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Sun Z, White Z, Theret M, Bernatchez P. Apolipoprotein E knockout, but not cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)-associated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) lowering, exacerbates muscle wasting in dysferlin-null mice. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:247. [PMID: 39138561 PMCID: PMC11321019 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysferlin-deficient limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (Dysf) mice are notorious for their mild phenotype. Raising plasma total cholesterol (CHOL) via apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (KO) drastically exacerbates muscle wasting in Dysf mice. However, dysferlinopathic patients have abnormally reduced plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. The current study aimed to determine whether HDL-C lowering can exacerbate the mild phenotype of dysferlin-null mice. METHODS Human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), a plasma lipid transfer protein not found in mice that reduces HDL-C, and/or its optimal adapter protein human apolipoprotein B (ApoB), were overexpressed in Dysf mice. Mice received a 2% cholesterol diet from 2 months of age and characterized through ambulatory and hanging functional tests, plasma analyses, and muscle histology. RESULTS CETP/ApoB expression in Dysf mice caused reduced HDL-C (54.5%) and elevated ratio of CHOL/HDL-C (181.3%) compared to control Dysf mice in plasma, but without raising CHOL. Compared to the severe muscle pathology found in high CHOL Dysf/ApoE double knockout mice, Dysf/CETP/ApoB mice did not show significant changes in ambulation, hanging capacity, increases in damaged area, collagen deposition, or decreases in cross-sectional area and healthy myofibre coverage. CONCLUSIONS CETP/ApoB over-expression in Dysf mice decreases HDL-C without increasing CHOL or exacerbating muscle pathology. High CHOL or nonHDL-C caused by ApoE KO, rather than low HDL-C, likely lead to rodent muscular dystrophy phenotype humanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeren Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia (UBC), 217-2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zoe White
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia (UBC), 217-2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marine Theret
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pascal Bernatchez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia (UBC), 217-2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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2
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Li M, Barros-Pinkelnig M, Weiss G, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S. Brown adipose tissue facilitates the fever response following infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in mice. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100617. [PMID: 39128824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) combusts lipids and glucose to generate heat. Via this process of nonshivering thermogenesis, BAT plays a pivotal role in thermoregulation in cold environments, but its contribution to immune-induced fever is less clear. Male APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism, and wild-type mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.tm). Energy expenditure and substrate utilization, plasma lipid levels, fatty acid (FA) uptake by adipose tissues, and lipid content and thermogenic markers in adipose tissues were examined. S.tm infection led to a set of characteristic symptoms, including elevated body temperature and decreased body weight. Whole-body energy expenditure was significantly decreased 72 h postinfection, but fat oxidation was increased and accompanied by a substantial reduction in plasma triglyceride (TG) levels as demonstrated in APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice. S.tm infection strongly increased uptake of FAs from TG-rich lipoproteins by BAT, which showed a positive correlation with body temperature in infected mice. Upon histological examination of BAT from wild-type or APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice, elevated levels of tyrosine hydroxylase were observed, indicative of stimulated sympathetic activity. In addition, the gene expression profile was consistent with more adrenergic stimulation, while lipid content was reduced. Furthermore, browning of white adipose tissue was observed, evidenced by a modest increase in TG-derived FA uptake, the presence of multilocular cells, and induction of uncoupling protein 1 expression. We proposed that BAT, or thermogenic adipose tissue in general, is involved in the maintenance of elevated body temperature upon invasive bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Li
- Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Deparment of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Deparment of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Deparment of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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3
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Mullis DM, Padilla-Lopez A, Wang H, Zhu Y, Elde S, Bonham SA, Yajima S, Kocher ON, Krieger M, Woo YJ. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha improves cardiac function in a novel diet-induced coronary atherosclerosis model, the SR-B1ΔCT/LDLR KO mouse. Atherosclerosis 2024; 395:117518. [PMID: 38627162 PMCID: PMC11254567 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There are a limited number of pharmacologic therapies for coronary artery disease, and few rodent models of occlusive coronary atherosclerosis and consequent myocardial infarction with which one can rapidly test new therapeutic approaches. Here, we characterize a novel, fertile, and easy-to-use HDL receptor (SR-B1)-based model of atherogenic diet-inducible, fatal coronary atherosclerosis, the SR-B1ΔCT/LDLR KO mouse. Additionally, we test intramyocardial injection of Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α), a potent angiogenic cytokine, as a possible therapy to rescue cardiac function in this mouse. METHODS SR-B1ΔCT/LDLR KO mice were fed the Paigen diet or standard chow diet, and we determined the effects of the diets on cardiac function, histology, and survival. After two weeks of feeding either the Paigen diet (n = 24) or standard chow diet (n = 20), the mice received an intramyocardial injection of either SDF-1α or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Cardiac function and angiogenesis were assessed two weeks later. RESULTS When six-week-old mice were fed the Paigen diet, they began to die as early as 19 days later and 50% had died by 38 days. None of the mice maintained on the standard chow diet died by day 72. Hearts from mice on the Paigen diet showed evidence of cardiomegaly, myocardial infarction, and occlusive coronary artery disease. For the five mice that survived until day 28 that underwent an intramyocardial injection of PBS on day 15, the average ejection fraction (EF) decreased significantly from day 14 (the day before injection, 52.1 ± 4.3%) to day 28 (13 days after the injection, 30.6 ± 6.8%) (paired t-test, n = 5, p = 0.0008). Of the 11 mice fed the Paigen diet and injected with SDF-1α on day 15, 8 (72.7%) survived to day 28. The average EF for these 8 mice increased significantly from 48.2 ± 7.2% on day 14 to63.6 ± 6.9% on day 28 (Paired t-test, n = 8, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS This new mouse model and treatment with the promising angiogenic cytokine SDF-1α may lead to new therapeutic approaches for ischemic heart disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL12/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Mice, Knockout
