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Martins T, de Almeida B, Wu M, Wilckens KA, Minhas D, Ibinson JW, Aizenstein HJ, Santini T, Ibrahim TS. Characterization of pulsations in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid using ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1305939. [PMID: 38784099 PMCID: PMC11112101 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1305939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of innovative non-invasive neuroimaging methods and biomarkers is critical for studying brain disease. Imaging of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsatility may inform the brain fluid dynamics involved in clearance of cerebral metabolic waste. In this work, we developed a methodology to characterize the frequency and spatial localization of whole brain CSF pulsations in humans. Using 7 Tesla (T) human magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrafast echo-planar imaging (EPI), in-vivo images were obtained to capture pulsations of the CSF signal. Physiological data were simultaneously collected and compared with the 7 T MR data. The primary components of signal pulsations were identified using spectral analysis, with the most evident frequency bands identified around 0.3, 1.2, and 2.4 Hz. These pulsations were mapped spatially and temporally onto the MR image domain and temporally onto the physiological measures of electrocardiogram and respiration. We identified peaks in CSF pulsations that were distinct from peaks in grey matter and white matter regions. This methodology may provide novel in vivo biomarkers of disrupted brain fluid dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Martins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bruno de Almeida
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Minjie Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kristine A. Wilckens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Davneet Minhas
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - James W. Ibinson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Howard J. Aizenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tales Santini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tamer S. Ibrahim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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2
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Martins T, Santini T, de Almeida B, Wu M, Wilckens KA, Minhas D, Ibinson JW, Aizenstein HJ, Ibrahim TS. Characterization of oscillations in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid using ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.05.23299452. [PMID: 38105931 PMCID: PMC10723515 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.23299452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Development of innovative non-invasive neuroimaging methods and biomarkers are critical for studying brain disease. In this work, we have developed a methodology to characterize the frequency responses and spatial localization of oscillations and movements of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in the human brain. Using 7 Tesla human MRI and ultrafast echo-planar imaging (EPI), in-vivo images were obtained to capture CSF oscillations and movements. Physiological data was simultaneously collected and correlated with the 7T MR data. The primary components of CSF oscillations were identified using spectral analysis (with frequency bands identified around 0.3Hz, 1.2Hz and 2.4Hz) and were mapped spatially and temporally onto the MR image domain and temporally onto the physiological domain. The developed methodology shows a good consistency and repeatability (standard deviation of 0.052 and 0.078 for 0.3Hz and 1.2Hz bands respectively) in-vivo for potential brain dynamics and CSF flow and clearance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Martins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tales Santini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bruno de Almeida
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Minjie Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kristine A. Wilckens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Davneet Minhas
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - James W. Ibinson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Howard J. Aizenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tamer S. Ibrahim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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3
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Pagni G, Tagliarini C, Carbone MG, Imbimbo BP, Marazziti D, Pomara N. Different Sides of Depression in the Elderly: An In-depth View on the Role of Aβ Peptides. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:5731-5757. [PMID: 34547994 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210921164816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-onset depression (LOD) is the most common neuropsychiatric disorder associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), often associated with structural and functional brain changes, neuropsychological impairments and negative family history for affective disorders. LOD could be a risk factor or a prodromal phase of AD; this has led to the investigation of the link between depression and amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides by measuring Aβ levels in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brains of elderly depressed subjects. OBJECTIVE Clarify the complex relationship between depression, Aβ peptides and AD. METHOD We evaluated all articles published up to 2019 in PubMed in which Aβ was measured in serum (or plasma), CSF or brain in elderly with Major Depressive Disorder or depressive symptoms evaluated with standard scales. RESULTS Low plasma Aβ42 levels are strongly associated with depression severity. Plasma Aβ40 levels are higher in younger depressed, drug-resistant and those with more severe symptoms. CSF Aβ42 levels are lower in depressed than controls. PET-detected global and region-specific increases in Aβ deposition are sometimes associated with LOD, cognitive impairment, anxiety but not with Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)/CVD risk factors. Elderly depressed with CVDs/CVD risk factors have more frequently high plasma Aβ40 levels and drug-resistance; those without these co-morbidities have low plasma Aβ42 levels and a greater cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Two specific Aβ profiles emerge in elderly depressed. One is associated with Aβ42 reductions in plasma and CSF, possibly reflecting increased brain amyloid deposition and prodromal AD. The other one is characterized by high plasma Aβ40 levels, cerebrovascular disease and clinically associated with increased AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovann Pagni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100. Italy
| | - Claudia Tagliarini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100. Italy
| | - Manuel Glauco Carbone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100. Italy
| | | | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100. Italy
| | - Nunzio Pomara
- Geriatric Psychiatry Department, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962. United States
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4
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Quartey MO, Nyarko JNK, Pennington PR, Heistad RM, Chaharyn BM, Wei Z, Bainbridge D, Baker GB, Mousseau DD. Age- and sex-dependent profiles of APP fragments and key secretases align with changes in despair-like behavior and cognition in young APPSwe/Ind mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:454-459. [PMID: 30803762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biological sex exerts distinct influences on brain levels of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in both clinical depression and Alzheimer disease (AD), yet studies in animal models focus primarily on males. We examined behavioral 'despair'/depression (using the tail-suspension test) and memory (using the novel object recognition task) in J20 (hAPPSwe/Ind) mice. Three month-old male (but not female) J20 mice exhibited less despair-like behavior, but more evidence of cognitive deficits. In young J20 mice, only soluble Aβ peptides -primarily Aβ(1-40)- were detected. There was no evidence of an effect on despair-like behavior in the six month-old J20 mice, although cognitive deficits were now evident in both sexes, and coincided with a greater proportion of the neurotoxic Aβ(1-42) species (in soluble as well as insoluble fractions). This age-dependent shift in Aβ peptide profile coincided with reduced expression of glycosylated species of ADAM-10 (α-secretase) and BACE1 (β-secretase), and an increased co-immunoprecipitation of presenilin-1 with nicastrin (components of the γ-secretase complex). Sex-dependent changes in depression-related monoaminergic, e.g. serotonin and dopamine (but not noradrenaline), systems were evident already in young J20 mice. It is critical to acknowledge that sex-dependent APP-related phenotypes might differentially influence modifiable depression-related monoaminergic signalling at some of the earliest pathological stages of clinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maa O Quartey
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jennifer N K Nyarko
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Paul R Pennington
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ryan M Heistad
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Bradley M Chaharyn
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Zelan Wei
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Dennis Bainbridge
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Glen B Baker
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Darrell D Mousseau
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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5
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Nyarko JNK, Quartey MO, Baker GB, Mousseau DD. Can Animal Models Inform on the Relationship between Depression and Alzheimer Disease? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2019; 64:18-29. [PMID: 29685068 PMCID: PMC6364140 DOI: 10.1177/0706743718772514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The focus on the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in clinical Alzheimer disease (AD) as well as in animal models of AD has perhaps biased our understanding of what contributes to the heterogeneity in disease onset and progression. Part of this heterogeneity could reflect the various neuropsychiatric risk factors that present with common symptomatology and can predispose the brain to AD-like changes. One such risk factor is depression. Animal models, particularly mouse models carrying variants of AD-related gene(s), many of which lead to an accumulation of Aβ, suggest that a fundamental shift in depression-related monoaminergic systems (including serotonin and noradrenaline) is a strong indicator of the altered cellular function associated with the earlier(est) stages of AD-related pathology. These changes in monoaminergic neurochemistry could provide for relevant targets for intervention in clinical AD and/or could support a polypharmacy strategy, which might include the targeting of Aβ, in vulnerable populations. Future studies must also include female mice as well as male mice in animal model studies on the relationship between depression and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N K Nyarko
