addition, we will identify important knowledge gaps and outstanding questions that are relevant for future research in this area and will facilitate the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention in associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Daemen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Joel D Schilling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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31
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Luci C, Bourinet M, Leclère PS, Anty R, Gual P. Chronic Inflammation in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:597648. [PMID: 33384662 PMCID: PMC7771356 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.597648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is the progressive form of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), the main cause of chronic liver complications. The development of NASH is the consequence of aberrant activation of hepatic conventional immune, parenchymal, and endothelial cells in response to inflammatory mediators from the liver, adipose tissue, and gut. Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells contribute to the significant accumulation of bone-marrow derived-macrophages and neutrophils in the liver, a hallmark of NASH. The aberrant activation of these immune cells elicits harmful inflammation and liver injury, leading to NASH progression. In this review, we highlight the processes triggering the recruitment and/or activation of hepatic innate immune cells, with a focus on macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells as well as the contribution of hepatocytes and endothelial cells in driving liver inflammation/fibrosis. On-going studies and preliminary results from global and specific therapeutic strategies to manage this NASH-related inflammation will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Luci
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Rodolphe Anty
- Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Gual
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Philippe Gual,
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Tanase DM, Gosav EM, Costea CF, Ciocoiu M, Lacatusu CM, Maranduca MA, Ouatu A, Floria M. The Intricate Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Insulin Resistance (IR), and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:3920196. [PMID: 32832560 PMCID: PMC7424491 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3920196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remain as one of the most global problematic metabolic diseases with rapidly increasing prevalence and incidence. Epidemiological studies noted that T2DM patients have by two-fold increase to develop NAFLD, and vice versa. This complex and intricate association is supported and mediated by insulin resistance (IR). In this review, we discuss the NAFLD immunopathogenesis, connection with IR and T2DM, the role of screening and noninvasive tools, and mostly the impact of the current antidiabetic drugs on steatosis liver and new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Maria Tanase
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Evelina Maria Gosav
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Claudia Florida Costea
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
- 2nd Ophthalmology Clinic, “Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu” Emergency Clinical Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Manuela Ciocoiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Mihaela Lacatusu
- Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Clinical Center of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Minela Aida Maranduca
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Ouatu
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Floria
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, Emergency Military Clinical Hospital, Iasi, Romania
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CCR2 inhibition reduces tumor myeloid cells and unmasks a checkpoint inhibitor effect to slow progression of resistant murine gliomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:1129-1138. [PMID: 31879345 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910856117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy directed at the PD-L1/PD-1 axis has produced treatment advances in various human cancers. Unfortunately, progress has not extended to glioblastoma (GBM), with phase III clinical trials assessing anti-PD-1 monotherapy failing to show efficacy in newly diagnosed and recurrent tumors. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a subset of immunosuppressive myeloid derived cells, are known to infiltrate the tumor microenvironment of GBM. Growing evidence suggests the CCL2-CCR2 axis is important for this process. This study evaluated the combination of PD-1 blockade and CCR2 inhibition in anti-PD-1-resistant gliomas. CCR2 deficiency unmasked an anti-PD-1 survival benefit in KR158 glioma-bearing mice. CD11b+/Ly6Chi/PD-L1+ MDSCs within established gliomas decreased with a concomitant increase in overall CCR2+ cells and MDSCs within bone marrow of CCR2-deficient mice. The CCR2 antagonist CCX872 increased median survival as a monotherapy in KR158 glioma-bearing animals and further increased median and overall survival when combined with anti-PD-1. Additionally, combination of CCX872 and anti-PD-1 prolonged median survival time in 005 GSC GBM-bearing mice. In both models, CCX872 decreased tumor associated MDSCs and increased these cells within the bone marrow. Examination of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes revealed an elevated population, increased IFNγ expression, indicating enhanced cytolytic activity, as well as decreased expression of exhaustion markers in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following combination treatment. These data establish that combining CCR2 and PD-1 blockade extends survival in clinically relevant murine glioma models and provides the basis on which to advance this combinatorial treatment toward early-phase human trials.