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Male
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Diet, Atherogenic
- Mice
- Ventricular Function, Left
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Mullis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Hanjay Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuanjia Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Elde
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Spencer A Bonham
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shin Yajima
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olivier N Kocher
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monty Krieger
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA
| | - Y Joseph Woo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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4
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Ge X, Slütter B, Lambooij JM, Zhou E, Ying Z, Agirman C, Heijink M, Rimbert A, Guigas B, Kuiper J, Müller C, Bracher F, Giera M, Kooijman S, Rensen PC, Wang Y, Schönke M. DHCR24 inhibitor SH42 increases desmosterol without preventing atherosclerosis development in mice. iScience 2024; 27:109830. [PMID: 38770137 PMCID: PMC11103367 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptor (LXR) is considered a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis treatment, but synthetic LXR agonists generally also cause hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia. Desmosterol, a final intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis, has been identified as a selective LXR ligand that suppresses inflammation without inducing lipogenesis. Δ24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24) converts desmosterol into cholesterol, and we previously showed that the DHCR24 inhibitor SH42 increases desmosterol to activate LXR and attenuate experimental peritonitis and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of SH42 on atherosclerosis development in APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) receptor knockout mice, models for lipid- and inflammation-driven atherosclerosis, respectively. In both models, SH42 increased desmosterol without affecting plasma lipids. While reducing liver lipids in APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice, and regulating populations of circulating monocytes in LDL receptor knockout mice, SH42 did not attenuate atherosclerosis in either model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Ge
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Slütter
- Div. of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AL, the Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Ceren Agirman
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Heijink
- The Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Div. of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AL, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Giera
- The Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C.N. Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Milena Schönke
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
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5
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Schaftenaar FH, van Dam AD, de Bruin G, Depuydt MA, de Mol J, Amersfoort J, Douna H, Meijer M, Kröner MJ, van Santbrink PJ, Bernabé Kleijn MN, van Puijvelde GH, Florea BI, Slütter B, Foks AC, Bot I, Rensen PC, Kuiper J. Immunoproteasomal Inhibition With ONX-0914 Attenuates Atherosclerosis and Reduces White Adipose Tissue Mass and Metabolic Syndrome in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1346-1364. [PMID: 38660806 PMCID: PMC11188635 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is the major underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease and is driven by dyslipidemia and inflammation. Inhibition of the immunoproteasome, a proteasome variant that is predominantly expressed by immune cells and plays an important role in antigen presentation, has been shown to have immunosuppressive effects. METHODS We assessed the effect of ONX-0914, an inhibitor of the immunoproteasomal catalytic subunits LMP7 (proteasome subunit β5i/large multifunctional peptidase 7) and LMP2 (proteasome subunit β1i/large multifunctional peptidase 2), on atherosclerosis and metabolism in LDLr-/- and APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. RESULTS ONX-0914 treatment significantly reduced atherosclerosis, reduced dendritic cell and macrophage levels and their activation, as well as the levels of antigen-experienced T cells during early plaque formation, and Th1 cells in advanced atherosclerosis in young and aged mice in various immune compartments. Additionally, ONX-0914 treatment led to a strong reduction in white adipose tissue mass and adipocyte progenitors, which coincided with neutrophil and macrophage accumulation in white adipose tissue. ONX-0914 reduced intestinal triglyceride uptake and gastric emptying, likely contributing to the reduction in white adipose tissue mass, as ONX-0914 did not increase energy expenditure or reduce total food intake. Concomitant with the reduction in white adipose tissue mass upon ONX-0914 treatment, we observed improvements in markers of metabolic syndrome, including lowered plasma triglyceride levels, insulin levels, and fasting blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS We propose that immunoproteasomal inhibition reduces 3 major causes underlying cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and inflammation and is a new target in drug development for atherosclerosis treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Metabolic Syndrome/drug therapy
- Metabolic Syndrome/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Male
- Proteasome Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Apolipoprotein E3/genetics
- Apolipoprotein E3/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/prevention & control
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/enzymology
- Aortic Diseases/immunology
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Mice
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Oligopeptides
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H. Schaftenaar
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
| | - Andrea D. van Dam
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (A.D.D., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Gerjan de Bruin
- Department of Chemical Biology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, the Netherlands (G.d.B., B.I.F.)
| | - Marie A.C. Depuydt
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
| | - Jill de Mol
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
| | - Jacob Amersfoort
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
| | - Hidde Douna
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
| | - Menno Meijer
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
| | - Mara J. Kröner
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
| | - Peter J. van Santbrink
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
| | - Mireia N.A. Bernabé Kleijn
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
| | - Gijs H.M. van Puijvelde
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
| | - Bogdan I. Florea
- Department of Chemical Biology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, the Netherlands (G.d.B., B.I.F.)
| | - Bram Slütter
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
| | - Amanda C. Foks
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
| | - Patrick C.N. Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (A.D.D., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, the Netherlands (F.H.S., M.A.C.D., J.d.M., J.A., H.D., M.M., M.J.K., P.J.v.S., M.N.A.B.K., G.H.M.v.P., B.S., A.C.F., I.B., J.K.)