- 1 Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Maa O Quartey
- 1 Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Glen B Baker
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Neurochemical Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darrell D Mousseau
- 1 Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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6
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Lopez-Font I, Boix CP, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Sáez-Valero J. Alterations in the Balance of Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Species in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:1281-1291. [PMID: 28372336 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that soluble forms of the amyloid-β protein precursor (sAβPP) assemble into multimeric complexes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which contributes to the underestimation of specific sAβPP species when assessed by ELISA. To circumvent this issue, we analyzed by SDS-PAGE large fragments of sAβPP and their variants in the CSF from Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 20) and control (n = 20) subjects, probing with specific antibodies against particular domains. Similar levels of sAβPPα and sAβPPβ protein were found in CSF samples from AD and controls, yet there appeared to be a shift in the balance of the soluble full-length AβPP (sAβPPf) species in AD samples, with a decrease in the proportion of the lower (∼100 kDa) band relative to the upper (∼120 kDa) band. Similar differences were observed in the contribution of the major KPI-immunoreactive AβPP species. CSF samples also displayed differences in the correlations of AβPP species with classical AD biomarkers, particularly with respect to the Aβ42 peptide. The differences reveal alterations that probably reflect pathophysiological changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Lopez-Font
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Claudia P Boix
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Campus, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Campus, Sweden
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
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7
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Hesse R, von Einem B, Wagner F, Bott P, Schwanzar D, Jackson RJ, Föhr KJ, Lausser L, Kroker KS, Proepper C, Walther P, Kestler HA, Spires-Jones TL, Boeckers T, Rosenbrock H, von Arnim CAF. sAPPβ and sAPPα increase structural complexity and E/I input ratio in primary hippocampal neurons and alter Ca 2+ homeostasis and CREB1-signaling. Exp Neurol 2018; 304:1-13. [PMID: 29466703 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One major pathophysiological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is senile plaques composed of amyloid β (Aβ). In the amyloidogenic pathway, cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is shifted towards Aβ production and soluble APPβ (sAPPβ) levels. Aβ is known to impair synaptic function; however, much less is known about the physiological functions of sAPPβ. The neurotrophic properties of sAPPα, derived from the non-amyloidogenic pathway of APP cleavage, are well-established, whereas only a few, conflicting studies on sAPPβ exist. The intracellular pathways of sAPPβ are largely unknown. Since sAPPβ is generated alongside Aβ by β-secretase (BACE1) cleavage, we tested the hypothesis that sAPPβ effects differ from sAPPα effects as a neurotrophic factor. We therefore performed a head-to-head comparison of both mammalian recombinant peptides in developing primary hippocampal neurons (PHN). We found that sAPPα significantly increases axon length (p = 0.0002) and that both sAPPα and sAPPβ increase neurite number (p < 0.0001) of PHN at 7 days in culture (DIV7) but not at DIV4. Moreover, both sAPPα- and sAPPβ-treated neurons showed a higher neuritic complexity in Sholl analysis. The number of glutamatergic synapses (p < 0.0001), as well as layer thickness of postsynaptic densities (PSDs), were significantly increased, and GABAergic synapses decreased upon sAPP overexpression in PHN. Furthermore, we showed that sAPPα enhances ERK and CREB1 phosphorylation upon glutamate stimulation at DIV7, but not DIV4 or DIV14. These neurotrophic effects are further associated with increased glutamate sensitivity and CREB1-signaling. Finally, we found that sAPPα levels are significantly reduced in brain homogenates of AD patients compared to control subjects. Taken together, our data indicate critical stage-dependent roles of sAPPs in the developing glutamatergic system in vitro, which might help to understand deleterious consequences of altered APP shedding in AD patients, beyond Aβ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Hesse
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Patricia Bott
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Rosemary J Jackson
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Ludwig Lausser
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katja S Kroker
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Dept. of Drug Discovery Sciences, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Rosenbrock
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Dept. of CNS Diseases Research, Biberach, Germany
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8
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Kumar DKV, Choi SH, Washicosky KJ, Eimer WA, Tucker S, Ghofrani J, Lefkowitz A, McColl G, Goldstein LE, Tanzi RE, Moir RD. Amyloid-β peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:340ra72. [PMID: 27225182 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is a key protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. We previously reported in vitro evidence suggesting that Aβ is an antimicrobial peptide. We present in vivo data showing that Aβ expression protects against fungal and bacterial infections in mouse, nematode, and cell culture models of AD. We show that Aβ oligomerization, a behavior traditionally viewed as intrinsically pathological, may be necessary for the antimicrobial activities of the peptide. Collectively, our data are consistent with a model in which soluble Aβ oligomers first bind to microbial cell wall carbohydrates via a heparin-binding domain. Developing protofibrils inhibited pathogen adhesion to host cells. Propagating β-amyloid fibrils mediate agglutination and eventual entrapment of unatttached microbes. Consistent with our model, Salmonella Typhimurium bacterial infection of the brains of transgenic 5XFAD mice resulted in rapid seeding and accelerated β-amyloid deposition, which closely colocalized with the invading bacteria. Our findings raise the intriguing possibility that β-amyloid may play a protective role in innate immunity and infectious or sterile inflammatory stimuli may drive amyloidosis. These data suggest a dual protective/damaging role for Aβ, as has been described for other antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Vijaya Kumar
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kevin J Washicosky
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - William A Eimer
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Stephanie Tucker
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jessica Ghofrani
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aaron Lefkowitz
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Gawain McColl
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lee E Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Robert D Moir
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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9
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Brinkmalm G, Sjödin S, Simonsen AH, Hasselbalch SG, Zetterberg H, Brinkmalm A, Blennow K. A Parallel Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometric Method for Analysis of Potential CSF Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease. Proteomics Clin Appl 2017; 12. [PMID: 29028155 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (PRM-MS) assay consisting of a panel of potential protein biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Thirteen proteins were selected based on their association with neurodegenerative diseases and involvement in synaptic function, secretory vesicle function, or innate immune system. CSF samples were digested and two to three peptides per protein were quantified using stable isotope-labeled peptide standards. RESULTS Coefficients of variation were generally below 15%. Clinical evaluation was performed on a cohort of 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 15 healthy subjects. Investigated proteins of the granin family exhibited the largest difference between the patient groups. Secretogranin-2 (p<0.005) and neurosecretory protein VGF (p<0.001) concentrations were lowered in AD. For chromogranin A, two of three peptides had significantly lowered AD concentrations (p<0.01). The concentrations of the synaptic proteins neurexin-1 and neuronal pentraxin-1, as well as neurofascin were also significantly lowered in AD (p<0.05). The other investigated proteins, β2-microglobulin, cystatin C, amyloid precursor protein, lysozyme C, neurexin-2, neurexin-3, and neurocan core protein, were not significantly altered. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE PRM-MS of protein panels is a valuable tool to evaluate biomarker candidates for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Simon Sjödin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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10
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Al Shweiki MHDR, Oeckl P, Steinacker P, Hengerer B, Schönfeldt-Lecuona C, Otto M. Major depressive disorder: insight into candidate cerebrospinal fluid protein biomarkers from proteomics studies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:499-514. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1336435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Bastian Hengerer
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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11
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Exosomes Secreted from HEK293-APP Swe/Ind Cells Impair the Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:82-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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The role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:1178-1186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Pomara N, Bruno D. Major Depression May Lead to Elevations in Potentially Neurotoxic Amyloid Beta Species Independently of Alzheimer Disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 24:773-5. [PMID: 27421616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Pomara
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY; NYU Cohen Veterans Center, New York, NY.
