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Huhtinen A, Hongisto V, Laiho A, Löyttyniemi E, Pijnenburg D, Scheinin M. Gene expression profiles and signaling mechanisms in α 2B-adrenoceptor-evoked proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:65. [PMID: 28659168 PMCID: PMC5490158 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α2-adrenoceptors are important regulators of vascular tone and blood pressure. Regulation of cell proliferation is a less well investigated consequence of α2-adrenoceptor activation. We have previously shown that α2B-adrenoceptor activation stimulates proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This may be important for blood vessel development and plasticity and for the pathology and therapeutics of cardiovascular disorders. The underlying cellular mechanisms have remained mostly unknown. This study explored pathways of regulation of gene expression and intracellular signaling related to α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked VSMC proliferation. RESULTS The cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways of α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked proliferation of VSMCs are complex and include redundancy. Functional enrichment analysis and pathway analysis identified differentially expressed genes associated with α2B-adrenoceptor-regulated VSMC proliferation. They included the upregulated genes Egr1, F3, Ptgs2 and Serpine1 and the downregulated genes Cx3cl1, Cav1, Rhoa, Nppb and Prrx1. The most highly upregulated gene, Lypd8, represents a novel finding in the VSMC context. Inhibitor library screening and kinase activity profiling were applied to identify kinases in the involved signaling pathways. Putative upstream kinases identified by two different screens included PKC, Raf-1, Src, the MAP kinases p38 and JNK and the receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR and HGF/HGFR. As a novel finding, the Src family kinase Lyn was also identified as a putative upstream kinase. CONCLUSIONS α2B-adrenoceptors may mediate their pro-proliferative effects in VSMCs by promoting the activity of bFGF and PDGF and the growth factor receptors EGFR, HGFR and VEGFR-1/2. The Src family kinase Lyn was also identified as a putative upstream kinase. Lyn is known to be expressed in VSMCs and has been identified as an important regulator of GPCR trafficking and GPCR effects on cell proliferation. Identified Ser/Thr kinases included several PKC isoforms and the β-adrenoceptor kinases 1 and 2. Cross-talk between the signaling mechanisms involved in α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked VSMC proliferation thus appears to involve PKC activation, subsequent changes in gene expression, transactivation of EGFR, and modulation of kinase activities and growth factor-mediated signaling. While many of the identified individual signals were relatively small in terms of effect size, many of them were validated by combining pathway analysis and our integrated screening approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Huhtinen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Hongisto
- Toxicology Division, Misvik Biology Oy, Turku, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Eliisa Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dirk Pijnenburg
- PamGene International BV, Wolvenhoek 10, 5211HH s’Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Scheinin
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Bessler WK, Kim G, Hudson FZ, Mund JA, Mali R, Menon K, Kapur R, Clapp DW, Ingram DA, Stansfield BK. Nf1+/- monocytes/macrophages induce neointima formation via CCR2 activation. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1129-39. [PMID: 26740548 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Persons with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have a predisposition for premature and severe arterial stenosis. Mutations in the NF1 gene result in decreased expression of neurofibromin, a negative regulator of p21(Ras), and increases Ras signaling. Heterozygous Nf1 (Nf1(+/-)) mice develop a marked arterial stenosis characterized by proliferating smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and a predominance of infiltrating macrophages, which closely resembles arterial lesions from NF1 patients. Interestingly, lineage-restricted inactivation of a single Nf1 allele in monocytes/macrophages is sufficient to recapitulate the phenotype observed in Nf1(+/-) mice and to mobilize proinflammatory CCR2+ monocytes into the peripheral blood. Therefore, we hypothesized that CCR2 receptor activation by its primary ligand monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) is critical for monocyte infiltration into the arterial wall and neointima formation in Nf1(+/-) mice. MCP-1 induces a dose-responsive increase in Nf1(+/-) macrophage migration and proliferation that corresponds with activation of multiple Ras kinases. In addition, Nf1(+/-) SMCs, which express CCR2, demonstrate an enhanced proliferative response to MCP-1 when compared with WT SMCs. To interrogate the role of CCR2 activation on Nf1(+/-) neointima formation, we induced neointima formation by carotid artery ligation in Nf1(+/-) and WT mice with genetic deletion of either MCP1 or CCR2. Loss of MCP-1 or CCR2 expression effectively inhibited Nf1(+/-) neointima formation and reduced macrophage content in the arterial wall. Finally, administration of a CCR2 antagonist significantly reduced Nf1(+/-) neointima formation. These studies identify MCP-1 as a potent chemokine for Nf1(+/-) monocytes/macrophages and CCR2 as a viable therapeutic target for NF1 arterial stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waylan K Bessler
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Grace Kim
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Farlyn Z Hudson
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Julie A Mund
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and
| | - Raghuveer Mali
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Keshav Menon
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - D Wade Clapp
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - David A Ingram
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brian K Stansfield
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Huang Z, Li Y, Niu L, Xiao Y, Pu X, Zheng H, Qian M. Dynamic expressions of monocyte chemo attractant protein-1 and CC chamomile receptor 2 after balloon injury and their effects in intimal proliferation. Biomed Eng Online 2015; 14:55. [PMID: 26062549 PMCID: PMC4469411 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-015-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The dynamic expressions of monocyte chemo attractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and CC chamomile receptor 2 (CCR2) after balloon injury and their effects in intimal proliferation were discussed. In this study, the expression of MCP-1 and its receptor during the intimal proliferation in rat artery after balloon injury were studied. Methods Using the model of balloon injury of rats’ arteries, the changes of intimal proliferation were observed with optical microscopy and the expressions of MCP-1 and CCR2 at different times were examined with the methods of RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The expressions of MCP-1 and CCR2 in the arterial tissues were detected using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and analyzed by semi-quantitative method. Results The expressions of MCP-1 and CCR2 mRNA began to gradually increase after balloon injury. The MCP-1 reached to the peak on the first day, but decreased gradually later on. Expressions of CCR2 mRNA began to increase on the first day and reached to the peak on the 7th day, but then started to decrease gradually until 28th day when we can still detect it. The expressions of MCP-1 proteins began to increase gradually after balloon injury and were obviously detected in the VSMC on the 4th and 7th day, until 14th day when we can still detect it clearly in the proliferating intima. Conclusion The dynamic expressions of MCP-1, MCP-1 proteins and CCR2 mRNA after balloon injury were shown to play an important role in intimal proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Huang
- Emergency Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
| | - Yuebing Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China.
| | - Lili Niu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yang Xiao
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xiaodong Pu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China.
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Ming Qian
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Chen YC, Wen ZH, Lee YH, Chen CL, Hung HC, Chen CH, Chen WF, Tsai MC. Dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol inhibits PDGF-induced proliferation and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells through inhibition of the cell cycle. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2390-406. [PMID: 25898413 PMCID: PMC4413217 DOI: 10.3390/md13042390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol is the synthetic precursor of austrasulfone, which is a marine natural product, isolated from the Taiwanese soft coral Cladiella australis. Dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol has anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antitumor and anti-atherogenic properties. Although dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol has been shown to inhibit neointima formation, its effect on human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has not been elucidated. We examined the effects and the mechanisms of action of dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol on proliferation, migration and phenotypic modulation of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol significantly inhibited proliferation, DNA synthesis and migration of HASMCs, without inducing cell death. Dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol also inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced expression of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 2, CDK4, cyclin D1 and cyclin E. In addition, dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol inhibited PDGF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), whereas it had no effect on the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/(Akt). Moreover, treatment with PD98059, a highly selective ERK inhibitor, blocked PDGF-induced upregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin E and downregulation of p27kip1. Furthermore, dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol also inhibits VSMC synthetic phenotype formation induced by PDGF. For in vivo studies, dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol decreased smooth muscle cell proliferation in a rat model of restenosis induced by balloon injury. Immunohistochemical staining showed that dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol noticeably decreased the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and altered VSMC phenotype from a synthetic to contractile state. Our findings provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying the vasoprotective actions of dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol and suggest that it may be a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of vascular occlusive disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Aorta/cytology
- Butanones/administration & dosage
- Butanones/pharmacology
- Butanones/therapeutic use
- Cardiovascular Agents/administration & dosage
- Cardiovascular Agents/pharmacology
- Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use
- Carotid Artery Injuries/drug therapy
- Carotid Artery Injuries/immunology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Artery, Common/drug effects
- Carotid Artery, Common/immunology
- Carotid Artery, Common/metabolism
- Carotid Artery, Common/pathology
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/immunology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Sulfones/administration & dosage
- Sulfones/pharmacology
- Sulfones/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Road, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Hsien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11042, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Lun Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Road, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Chun Hung
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Chien Tsai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Road, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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Manka D, Chatterjee TK, Stoll LL, Basford JE, Konaniah ES, Srinivasan R, Bogdanov VY, Tang Y, Blomkalns AL, Hui DY, Weintraub NL. Transplanted perivascular adipose tissue accelerates injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia: role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1723-30. [PMID: 24947528 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) expands during obesity, is highly inflamed, and correlates with coronary plaque burden and increased cardiovascular risk. We tested the hypothesis that PVAT contributes to the vascular response to wire injury and investigated the underlying mechanisms. APPROACH AND RESULTS We transplanted thoracic aortic PVAT from donor mice fed a high-fat diet to the carotid arteries of recipient high-fat diet-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. Two weeks after transplantation, wire injury was performed, and animals were euthanized 2 weeks later. Immunohistochemistry was performed to quantify adventitial macrophage infiltration and neovascularization and neointimal lesion composition and size. Transplanted PVAT accelerated neointimal hyperplasia, adventitial macrophage infiltration, and adventitial angiogenesis. The majority of neointimal cells in PVAT-transplanted animals expressed α-smooth muscle actin, consistent with smooth muscle phenotype. Deletion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in PVAT substantially attenuated the effects of fat transplantation on neointimal hyperplasia and adventitial angiogenesis, but not adventitial macrophage infiltration. Conditioned medium from perivascular adipocytes induced potent monocyte chemotaxis in vitro and angiogenic responses in cultured endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that PVAT contributes to the vascular response to wire injury, in part through monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Manka
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (D.M.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.E.B., E.S.K., D.Y.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (R.S., V.Y.B.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (A.L.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (retired) (L.L.S.)