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6
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Deng H, Liang WY, Chen LQ, Yuen TH, Sahin B, Vasilescu DM, Trinder M, Walley K, Rensen PC, Boyd JH, Brunham LR. CETP inhibition enhances monocyte activation and bacterial clearance and reduces streptococcus pneumonia-associated mortality in mice. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e173205. [PMID: 38646937 PMCID: PMC11141867 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and pneumonia is the most common cause of sepsis in humans. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are associated with an increased risk of death from sepsis, and increasing levels of HDL-C by inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) decreases mortality from intraabdominal polymicrobial sepsis in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Here, we show that treatment with the CETP inhibitor (CETPi) anacetrapib reduced mortality from Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced sepsis in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP and APOA1.CETP mice. Mechanistically, CETP inhibition reduced the host proinflammatory response via attenuation of proinflammatory cytokine transcription and release. This effect was dependent on the presence of HDL, leading to attenuation of immune-mediated organ damage. In addition, CETP inhibition promoted monocyte activation in the blood prior to the onset of sepsis, resulting in accelerated macrophage recruitment to the lung and liver. In vitro experiments demonstrated that CETP inhibition significantly promoted the activation of proinflammatory signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and THP1 cells in the absence of HDL; this may represent a mechanism responsible for improved bacterial clearance during sepsis. These findings provide evidence that CETP inhibition represents a potential approach to reduce mortality from pneumosepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Deng
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital
| | - Wan Yi Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, and
| | - Le Qi Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, and
| | - Tin Ho Yuen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, and
| | - Basak Sahin
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital
| | | | - Mark Trinder
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Keith Walley
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital
| | - Patrick C.N. Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John H. Boyd
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital
| | - Liam R. Brunham
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital
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7
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Poliakova T, Wellington CL. Roles of peripheral lipoproteins and cholesteryl ester transfer protein in the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:86. [PMID: 37974180 PMCID: PMC10652636 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review focuses on the role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and peripheral lipoproteins in the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Humans have a peripheral lipoprotein profile where low-density lipoproteins (LDL) represent the dominant lipoprotein fraction and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) represent a minor lipoprotein fraction. Elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are well-established to cause cardiovascular disease and several LDL-C-lowering therapies are clinically available to manage this vascular risk factor. The efficacy of LDL-C-lowering therapies to reduce risk of all-cause dementia and AD is now important to address as recent studies demonstrate a role for LDL in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) as well as in all-cause dementia. The LDL:HDL ratio in humans is set mainly by CETP activity, which exchanges cholesteryl esters for triglycerides across lipoprotein fractions to raise LDL and lower HDL as CETP activity increases. Genetic and pharmacological studies support the hypothesis that CETP inhibition reduces cardiovascular risk by lowering LDL, which, by extension, may also lower VCID. Unlike humans, wild-type mice do not express catalytically active CETP and have HDL as their major lipoprotein fraction. As HDL has potent beneficial effects on endothelial cells, the naturally high HDL levels in mice protect them from vascular disorders, likely including VCID. Genetic restoration of CETP expression in mice to generate a more human-like lipid profile may increase the relevance of murine models for VCID studies. The therapeutic potential of existing and emerging LDL-lowering therapies for VCID will be discussed. Figure Legend. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein in Alzheimer's Disease. CETP is mainly produced by the liver, and exchanges cholesteryl esters for triglycerides across lipoprotein fractions to raise circulating LDL and lower HDL as CETP activity increases. Low CETP activity is associated with better cardiovascular health, due to decreased LDL and increased HDL, which may also improve brain health. Although most peripheral lipoproteins cannot enter the brain parenchyma due to the BBB, it is increasingly appreciated that direct access to the vascular endothelium may enable peripheral lipoproteins to have indirect effects on brain health. Thus, lipoproteins may affect the cerebrovasculature from both sides of the BBB. Recent studies show an association between elevated plasma LDL, a well-known cardiovascular risk factor, and a higher risk of AD, and considerable evidence suggests that high HDL levels are associated with reduced CAA and lower neuroinflammation. Considering the potential detrimental role of LDL in AD and the importance of HDL's beneficial effects on endothelial cells, high CETP activity may lead to compromised BBB integrity, increased CAA deposits and greater neuroinflammation. Abbreviations: CETP - cholesteryl transfer ester protein; LDL - low-density lipoproteins; HDL - high-density lipoproteins; BBB - blood-brain barrier; CAA - cerebral amyloid angiopathy, SMC - smooth muscle cells, PVM - perivascular macrophages, RBC - red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Poliakova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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8
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Zhou E, Ge X, Nakashima H, Li R, van der Zande HJP, Liu C, Li Z, Müller C, Bracher F, Mohammed Y, de Boer JF, Kuipers F, Guigas B, Glass CK, Rensen PCN, Giera M, Wang Y. Inhibition of DHCR24 activates LXRα to ameliorate hepatic steatosis and inflammation. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16845. [PMID: 37357756 PMCID: PMC10405065 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR) agonism has theoretical potential for treating NAFLD/NASH, but synthetic agonists induce hyperlipidemia in preclinical models. Desmosterol, which is converted by Δ24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24) into cholesterol, is a potent endogenous LXR agonist with anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to investigate the effects of DHCR24 inhibition on NAFLD/NASH development. Here, by using APOE*3-Leiden. CETP mice, a well-established translational model that develops diet-induced human-like NAFLD/NASH characteristics, we report that SH42, a published DHCR24 inhibitor, markedly increases desmosterol levels in liver and plasma, reduces hepatic lipid content and the steatosis score, and decreases plasma fatty acid and cholesteryl ester concentrations. Flow cytometry showed that SH42 decreases liver inflammation by preventing Kupffer cell activation and monocyte infiltration. LXRα deficiency completely abolishes these beneficial effects of SH42. Together, the inhibition of DHCR24 by SH42 prevents diet-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation in a strictly LXRα-dependent manner without causing hyperlipidemia. Finally, we also showed that SH42 treatment decreased liver collagen content and plasma alanine transaminase levels in an established NAFLD model. In conclusion, we anticipate that pharmacological DHCR24 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Xiaoke Ge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Nakashima
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Rumei Li
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug ResearchLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug ResearchLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Yassene Mohammed
- The Center for Proteomics and MetabolomicsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Med‐X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of EndocrinologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Martin Giera
- The Center for Proteomics and MetabolomicsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Med‐X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of EndocrinologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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9