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14
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Habib A, Sawmiller D, Tan J. Restoring Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein α Functions as a Potential Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:973-991. [PMID: 27531392 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Soluble amyloid precursor protein α (sAPPα), a secreted proteolytic fragment of nonamyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, is known for numerous neuroprotective functions. These functions include but are not limited to proliferation, neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity, memory formation, neurogenesis, and neuritogenesis in cell culture and animal models. In addition, sAPPα influences amyloid-β (Aβ) production by direct modulation of APP β-secretase proteolysis as well as Aβ-related or unrelated tau pathology, hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, the restoration of sAPPα levels and functions in the brain by increasing nonamyloidogenic APP processing and/or manipulation of its signaling could reduce AD pathology and cognitive impairment. It is likely that identification and characterization of sAPPα receptors in the brain, downstream effectors, and signaling pathways will pave the way for an attractive therapeutic target for AD prevention or intervention. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Habib
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Darrell Sawmiller
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jun Tan
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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15
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Hartl D, Gu W, Mayhaus M, Pichler S, Schöpe J, Wagenpfeil S, Riemenschneider M. Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Cleavage Products in Postmortem Ventricular Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:365-72. [PMID: 26401559 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) are considered etiologic processes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the roles of other AβPP cleavage products in disease pathology remain elusive. Here, we measured levels of the major secreted AβPP processing products sAβPPα, sAβPPβ, and Aβ species in postmortem collected ventricular CSF of 196 AD patients and 74 controls. In AD we identified Aβ₄₂ to decrease continuously with progressing Braak stages, whereas Aβ₄₀ was upregulated in early stages of the disease (Braak stage 4) and down-regulated with progressing pathology. Interestingly, both sAβPPα and sAβPPβ were upregulated in AD as compared to controls (sAβPPα, p = 0.02; sAβPPβ, p = 0.01). Moreover, we observed a strong positive correlation of both alternative AβPP processing products, sAβPPα and sAβPPβ (r²= 0.781; p < 0.0001). Together, our results argue for generally enhanced AβPP processing in AD patients and emphasize the necessity of analyzing the roles of all AβPP processing products in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hartl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Institute for Human Genetics and Medical Genetics, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Manuel Mayhaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pichler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Schöpe
- Institute for Biometrics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagenpfeil
- Institute for Biometrics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Riemenschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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16
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Mahgoub N, Alexopoulos GS. Amyloid Hypothesis: Is There a Role for Antiamyloid Treatment in Late-Life Depression? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 24:239-47. [PMID: 26946981 PMCID: PMC4801691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants have modest efficacy in late-life depression (LLD), perhaps because various neurobiologic processes compromise frontolimbic networks required for antidepressant response. We propose that amyloid accumulation is an etiologic factor for frontolimbic compromise that predisposes to depression and increases treatment resistance in a subgroup of older adults. In patients without history of depression, amyloid accumulation during the preclinical phase of Alzheimer disease (AD) may result in the prodromal depression syndrome that precedes cognitive impairment. In patients with early-onset depression, pathophysiologic changes during recurrent episodes may promote amyloid accumulation, further compromise neurocircuitry required for antidepressant response, and increase treatment resistance during successive depressive episodes. The findings that support the amyloid hypothesis of LLD are (1) Depression is a risk factor, a prodrome, and a common behavioral manifestation of AD; (2) amyloid deposition occurs during a long predementia period when depression is prevalent; (3) patients with lifetime history of depression have significant amyloid accumulation in brain regions related to mood regulation; and (4) amyloid deposition leads to neurobiologic processes, including vascular damage, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and disrupted functional connectivity, that impair networks implicated in depression. The amyloid hypothesis of LLD is timely because availability of ligands allows in vivo assessment of amyloid in the human brain, a number of antiamyloid agents are relatively safe, and there is evidence that some antidepressants may reduce amyloid production. A model of LLD introducing the role of amyloid may guide the design of studies aiming to identify novel antidepressant approaches and prevention strategies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Mahgoub
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Psychiatry
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17
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van Waalwijk van Doorn LJC, Koel-Simmelink MJ, Haußmann U, Klafki H, Struyfs H, Linning P, Knölker HJ, Twaalfhoven H, Kuiperij HB, Engelborghs S, Scheltens P, Verbeek MM, Vanmechelen E, Wiltfang J, Teunissen CE. Validation of soluble amyloid-β precursor protein assays as diagnostic CSF biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 2016; 137:112-21. [PMID: 26748905 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Analytical validation of a biomarker assay is essential before implementation in clinical practice can occur. In this study, we analytically validated the performance of assays detecting soluble amyloid-β precursor protein (sAPP) α and β in CSF in two laboratories according to previously standard operating procedures serving this goal. sAPPα and sAPPβ ELISA assays from two vendors (IBL-international, Meso Scale Diagnostics) were validated. The performance parameters included precision, sensitivity, dilutional linearity, recovery, and parallelism. Inter-laboratory variation, biomarker comparison (sAPPα vs. sAPPβ) and clinical performance was determined in three laboratories using 60 samples of patients with subjective memory complaints, Alzheimer's disease, or frontotemporal dementia. All performance parameters of the assays were similar between labs and within predefined acceptance criteria. The only exceptions were minor out-of-range results for recovery at low concentrations and, despite being within predefined acceptance criteria, non-comparability of the results for evaluation of the dilutional linearity and hook-effect. Based on the inter-laboratory correlation between Lab #1 and Lab #2, the IBL-international assays were more robust (sAPPα: r(2) = 0.92, sAPPβ: r(2) = 0.94) than the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) assay (sAPPα: r(2) = 0.70, sAPPβ: r(2) = 0.80). Specificity of assays was confirmed using assay-specific peptide competitors. Clinical validation showed consistent results across the clinical groups in the different laboratories for all assays. The validated sAPP assays appear to be of sufficient technical quality and perform well. Moreover, the study shows that the newly developed standard operating procedures provide highly useful tools for the validation of new biomarker assays. A recommendation was made for renewed instructions to evaluate the dilutional linearity and hook-effect. We analytically validated the performance of assays detecting soluble amyloid-β precursor protein (sAPP) α and β in CSF according to SOPs in agreement with ISO15189 guidelines. The validated sAPP assays appear to be of sufficient technical quality and perform well. Moreover, this study proofs that the newly developed SOPs, with a minor modification, provide highly useful tools for the validation of new biomarker assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J C van Waalwijk van Doorn
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen J Koel-Simmelink
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ute Haußmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, LVR-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hans Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, LVR-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hanne Struyfs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philipp Linning
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Harry Twaalfhoven
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Bea Kuiperij
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Memory Clinic and Department of Neurology, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Extracellular vesicles--Their role in the packaging and spread of misfolded proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 40:89-96. [PMID: 25704308 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many cell types, including neurons, are known to release small membranous vesicles known as exosomes. In addition to their protein content these vesicles have recently been shown to contain messenger RNA (mRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA) species. Roles for these vesicles include cell-cell signalling, removal of unwanted proteins, and transfer of pathogens (including prion-like misfolded proteins) between cells, such as infectious prions. Prions are the infectious particles that are responsible for transmissible neurodegenerative diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) of humans or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) of cattle. Exosomes are also involved in processing the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). As exosomes can be isolated from circulating fluids such as serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), they provide a potential source of biomarkers for neurological conditions. Here, we review the roles these vesicles play in neurodegenerative disease and highlight their potential in diagnosing these disorders through analysis of their RNA content.