| | - Tapan K Chatterjee
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (D.M.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.E.B., E.S.K., D.Y.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (R.S., V.Y.B.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (A.L.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (retired) (L.L.S.).
| | - Lynn L Stoll
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (D.M.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.E.B., E.S.K., D.Y.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (R.S., V.Y.B.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (A.L.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (retired) (L.L.S.)
| | - Joshua E Basford
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (D.M.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.E.B., E.S.K., D.Y.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (R.S., V.Y.B.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (A.L.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (retired) (L.L.S.)
| | - Eddy S Konaniah
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (D.M.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.E.B., E.S.K., D.Y.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (R.S., V.Y.B.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (A.L.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (retired) (L.L.S.)
| | - Ramprasad Srinivasan
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (D.M.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.E.B., E.S.K., D.Y.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (R.S., V.Y.B.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (A.L.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (retired) (L.L.S.)
| | - Vladimir Y Bogdanov
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (D.M.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.E.B., E.S.K., D.Y.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (R.S., V.Y.B.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (A.L.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (retired) (L.L.S.)
| | - Yaoliang Tang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (D.M.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.E.B., E.S.K., D.Y.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (R.S., V.Y.B.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (A.L.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (retired) (L.L.S.)
| | - Andra L Blomkalns
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (D.M.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.E.B., E.S.K., D.Y.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (R.S., V.Y.B.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (A.L.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (retired) (L.L.S.)
| | - David Y Hui
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (D.M.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.E.B., E.S.K., D.Y.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (R.S., V.Y.B.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (A.L.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (retired) (L.L.S.)
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (D.M.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.E.B., E.S.K., D.Y.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (R.S., V.Y.B.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (A.L.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (retired) (L.L.S.)
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Tang BT, Pickard SS, Chan FP, Tsao PS, Taylor CA, Feinstein JA. Wall shear stress is decreased in the pulmonary arteries of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: An image-based, computational fluid dynamics study. Pulm Circ 2013; 2:470-6. [PMID: 23372931 PMCID: PMC3555417 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.105035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous clinical studies in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have concentrated predominantly on distal pulmonary vascular resistance, its contribution to the disease process, and response to therapy. However, it is well known that biomechanical factors such as shear stress have an impact on endothelial health and dysfunction in other parts of the vasculature. This study tested the hypothesis that wall shear stress is reduced in the proximal pulmonary arteries of PAH patients with the belief that reduced shear stress may contribute to pulmonary endothelial cell dysfunction and as a result, PAH progression. A combined MRI and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was used to construct subject-specific pulmonary artery models and quantify flow features and wall shear stress (WSS) in five PAH patients with moderate-to-severe disease and five age- and sex-matched controls. Three-dimensional model reconstruction showed PAH patients have significantly larger main, right, and left pulmonary artery diameters (3.5 ± 0.4 vs. 2.7 ± 0.1 cm, P = 0.01; 2.5 ± 0.4 vs. 1.9 ± 0.2 cm, P = 0.04; and 2.6 ± 0.4 vs. 2.0 ± 0.2 cm, P = 0.01, respectively), and lower cardiac output (3.7 ± 1.2 vs. 5.8 ± 0.6 L/min, P = 0.02.). CFD showed significantly lower time-averaged central pulmonary artery WSS in PAH patients compared to controls (4.3 ± 2.8 vs. 20.5 ± 4.0 dynes/cm(2), P = 0.0004). Distal WSS was not significantly different. A novel method of measuring WSS was utilized to demonstrate for the first time that WSS is altered in some patients with PAH. Using computational modeling in patient-specific models, WSS was found to be significantly lower in the proximal pulmonary arteries of PAH patients compared to controls. Reduced WSS in proximal pulmonary arteries may play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of PAH. This data may serve as a basis for future in vitro studies of, for example, effects of WSS on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly T Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, USA
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Si Y, Ren J, Wang P, Rateri DL, Daugherty A, Shi XD, Kent KC, Liu B. Protein kinase C-delta mediates adventitial cell migration through regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in a rat angioplasty model. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:943-54. [PMID: 22328773 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.244921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The adventitia is increasingly recognized as an important player during the development of intimal hyperplasia. However, the mechanism of adventitial cell recruitment to the subintimal space remains largely undefined. We have shown previously that gene transfer of protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ) increases apoptosis of smooth muscle cells following balloon injury. In the current study, we investigated a potential role of PKCδ in regulating the recruitment of adventitial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Conditioned media from PKCδ-overexpressing smooth muscle cells stimulated migration and CCR2 expression of adventitial fibroblasts through a MCP-1 dependent mechanism. Following balloon injury of rat carotid arteries, overexpression of PKCδ in smooth muscle cells significantly increased MCP-1 and CCR2 expression and the number of adventitia-originated cells detected in the neointima. Administration of an anti-MCP-1 antibody markedly diminished the recruitment of adventitial cells. Combined PKCδ overexpression and anti-MCP-1 inhibited intimal hyperplasia more effectively than either approach alone. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that PKCδ regulates recruitment of adventitial cells to the neointima via a mechanism involving upregulation of the MCP-1/CCR2 signaling axis in injured arteries. Blockage of MCP-1 while enhancing apoptosis may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Si
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, 53705, USA
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He XP, Li XX, Wang ZH, Bi YW, Liu FY, Liu XY. Transfection of hairpin small interfering RNA expression vector targeting rat nuclear factor (NF) (κB) inhibits rat cell proliferation induced by NF-κB signal pathway activation. Transplant Proc 2011; 42:4633-7. [PMID: 21168750 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.09.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to construct one small interfering RNA (siRNA) eukaryotic expression vector targeting rat nuclear factor (NF)κB p65 and identify its inhibition effect on cell proliferation according to its down-regulation of NF-κB pathway. METHODS The p65siRNA expression vector "pGenesil-1.2-p65siRNA" and negative control plasmid "HK" were transfected into the cultured rat cells. After transfection, cells were divided into 4 treatment groups: 1) control cells cultured in complete. Dulbecco modified Eagle medium; 2) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg/mL); (3) LPS (1 μg/mL) + HK-transfected; 4) LPS (1 μg/mL) + p65siRNA (pGenesil-1.2-p65siRNA). Thereafter, the protein levels of NF-κB p65 in the cells were detected by Western blotting at 72 hours after LPS stimulation. Furthermore, to observe cell proliferation, the proliferative rate of the cell growth was evaluated by the methylthiazolyl tetrazolium assay (at 24, 48, and 72 hours). The cell cycle distribution at 72 hours was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS p65siRNA effectively down-regulated the protein level of p65 (P < .05). Meanwhile, the proliferation of cells transfected with p65siRNA expression vector was significantly inhibited (P < .05), the ratio of cells at G(0)/G(1) stage markedly increased, and the proportion of cells at S stage was significantly decreased among transfected compared with control cells (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS p65siRNA effectively suppressed NF-κB, expression, inhibiting rat cell proliferation induced by NF-κB signal pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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9
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Shimizu K, Minami M, Shubiki R, Lopez-Ilasaca M, MacFarlane L, Asami Y, Li Y, Mitchell RN, Libby P. CC chemokine receptor-1 activates intimal smooth muscle-like cells in graft arterial disease. Circulation 2009; 120:1800-13. [PMID: 19841301 PMCID: PMC2996873 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.859595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graft arterial disease (GAD) limits long-term solid-organ allograft survival. The thickened intima in GAD contains smooth muscle-like cells (SMLCs), leukocytes, and extracellular matrix. The intimal SMLCs in mouse GAD lesions differ from medial smooth muscle cells in their function and phenotype. Although intimal SMLCs may originate by migration and modulation of donor medial cells or by recruitment of host-derived precursors, the mechanisms that underlie their localization within grafts and the factors that drive these processes remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS This study of aortic transplantation in mice demonstrated an important function for chemokines beyond their traditional role in leukocyte recruitment and activation. Intimal SMLCs, but not medial smooth muscle cells, express functional CC chemokine receptor-1 (CCR1) and respond to RANTES by increased migration and proliferation. Although RANTES infusion in vivo promoted inflammatory cell accumulation in the adventitia of aortic allografts of wild-type and CCR1-deficient recipients, it increased GAD intimal thickening with SMLC proliferation in only the wild-type hosts. Aortic allografts transplanted into CCR1-deficient mice after wild-type bone marrow transplantation did not develop intimal lesions, which indicates that CCR1-bearing inflammatory cells do not contribute to intimal lesion formation. Moreover, RANTES induced SMLC proliferation in vitro but did not promote medial smooth muscle cell growth. Blockade of CCR5 attenuated RANTES-induced T-cell and monocyte/macrophage proliferation but did not affect RANTES-induced SMLC proliferation, consistent with a larger role of CCR1-binding chemokines in SMLC migration and proliferation and GAD development. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide a novel mechanistic insight into the formation of vascular intimal hyperplasia and suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing allograft arteriopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Shimizu
- Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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10
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He XP, Li XX, Bi YW, Yue WM, Sun WY, Pang XY, Gu XH. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib inhibits intimal hyperplasia of autologous vein grafting in rat model. Transplant Proc 2008; 40:1722-6. [PMID: 18589180 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence indicates that inflammation plays an important role in intimal hyperplasia (IH) induced by autologous vein grafts. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib shows anti-inflammatory effects, so we used an autologous vein transplantation model to test whether bortezomib inhibits neointimal formation in transplant-induced vasculopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We subjected 88 rats to autologous external jugular vein grafting surgery randomly assigned to be treated with bortezomib or vehicle. After 24 or 72 hours, rats were humanely killed and vein grafts processed for real-time RT-PCR (24 and 72 hours), ELISA (24 hours), or neutrophil chemotaxis assay (24 hours). Subsequently, rats were humanely killed at 1 and 2 weeks after grafting with samples processed for morphometric analysis. RESULTS Bortezomib significantly inhibited IH at 2 weeks compared with untreated controls (P < .05). Expression of mRNA for vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 2beta, monocyte chemoattractant-1, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha markedly increased in injured vessels during the first day after surgery declining over the following 3 days. Bortezomib significantly attenuated gene expression and protein levels of most inflammatory mediators (P < .05), simultaneously inhibiting neutrophil chemotactic activity of vessel homogenates. CONCLUSIONS Bortezomib inhibited neointimal formation at least partially by attenuating the inflammatory response in transplant-induced vasculopathy. It may become a novel vasoprotective agent in the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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11
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Connelly JJ, Shah SH, Doss JF, Gadson S, Nelson S, Crosslin DR, Hale AB, Lou X, Wang T, Haynes C, Seo D, Crossman DC, Mooser V, Granger CB, Jones CJH, Kraus WE, Hauser ER, Gregory SG. Genetic and functional association of FAM5C with myocardial infarction. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:33. [PMID: 18430236 PMCID: PMC2383879 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background We previously identified a 40 Mb region of linkage on chromosome 1q in our early onset coronary artery disease (CAD) genome-wide linkage scan (GENECARD) with modest evidence for linkage (n = 420, LOD 0.95). When the data are stratified by acute coronary syndrome (ACS), this modest maximum in the overall group became a well-defined LOD peak (maximum LOD of 2.17, D1S1589/D1S518). This peak overlaps a recently identified inflammatory biomarker (MCP-1) linkage region from the Framingham Heart Study (maximum LOD of 4.27, D1S1589) and a region of linkage to metabolic syndrome from the IRAS study (maximum LOD of 2.59, D1S1589/D1S518). The overlap of genetic screens in independent data sets provides evidence for the existence of a gene or genes for CAD in this region. Methods A peak-wide association screen (457 SNPs) was conducted of a region 1 LOD score down from the peak marker (168–198 Mb) in a linkage peak for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) on chromosome 1, within a family-based early onset coronary artery disease (CAD) sample (GENECARD). Results Polymorphisms were identified within the 'family with sequence similarity 5, member C' gene (FAM5C) that show genetic linkage to and are associated with myocardial infarction (MI) in GENECARD. The association was confirmed in an independent CAD case-control sample (CATHGEN) and strong association with MI was identified with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3' end of FAM5C. FAM5C genotypes were also correlated with expression of the gene in human aorta. Expression levels of FAM5C decreased with increasing passage of proliferating aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) suggesting a role for this molecule in smooth muscle cell proliferation and senescence. Conclusion These data implicate FAM5C alleles in the risk of myocardial infarction and suggest further functional studies of FAM5C are required to identify the gene's contribution to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Connelly
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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12
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Okawada M, Kobayashi H, Tei E, Okazaki T, Lane GJ, Yamataka A. Serum monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 2007; 23:487-91. [PMID: 17206432 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-006-1858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To measure serum monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and investigate its relationship to the development of persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH). Serum MCP-1 was measured in 13 neonates with high risk for CDH at the time of diagnosis and postoperatively, and in five age-matched controls using an ELISA system. The 13 CDH subjects were divided into four groups according to the presence of PPH and outcome. Group I (severe-pre group): subjects with severe PPH who died prior to surgery (n = 5); Group II (mild-pre group): subjects with mild PPH controlled by medications (n = 8); Group IIa (severe-post group): subjects who subsequently developed severe PPH postoperatively and died (n = 3); and Group IIb (mild-post group): subjects who continued to have mild PPH controlled by medications. We also examined nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lungs from five rat fetuses with CDH and five control lung specimens for MCP-1 using immunohistochemistry. Mean serum MCP-1 in Group I was (1038.0 +/- 95.8 pg/ml), which was significantly higher than Group II (444.9 +/- 39.7 pg/ml) (P < 0.0001) and controls (147.3 +/- 11.3 pg/ml) (P < 0.0001). Postoperatively, Group IIa was significantly higher than Group IIb from 24 to 120 h postoperatively (P < 0.001). In Group IIb serum MCP-1 did not rise at all between 24 and 120 h postoperatively. Hypoplastic fetal rat CDH lungs had strong expression of MCP-1 compared with control lungs. Up-regulated expression and high circulating levels of MCP-1 in CDH patients with PPH suggest that MCP-1 may play a role in the development of PPH in CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Okawada
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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13
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Lo IC, Shih JM, Jiang MJ. Reactive oxygen species and ERK 1/2 mediate monocyte chemotactic protein-1-stimulated smooth muscle cell migration. J Biomed Sci 2005; 12:377-88. [PMID: 15917991 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-005-1703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), a potent chemoattractant for monocytes, is thought to play a major role in atherosclerosis, but whether its atherogenic effects involve the direct modulation of vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) functions remains unclear. This study examined the effects of MCP-1 on the migration of cultured A7r5 SMCs and the signaling pathways involved. Addition of recombinant MCP-1 stimulated SMC migration in modified Boyden chambers coated with type I collagen in a concentration-dependent manner, with 10(-9) M being maximally effective. Using untreated A7r5 cells, two MCP-1 receptors, CCR2 and CCR4, were detected and MCP-1 secretion was significantly increased by stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor. MCP-1-stimulated A7r5 migration was completely blocked by the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium (DPI), and dose-dependently inhibited by polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), suggesting a role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process. During MCP-1 stimulation, ROS production increased rapidly, then gradually decayed over 60 min, and this effect was markedly decreased by pretreatment with DPI or PEG-SOD. Interestingly, U0126 and PD98059, which inhibit activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK 1/2), significantly inhibited MCP-1-activated ROS generation. Furthermore, transfection of an active mutant of MEK1 (ERK 1/2 kinase) markedly increased superoxide production in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, as detected by dihydroethydium staining, suggesting that ERK 1/2 activation stimulates ROS generation. ERK 1/2 activation was increased for at least 30 min in cells incubated with MCP-1, and this effect was abolished by U0126 or DPI pretreatment. These results demonstrate that MCP-1 is a chemoattractant for SMCs and that MCP-1-stimulated migration requires both ROS production and ERK 1/2 activation in a positive activation loop, which may contribute to the atherogenic effects of MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chung Lo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Taiwan
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14
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Reckless J, Tatalick L, Wilbert S, McKilligin E, Grainger DJ. Broad-spectrum chemokine inhibition reduces vascular macrophage accumulation and collagenolysis consistent with plaque stabilization in mice. J Vasc Res 2005; 42:492-502. [PMID: 16155365 DOI: 10.1159/000088139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major determinant of the risk of myocardial infarction is the stability of the atherosclerotic plaque. Macrophage-rich plaques are more vulnerable to rupture, since macrophages excrete an excess of matrix-degrading enzymes over their inhibitors, reducing collagen content and thinning the fibrous cap. Several genetic studies have shown that disruption of signalling by the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 reduced the lipid lesion area and macrophage accumulation in the vessel wall. METHODS We have tested whether a similar reduction in macrophage accumulation could be achieved pharmacologically by treating apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice with the chemokine inhibitor NR58-3.14.3. RESULTS Mice treated for various periods of time (from several days to 6 months) with NR58-3.14.3 (approximately 30 mg/kg/day) consistently had 30-40% fewer macrophages in vascular lesions, compared with mice treated with the inactive control NR58-3.14.4 or PBS vehicle. Similarly, cleaved collagen staining was lower in mice treated for up to 7 days, although this effect was not maintained when treatment time was extended to 12 weeks. The vascular lipid lesion area was unaffected by treatment, but total collagen I staining and smooth muscle cell number were both increased, suggesting that a shift to a more stable plaque phenotype had been achieved. CONCLUSIONS Strategies, such as chemokine inhibition, to attenuate macrophage accumulation may therefore be useful to promote stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Reckless