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Ying Z, van Eenige R, Ge X, van Marwijk C, Lambooij JM, Guigas B, Giera M, de Boer JF, Coskun T, Qu H, Wang Y, Boon MR, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S. Combined GIP receptor and GLP1 receptor agonism attenuates NAFLD in male APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice. EBioMedicine 2023; 93:104684. [PMID: 37379656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonism is superior to single GLP1R agonism with respect to glycemic control and weight loss in obese patients with or without type 2 diabetes. As insulin resistance and obesity are strong risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in the current study we investigated the effects of combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism on NAFLD development. METHODS Male APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice, a humanized model for diabetic dyslipidemia and NAFLD when fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet, received subcutaneous injections with either vehicle, a GIPR agonist, a GLP1R agonist, or both agonists combined every other day. FINDINGS GIPR and GLP1R agonism reduced body weight and additively lowered fasting plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Strikingly, we report an additive reduction in hepatic steatosis as evidenced by lower hepatic lipid content and NAFLD scores. Underlying the lipid-lowering effects were a reduced food intake and intestinal lipid absorption and an increased uptake of glucose and triglyceride-derived fatty acids by energy-combusting brown adipose tissue. Combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism also attenuated hepatic inflammation as evidenced by a decreased number of monocyte-derived Kupffer cells and a reduced expression of inflammatory markers. Together, the reduced hepatic steatosis and inflammation coincided with lowered markers of liver injury. INTERPRETATION We interpretate that GIPR and GLP1R agonism additively attenuate hepatic steatosis, lower hepatic inflammation, ameliorate liver injury, together preventing NAFLD development in humanized APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice. We anticipate that combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism is a promising strategy to attenuate NAFLD progression in humans. FUNDING This work was supported by a grant from the Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative: the Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Federation of University Medical Centers, the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences [CVON-GENIUS-II] to P.C.N.R., a Lilly Research Award Program [LRAP] Award to P.C.N.R. and S.K., a Dutch Heart Foundation [2017T016] grant to S.K., and an NWO-VENI grant [09150161910073] to M.R.B.; J.F.D.B. is supported by the Nutrition and Health initiative of the University of Groningen; Z.Y. is supported by a full-time PhD scholarship from the China Scholarship Council (201806850094 to Z.Y.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Ying
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robin van Eenige
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoke Ge
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christy van Marwijk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joost M Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- The Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Departments of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Department of Diabetes/Endocrine, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Hongchang Qu
- Department of Diabetes/Endocrine, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yanan Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Med-X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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10
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In Het Panhuis W, Schönke M, Modder M, Tom HE, Lalai RA, Pronk ACM, Streefland TCM, van Kerkhof LWM, Dollé MET, Depuydt MAC, Bot I, Vos WG, Bosmans LA, van Os BW, Lutgens E, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S. Time-restricted feeding attenuates hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis development during circadian disturbance in APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice. EBioMedicine 2023; 93:104680. [PMID: 37356205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian disturbance (CD) is the consequence of a mismatch between endogenous circadian rhythms, behaviour, and/or environmental cycles, and frequently occurs during shift work. Shift work has been associated with elevated risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (asCVD) in humans, but evidence for the effectiveness of prevention strategies is lacking. METHODS Here, we applied time-restricted feeding (TRF) as a strategy to counteract atherosclerosis development during CD in female APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for humanized lipoprotein metabolism. Control groups were subjected to a fixed 12:12 h light-dark cycle, while CD groups were subjected to 6-h phase advancement every 3 days. Groups had either ad libitum (AL) access to food or were subjected to TRF with restricted food access to the dark phase. FINDINGS TRF did not prevent the increase in the relative abundance of circulating inflammatory monocytes and elevation of (postprandial) plasma triglycerides during CD. Nonetheless, TRF reduced atherosclerotic lesion size and prevented an elevation in macrophage content of atherosclerotic lesions during CD, while it increased the relative abundance of anti-inflammatory monocytes, prevented activation of T cells, and lowered plasma total cholesterol levels and markers of hepatic cholesterol synthesis. These effects were independent of total food intake. INTERPRETATION We propose that time restricted eating could be a promising strategy for the primary prevention of asCVD risk in shift workers, which warrants future study in humans. FUNDING This work was funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation, the Netherlands Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Dutch Heart Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wietse In Het Panhuis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Milena Schönke
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Modder
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah E Tom
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Reshma A Lalai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda C M Pronk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Trea C M Streefland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Linda W M van Kerkhof
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn E T Dollé
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marie A C Depuydt
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Winnie G Vos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Immunity and Infection, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura A Bosmans
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Immunity and Infection, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bram W van Os
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Immunity and Infection, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Immunity and Infection, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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11
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Kim M, Huda MN, Evans LW, Que E, Gertz ER, Maeda-Smithies N, Bennett BJ. Integrative analysis of hepatic transcriptional profiles reveals genetic regulation of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic Diversity Outbred-F1 mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9475. [PMID: 37301941 PMCID: PMC10257719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35917-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherogenesis is an insipidus but precipitating process leading to serious consequences of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Numerous genetic loci contributing to atherosclerosis have been identified in human genome-wide association studies, but these studies have limitations in the ability to control environmental factors and to decipher cause/effect relationships. To assess the power of hyperlipidemic Diversity Outbred (DO) mice in facilitating quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of complex traits, we generated a high-resolution genetic panel of atherosclerosis susceptible (DO-F1) mouse cohort by crossing 200 DO females with C57BL/6J males carrying two human genes: encoding apolipoprotein E3-Leiden and cholesterol ester transfer protein. We examined atherosclerotic traits including plasma lipids and glucose in the 235 female and 226 male progeny before and after 16 weeks of a high-fat/cholesterol diet, and aortic plaque size at 24 weeks. We also assessed the liver transcriptome using RNA-sequencing. Our QTL mapping for atherosclerotic traits identified one previously reported female-specific QTL on Chr10 with a narrower interval of 22.73 to 30.80 Mb, and one novel male-specific QTL at 31.89 to 40.25 Mb on Chr19. Liver transcription levels of several genes within each QTL were highly correlated with the atherogenic traits. A majority of these candidates have already known atherogenic potential in humans and/or mice, but integrative QTL, eQTL, and correlation analyses further pointed Ptprk as a major candidate of the Chr10 QTL, while Pten and Cyp2c67 of the Chr19 QTL in our DO-F1 cohort. Finally, through additional analyses of RNA-seq data we identified genetic regulation of hepatic transcription factors, including Nr1h3, contributes to atherogenesis in this cohort. Thus, an integrative approach using DO-F1 mice effectively validates the influence of genetic factors on atherosclerosis in DO mice and suggests an opportunity to discover therapeutics in the setting of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsuk Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - M Nazmul Huda
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Levi W Evans
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Excel Que
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erik R Gertz
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nobuyo Maeda-Smithies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brian J Bennett
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA.