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19
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Cuchillo-Ibañez I, Lopez-Font I, Boix-Amorós A, Brinkmalm G, Blennow K, Molinuevo JL, Sáez-Valero J. Heteromers of amyloid precursor protein in cerebrospinal fluid. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:2. [PMID: 25573162 PMCID: PMC4298044 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble fragments of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) generated by α- and β-secretases, sAPPα and sAPPβ, have been postulated as promising new cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the capacity of these soluble proteins to assemble has not been explored and could be relevant. Our aim is to characterize possible sAPP oligomers that could contribute to the quantification of sAPPα and sAPPβ in CSF by ELISA, as well as to characterize the possible presence of soluble full-length APP (sAPPf). RESULTS We employed co-immunoprecipitation, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradients to characterize sAPP oligomers in CSF. We have characterized the presence of sAPPf in CSF from NDC and AD subjects and demonstrated that all forms, including sAPPα and sAPPβ, are capable of assembling into heteromers, which differ from brain APP membrane-dimers. We measured sAPPf, sAPPα and sAPPβ by ELISA in CSF samples from AD (n = 13) and non-disease subjects (NDC, n = 13) before and after immunoprecipitation with antibodies against the C-terminal APP or against sAPPβ. We demonstrated that these sAPP heteromers participate in the quantification of sAPPα and sAPPβ by ELISA. Immunoprecipitation with a C-terminal antibody to remove sAPPf reduced by ~30% the determinations of sAPPα and sAPPβ by ELISA, whereas immunoprecipitation with an APPβ antibody reduced by ~80% the determination of sAPPf and sAPPα. CONCLUSIONS The presence of sAPPf and sAPP heteromers should be taken into consideration when exploring the levels of sAPPα and sAPPβ as potential CSF biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av, Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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20
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Abbasowa L, Heegaard NHH. A systematic review of amyloid-β peptides as putative mediators of the association between affective disorders and Alzheimer׳s disease. J Affect Disord 2014; 168:167-83. [PMID: 25058309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Affective disorders are associated with an increased occurrence of cognitive deficits and have been linked to cognitive impairment and Alzheimer׳s disease. The putative molecular mechanisms involved in these associations are however not clear. The aim of this systematic review was to explore clinically founded evidence for amyloid-β peptides in cerebrospinal fluid and blood as putative biomarkers for affective disorders. METHOD Systematic searches in Embase and PubMed databases yielded 23 eligible, observational studies. RESULTS Despite inconsistencies that were partly ascribed to the application of different assay formats, study results indicate a potentially altered amyloid-β metabolism in affective disorder. LIMITATIONS Since most studies used a cross-sectional design, causality is difficult to establish. Moreover, methodological rigor of included studies varied and several studies were limited by very low sample numbers. Finally, different assays for amyloid-β were utilized in the different studies, thus hampering comparisons. CONCLUSION To unravel possible risk relations and causalities between affective disorder and Alzheimer׳s disease and to determine how amyloid-β concentrations change over time and are associated with cognition as well as affective symptomatology, future research should include prospective, longitudinal studies, implemented in large study populations, where peripheral and central amyloid-β ratios are quantified concomitantly and continuously across various affective phases. Also, to enable inter-survey comparisons, the use of standardized pre-analytical/analytical procedures is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Abbasowa
- Department of Medicine, Kabbeltoft 25, DK-7100 Vejle, Denmark.
| | - Niels H H Heegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology & Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Osorio RS, Gumb T, Pomara N. Soluble amyloid-β levels and late-life depression. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 20:2547-54. [PMID: 23859552 PMCID: PMC4106797 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Late-Life Major Depression (LLMD) is a complex heterogeneous disorder that has multiple pathophysiological mechanisms such as medical comorbidity, vascular-related factors and Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is an association between LLMD and AD, with LLMD possibly being a risk factor for, or early symptom of AD and vascular dementia. Whether depression is an etiologic risk factor for dementia, or part of the dementia prodrome remains controversial. AD has a long prodromal period with the neuropathologic features of the disease preceding the onset of clinical symptoms by as much as 15-20 years. Clinicopathological studies have provided robust support for the importance of Aβ42 in the pathogenesis of AD, but several other risk factors have also been identified. Given the relationship between Aβ42 and AD, a potential relationship between Aβ42 and LLMD would improve the understanding of the association between LLMD and AD. We reviewed 15 studies that analyzed the relationship between soluble Aβ42 and LLMD. For studies looking at plasma and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Aβ42, the relationship between LLMD and soluble Aβ42 was equivocal, with some studies finding elevated Aβ42 levels associated with LLMD and others finding the opposite, decreased levels of Aβ42 associated with LLMD. It may be that there is poor reliability in the diagnosis of depression in late life, or variability in the criteria and the scales used, or subtypes of depression in late life such as early vs. late onset depression, vascular-related depression, and preclinical/comorbid depression in AD. The different correlations associated with each of these factors would be causing the inconsistent results for soluble Aβ42 levels in LLMD, but it is also possible that these patterns derive from disease stage-dependent differences in the trajectory of CSF Aβ42 during older age, or changes in neuronal activity or the sleep/wake cycle produced by LLMD that influence Aβ42 dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nunzio Pomara
- Center for Brain Health Department of Psychiatry, NYU Center for Brain Health Center of Excellence on Brain Aging and Dementia, 145 E. 32nd Street New York, NY 10016.
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22
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Daulatzai MA. Role of stress, depression, and aging in cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 18:265-96. [PMID: 25167923 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of progressive cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Despite considerable progress in elucidating the molecular pathology of this disease, we are not yet close to unraveling its etiopathogenesis. A battery of neurotoxic modifiers may underpin neurocognitive pathology via deleterious heterogeneous pathologic impact in brain regions, including the hippocampus. Three important neurotoxic factors being addressed here include aging, stress, and depression. Unraveling "upstream pathologies" due to these disparate neurotoxic entities, vis-à-vis cognitive impairment involving hippocampal dysfunction, is of paramount importance. Persistent systemic inflammation triggers and sustains neuroinflammation. The latter targets several brain regions including the hippocampus causing upregulation of amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic and neuronal degeneration, gray matter volume atrophy, and progressive cognitive decline. However, what is the fundamental source of this peripheral inflammation in aging, stress, and depression? This chapter highlights and delineates the inflammatory involvement-i.e., from its inception from gut to systemic inflammation to neuroinflammation. It highlights an upregulated cascade in which gut-microbiota-related dysbiosis generates lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which enhances inflammation and gut's leakiness, and through a Web of interactions, it induces stress and depression. This may increase neuronal dysfunction and apoptosis, promote learning and memory impairment, and enhance vulnerability to cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mak Adam Daulatzai
- Sleep Disorders Group, EEE Department, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Building 193, 3rd Floor, Room no. 3/344, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia,
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23
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Iacob E, Light KC, Tadler SC, Weeks HR, White AT, Hughen RW, VanHaitsma TA, Bushnell L, Light AR. Dysregulation of leukocyte gene expression in women with medication-refractory depression versus healthy non-depressed controls. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:273. [PMID: 24143878 PMCID: PMC4015603 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive Disorders (DD) are a great financial and social burden. Females display 70% higher rate of depression than males and more than 30% of these patients do not respond to conventional medications. Thus medication-refractory female patients are a large, under-served, group where new biological targets for intervention are greatly needed. METHODS We used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to evaluate mRNA gene expression from peripheral blood leukocytes for 27 genes, including immune, HPA-axis, ion channels, and growth and transcription factors. Our sample included 23 females with medication refractory DD: 13 with major depressive disorder (MDD), 10 with bipolar disorder (BPD). Our comparison group was 19 healthy, non-depressed female controls. We examined differences in mRNA expression in DD vs. controls, in MDD vs. BPD, and in patients with greater vs. lesser depression severity. RESULTS DD patients showed increased expression for IL-10, IL-6, OXTR, P2RX7, P2RY1, and TRPV1. BPD patients showed increased APP, CREB1, NFKB1, NR3C1, and SPARC and decreased TNF expression. Depression severity was related to increased IL-10, P2RY1, P2RX1, and TRPV4 expression. CONCLUSIONS These results support prior findings of dysregulation in immune genes, and provide preliminary evidence of dysregulation in purinergic and other ion channels in females with medication-refractory depression, and in transcription and growth factors in those with BPD. If replicated in future research examining protein levels as well as mRNA, these pathways could potentially be used to explore biological mechanisms of depression and to develop new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Iacob
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Kathleen C Light
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Scott C Tadler
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Howard R Weeks
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrea T White