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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15
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Pyo R, Jensen KK, Wiekowski MT, Manfra D, Alcami A, Taubman MB, Lira SA. Inhibition of intimal hyperplasia in transgenic mice conditionally expressing the chemokine-binding protein M3. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:2289-97. [PMID: 15161661 PMCID: PMC1615775 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases. This report describes the generation of transgenic mice that conditionally express M3, a herpesvirus protein that binds and inhibits chemokines. In response to doxycycline, M3 expression was induced in a variety of tissues and M3 was detectable in the blood by Western blotting. No gross or histological abnormalities were seen in mice expressing M3. To determine whether M3 expression could modify a significant pathophysiological response, we examined its effect on the development of intimal hyperplasia in response to femoral arterial injury. Intimal hyperplasia is thought to play a critical role in the development of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and in the progression of atherosclerosis. Induction of M3 expression resulted in a 67% reduction in intimal area and a 68% reduction in intimal/medial ratio after femoral artery injury. These data support a role for chemokines in regulating intimal hyperplasia and suggest that M3 may be effective in attenuating this process. This transgenic mouse model should be a valuable tool for investigating the role of chemokines in a variety of pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pyo
- Department of Medicine, and the Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
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16
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Spinetti G, Wang M, Monticone R, Zhang J, Zhao D, Lakatta EG. Rat aortic MCP-1 and its receptor CCR2 increase with age and alter vascular smooth muscle cell function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1397-402. [PMID: 15178559 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000134529.65173.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With age, rat arterial walls thicken and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) exhibit enhanced migration and proliferation. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) affects these VSMC properties in vitro. Because arterial angiotensin II, which induces MCP-1 expression, increases with age, we hypothesized that aortic MCP-1 and its receptor CCR2 are also upregulated and affect VSMC properties. METHODS AND RESULTS Both MCP-1 and CCR2 mRNAs and proteins increased in old (30-month) versus young (8-month) F344xBN rat aortas in vivo. Cellular MCP-1 and CCR2 staining colocalized with that of alpha-smooth muscle actin in the thickened aortas of old rats and were expressed by early-passage VSMCs isolated from old aortas, which, relative to young VSMCs, exhibited increased invasion, and the age difference was abolished by vCCI, an inhibitor of CCR2 signaling. MCP-1 treatment of young VSMCs induced migration and increased their ability to invade a synthetic basement membrane. The MCP-1-dependent VSMC invasiveness was blocked by vCCI. After MCP-1 treatment, migration and invasion capacities of VSMCs from young aortas no longer differed from those of VSMCs isolated from older rats. CONCLUSIONS Arterial wall and VSMC MCP-1/CCR2 increase with aging. MCP-1 enhances VSMC migration and invasion, and thus, MCP-1/CCR2 signaling may play a role in age-associated arterial remodeling.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/metabolism
- Aging/pathology
- Angiotensin II
- Animals
- Aorta/growth & development
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Cell Division
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL2/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/pharmacology
- Chemokine CCL2/physiology
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Crosses, Genetic
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/growth & development
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BN
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Viral Proteins/pharmacology
- Virulence Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Spinetti
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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17
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Kodali RB, Kim WJH, Galaria II, Miller C, Schecter AD, Lira SA, Taubman MB. CCL11 (Eotaxin) induces CCR3-dependent smooth muscle cell migration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1211-6. [PMID: 15130922 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000131654.90788.f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CCL11 (Eotaxin) is a potent eosinophil chemoattractant that is abundant in atheromatous plaques. The major receptor for CCL11 is CCR3, which is found on leukocytes and on some nonleukocytic cells. We sought to determine whether vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) possessed functional CCR3. METHODS AND RESULTS CCR3 mRNA (by RT-PCR) and protein (by Western blot analysis and flow cytometry) were present in mouse aortic SMCs. CCL11 induced concentration-dependent SMC chemotaxis in a modified Boyden chamber, with maximum effect seen at 100 ng/mL. SMC migration was markedly inhibited by antibody to CCR3, but not to CCR2. CCL11 also induced CCR3-dependent SMC migration in a scrape-wound assay. CCL11 had no effect on SMC proliferation. CCR3 and CCL11 staining were minimal in the normal arterial wall, but were abundant in medial SMC and intimal SMC 5 days and 28 days after mouse femoral arterial injury, respectively, times at which SMCs possess a more migratory phenotype. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that SMCs possess CCR3 under conditions associated with migration and that CCL11 is a potent chemotactic factor for SMCs. Because CCL11 is expressed abundantly in SMC-rich areas of the atherosclerotic plaque and in injured arteries, it may play an important role in regulating SMC migration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Becaplermin
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/physiology
- Chemokine CCL11
- Chemokines, CC/pharmacology
- Chemokines, CC/physiology
- Chemotactic Factors/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Eosinophils/chemistry
- Femoral Artery/injuries
- Femoral Artery/pathology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/drug effects
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Tunica Media/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra B Kodali
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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18
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Schecter AD, Berman AB, Yi L, Ma H, Daly CM, Soejima K, Rollins BJ, Charo IF, Taubman MB. MCP-1-dependent signaling in CCR2(-/-) aortic smooth muscle cells. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75:1079-85. [PMID: 15020650 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0903421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) is a mediator of inflammation that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of human diseases. CCR2, a heterotrimeric G-coupled receptor, is the only known receptor that functions at physiologic concentrations of MCP-1. Despite the importance of CCR2 in mediating MCP-1 responses, several recent studies have suggested that there may be another functional MCP-1 receptor. Using arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) from CCR2(-/-) mice, we demonstrate that MCP-1 induces tissue-factor activity at physiologic concentrations. The induction of tissue factor by MCP-1 is blocked by pertussis toxin and 1,2-bis(O-aminophenyl-ethane-ethan)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester, suggesting that signal transduction through the alternative receptor is G(alphai)-coupled and dependent on mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+). MCP-1 induces a time- and concentration-dependent phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases p42/44. The induction of tissue factor activity by MCP-1 is blocked by PD98059, an inhibitor of p42/44 activation, but not by SB203580, a selective p38 inhibitor. These data establish that SMC possess an alternative MCP-1 receptor that signals at concentrations of MCP-1 that are similar to those that activate CCR2. This alternative receptor may be important in mediating some of the effects of MCP-1 in atherosclerotic arteries and in other inflammatory processes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- Homozygote
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Thromboplastin/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison D Schecter
- The Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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19
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Kuwahara F, Kai H, Tokuda K, Takeya M, Takeshita A, Egashira K, Imaizumi T. Hypertensive myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction: another model of inflammation? Hypertension 2004; 43:739-45. [PMID: 14967845 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000118584.33350.7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Excessive myocardial fibrosis deteriorates diastolic function in hypertensive hearts. Involvement of macrophages is suggested in fibrotic process in various diseased situations. We sought to examine the role of macrophages in myocardial remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in pressure-overloaded hearts. In Wistar rats with suprarenal aortic constriction, pressure overload induced perivascular macrophage accumulation and fibroblast proliferation with a peak at day 3, decreasing to lower levels by day 28. Myocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 mRNA was upregulated after day 1, peaking at day 3 and returning to insignificant levels by day 28, whereas transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta induction was observed after day 3, with a peak at day 7, and remained relatively elevated at day 28. After day 7, concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy developed, associated with reactive fibrosis and myocyte hypertrophy. At day 28, echocardiography showed normal LV fractional shortening but decreased ratio of early to late filling wave of transmitral Doppler velocity, and hemodynamic studies revealed elevated LV end-diastolic pressure, suggesting normal systolic but impaired diastolic function. Chronic treatment with an anti-MCP-1 monoclonal neutralizing antibody inhibited not only macrophage accumulation but also fibroblast proliferation and TGF-beta induction. Furthermore, the neutralizing antibody attenuated myocardial fibrosis, but not myocyte hypertrophy, and ameliorated diastolic dysfunction without affecting blood pressure and systolic function. In conclusion, roles of MCP-1-mediated macrophage accumulation are suggested in myocardial fibrosis in pressure-overloaded hearts through TGF-beta-mediated process. Inhibition of inflammation may be a new strategy to prevent myocardial fibrosis and resultant diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive hearts.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Aortic Valve Stenosis/complications