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12
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van Eenige R, Ying Z, Tramper N, Wiebing V, Siraj Z, de Boer JF, Lambooij JM, Guigas B, Qu H, Coskun T, Boon MR, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S. Combined glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonism attenuates atherosclerosis severity in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Atherosclerosis 2023; 372:19-31. [PMID: 37015151 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Combined agonism of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) is superior to single GLP1R agonism in terms of glycemic control and lowering body weight in individuals with obesity and with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus. As both GIPR and GLP1R signaling have also been implicated in improving inflammatory responses and lipid handling, two crucial players in atherosclerosis development, here we aimed to investigate the effects of combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established mouse model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis development. METHODS Female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice were fed a Western-type diet (containing 16% fat and 0.15% cholesterol) to induce dyslipidemia, and received subcutaneous injections with either vehicle, a GIPR agonist (GIPFA-085), a GLP1R agonist (GLP-140) or both agonists. In the aortic root area, atherosclerosis development was assessed. RESULTS Combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism attenuated the development of severe atherosclerotic lesions, while single treatments only showed non-significant improvements. Mechanistically, combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism decreased markers of systemic low-grade inflammation. In addition, combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism markedly lowered plasma triglyceride (TG) levels as explained by reduced hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG production as well as increased TG-derived fatty acid uptake by brown and white adipose tissue which was coupled to enhanced hepatic uptake of core VLDL remnants. CONCLUSIONS Combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism attenuates atherosclerosis severity by diminishing inflammation and increasing VLDL turnover. We anticipate that combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism is a promising strategy to lower cardiometabolic risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin van Eenige
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi Tramper
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vera Wiebing
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Zohor Siraj
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Departments of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost M Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hongchang Qu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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13
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Liu C, Song Z, Li Z, Boon MR, Schönke M, Rensen PCN, Wang Y. Dietary choline increases brown adipose tissue activation markers and improves cholesterol metabolism in female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:236-243. [PMID: 36732416 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies in mice have recently linked increased dietary choline consumption to increased incidence of obesity-related metabolic diseases, while several clinical trials have reported an anti-obesity effect of high dietary choline intake. Since the underlying mechanisms by which choline affects obesity are incompletely understood, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of dietary choline supplementation in adiposity. METHODS Female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism and cardiometabolic diseases, were fed a Western-type diet supplemented with or without choline (1.2%, w/w) for up to 16 weeks. RESULTS Dietary choline reduced body fat mass gain, prevented adipocyte enlargement, and attenuated adipose tissue inflammation. Besides, choline ameliorated liver steatosis and damage, associated with an upregulation of hepatic genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, choline reduced plasma cholesterol, as explained by a reduction of plasma non-HDL cholesterol. Mechanistically, choline reduced hepatic VLDL-cholesterol secretion and enhanced the selective uptake of fatty acids from triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL)-like particles by brown adipose tissue (BAT), consequently accelerating the clearance of the cholesterol-enriched TRL remnants by the liver. CONCLUSIONS In APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, dietary choline reduces body fat by enhancing TRL-derived fatty acids by BAT, resulting in accelerated TRL turnover to improve hypercholesterolemia. These data provide a mechanistic basis for the observation in human intervention trials that high choline intake is linked with reduced body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zikuan Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Milena Schönke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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14
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Li Z, Zhou E, Liu C, Wicks H, Yildiz S, Razack F, Ying Z, Kooijman S, Koonen DPY, Heijink M, Kostidis S, Giera M, Sanders IMJG, Kuijper EJ, Smits WK, van Dijk KW, Rensen PCN, Wang Y. Dietary butyrate ameliorates metabolic health associated with selective proliferation of gut Lachnospiraceae bacterium 28-4. JCI Insight 2023; 8:166655. [PMID: 36810253 PMCID: PMC9977501 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids, including butyrate, have multiple metabolic benefits in individuals who are lean but not in individuals with metabolic syndrome, with the underlying mechanisms still being unclear. We aimed to investigate the role of gut microbiota in the induction of metabolic benefits of dietary butyrate. We performed antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion of the gut and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established translational model for developing human-like metabolic syndrome, and revealed that dietary butyrate reduced appetite and ameliorated high-fat diet-induced (HFD-induced) weight gain dependent on the presence of gut microbiota. FMT from butyrate-treated lean donor mice, but not butyrate-treated obese donor mice, into gut microbiota-depleted recipient mice reduced food intake, attenuated HFD-induced weight gain, and improved insulin resistance. 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing on cecal bacterial DNA of recipient mice implied that these effects were accompanied by the selective proliferation of Lachnospiraceae bacterium 28-4 in the gut as induced by butyrate. Collectively, our findings reveal a crucial role of gut microbiota in the beneficial metabolic effects of dietary butyrate as strongly associated with the abundance of Lachnospiraceae bacterium 28-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hope Wicks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sena Yildiz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Farhana Razack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Debby PY Koonen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Ed J Kuijper
- Department of Medical Microbiology.,Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, and
| | - Wiep Klaas Smits
- Department of Medical Microbiology.,Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, and
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - Patrick CN Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Med-X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Med-X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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15