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, USA, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ronald W Hughen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Timothy A VanHaitsma
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, USA, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lowry Bushnell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alan R Light
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Neuroscience Program, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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24
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Herskovits AZ, Locascio JJ, Peskind ER, Li G, Hyman BT. A Luminex assay detects amyloid β oligomers in Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67898. [PMID: 23844122 PMCID: PMC3699502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (aβ) protein assembles into larger protein aggregates during the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and there is increasing evidence that soluble aβ oligomers are a critical pathologic species. Diagnostic evaluations rely on the measurement of increased tau and decreased aβ42 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients and evidence for oligomeric aβ in patient CSF is conflicting. In this study, we have adapted a monoclonal single antibody sandwich ELISA assay to a Luminex platform and found that this assay can detect oligomerized aβ42 and sAPPα fragments. We evaluated oligomeric aβ reactivity in 20 patients with AD relative to 19 age matched controls and compared these values with a commercially available Alzbio3 kit that detects tau, phosphorylated tau and aβ42 on the same diagnostic platform. We found that CSF samples of patients with AD had elevated aβ oligomers compared to control subjects (p < 0.05) and the ratio of aβ oligomers to aβ42 was also significantly elevated (p < 0.0001). Further research to develop high sensitivity analytical platforms and rigorous methods of developing stable assay standards will be needed before the analysis of oligomeric aβ becomes a routine diagnostic assay for the evaluation of late onset AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Z Herskovits
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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25
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Piccinni A, Origlia N, Veltri A, Vizzaccaro C, Marazziti D, Vanelli F, Moroni I, Domenici L, Dell'Osso L. Neurodegeneration, β-amyloid and mood disorders: state of the art and future perspectives. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 28:661-71. [PMID: 22996674 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression may increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have shown modifications in blood beta-amyloid (Aβ) levels in depressed patients. This literature review examines the potential relationship between Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity and pathophysiology of mood disorders. DESIGN We conducted a review of the literature focusing on recent studies reporting alterations of plasma and serum Aβ peptides levels in patients suffering from mood disorders. RESULTS Different data suggest that patients with mood disorders are at great risk of developing cognitive impairment and dementia. In particular, low plasma levels of Aβ42 peptide and a high Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio have been found in depressed patients. In addition, changes in Aβ protein levels in patients with mood disorders have been associated with the severity of cognitive impairment and correlated positively with the number of episodes and severity of illness course. CONCLUSIONS Given the intriguing association between change in plasma level of Aβ, depression and cognitive impairment, future work should focus on the relationship between Aβ peripheral level(s), biomarkers of neurodegeneration and development of dementia in patients affected by mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Piccinni
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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26
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Brinkmalm G, Brinkmalm A, Bourgeois P, Persson R, Hansson O, Portelius E, Mercken M, Andreasson U, Parent S, Lipari F, Öhrfelt A, Bjerke M, Minthon L, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Nutu M. Soluble amyloid precursor protein α and β in CSF in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2013; 1513:117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tian L, Guo R, Yue X, Lv Q, Ye X, Wang Z, Chen Z, Wu B, Xu G, Liu X. Intranasal administration of nerve growth factor ameliorate β-amyloid deposition after traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2012; 1440:47-55. [PMID: 22284619 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The marked increase of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide after traumatic brain injury (TBI), confers a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients' later life. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is great potential to repair brain injury. But its clinical application is limited because of lacking feasible methods for delivering NGF into brain. This study investigated the effects of NGF, delivered intranasally, on the Aβ burden in the injured ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus of rats with TBI. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the modified Feeney's weight-drop model and treated without or with NGF by intranasal route. Motor and cognitive functional outcome, immunostaining, ELISA assay and western blot were performed. Compared to sham operated rats, TBI rats exhibited significantly increased APP and Aβ₄₂ expression as well as decreased functional outcome after TBI. Intranasal administration of NGF significantly attenuated Aβ₄₂ deposits, and improved functional outcome after TBI. Thus, intranasal delivery of NGF provides a potential strategy for reducing the risk of developing AD in the later life of TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tian
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
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Lack of association between prior depressive episodes and cerebral [11C]PiB binding. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:2334-42. [PMID: 22192243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms are frequent in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it is controversial whether depression is a risk factor for AD. This study measured for the first time cortical amyloid-β (Aβ) levels using [(11)C] Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography (PET) in a group of nondemented patients with prior depressive episodes. Twenty-eight elderly patients (mean age 61 years, range 51-75, 18 women) with onset of first depressive episode more than 6 years ago but now remitted from depression and 18 healthy subjects (mean age 61 years, range 50-76, 12 women) were included. All subjects were investigated with cognitive testing, 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and [(11)C]PiB high resolution research tomography (HRRT) positron emission tomography scan. There was no between-groups difference in [(11)C]PiB binding (p = 0.5) and no associations to number of depressive episodes, cognitive performance, or antidepressant treatment. Patients with late onset of depression had increased severity of white matter lesions (p = 0.04). In this study depressive episodes were not associated with increased levels of [(11)C]PiB. Thus, our results do not support the notion that depressive episodes previously in life are a risk factor for developing AD.
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Clarke NA, Hartmann T, Jones EL, Ballard CG, Francis PT. Antipsychotic medication is associated with selective alterations in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid Aβ 40 and tau in patients with intractable unipolar depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 26:1283-91. [PMID: 21308788 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in plasma and in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-B peptide (Aβ) levels have been reported in Alzheimer's disease. Studies have also suggested similar changes in depressed patients. No information is available on the impact of psychotropic drugs on this in patients with depression. We therefore quantified Aβ in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a population of patients with treatment-resistant depression, with and without antipsychotic medication. METHOD A cross-sectional study of 32 patients undergoing subcaudate tractotomy for major (unipolar) depressive disorder. Ventricular CSF concentrations of Aβ peptide 1-40 and 1-42, also p-tau and total tau were determined by Western blotting or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Patients taking antipsychotic medication in the 2 weeks prior to surgery demonstrated significantly higher levels of Aβ 1-40 (mean ± SD: 727.3 ± 382.3 vs. 440.9 ± 337.2 pg/ml; p = 0.032, Student's t-test) but unaltered Aβ 1-42 (mean 72.1 ± 67.5 vs. 60.0 ± 56.7 pg/ml; p = 0.587) compared to a matched sample not treated with antipsychotic drugs. The same group demonstrated elevated total tau (mean 945.0 ± 422.2 vs. 534.3 ± 388.3 pg/ml; p = 0.010) but not p-tau (mean 98.6 ± 71.5 vs. 88.1 ± 70.5 pg/ml; p = 0.694). No similar effect was found with lithium, antidepressants, carbamazepine or benzodiazepines. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study suggests antipsychotic drugs, widely used in patients with severe depression across all age ranges, may be associated with alteration of Aβ 1-40 and total tau, indices strongly linked with progressive organic brain disease. Further confirmatory work is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Clarke
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
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30
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Regulation of alpha-secretase ADAM10 expression and activity. Exp Brain Res 2011; 217:343-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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A window into the heterogeneity of human cerebrospinal fluid Aβ peptides. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:697036. [PMID: 21876644 PMCID: PMC3163146 DOI: 10.1155/2011/697036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiating event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an imbalance in the production and clearance of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides leading to the formation of neurotoxic brain Aβ assemblies. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), which is a continuum of the brain, is an obvious source of markers reflecting central neuropathologic features of brain diseases. In this review, we provide an overview and update on our current understanding of the pathobiology of human CSF Aβ peptides. Specifically, we focused our attention on the heterogeneity of the CSF Aβ world discussing (1) basic research studies and what has been translated to clinical practice, (2) monomers and other soluble circulating Aβ assemblies, and (3) communication modes for Aβ peptides and their microenvironment targets. Finally, we suggest that Aβ peptides as well as other key signals in the central nervous system (CNS), mainly involved in learning and hence plasticity, may have a double-edged sword action on neuron survival and function.