- Aortic Valve Stenosis/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokine CCL2/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/immunology
- Diastole
- Endomyocardial Fibrosis/etiology
- Endomyocardial Fibrosis/physiopathology
- Fibroblasts/physiology
- Hypertension/complications
- Hypertrophy
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/genetics
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Inflammation
- Macrophages/physiology
- Male
- Models, Cardiovascular
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Kuwahara
- Internal Medicine III and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the vessel wall, characterized by the accumulation of leukocytes, especially macrophages and T-cells. Chemokines are small heparin-binding polypeptides, whose main function is to attract cells to the areas of developing inflammation. They function by ligating G-protein coupled chemokine receptors initiating different signaling cascades. In vivo and in vitro investigations showed that chemokines are produced by a variety of cells and play important roles in the development and progression of many physiological and pathological conditions including atherosclerosis. Chemokines such as MCP-1, MCP-4, MIP-1 and RANTES may mediate leukocyte trafficking to, and their retention in, the plaque while CXCL16 seems to fulfill the dual function of a chemokine and a scavenger receptor. Chemokine and chemokine receptor homologues are secreted by several viruses, which may also play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Expression levels and gene polymorphisms of some chemokines may become useful clinical markers of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. Modulation of chemokines and chemokine receptors' expression as well as their signaling pathways may provide important anti-atherogenic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Sheikine
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Katsushi H, Kazufumi N, Hideki F, Katsumasa M, Hiroshi M, Kengo K, Hiroshi D, Nobuyoshi S, Tetsuro E, Hiromi M, Tohru O. Epoprostenol Therapy Decreases Elevated Circulating Levels of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Patients With Primary Pulmonary Hypertension. Circ J 2004; 68:227-31. [PMID: 14993777 DOI: 10.1253/circj.68.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a rare disease characterized by progressively increased resistance of the pulmonary arteries associated with vascular remodeling. Infiltration of inflammatory cells in affected vessels is a common pathological finding. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is recognized as a potent chemotactic and activating factor for monocytes and leukocytes, but its significance in PPH is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Serum MCP-1 concentrations were measured in 16 PPH patients and the results were compared with those in 16 normal controls. MCP-1 concentrations in PPH patients (265.6+/-29.5 pg/ml) were significantly elevated compared with those in normal controls (119.6+/-6.9 pg/ml, p<0.0001). In 9 patients (3 men, 6 women; mean age, 29+/-3 years), repeated MCP-1 and hemodynamic measurements were performed prior to and during intravenous epoprostenol therapy. During a mean follow-up period of 7+/-1 months, MCP-1 concentrations were significantly reduced (288.8+/-122.8 to 185.9+/-117.5 pg/ml, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Circulating MCP-1 concentrations are increased in PPH patients, but can alleviated by chronic intravenous epoprostenol therapy. The increase in MCP-1 might be one of the important factors responsible for the disease development in patients with PPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashimoto Katsushi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Japan.
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22
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Tanaka T, Nakamura Y, Nasuno A, Mezaki T, Higuchi K, Fukunaga H, Tsuchida K, Ozaki K, Hori T, Matsubara T, Aizawa Y. Plasma Concentrations of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1) and Neopterin in the Coronary Circulation of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease-Association With the Severity of Coronary Atherosclerosis-. Circ J 2004; 68:114-20. [PMID: 14745144 DOI: 10.1253/circj.68.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dynamics of MCP-1 and neopterin and the relation between their concentrations in coronary circulation and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis were evaluated in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS AND RESULTS Blood samples were obtained from the aortic root (Ao) and coronary sinus (CS) of 78 patients who underwent coronary angiography. Plasma MCP-1 and neopterin concentrations were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method and the CS-Ao differences were calculated. The severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) was evaluated in 52 patients who had no history of coronary angioplasty, using 3 coronary scoring systems: the clinical 1- to 3-vessel disease score, the American Heart Association extension score (1-15 segments), and the Gensini score. The plasma MCP-1 and neopterin concentrations increased significantly with age. The CS-Ao differences for neopterin showed weak, but significant, positive correlation with the Gensini score (r=0.347, p=0.013). There were no correlations among the MCP-1 concentrations in the Ao or CS, or in the CS-Ao difference, with the severity of CHD. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that neopterin is a useful marker of the severity of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with stable CAD, acting as an index of the activity of monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tanaka
- Division of Cardiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences., Japan
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23
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Parenti A, Bellik L, Brogelli L, Filippi S, Ledda F. Endogenous VEGF-A is responsible for mitogenic effects of MCP-1 on vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 286:H1978-84. [PMID: 14693680 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00414.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vessel wall remodeling is a complex phenomenon in which the loss of differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) occurs. We investigated the role of rat macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 on rat VSMC proliferation and migration to identify the mechanism(s) involved in this kind of activity. Exposure to very low concentrations (1-100 pg/ml) of rat MCP-1 induced a significant proliferation of cultured rat VSMCs assessed as cell duplication by the counting of total cells after exposure to test substances. MCP-1 stimulated VSMC proliferation and migration in a two-dimensional lateral sheet migration of adherent cells in culture. Endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) was responsible for the mitogenic activity of MCP-1, because neutralizing anti-VEGF-A antibody inhibited cell proliferation in response to MCP-1. On the contrary, neutralizing anti-fibroblast growth factor-2 and anti-platelet-derived growth factor-bb antibodies did not affect VSMC proliferation induced by MCP-1. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed an increased expression of either mRNA or VEGF-A protein after MCP-1 activation (10-100 pg/ml), whereas no fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt)-1 receptor upregulation was observed. Because we have previously demonstrated that hypoxia (3% O2) can enhance VSMC proliferation induced by VEGF-A through Flt-1 receptor upregulation, the effects of hypoxia on the response of VSMCs to MCP-1 were investigated. Severe hypoxia (3% O2) potentiated the growth-promoting effect of MCP-1, which was able to significantly induce cell proliferation even at a concentration as low as 0.1 pg/ml. These findings demonstrate that low concentrations of rat MCP-1 can directly promote rat VSMC proliferation and migration through the autocrine production of VEGF-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Parenti
- Laboratory of Vascular Pharmacology, Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
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24
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Szmitko PE, Wang CH, Weisel RD, de Almeida JR, Anderson TJ, Verma S. New markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation: Part I. Circulation 2003; 108:1917-23. [PMID: 14568885 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000089190.95415.9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Szmitko
- Division of Cardiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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25
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Kim WJH, Chereshnev I, Gazdoiu M, Fallon JT, Rollins BJ, Taubman MB. MCP-1 deficiency is associated with reduced intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:936-42. [PMID: 14550294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 is abundant in smooth muscle cells (SMC) and macrophages of atherosclerotic plaques and in the injured arterial wall. MCP-1 and its receptor, CCR2, are important mediators of macrophage accumulation and atherosclerotic plaque progression. We have recently reported that CCR2(-/-) mice have a approximately 60% decrease in intimal hyperplasia and medial DNA synthesis in response to femoral arterial injury. We have now examined the response to femoral arterial injury in MCP-1(-/-) mice. MCP-1 deficiency was associated with a approximately 30% reduction in intimal hyperplasia at 4 weeks and was not associated with diminished medial DNA synthesis. Despite inducing tissue factor in SMC culture, MCP-1 deficiency was not associated with a decrease in neointimal tissue factor after injury. These data suggest that MCP-1 and CCR2 deficiencies have distinct effects on arterial injury. The effects of MCP-1 on intimal hyperplasia may be mediated largely through SMC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J H Kim