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Liu C, Schönke M, Spoorenberg B, Lambooij JM, van der Zande HJP, Zhou E, Tushuizen ME, Andreasson AC, Park A, Oldham S, Uhrbom M, Ahlstedt I, Ikeda Y, Wallenius K, Peng XR, Guigas B, Boon MR, Wang Y, Rensen PCN. FGF21 protects against hepatic lipotoxicity and macrophage activation to attenuate fibrogenesis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. eLife 2023; 12:83075. [PMID: 36648330 PMCID: PMC9928421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Analogues of the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are in clinical development for type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) treatment. Although their glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing effects have been largely unraveled, the mechanisms by which they alleviate liver injury have only been scarcely addressed. Here, we aimed to unveil the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of FGF21 on NASH using APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like metabolic diseases. Liver-specific FGF21 overexpression was achieved in mice, followed by administration of a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 23 weeks. FGF21 prevented hepatic lipotoxicity, accompanied by activation of thermogenic tissues and attenuation of adipose tissue inflammation, improvement of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and upregulation of hepatic programs involved in fatty acid oxidation and cholesterol removal. Furthermore, FGF21 inhibited hepatic inflammation, as evidenced by reduced Kupffer cell (KC) activation, diminished monocyte infiltration, and lowered accumulation of monocyte-derived macrophages. Moreover, FGF21 decreased lipid- and scar-associated macrophages, which correlated with less hepatic fibrosis as demonstrated by reduced collagen accumulation. Collectively, hepatic FGF21 overexpression limits hepatic lipotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. Mechanistically, FGF21 blocks hepatic lipid influx and accumulation through combined endocrine and autocrine signaling, respectively, which prevents KC activation and lowers the presence of lipid- and scar-associated macrophages to inhibit fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Milena Schönke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Borah Spoorenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Joost M Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | | | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Maarten E Tushuizen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Anne-Christine Andreasson
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Andrew Park
- Biologics Engineering and Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Stephanie Oldham
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Martin Uhrbom
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Ingela Ahlstedt
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Biologics Engineering and Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Kristina Wallenius
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Patrick CN Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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16
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Mirabegron-induced brown fat activation does not exacerbate atherosclerosis in mice with a functional hepatic ApoE-LDLR pathway. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106634. [PMID: 36574856 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) with the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL316,243 protects mice from atherosclerosis development, and the presence of metabolically active BAT is associated with cardiometabolic health in humans. In contrast, exposure to cold or treatment with the clinically used β3-adrenergic receptor agonist mirabegron to activate BAT exacerbates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)- and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice, both lacking a functional ApoE-LDLR pathway crucial for lipoprotein remnant clearance. We, therefore, investigated the effects of mirabegron treatment on dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis development in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a humanized lipoprotein metabolism model with a functional ApoE-LDLR clearance pathway. Mirabegron activated BAT and induced white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, accompanied by selectively increased fat oxidation and attenuated fat mass gain. Mirabegron increased the uptake of fatty acids derived from triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins by BAT and WAT, which was coupled to increased hepatic uptake of the generated cholesterol-enriched core remnants. Mirabegron also promoted hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production, likely due to an increased flux of fatty acids from WAT to the liver, and resulted in transient elevation in plasma TG levels followed by a substantial decrease in plasma TGs. These effects led to a trend toward lower plasma cholesterol levels and reduced atherosclerosis. We conclude that BAT activation by mirabegron leads to substantial metabolic benefits in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, and mirabegron treatment is certainly not atherogenic. These data underscore the importance of the choice of experimental models when investigating the effect of BAT activation on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis.
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17
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Schönke M, Ying Z, Kovynev A, In Het Panhuis W, Binnendijk A, van der Poel S, Pronk ACM, Streefland TCM, Hoekstra M, Kooijman S, Rensen PCN. Time to run: Late rather than early exercise training in mice remodels the gut microbiome and reduces atherosclerosis development. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22719. [PMID: 36562708 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201304r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic and inflammatory processes that are implicated in the development of cardiovascular diseases are under control of the biological clock. While skeletal muscle function exhibits circadian rhythms, it is unclear to what extent the beneficial health effects of exercise are restricted to unique time windows. We aimed to study whether the timing of exercise training differentially modulates the development of atherosclerosis and elucidate underlying mechanisms. We endurance-trained atherosclerosis-prone female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice fed a Western-type diet, a well-established human-like model for cardiometabolic diseases, for 1 h five times a week for 4 weeks either in their early or in their late active phase on a treadmill. We monitored metabolic parameters, the development of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root and assessed the composition of the gut microbiota. Late, but not early, exercise training reduced fat mass by 19% and the size of early-stage atherosclerotic lesions by as much as 29% compared to sedentary animals. No correlation between cholesterol exposure and lesion size was evident, as no differences in plasma lipid levels were observed, but circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory markers ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were reduced with late exercise. Strikingly, we observed a time-of-day-dependent effect of exercise training on the composition of the gut microbiota as only late training increased the abundance of gut bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids with proposed anti-inflammatory properties. Together, these findings indicate that timing is a critical factor to the beneficial anti-atherosclerotic effects of exercise with a great potential to further optimize training recommendations for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Schönke
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Artemiy Kovynev
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wietse In Het Panhuis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Binnendijk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine van der Poel
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C M Pronk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Trea C M Streefland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Department of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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May L, Bartolo B, Harrison D, Guzik T, Drummond G, Figtree G, Ritchie R, Rye KA, de Haan J. Translating atherosclerosis research from bench to bedside: navigating the barriers for effective preclinical drug discovery. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1731-1758. [PMID: 36459456 PMCID: PMC9727216 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. An ongoing challenge remains the development of novel pharmacotherapies to treat CVD, particularly atherosclerosis. Effective mechanism-informed development and translation of new drugs requires a deep understanding of the known and currently unknown biological mechanisms underpinning atherosclerosis, accompanied by optimization of traditional drug discovery approaches. Current animal models do not precisely recapitulate the pathobiology underpinning human CVD. Accordingly, a fundamental limitation in early-stage drug discovery has been the lack of consensus regarding an appropriate experimental in vivo model that can mimic human atherosclerosis. However, when coupled with a clear understanding of the specific advantages and limitations of the model employed, preclinical animal models remain a crucial component for evaluating pharmacological interventions. Within this perspective, we will provide an overview of the mechanisms and modalities of atherosclerotic drugs, including those in the preclinical and early clinical development stage. Additionally, we highlight recent preclinical models that have improved our understanding of atherosclerosis and associated clinical consequences and propose model adaptations to facilitate the development of new and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T. May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, U.S.A