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Wu G, Sankaranarayanan S, Hsieh SHK, Simon AJ, Savage MJ. Decrease in brain soluble amyloid precursor protein β (sAPPβ) in Alzheimer's disease cortex. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:822-32. [PMID: 21433051 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is generated by sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (β-secretase, or BACE1) and γ-secretase. Several reports demonstrate increased BACE1 enzymatic activity in brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects, suggesting that an increase in BACE1-mediated cleavage of APP drives amyloid pathophysiology in AD. BACE1 cleavage of APP leads to the generation of a secreted N-terminal fragment of APP (sAPPβ). To relate BACE1 activity better to endogenous APP processing in AD and control brains, we have directly measured brain sAPPβ levels using a novel APP β-site specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We demonstrate a significant reduction in brain cortical sAPPβ levels in AD compared with control subjects. In the same brain samples, BACE1 activity was unchanged, full-length APP and sAPPα levels were significantly reduced, and Aβ peptides were significantly elevated. In conclusion, a reduction in cortical brain sAPPβ together with unchanged BACE1 activity suggests that this is due to reduced full-length APP substrate in late-stage AD subjects. These results highlight the need for multiparameter analysis of the amyloidogenic process to understand better AD pathophysiology in early vs. late-stage AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Merck Research Laboratory, West Point, Pennsylvania.
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33
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Gabelle A, Roche S, Gény C, Bennys K, Labauge P, Tholance Y, Quadrio I, Tiers L, Gor B, Chaulet C, Vighetto A, Croisile B, Krolak-Salmon P, Touchon J, Perret-Liaudet A, Lehmann S. Correlations between soluble α/β forms of amyloid precursor protein and Aβ38, 40, and 42 in human cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Res 2010; 1357:175-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Andreasson U, Portelius E, Andersson ME, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Aspects of beta-amyloid as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Biomark Med 2010; 1:59-78. [PMID: 20477461 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that results in progressive cognitive impairment and death. The accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) in specific brain regions is believed by many to represent the earliest event in the pathogenesis of the disease. Here, we review the key aspects of Abeta as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease, including the pathogenicity of Abeta, the possible biological functions of its precursor protein, the Abeta metabolism and homeostasis, the diagnostic performance of different Abeta assays in different settings and the potential usefulness of Abeta as a surrogate marker for treatment efficacy in clinical trials of novel Abeta-targeting drugs against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Andreasson
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Mölndal, Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory/Mölndal, S-431 80, Göteborg University, Mölndal, Sweden
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Sabbagh MN, Farlow MR, Relkin N, Beach TG. Do cholinergic therapies have disease-modifying effects in Alzheimer's disease? Alzheimers Dement 2009; 2:118-25. [PMID: 19595868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The most widely studied and used therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are based on improving cholinergic function in the central nervous system. The acetylcholine-esterase inhibitors (ChEIs) tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine are all approved, and the latter three are widely used for the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate AD. Recent research has found that these drugs may act by a variety of other mechanisms including inhibition of butylcholinesterase, regulation of nicotinic receptors, decreasing amyloid precursor protein (APP) and A beta production, and regulation of tau phosphorylation that may influence disease progression. There is also emerging evidence from clinical trials that the ChEIs may delay cognitive and functional progression. Other cholinergic drugs such as muscarinic agonists have been explored, and although they are not approved, there is robust preclinical evidence for a beneficial, perhaps disease-modifying effect. This review summarizes evidence suggesting that these drugs may do more than improve symptoms; they may delay biological progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan N Sabbagh
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA.
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36
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Hampel H, Shen Y, Walsh DM, Aisen P, Shaw LM, Zetterberg H, Trojanowski JQ, Blennow K. Biological markers of amyloid beta-related mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2009; 223:334-46. [PMID: 19815015 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent research progress has given detailed knowledge on the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been translated into an intense, ongoing development of disease-modifying treatments. Most new drug candidates are targeted on inhibiting amyloid beta (Abeta) production and aggregation. In drug development, it is important to co-develop biomarkers for Abeta-related mechanisms to enable early diagnosis and patient stratification in clinical trials, and to serve as tools to identify and monitor the biochemical effect of the drug directly in patients. Biomarkers are also requested by regulatory authorities to serve as safety measurements. Molecular aberrations in the AD brain are reflected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Core CSF biomarkers include Abeta isoforms (Abeta40/Abeta42), soluble APP isoforms, Abeta oligomers and beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). This article reviews recent research advances on core candidate CSF and plasma Abeta-related biomarkers, and gives a conceptual review on how to implement biomarkers in clinical trials in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience (TCIN), Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Biomarker Research, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital Incorporating The National Children's Hospital (AMiNCH), Dublin, Ireland
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37
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Gispen-de Wied CC, Kritsidima M, Elferink AJA. The validity of biomarkers as surrogate endpoints in Alzheimer's disease by means of the Quantitative Surrogate Validation Level of Evidence Scheme (QSVLES). J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13:376-87. [PMID: 19300886 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-009-0049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the validity of biomarkers that are currently being proposed as potential surrogate endpoints in AD clinical trials with the aid of the "Quantitative Surrogate Validation Level of Evidence Schema" (QSVLES) proposed by Lassere et.al. (1). PROCEDURE A Pubmed literature search was conducted to identify AD biomarkers with SEP potential, and the QSVLES was applied to determine the extent of the SEP validity. RESULTS MRI, PET and MRS measures attained a total validity score of 4, NAA/Cre a total score of 5, and cerebral blood flow (SPECT), Abeta , Tau and APP a total score of 2. None of these biomarkers could fall into the rank of Levels 1 or 2, reserved for SEPs, according to the QSVLES criteria. This was mainly attributed to the lack of sufficient evidence that was derived from high ranking studies (RCT, prospective observational studies). CONCLUSION Though residing on SEPs as sole determinants of the benefit/risk ratio of AD medications seems to be pretty far, there could be certain cases where the use of SEPs may be beneficial, making efficient therapies available faster when there is a major public health interest involved. However, the potential risks of relying on invalid SEPs should not be underestimated and therefore the research on SEP validation and the development of specific validation guidance should be encouraged. The QSVLES, though not devoid of criticism, may be proposed as a starting point.
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38
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Zetterberg H. Update on amyloid-beta homeostasis markers for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 69:18-21. [PMID: 19199126 DOI: 10.1080/00365510802651841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Abeta) is either directly involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or tightly correlated with other primary pathogenic factors. It is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytic processing dependent on the beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and gamma-secretase, and is degraded by a broad range of proteases. This update summarizes the currently available studies that have determined the usefulness of BACE1 and secreted fragments of APP and Abeta as cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Goteborg University, Molndal, Sweden.