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Reimer KC, Wree A, Roderburg C, Tacke F. New drugs for NAFLD: lessons from basic models to the clinic. Hepatol Int 2019; 14:8-23. [PMID: 31802390 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-019-10001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The term nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a spectrum of increasingly harmful conditions ranging from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to liver fibrosis and end-stage cirrhosis. NAFLD is the currently most common form of chronic liver disease in both adults and children worldwide. As NAFLD evolves as a global pandemic alongside the still growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes, it is inevitable to develop effective counterstrategies. Over the last decades, great effort has been dedicated to the understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This includes the development of an array of models for NAFLD, ranging from advanced in vitro (primary cells, 3D cultures, biochip, spheroids, organoids) to in vivo rodent models (particularly in mice). Based on these approaches novel therapies have been proposed and subsequently evaluated for patients with advanced forms of NAFLD, in particular those with NASH and liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. In this review, we delineate the current understanding of disease pathophysiology and depict how novel therapeutic strategies aim to exploit these different mechanisms to ameliorate, treat, or stop progression of NASH. We also discuss obstacles and chances along the way from basic models to promising clinical treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina C Reimer
- Department of Medicine II, Nephrology/Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medical Center, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medical Center, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medical Center, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Jiang H, Jin J, Duan Y, Xie Z, Li Y, Gao A, Gu M, Zhang X, Peng C, Xia C, Dong T, Li H, Yu L, Tang J, Yang F, Li J, Li J. Mitochondrial Uncoupling Coordinated With PDH Activation Safely Ameliorates Hyperglycemia via Promoting Glucose Oxidation. Diabetes 2019; 68:2197-2209. [PMID: 31471292 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration by chemical uncouplers has proven effective in ameliorating obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia. However, development of uncoupler-based therapy remains challenging due to its potentially lethal adverse effects. Here, we identify pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) as a key modifier of the toxicity profile of 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP), a prototypical mitochondrial uncoupler. PDH activation by dichloroacetic acid (DCA) protects mice from DNP-induced hyperlactacidemia, hyperthermia, and death while preserving the ability of DNP to promote fuel oxidation and improve insulin sensitivity in mice. Mechanistically, PDH activation switches on mitochondrial glucose oxidation to accommodate increased glycolytic flux, leading to reduced lactate secretion during uncoupler treatments. We devised a chemical screening strategy and discovered compound 6j as a dual-action compound that simultaneously activates PDH and uncouples mitochondrial respiration. Compound 6j exhibits an excellent efficacy and safety profile in restoring glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice. This work establishes a new principle to safely harness the power of chemical uncouplers for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Jin
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Duan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Anhui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiancheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifang Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Cox N, Geissmann F. Macrophage ontogeny in the control of adipose tissue biology. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 62:1-8. [PMID: 31670115 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are found in large numbers in the adipose tissue where they closely associate with the adipocytes and the vasculature. Adipose tissue macrophages are a heterogenous population of cells with 'hard wired' diversity brought upon by distinct developmental lineages. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief history of macrophages in control of adipose tissue metabolism with the emphasis on the importance of macrophage ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah Cox
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Kim SJ, Feng D, Guillot A, Dai S, Liu F, Hwang S, Parker R, Seo W, He Y, Godlewski G, Jeong WI, Lin Y, Qin X, Kunos G, Gao B. Adipocyte Death Preferentially Induces Liver Injury and Inflammation Through the Activation of Chemokine (C-C Motif) Receptor 2-Positive Macrophages and Lipolysis. Hepatology 2019; 69:1965-1982. [PMID: 30681731 PMCID: PMC6461506 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte death occurs under various physiopathological conditions, including obesity and alcohol drinking, and can trigger organ damage particularly in the liver, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. To explore these mechanisms, we developed a mouse model of inducible adipocyte death by overexpressing the human CD59 (hCD59) on adipocytes (adipocyte-specific hCD59 transgenic mice). Injection of these mice with intermedilysin (ILY), which rapidly lyses hCD59 expressing cells exclusively by binding to the hCD59 but not mouse CD59, resulted in the acute selective death of adipocytes, adipose macrophage infiltration, and elevation of serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels. ILY injection also resulted in the secondary damage to multiple organs with the strongest injury observed in the liver, with inflammation and hepatic macrophage activation. Mechanistically, acute adipocyte death elevated epinephrine and norepinephrine levels and activated lipolysis pathways in adipose tissue in a chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2-positive (CCR2+ ) macrophage-dependent manner, which was followed by FFA release and lipotoxicity in the liver. Additionally, acute adipocyte death caused hepatic CCR2+ macrophage activation and infiltration, further exacerbating liver injury. Conclusion: Adipocyte death predominantly induces liver injury and inflammation, which is probably due to the superior sensitivity of hepatocytes to lipotoxicity and the abundance of macrophages in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shen Dai