- The Zena and Michael A Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Tønnessen T, Florholmen G, Henriksen UL, Christensen G. Cardiopulmonary alterations in mRNA expression for interleukin-1beta, the interleukin-6 superfamily and CXC-chemokines during development of postischaemic heart failure in the rat. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2003; 23:263-8. [PMID: 12950323 DOI: 10.1046/j.1475-097x.2003.00503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are believed to play a pathogenic role in heart failure (HF). Although some cytokines and chemokines have been examined in HF, information about others is still lacking. We aimed to examine the expression of cytokines belonging to the interleukin (IL)-6 superfamily [IL-6 and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)], as well as IL-1beta and the CXC-chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-8. We examined their expression in the heart, lung and spleen during development of postischaemic HF 1 and 6 weeks following left coronary artery ligation. Rats, which after myocardial infarction had a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure above 15 mmHg, were considered to be in HF. Sham-operated rats served as controls. A substantial upregulation of cardiac IL-1beta was measured in HF at 1 week, whereas a downregulation was measured in the lungs. At 6 weeks no altered regulation was seen. CNTF was only upregulated in the viable left ventricle at 6 weeks and IL-6 was upregulated in the infarcted region at 1 week. Cardiac MCP-1 was upregulated in the viable and the infarcted region of the failing left ventricle at 1 week, with the highest expression in the latter. In the lung, another pattern of regulation was seen with a significant increase in pulmonary MCP-1 at 6 weeks. IL-8 was only detected in the infarcted region at 1 week. In the spleen, no regulation of cytokines was found. In conclusion, we report an organ-specific regulation of cytokines and chemokines in postischaemic HF. Our novel findings of increased cardiac CNTF and cardiopulmonary MCP-1 mRNA indicate a role for these factors in the pathogenesis of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theis Tønnessen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Institute for Experimental Medical Research, University of Oslo, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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27
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Schecter AD, Berman AB, Taubman MB. Chemokine receptors in vascular smooth muscle. Microcirculation 2003; 10:265-72. [PMID: 12851644 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mn.7800192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2002] [Accepted: 02/01/2003] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered to be an inflammatory disease. Chemokines are low-molecular-weight proteins that exert their effects, in part, through mediating leukocytic infiltration into the vessel wall. Recently, studies have determined that chemokines and their receptors are present, and function on other cellular components comprising the arterial wall, such as the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. Smooth muscle cells (SMC) constitute the major cellular element of the arterial wall and are located predominantly in the arterial media. Recent studies have demonstrated that SMC possess a number of functional chemokine receptors, including CCR5, CXCR4, and a receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). It is likely that SMC are increasingly recognized as potential targets for chemokines, and that these effects may influence a variety of normal and pathological processes involving SMC such as atherosclerosis and arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison D Schecter
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, New York, NY 14642, USA.
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28
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Inoue S, Egashira K, Ni W, Kitamoto S, Usui M, Otani K, Ishibashi M, Hiasa KI, Nishida KI, Takeshita A. Anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene therapy limits progression and destabilization of established atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Circulation 2002; 106:2700-6. [PMID: 12438296 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000038140.80105.ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocyte infiltration into the arterial wall and its activation is the central event in atherogenesis. Thus, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) might be a novel therapeutic target against atherogenesis. We and others recently reported that blockade or abrogation of the MCP-1 pathway attenuates the initiation of atheroma formation in hypercholesterolemic mice. It remains unclear, however, whether blockade of MCP-1 can limit progression or destabilization of established lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS We report here that blockade of MCP-1 by transfecting an N-terminal deletion mutant of the MCP-1 gene limited progression of preexisting atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root in hypercholesterolemic mice. In addition, blockade of MCP-1 changed the lesion composition into a more stable phenotype, ie, containing fewer macrophages and lymphocytes, less lipid, and more smooth muscle cells and collagen. This strategy decreased expression of CD40 and the CD40 ligand in the atherosclerotic plaque and normalized the increased chemokine (RANTES and MCP-1) and cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, and transforming growth factor beta(1)) gene expression. These data suggest that MCP-1 is a central mediator in the progression and destabilization of established atheroma. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that the inflammatory responses mediated by MCP-1 are important in atherosclerosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujiro Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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29
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Selzman CH, Miller SA, Zimmerman MA, Gamboni-Robertson F, Harken AH, Banerjee A. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 directly induces human vascular smooth muscle proliferation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283:H1455-61. [PMID: 12234797 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00188.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) is best known for its ability to recruit mononuclear cells, few studies have examined the effects of this chemokine on other events in the vascular response to injury. The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of MCP-1 on human vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) proliferation. MCP-1 induced concentration-dependent VSMC proliferation as measured by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake. Direct cell counting demonstrated a twofold increase in VSMC after stimulation with MCP-1. This mitogenic effect was similar to that observed with the prototypical atherogenic cytokine platelet-derived growth factor. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis revealed that MCP-1 increased both proliferating nuclear cell antigen and cyclin A expression. Whereas MCP-1 did not promote nuclear factor-kappaB activation, MCP-1-induced VSMC proliferation appeared to be dependent on phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase activation. In conclusion, MCP-1 directly induces VSMC growth, which is associated with activation of cell cycle proteins and intracellular proliferative signals. Within the inflammatory paradigm of vascular remodeling, these data suggest that MCP-1 is more than simply a chemokine but also a potent mitogen for VSMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig H Selzman
- Divison of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
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30
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Olson TS, Ley K. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in leukocyte trafficking. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 283:R7-28. [PMID: 12069927 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00738.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines regulate inflammation, leukocyte trafficking, and immune cell differentiation. The role of chemokines in homing of naive T lymphocytes to secondary lymphatic organs is probably the best understood of these processes, and information on chemokines in inflammation, asthma, and neurological diseases is rapidly increasing. Over the past 15 years, understanding of the size and functional complexity of the chemokine family of peptide chemoattractants has grown substantially. In this review, we first present information regarding the structure, expression, and signaling properties of chemokines and their receptors. The second part is a systems physiology-based overview of the roles that chemokines play in tissue-specific homing of lymphocyte subsets and in trafficking of inflammatory cells. This review draws on recent experimental findings as well as current models proposed by experts in the chemokine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Olson
- Department of Molecular Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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31
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Roque M, Kim WJH, Gazdoin M, Malik A, Reis ED, Fallon JT, Badimon JJ, Charo IF, Taubman MB. CCR2 deficiency decreases intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:554-9. [PMID: 11950690 DOI: 10.1161/hq0402.105720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 is upregulated in atherosclerotic plaques and in the media and intima of injured arteries. CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is the only known functional receptor for MCP-1. Mice deficient in MCP-1 or CCR2 have marked reductions in atherosclerosis. This study examines the effect of CCR2 deficiency in a murine model of femoral arterial injury. Four weeks after injury, arteries from CCR2(-/-) mice showed a 61.4% reduction (P<0.01) in intimal area and a 62% reduction (P<0.05) in intima/media ratio when compared with CCR2(+/+) littermates. The response of CCR2(+/-) mice was not significantly different from that of CCR2(+/+) mice. Five days after injury, the medial proliferation index, determined by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, was decreased by 59.8% in CCR2(-/-) mice when compared with CCR2(+/+) littermates (P<0.05). Although leukocytes rapidly adhered to the injured arterial surface, there was no significant macrophage infiltration in the arterial wall of either CCR2(-/-) or CCR2(+/+) mice 5 and 28 days after injury. These results demonstrate that CCR2 plays an important role in mediating smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal hyperplasia in a non-hyperlipidemic model of acute arterial injury. CCR2 may thus be an important target for inhibiting the response to acute arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merce Roque
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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32