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Bell KFS, Zheng L, Fahrenholz F, Cuello AC. ADAM-10 over-expression increases cortical synaptogenesis. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29:554-65. [PMID: 17187903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cortical cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic terminals become upregulated during early stages of the transgenic amyloid pathology. Abundant evidence suggests that sAPP alpha, the product of the non-amyloidogenic alpha-secretase pathway, is neurotrophic both in vitro and when exogenously applied in vivo. The disintegrin metalloprotease ADAM-10 has been shown to have alpha-secretase activity in vivo. To determine whether sAPP alpha has an endogenous biological influence on cortical presynaptic boutons in vivo, we quantified cortical cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic presynaptic bouton densities in either ADAM-10 moderate expressing (ADAM-10 mo) transgenic mice, which moderately overexpress ADAM-10, or age-matched non-transgenic controls. Both early and late ontogenic time points were investigated. ADAM-10 mo transgenic mice display significantly elevated cortical cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic presynaptic bouton densities at the early time point (8 months). Only the cholinergic presynaptic bouton density remains significantly elevated in late-staged ADAM-10 mo transgenic animals (18 months). To confirm that the observed elevations were due to increased levels of endogenous murine sAPP alpha, exogenous human sAPP alpha was infused into the cortex of non-transgenic control animals for 1 week. Exogenous infusion of sAPP alpha led to significant elevations in the cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic cortical presynaptic bouton populations. These results are the first to demonstrate an in vivo influence of ADAM-10 on neurotransmitter-specific cortical synaptic plasticity and further confirm the neurotrophic influence of sAPP alpha on cortical synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F S Bell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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40
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The role of exosomes in the processing of proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2007; 37:323-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-007-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Gudmundsson P, Skoog I, Waern M, Blennow K, Pálsson S, Rosengren L, Gustafson D. The relationship between cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and depression in elderly women. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15:832-8. [PMID: 17911361 DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e3180547091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers including the 42 amino-acid form of beta-amyloid (Abeta42), total tau protein (T-tau), and the CSF/serum albumin ratio are markers of brain pathology and metabolism. Abeta42 and T-tau are sometimes used to discriminate geriatric depression from mild forms of Alzheimer disease (AD) in clinical studies. However, studies focusing on the relationship between these CSF biomarkers and geriatric depression are lacking. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with a population-based sample of 84 nondemented elderly women in Sweden. Measurements included neuropsychiatric, physical, and lumbar puncture examinations, with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Revision-based depression diagnoses and measurement of CSF levels of Abeta42, T-tau, albumin, and serum albumin. RESULTS Fourteen women (mean age: 72.6 years) had any depression (11 with major depressive disorder [MDD]). Compared to women without depression, women with MDD had higher levels of Abeta42 and the CSF/serum albumin ratio. The CSF/serum albumin ratio was also higher in women with any depression. No differences in T-tau were observed; however, T-tau increased with age. CONCLUSION Higher levels of CSF Abeta42 were observed among elderly depressed women, in contrast to lower levels usually observed in AD, indicating potential neuropathological differences between the two disorders. Higher CSF/serum albumin ratios observed in depressed women point to potential vascular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gudmundsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section for Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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42
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Post A, Ackl N, Rücker M, Schreiber Y, Binder EB, Ising M, Sonntag A, Holsboer F, Almeida OFX. Toward a reliable distinction between patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer-type dementia versus major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59:858-62. [PMID: 16325150 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) and its alpha-secreted form (alpha-sAPP) were investigated as a means to distinguish between individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer-type dementia (DAT) and those with major depressive episode (MDE) showing secondary memory deficits. METHODS Twenty-seven patients with MCI, 32 with probable DAT, and 24 with MDE attending a memory clinic were studied. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of sAPP/amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) and alpha-sAPP were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Patients with MDE had the highest CSF levels of total sAPP/APLP2 as compared with MCI and DAT patients (p < .001); sAPP/APLP2 levels were higher in MCI than in DAT subjects. Whereas alpha-sAPP levels did not differ between the MCI and DAT groups, median levels of this peptide were significantly lower in MCI and DAT versus MDE patients. CONCLUSIONS Soluble amyloid precursor protein/APLP2 and alpha-sAPP concentrations in CSF can differentiate between DAT and MCI versus MDE, facilitating early ameliorative interventions and appropriate treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Post
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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43
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Pomara N, Doraiswamy PM, Willoughby LM, Roth AE, Mulsant BH, Sidtis JJ, Mehta PD, Reynolds CF, Pollock BG. Elevation in plasma Abeta42 in geriatric depression: a pilot study. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:341-9. [PMID: 16583267 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-9029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma amyloid beta 1-42 (Abeta42) level has been linked to increased risk for incident AD in cognitively-intact elderly. However, plasma Abeta levels in individuals with late-life depression (LLMD), especially those with a late age of onset of first depressive episode, who are at a particularly increased risk for Alzheimer's disease, have not been studied. We compared plasma Abeta in 47 elderly with LLMD with 35 controls and examined its relationships to age of onset of first depressive episode, antidepressant treatment (paroxetine or nortriptyline), and indices of platelet activation (platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin) and brain abnormalities. Results indicated that plasma Abeta42 levels and the Abeta42/40 ratio were elevated in the LLMD group relative to controls in the overall group analyses and in the age- and gender-matched groups. MRI data indicated that higher Abeta42/40 ratio was associated with greater severity of total white matter hyperintensity burden in LLMD. Plasma Abeta levels in LLMD were not influenced by age of onset of first depressive episode or antidepressant treatment and were not related to indices of platelet activation. Our preliminary results suggest that increased plasma Abeta42 and Abeta42/40 ratio are present in geriatric depression, and future studies should be done to confirm these findings and to determine their relationship to cognitive decline and brain abnormalities associated with LLMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Pomara
- Geriatric Psychiatry Program, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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Engelborghs S, Maertens K, Vloeberghs E, Aerts T, Somers N, Mariën P, De Deyn PP. Neuropsychological and behavioural correlates of CSF biomarkers in dementia. Neurochem Int 2006; 48:286-95. [PMID: 16434124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To improve clinical, neuropsychological and behavioural characterisation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers beta-amyloid((1-42)) protein (Abeta42), protein tau (tau) and tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-tau181) across diagnostic dementia categories, a prospective study was set up. Patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n=201), AD with cerebrovascular disease (CVD) (AD+CVD) (n=33), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (n=27), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) (n=22) and healthy controls (n=148) were included. All patients underwent neuropsychological examination and behavioural assessment by means of a battery of behavioural assessment scales. CSF was obtained by lumbar puncture and levels of Abeta42, tau and P-tau181 were determined with commercially available ELISA kits. Negative correlations between CSF Abeta42 levels and aggressiveness (Spearman: r=-0.223; p=0.002) and positive correlations with age at inclusion (r=0.195; p=0.006), age at onset (r=0.205; p=0.003) and MMSE scores (r=0.198; p=0.005) were found in AD. In AD+CVD, CSF Abeta42 levels were correlated with MMSE (r=0.482; p=0.006), Hierarchic Dementia Scale (r=0.503; p=0.017) and Boston Naming Test (r=0.516; p=0.012) scores. In controls, age was positively correlated with CSF tau (r=0.465; p<0.001) and P-tau181 levels (r=0.312; p<0.001). CSF tau and P-tau181 levels correlated significantly in all groups, whereas CSF Abeta42 correlated with tau and P-tau181 levels in healthy controls only. Negative correlations between CSF Abeta42 levels and aggressiveness were found in AD patients. CSF Abeta42 seems to be a stage marker for AD (+/-CVD) given the positive correlations with neuropsychological test results suggesting that CSF Abeta42 might be of help for monitoring disease progression. Different correlations between age and CSF biomarker levels were obtained in healthy controls compared to AD patients, indicating that AD-induced pathophysiological processes change age-dependent regulation of CSF biomarker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Middelheim General Hospital (ZNA), Antwerp, Belgium