| | - Tomasz Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, U.K
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Kolling Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Imaging and Phenotyping Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebecca H. Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Judy B. de Haan
- Cardiovascular Inflammation and Redox Biology Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Department Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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19
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Choline and butyrate beneficially modulate the gut microbiome without affecting atherosclerosis in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Atherosclerosis 2022; 362:47-55. [PMID: 36347649 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Choline has been shown to exert atherogenic effects in Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- mice, related to its conversion by gut bacteria into trimethylamine (TMA) that is converted by the liver into the proinflammatory metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Since butyrate beneficially modulates the gut microbiota and has anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic properties, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether butyrate can alleviate choline-induced atherosclerosis. To this end, we used APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established atherosclerosis-prone model with human-like lipoprotein metabolism. METHODS Female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice were fed an atherogenic diet alone or supplemented with choline, butyrate or their combination for 16 weeks. RESULTS Interestingly, choline protected against fat mass gain, increased the abundance of anti-inflammatory gut microbes, and increased the expression of gut microbial genes involved in TMA and TMAO degradation. Butyrate similarly attenuated fat mass gain and beneficially modulated the gut microbiome, as shown by increased abundance of anti-inflammatory and short chain fatty acid-producing microbes, and inhibited expression of gut microbial genes involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis. Both choline and butyrate upregulated hepatic expression of flavin-containing monooxygenases, and their combination resulted in highest circulating TMAO levels. Nonetheless, choline, butyrate and their combination did not influence atherosclerosis development, and TMAO levels were not associated with atherosclerotic lesion size. CONCLUSIONS While choline and butyrate have been reported to oppositely modulate atherosclerosis development in Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- mice as related to changes in the gut microbiota, both dietary constituents did not affect atherosclerosis development while beneficially modulating the gut microbiome in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice.
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20
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Paalvast Y, Zhou E, Rozendaal YJW, Wang Y, Gerding A, van Dijk TH, de Boer JF, Rensen PCN, van Dijk KW, Kuivenhoven JA, Bakker BM, van Riel NAW, Groen AK. A Systems Analysis of Phenotype Heterogeneity in APOE*3Leiden.CETP Mice Induced by Long-Term High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet Feeding. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224936. [PMID: 36432620 PMCID: PMC9698005 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the human population, considerable variability exists between individuals in their susceptibility to develop obesity and dyslipidemia. In humans, this is thought to be caused by both genetic and environmental variation. APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, as part of an inbred mouse model in which mice develop the metabolic syndrome upon being fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet, show large inter-individual variation in the parameters of the metabolic syndrome, despite a lack of genetic and environmental variation. In the present study, we set out to resolve what mechanisms could underlie this variation. We used measurements of glucose and lipid metabolism from a six-month longitudinal study on the development of the metabolic syndrome. Mice were classified as mice with either high plasma triglyceride (responders) or low plasma triglyceride (non-responders) at the baseline. Subsequently, we fitted the data to a dynamic computational model of whole-body glucose and lipid metabolism (MINGLeD) by making use of a hybrid modelling method called Adaptations in Parameter Trajectories (ADAPT). ADAPT integrates longitudinal data, and predicts how the parameters of the model must change through time in order to comply with the data and model constraints. To explain the phenotypic variation in plasma triglycerides, the ADAPT analysis suggested a decreased cholesterol absorption, higher energy expenditure and increased fecal fatty acid excretion in non-responders. While decreased cholesterol absorption and higher energy expenditure could not be confirmed, the experimental validation demonstrated that the non-responders were indeed characterized by increased fecal fatty acid excretion. Furthermore, the amount of fatty acids excreted strongly correlated with bile acid excretion, in particular deoxycholate. Since bile acids play an important role in the solubilization of lipids in the intestine, these results suggest that variation in bile acid homeostasis may in part drive the phenotypic variation in the APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Paalvast
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne J. W. Rozendaal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Gerding
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H. van Dijk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara M. Bakker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natal A. W. van Riel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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21
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Aging attenuates diurnal lipid uptake by brown adipose tissue. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:7734-7751. [PMID: 36202134 PMCID: PMC9596214 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to cardiometabolic health by taking up glucose and lipids for oxidation, a process that displays a strong diurnal rhythm. While aging has been shown to reduce thermogenic characteristics of BAT, it is as yet unknown whether this reduction is specific to the time of day. Therefore, we assessed whole-body and BAT energy metabolism in young and middle-aged male and female C57BL/6J mice and studied the consequences for lipid metabolism in humanized APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice (also on a C57BL/6J background). We demonstrate that in middle-aged versus young mice body temperature is lower in both male and female mice, while uptake of triglyceride (TG)-derived fatty acids (FAs) by BAT, reflecting metabolic activity, is attenuated at its peak at the onset of the dark (wakeful) phase in female mice. This coincided with delayed plasma clearance of TG-rich lipoproteins and TG-depleted lipoprotein core remnants, and elevated plasma TGs at the same time point. Furthermore, middle-aged female mice showed increased adiposity, accompanied by lipid accumulation, increased expression of genes involved in lipogenesis, and reduced expression of genes involved in fat oxidation and the intracellular clock machinery in BAT. Peak abundance of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a crucial regulator of FA uptake, was attenuated in BAT. Our findings suggest that LPL is a potential therapeutic target for restoring diurnal metabolic BAT activity, and that efficiency of strategies targeting BAT may be improved by including time of day as an important factor.