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fengming Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard Parker
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,NIHR Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Wonhyo Seo
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yong He
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Grzegorz Godlewski
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; USA
| | - Won-Il Jeong
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Laboratory of Liver Research, Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhong Lin
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding author: Bin Gao, M.D., Ph.D., Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIAAA/NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892. Tel: 301-443-3998;
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38
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Handa P, Thomas S, Morgan-Stevenson V, Maliken BD, Gochanour E, Boukhar S, Yeh MM, Kowdley KV. Iron alters macrophage polarization status and leads to steatohepatitis and fibrogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1015-1026. [PMID: 30835899 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0318-108r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that iron overload in hepatic reticuloendothelial system cells (RES) is associated with severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and advanced fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recruited myeloid-derived macrophages have gained a pivotal position as drivers of NASH progression and fibrosis. In this study, we used bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from C57Bl6 mice as surrogates for recruited macrophages and examined the effect of iron on macrophage polarization. Treatment with iron (ferric ammonium citrate, FAC) led to increased expression levels of M1 markers: CCL2, CD14, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α; it also increased protein levels of CD68, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by flow cytometry. This effect could be reversed by desferrioxamine, an iron chelator. Furthermore, iron loading of macrophages in the presence of IL-4 led to the down-regulation of M2 markers: arginase-1, Mgl-1, and M2-specific transcriptional regulator, KLF4. Iron loading of macrophages with IL-4 also resulted in reduced phosphorylation of STAT6, another transcriptional regulator of M2 activation. Dietary iron overload of C57Bl6 mice led to hepatic macrophage M1 activation. Iron overload also stimulated hepatic fibrogenesis. Histologic analysis revealed that iron overload resulted in steatohepatitis. Furthermore, NAFLD patients with hepatic RES iron deposition had increased hepatic gene expression levels of M1 markers, IL-6, IL-1β, and CD40 and reduced gene expression of an M2 marker, TGM2, relative to patients with hepatocellular iron deposition pattern. We conclude that iron disrupts the balance between M1/M2 macrophage polarization and leads to macrophage-driven inflammation and fibrogenesis in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Handa
- Organ Care Research and Liver Care Network, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sunil Thomas
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Bryan D Maliken
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric Gochanour
- Organ Care Research and Liver Care Network, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sarag Boukhar
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kris V Kowdley
- Organ Care Research and Liver Care Network, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Lefere S, Tacke F. Macrophages in obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Crosstalk with metabolism. JHEP Rep 2019; 1:30-43. [PMID: 32149275 PMCID: PMC7052781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease worldwide, and a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is intimately linked with other metabolic disorders characterized by insulin resistance. Metabolic diseases are driven by chronic inflammatory processes, in which macrophages perform essential roles. The polarization status of macrophages is itself influenced by metabolic stimuli such as fatty acids, which in turn affect the progression of metabolic dysfunction at multiple disease stages and in various tissues. For instance, adipose tissue macrophages respond to obesity, adipocyte stress and dietary factors by a specific metabolic and inflammatory programme that stimulates disease progression locally and in the liver. Kupffer cells and monocyte-derived macrophages represent ontologically distinct hepatic macrophage populations that perform a range of metabolic functions. These macrophages integrate signals from the gut-liver axis (related to dysbiosis, reduced intestinal barrier integrity, endotoxemia), from overnutrition, from systemic low-grade inflammation and from the local environment of a steatotic liver. This makes them central players in the progression of NAFLD to steatohepatitis (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or NASH) and fibrosis. Moreover, the particular involvement of Kupffer cells in lipid metabolism, as well as the inflammatory activation of hepatic macrophages, may pathogenically link NAFLD/NASH and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we highlight the polarization, classification and function of macrophage subsets and their interaction with metabolic cues in the pathophysiology of obesity and NAFLD. Evidence from animal and clinical studies suggests that macrophage targeting may improve the course of NAFLD and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Lefere