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45
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Zhu X, Lee HG, Casadesus G, Avila J, Drew K, Perry G, Smith MA. Oxidative imbalance in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2006; 31:205-17. [PMID: 15953822 DOI: 10.1385/mn:31:1-3:205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a striking feature of susceptible neurons in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Importantly, because oxidative stress is an early event in Alzheimer's disease, proximal to the development of hallmark pathologies, it likely plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Investigations into the cause of such oxidative stress show that interactions between abnormal mitochondria and disturbed metal metabolism are, at least in part, responsible for cytoplasmic oxidative damage observed in these susceptible neurons, which could ultimately lead to their demise. Oxidative stress not only temporally precedes the pathological lesions of the disease but could also contribute to their formation, which, in turn, could provide some protective mechanism to reduce oxidative stress and ensure that neurons do not rapidly succumb to oxidative insults. In this review, we present the evidence for oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease and its likely sources and consequence in relation to other pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwei Zhu
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Seo H, Isacson O. Abnormal APP, cholinergic and cognitive function in Ts65Dn Down's model mice. Exp Neurol 2005; 193:469-80. [PMID: 15869949 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2004] [Revised: 11/06/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated Ts65Dn Down's syndrome mice and their littermates (LM) at 1-2, 4, and 12 months of age to determine amyloid precursor protein (APP)-related cellular and biochemical changes associated with cognitive deficits. Ts65Dn mice showed cognitive deficits in the Morris water maze compared to LM mice at 4 and 12 months of age. Ts65Dn, but not LM mice, developed a septohippocampal cholinergic neuronal degeneration of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive neurons at 12 months of age. These cellular changes were compensated by increases in ChAT enzyme activity of remaining cholinergic terminals in the hippocampus. By 12 months of age, Ts65Dn mice had elevations of APP protein levels in the hippocampus compared to their LM. At this age, both Ts65Dn mice and their LM abnormally responded to cholinergic muscarinic M1 agonist treatment in terms of hippocampal APP, nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels compared to young adult C57BL/6 mice. In summary, the Ts65Dn mice show developmental and progressive age-related behavioral deficits, hippocampal APP, and cholinergic pathology. The relatively better cognitive spatial performance in LM compared to Ts65Dn mice suggests that high APP levels combined with progressive degeneration of the cholinergic system are critical to the pathology and cognitive deficits seen in Ts65Dn mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemyung Seo
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Olsson A, Höglund K, Sjögren M, Andreasen N, Minthon L, Lannfelt L, Buerger K, Möller HJ, Hampel H, Davidsson P, Blennow K. Measurement of alpha- and beta-secretase cleaved amyloid precursor protein in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer patients. Exp Neurol 2003; 183:74-80. [PMID: 12957490 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4886(03)00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the major histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is redundant senile plaques mainly composed of beta-amyloid (Abeta) aggregates. Alternative cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), occurring in both normal and AD subjects, results in the generation and secretion of soluble APP (sAPP) and Abeta. We examined the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for alpha- and beta-secretase cleaved sAPP (alpha-sAPP and beta-sAPP) in 81 sporadic AD patients, 19 patients with mild cognitive impairment, and 42 healthy controls by using newly developed sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. We found that neither the level of CSF-alpha-sAPP nor CSF-beta-sAPP differed between sporadic AD patients and healthy controls. These findings further support the conclusion that there is no change in APP expression in sporadic AD. However, the level of CSF-beta-sAPP was significantly increased in patients with mild cognitive impairment compared to controls. We also investigated the relationship between the CSF level of alpha/beta-sAPP and Abeta(42) and the apoE epsilon 4 (apoE4) allele. Significantly lower levels of CSF-alpha-sAPP were found in AD patients possessing one or two apoE4 alleles than in those not possessing the apoE4 allele. Neither the levels of CSF-beta-sAPP nor CSF-Abeta(42) differed when comparing ApoE4 allele-positive with allele-negative individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Olsson
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Experimental Neuroscience Section, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Tammer AH, Coia G, Cappai R, Fuller S, Masters CL, Hudson P, Underwood JR. Generation of a recombinant Fab antibody reactive with the Alzheimer's disease-related Abeta peptide. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 129:453-63. [PMID: 12197886 PMCID: PMC1906481 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2002] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant Fab antibody, designated 1E8-4b, which reacts with the Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related Abeta peptides, Abeta[1-40], Abeta[1-42] and Abeta[1-43] has been developed. The 1E8-4b Fab was constructed by cloning the V(H)C(H1) and V(L)C(L) domains from the parent hybridoma 1E8 antibody, reported previously to recognize these Abeta peptides. Briefly, a C-terminal Flag tag sequence was incorporated into this construct, which was ligated into the vector pHFA2 and expressed in Escherichia coli. Following purification on an M2 anti-Flag affinity column, the 1E8-4b recombinant Fab antibody was shown to bind plaques within sections of brain tissue from CERAD-defined AD patients by immunohistochemistry. ELISA, epitope mapping and immunoblotting confirmed the recognition of the Abeta1-40/42/43] peptides by the 1E8-4b Fab. The 1E8-4b Fab did not recognize APP695 or APP770 which contain the Abeta sequence. The Abeta specificity of the recombinant 1E8-4b Fab antibody was identical to the parent 1E8 monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Tammer
- Department of Pathology, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Csernansky JG, Miller JP, McKeel D, Morris JC. Relationships among cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2002; 16:144-9. [PMID: 12218644 DOI: 10.1097/00002093-200207000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains proteins known to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), including amyloid-related proteins, tau protein and apolipoprotein E. While the CSF concentrations of these proteins have been compared in subjects with and without dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), they have not been simultaneously assessed in carefully staged DAT subjects and control subjects to examine correlations among them. In this study, CSF concentrations of soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP), two forms of beta-amyloid protein (Abeta and Abeta ), tau, and apolipoprotein E were assessed in subjects with (n = 33) and without (n = 11) DAT. Direct correlations were found between CSF concentrations of sAPP and tau and Abeta, and between apolipoprotein E and Abeta within the DAT subjects and within the combined group of DAT and control subjects. A weak inverse correlation was also found between CSF concentrations of tau and Abeta within the combined group of DAT and control subjects. Moreover, increased severity of dementia was correlated with increased CSF tau concentrations and decreased sAPP and Abeta concentrations. Increased CSF concentrations of tau significantly discriminated DAT and control subjects, as did the ratios of tau to Abeta and tau to Abeta(1-42).
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Teunissen CE, de Vente J, Steinbusch HWM, De Bruijn C. Biochemical markers related to Alzheimer's dementia in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Neurobiol Aging 2002; 23:485-508. [PMID: 12009495 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently based on clinical and neuropsychological examination. To date there is no blood test available that can discriminate dementia patients from healthy individuals. In the present paper, an overview of the current state of knowledge on biologic markers in serum (plasma) and CSF is presented. The combination of characteristic plaque markers tau and amyloid bèta may constitute a specific and sensitive CSF marker for AD. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and antibodies in CSF may be a marker for severe neurodegeneration. CSF concentrations of the oxidative stress markers 3-nitrotyrosine, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and isoprostanes are increased in AD patients. Serum 24S-OH-cholesterol may be an early whereas glial fibrillary acidic protein autoantibody level may be a late marker for neurodegeneration. To date, serum alpha(1)-Antichymotripsin concentration is the most convincing marker for CNS inflammation. Increased serum homocysteine concentrations have also been consistently reported in AD. In summary, a large overlap in mean concentrations has been observed in studies comparing AD patients with healthy controls for single markers. These studies together support the theory of testing several serum markers in combination for the diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Teunissen
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (Euron), Universiteit Maastricht, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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