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Cattaruzza M, Schäfer K, Hecker M. Cytokine-induced down-regulation of zfm1/splicing factor-1 promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:6582-9. [PMID: 11748220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108283200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One hallmark of inflammation is the proliferation of bystander cells such as vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC), a process governed by growth factors and cytokines. Whereas cytokine induction of gene products promoting inflammation and proliferation is well characterized, little is known about the concomitant down-regulation of potentially counter-regulatory gene products in these cells. By employing the suppression subtractive hybridization-PCR technique, RNA isolated from rat aortic SMC treated with the cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) was subtracted from RNA of control cells. Eleven genes were identified, the expression of which fell by 44-77%. One, the transcriptional repressor splicing factor-1 or zfm1, was characterized further. Antisense oligonucleotide suppression of zfm1 protein synthesis mimicked the stimulatory effects of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha on SMC proliferation and expression of the chemokine MCP-1 and the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Moreover, in an in vivo mouse model of atherosclerosis, zfm1 abundance was decreased in proliferating arterial SMC. These findings suggest a role for zfm1 in controlling both proliferation and expression of pro-inflammatory gene products in SMC. Therefore, cytokine-induced down-regulation of zfm1 expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of hyperproliferative inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cattaruzza
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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33
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Abstract
Today, multiple lines of evidence support the view of atherosclerosis as a chronic inflammatory disease and implicate components of the immune system in atherogenesis. Recent work has documented overexpression of the potent immune mediator CD40 and its counterpart CD40 ligand (CD40L) in experimental and human atherosclerotic lesions. Notably, interruption of CD40/CD40L interactions not only diminished the formation and progression of mouse atheroma, but also fostered changes in lesion biology and structure, which are associated in humans with "plaque stabilization." In accordance with the hypothesis that CD40 signaling promotes plaque instability, in vitro studies demonstrated that ligation of CD40 on atheroma-associated cell types, namely endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, mediates functions considered crucial to the process of atherogenesis, such as the expression of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases, and procoagulants. The combination of the broad gamut of proatherogenic biological responses triggered by ligation of CD40 on endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages in vitro and the results of in vivo studies of interruption of CD40 signaling suggests a central role for this receptor/ligand dyad during atherogenesis, proposing CD40/CD40L interactions as a novel potential therapeutic target for this prevalent human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schönbeck
- Leducq Center for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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34
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Abstract
The prevalence of asthma has risen drastically in the last two decades, with a worldwide impact on health care systems. Although several factors contribute to the development of asthma, inflammation seems to be a common factor that leads to the most severe asthmatic responses. In the past decade, researchers have characterized a large group of chemotactic cytokines, also known as chemokines, which are implicated in asthmatic inflammation. These chemokines control and direct the migration and activation of various leukocyte populations. Targeting chemokines should lead to new ways of controlling the inflammatory asthmatic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Lukacs
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA.
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35
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36
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Ni W, Egashira K, Kitamoto S, Kataoka C, Koyanagi M, Inoue S, Imaizumi K, Akiyama C, Nishida KI, Takeshita A. New anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene therapy attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Circulation 2001; 103:2096-101. [PMID: 11319201 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.16.2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocyte recruitment into the arterial wall and its activation may be the central event in atherogenesis. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is an important chemokine for monocyte recruitment, and its receptor (CCR2) may mediate such in vivo response. Although the importance of the MCP-1/CCR2 pathway in atherogenesis has been clarified, it remains unanswered whether postnatal blockade of the MCP-1 signals could be a unique site-specific gene therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS We devised a new strategy for anti-MCP-1 gene therapy to treat atherosclerosis by transfecting an N-terminal deletion mutant of the human MCP-1 gene into a remote organ (skeletal muscle) in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. This strategy effectively blocked MCP-1 activity and inhibited the formation of atherosclerotic lesions but had no effect on serum lipid concentrations. Furthermore, this strategy increased the lesional extracellular matrix content. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that this anti-MCP-1 gene therapy may serve not only to reduce atherogenesis but also to stabilize vulnerable atheromatous plaques. This strategy may be a useful and feasible form of gene therapy against atherosclerosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ni
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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37
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Koyanagi M, Egashira K, Kitamoto S, Ni W, Shimokawa H, Takeya M, Yoshimura T, Takeshita A. Role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in cardiovascular remodeling induced by chronic blockade of nitric oxide synthesis. Circulation 2000; 102:2243-8. [PMID: 11056100 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.102.18.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by the administration of N:(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) to rats induces early vascular inflammatory changes (monocyte infiltration into coronary vessels and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1] expression) as well as subsequent arteriosclerosis (medial thickening and perivascular fibrosis) and cardiac fibrosis. However, the role of MCP-1 in this process is not known. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the effect of a specific monoclonal anti-MCP-1 neutralizing antibody in rats treated with L-NAME to determine the role of monocytes in the regulation of cardiovascular remodeling. We found increased expression of MCP-1 mRNA in vascular endothelial cells and monocytes in inflammatory lesions. Cotreatment with an anti-MCP-1 antibody, but not with control IgG, prevented the L-NAME-induced early inflammation and reduced late coronary vascular medial thickening. In contrast, the anti-MCP-1 antibody did not decrease the development of perivascular fibrosis, the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1) mRNA, or systolic pressure overload induced by L-NAME administration. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MCP-1 is necessary for the development of medial thickening as well as monocyte recruitment. In contrast, the pathogenesis of fibrosis may involve other factors, such as TGF-beta(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koyanagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Gavrilin MA, Deucher MF, Boeckman F, Kolattukudy PE. Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 upregulates IL-1beta expression in human monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 277:37-42. [PMID: 11027635 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) chemoattracts and activates monocytes. The nature of the genes that are transcriptionally activated in the monocytes by MCP-1 is not well understood. To identify such genes, human blood monocytes were incubated with or without MCP-1 for periods of 1, 4, and 12 h and the RNA extracted from these monocytes was subjected to differential display. The differentially expressed transcripts were cloned and sequenced. Differential display showed that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) gene expression was upregulated by MCP-1 treatment of monocytes for 4 to 12 h. Quantitative PCR and ELISA assays showed that MCP-1 treatment caused elevation in the levels of IL-1beta transcripts and protein, respectively. Immunoblot analysis showed that most of the protein was pro-IL-1beta. Since IL-1beta is known to induce MCP-1 synthesis, the present demonstration that MCP-1 induces IL-1beta synthesis suggests that the induction of each other would amplify the biological effects of these cytokines during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gavrilin
- Neurobiotechnology Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ohio State University, 1060 Carmack Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Kitamoto S, Egashira K, Kataoka C, Koyanagi M, Katoh M, Shimokawa H, Morishita R, Kaneda Y, Sueishi K, Takeshita A. Increased activity of nuclear factor-kappaB participates in cardiovascular remodeling induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Circulation 2000; 102:806-12. [PMID: 10942751 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.102.7.806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by the administration of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) to rats induces early vascular inflammatory changes [monocyte infiltration into coronary vessels, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression] as well as subsequent arteriosclerosis (medial thickening and perivascular fibrosis) and cardiac fibrosis. However, no direct evidence for the importance of NF-kappaB in this process is known. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the effect of a cis element decoy strategy to address the functional importance of NF-kappaB in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular remodeling. We found here that in vivo transfection of cis element decoy oligodeoxynucleotides against NF-kappaB to hearts prevented the L-NAME-induced early inflammation and subsequent coronary vascular medial thickening. In contrast, NF-kappaB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide transfection did not decrease the development of fibrosis, the expression of transforming growth factor-beta(1) mRNA, or systolic pressure overload induced by L-NAME administration. CONCLUSIONS The NF-kappaB system participates importantly in the development of early vascular inflammation and subsequent medial thickening but not in fibrogenesis in this model. The present study may provide a new aspect of how endothelium-derived NO contributes to anti-inflammatory and/or antiarteriosclerotic properties of the vascular endothelium in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kitamoto
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Asano G, Wang R, Kameyama K, Yamada N, Onda M, Naito Z, Yokoyama M. Risk factors and pathogenesis of atherosclerotic lesion. NIHON IKA DAIGAKU ZASSHI 1999; 66:372-81. [PMID: 10638186 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.66.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Asano