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hepatology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Hepatology/Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Chronic injury to the liver, such as viral hepatitis, alcoholism, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), promotes extracellular matrix deposition and organ scarring, termed hepatic fibrosis. Fibrosis might progress to cirrhosis and predisposes to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but is also associated with extrahepatic morbidity and mortality in NAFLD/NASH. The improved understanding of pathogenic mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation and fibrogenesis in the liver prompted recent advances in antifibrotic therapies. Areas covered: We review recent advances in antifibrotic therapy, of which most are currently tested in clinical trials for NAFLD or NASH. This explains the manifold metabolic pathways as antifibrotic targets, including farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonism (obeticholic acid, nonsteroidal FXR agonists), acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor agonism (elafibranor, lanifibranor, saroglitazar), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 or FGF-19 activation. Other antifibrotic drug candidates target cell death or inflammation, such as caspase (emricasan) or ASK1 inhibitors (selonsertib), galectin-3 inhibitors and reducing inflammatory macrophage recruitment by blocking chemokine receptors CCR2/CCR5 (cenicriviroc). Expert commentary: The tremendous advances in translational and clinical research fuels the hope for efficacious antifibrotic therapies within the next 5 years. Very likely, a combination of etiology-specific, metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and direct antifibrotic interventions will be most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Tacke
- a Deptartment of Medicine III , RWTH University Hospital Aachen , Aachen , Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- b Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry , RWTH University Hospital Aachen , Aachen , Germany
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Xue W, Fan Z, Li L, Lu J, Zhai Y, Zhao J. The chemokine system and its role in obesity. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3336-3346. [PMID: 30375006 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine system is a complex arrangement of molecules that attract leukocytes to the site of injury or inflammation. This chemotactic behavior gives the system the name "Chemokine." The intricate and redundant nature of the chemokine system has made it a subject of ongoing scientific investigation. Obesity is characterized as low-grade systemic or chronic inflammation that is responsible for the release of cytokines, adipokines, and chemokines. Excessive tissue fat expansion triggers the release of chemokines, which in turn attract various leukocytes and activate the resident immune surveillance system, eventually leading to worsening of obesity and other related comorbidities. To date, 50 chemokines and 20 chemokine receptors that belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor family have been discovered, and over the past two decades, the physiological and pathological roles of many of these chemokines and their receptors have been elucidated. The objective of this review is to present an update on the link between chemokines and obesity under the light of recent knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhirui Fan
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lifeng Li
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingli Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yunkai Zhai
- Center of Telemedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Engineering Laboratory for Digital Telemedicine Service, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Center of Telemedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Engineering Laboratory for Digital Telemedicine Service, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Peters KM, Wilson RB, Borradaile NM. Non-parenchymal hepatic cell lipotoxicity and the coordinated progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2018; 29:417-422. [PMID: 30015675 PMCID: PMC6125757 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) appears to be independently associated with the development of atherosclerosis. The biological mechanisms underlying this association are complex, and likely involve liver-resident cell types other than hepatocytes. Thus, we review recent evidence that non-parenchymal hepatic cell responses to lipid excess contribute to the pathogenesis of both NAFLD and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Significant independent associations between NAFLD and atherosclerosis have been identified through cross-sectional studies and meta-analyses. Mechanistic studies in cell cultures and in rodent models suggest that liver-resident macrophages, activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) mount lipotoxic responses under NAFLD conditions which can contribute to the progression of both NAFLD and atherosclerosis. SUMMARY Non-parenchymal hepatic cell types exhibit some similarity in their responses to lipid excess, and in their pathogenic mechanisms, which likely contribute to the coordinated progression of NAFLD and atherosclerosis. In response to lipotoxic conditions, macrophages, Kupffer cells and HSC initiate robust inflammatory responses, whereas LSEC generate excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). The extent to which inflammatory cytokines and ROS produced by non-parenchymal cells contribute to the progression of both NAFLD and atherosclerosis warrants further investigation.
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