- Department of Pathology, Nippon Medical School
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41
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Ortego M, Bustos C, Hernández-Presa MA, Tuñón J, Díaz C, Hernández G, Egido J. Atorvastatin reduces NF-kappaB activation and chemokine expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and mononuclear cells. Atherosclerosis 1999; 147:253-61. [PMID: 10559511 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular mortality, mainly due to the rupture of unstable atherosclerotic plaques, is reduced by 3-hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors. Inflammatory cells, attracted to the vascular lesion by chemokines, have been implicated in the process of the plaque rupture. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and U937 mononuclear cells we have studied the effect of Atorvastatin (Atv) on nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity, an inducer of the mRNA expression of chemokines such as interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). Angiotensin II (Ang II) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) increased NF-kappaB activity in VSMC (2 and 5-fold, respectively). Preincubation of cells with 10(-7) mol/l Atv diminished this activation (44 and 53%). The inhibition was reversed by mevalonate, farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP), but not by other isoprenoids. Coinciding with the NF-kappaB activation in VSMC, there was a diminution of cytoplasmic IkappaB levels that was recovered by pretreatment with Atv. Ang II and TNF-alpha induced the expression of IP-10 (1.5 and 3.4-fold) and MCP-1 (2.4 and 4-fold) in VSMC. Atv reduced this overexpression around 38 and 35% (IP-10), and 54 and 39% (MCP-1), respectively. Our results strongly suggest that Atv, through the inhibition of NF-kappaB activity and chemokine gene expression, could reduce the inflammation within the atherosclerotic lesion and play a role in the stabilization of the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ortego
- Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonoma University, Avda Reyes Católicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Chemokines or chemotactic cytokines represent an expanding family of structurally related small molecular weight proteins, recognised as being responsible for leukocyte trafficking and activation. Soon after the discovery of this class of cytokines, about a decade ago, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was found to be highly expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions and postulated to be central in monocyte recruitment into the arterial wall and developing lesions. In this review, we will discuss our present knowledge about MCP-1 and its receptor CCR2 and their role in atherogenesis. Although less well established, other chemokines such as RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta have also been implicated in atherosclerotic lesion formation as are a number of more recently discovered chemokines like MCP-4, ELC and PARC. The role of these chemokines in the progression of atherosclerosis will be discussed as well as the emerging role of IL-8, mostly know for its effects on neutrophils. Particular attention will be given not only to the involvement of chemokines in the inflammatory recruitment of monocytes/macrophages, but also to their role in the related local immune responses and vascular remodelling which occur during the formation of unstable atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Reape
- Department of Vascular Biology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park North, Coldharbour Road, Harlow, UK.
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43
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Coombes BK, Mahony JB. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of human endothelial cells induces proliferation of smooth muscle cells via an endothelial cell-derived soluble factor(s). Infect Immun 1999; 67:2909-15. [PMID: 10338498 PMCID: PMC96599 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.6.2909-2915.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease has been determined epidemiologically and by the detection of C. pneumoniae organisms in atherosclerotic lesions in both humans and animal models of atherosclerosis. Previously, it has been shown that C. pneumoniae is capable of replicating in cell types found within atheromatous lesions, viz., endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and macrophages, yet the role of C. pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has not been determined. Since intimal thickening is a hallmark of atherosclerosis, we investigated whether C. pneumoniae infection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) could induce the expression of a soluble factor(s) with mitogenic potential for SMC by using [3H]thymidine incorporation and direct cell counting. Conditioned medium harvested from HUVEC infected with C. pneumoniae stimulated SMC replication in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Infection studies using various multiplicities of infection (MOIs) ranging from 0.001 to 1 demonstrated a dose-dependent production of the soluble factor(s). At an MOI of 1, SMC stimulation indices were 8.4 (P < 0.01) and 12.2 (P < 0.01) for conditioned media harvested at 24 and 48 h, respectively. To determine whether viable C. pneumoniae was required for production of the soluble factor(s), HUVEC were infected with heat-inactivated C. pneumoniae or with viable organisms in the presence of chloramphenicol. Both treatments produced stimulation indices similar to those for live C. pneumoniae in the absence of chloramphenicol (P > 0.05), indicating that the factor(s) was produced by HUVEC and not by C. pneumoniae and that signal transduction events following chlamydia endocytosis may be important in the production of a soluble factor(s). The ability of C. pneumoniae to elicit an endothelial cell-derived soluble factor(s) that stimulates SMC proliferation may be important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Coombes
- Regional Virology and Chlamydiology Laboratory, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6.
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Furukawa Y, Matsumori A, Ohashi N, Shioi T, Ono K, Harada A, Matsushima K, Sasayama S. Anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/monocyte chemotactic and activating factor antibody inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in injured rat carotid arteries. Circ Res 1999; 84:306-14. [PMID: 10024304 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.84.3.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) has been suggested to promote atherogenesis. The effects of in vivo neutralization of MCP-1 in a rat model were examined in an effort to clarify the role of MCP-1 in the development of neointimal hyperplasia. Competitive polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed maximum MCP-1 mRNA expression at 4 hours after carotid arterial injury. Increased immunoreactivities of MCP-1 were also detected at 2 and 8 hours after injury. Either anti-MCP-1 antibody or nonimmunized goat IgG (10 mg/kg) was then administered every 12 hours to rats that had undergone carotid arterial injury. Treatment with 3 consecutive doses of anti-MCP-1 antibody within 24 hours (experiment 1) and every 12 hours for 5 days (experiment 2) significantly inhibited neointimal hyperplasia at day 14, resulting in a 27.8% reduction of the mean intima/media ratio (P<0.05) in experiment 1 and a 43.6% reduction (P<0.01) in experiment 2. This effect was still apparent at day 56 (55.6% inhibition; P<0.05). The number of vascular smooth muscle cells in the neointima at day 4 was significantly reduced by anti-MCP-1 treatment, demonstrating the important role of MCP-1 in early neointimal lesion formation. However, recombinant MCP-1 did not stimulate chemotaxis of vascular smooth muscle cells in an in vitro migration assay. These results suggest that MCP-1 promotes neointimal hyperplasia in early neointimal lesion formation and that neutralization of MCP-1 before, and immediately after, arterial injury may be effective in preventing restenosis after angioplasty. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism underlying the promotion of neointimal hyperplasia by MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Furukawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Wang JM, Su S, Gong W, Oppenheim JJ. Chemokines, receptors, and their role in cardiovascular pathology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY RESEARCH 1998; 28:83-90. [PMID: 9689548 DOI: 10.1007/s005990050024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A superfamily of leukocyte chemotactic proteins, known as chemokines, has been identified during the past decade. Chemokines selectively attract and activate different leukocyte subpopulations and are key mediators of a variety of patho-physiological states, including hematopoiesis, inflammation, infection, allergy, atheroslerosis, reperfusion injury, as well as malignant tumors. Chemokines bind and activate a number of specific or promiscuous, G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptors. Some of these receptors are utilized by human immuno-deficiency virus type 1 as essential fusion co-factors. Further understanding of the role of chemokines and their receptors in host defense will help develop means by which the beneficial versus detrimental effects of these molecules can be balanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702, USA
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Mukaida N, Harada A, Matsushima K. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF/MCP-1), chemokines essentially involved in inflammatory and immune reactions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1998; 9:9-23. [PMID: 9720753 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(97)00022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte infiltration is a hallmark of inflammation. Knowledge on molecular mechanisms of leukocyte infiltration has advanced rapidly due to the recent elucidation of structures and functions of adhesion molecules and chemokines. Since the discovery of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a prototype of CXC chemokines, in 1987 and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCAF/MCP-1), a prototype of chemotactic cytokines (CC) chemokines, in 1989, more than 30 members of chemokines have been identified so far. Evidence is accumulating that these chemokines exert overlapping but distinct actions on specific types of leukocytes in vitro through interacting with their specific G-protein-coupled receptors with seven transmembrane domains. However, redundancy at receptor levels has frequently hindered the clarification on the precise physiological or pathophysiological roles of chemokines. Here, we describe the pathophysiological roles of IL-8 and MCAF/MCP-1 in several animal models of neutrophil- and macrophage-mediated inflammation, respectively, by focusing on our recent work using neutralizing antibodies to these chemokines. We discuss further potential roles of these chemokines in T-lymphocyte-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mukaida
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan.
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