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22
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Dijk W, Di Filippo M, Kooijman S, van Eenige R, Rimbert A, Caillaud A, Thedrez A, Arnaud L, Pronk A, Garçon D, Sotin T, Lindenbaum P, Ozcariz Garcia E, Pais de Barros JP, Duvillard L, Si-Tayeb K, Amigo N, Le Questel JY, Rensen PC, Le May C, Moulin P, Cariou B. Identification of a Gain-of-Function LIPC Variant as a Novel Cause of Familial Combined Hypocholesterolemia. Circulation 2022; 146:724-739. [PMID: 35899625 PMCID: PMC9439636 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality worldwide and is strongly influenced by circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. Only a few genes causally related to plasma LDL cholesterol levels have been identified so far, and only 1 gene, ANGPTL3, has been causally related to combined hypocholesterolemia. Here, our aim was to elucidate the genetic origin of an unexplained combined hypocholesterolemia inherited in 4 generations of a French family. METHODS Using next-generation sequencing, we identified a novel dominant rare variant in the LIPC gene, encoding for hepatic lipase, which cosegregates with the phenotype. We characterized the impact of this LIPC-E97G variant on circulating lipid and lipoprotein levels in family members using nuclear magnetic resonance-based lipoprotein profiling and lipidomics. To uncover the mechanisms underlying the combined hypocholesterolemia, we used protein homology modeling, measured triglyceride lipase and phospholipase activities in cell culture, and studied the phenotype of APOE*3.Leiden.CETP mice after LIPC-E97G overexpression. RESULTS Family members carrying the LIPC-E97G variant had very low circulating levels of LDL cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL particle numbers, and phospholipids. The lysophospholipids/phospholipids ratio was increased in plasma of LIPC-E97G carriers, suggestive of an increased lipolytic activity on phospholipids. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that the LIPC-E97G variant specifically increases the phospholipase activity of hepatic lipase through modification of an evolutionarily conserved motif that determines substrate access to the hepatic lipase catalytic site. Mice overexpressing human LIPC-E97G recapitulated the combined hypocholesterolemic phenotype of the family and demonstrated that the increased phospholipase activity promotes catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by different extrahepatic tissues but not the liver. CONCLUSIONS We identified and characterized a novel rare variant in the LIPC gene in a family who presents with dominant familial combined hypocholesterolemia. This gain-of-function variant makes LIPC the second identified gene, after ANGPTL3, causally involved in familial combined hypocholesterolemia. Our mechanistic data highlight the critical role of hepatic lipase phospholipase activity in LDL cholesterol homeostasis and suggest a new LDL clearance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Mathilde Di Filippo
- UF Dyslipidémies, Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale MultiStites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France (M.D.F.).,CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France (M.D.F., P.M.)
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (S.K., R.v.E., A.P., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Robin van Eenige
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (S.K., R.v.E., A.P., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Amandine Caillaud
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Aurélie Thedrez
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Lucie Arnaud
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Amanda Pronk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (S.K., R.v.E., A.P., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Damien Garçon
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Thibaud Sotin
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Pierre Lindenbaum
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | | | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- Lipidomic Platform, INSERM UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France (J.-P.P.d.B.)
| | - Laurence Duvillard
- University of Burgundy, INSERM LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France (L.D.).,CHU Dijon, Department of Biochemistry, Dijon, France (L.D.)
| | - Karim Si-Tayeb
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Nuria Amigo
- Biosfer Teslab, Reus, Spain (E.O.G., N.A.).,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Rovira I Virgili University, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Reus, Spain (N.A.)
| | | | - Patrick C.N. Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (S.K., R.v.E., A.P., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Cédric Le May
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Philippe Moulin
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France (M.D.F., P.M.).,Fédération d’endocrinologie, maladies métaboliques, diabète et nutrition, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France (P.M.)
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
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23
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Nelson AJ, Sniderman AD, Ditmarsch M, Dicklin MR, Nicholls SJ, Davidson MH, Kastelein JJP. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition Reduces Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events by Lowering Apolipoprotein B Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169417. [PMID: 36012684 PMCID: PMC9409323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) facilitates the exchange of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides (TG) between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and TG-rich, apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing particles. Initially, these compounds were developed to raise plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, a mechanism that was previously thought to lower the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). More recently, the focus changed and the use of pharmacologic CETP inhibitors to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-HDL-C and apoB concentrations became supported by several lines of evidence from animal models, observational investigations, randomized controlled trials and Mendelian randomization studies. Furthermore, a cardiovascular outcome trial of anacetrapib demonstrated that CETP inhibition significantly reduced the risk of major coronary events in patients with ASCVD in a manner directly proportional to the substantial reduction in LDL-C and apoB. These data have dramatically shifted the attention on CETP away from raising HDL-C instead to lowering apoB-containing lipoproteins, which is relevant since the newest CETP inhibitor, obicetrapib, reduces LDL-C by up to 51% and apoB by up to 30% when taken in combination with a high-intensity statin. An ongoing cardiovascular outcome trial of obicetrapib in patients with ASCVD is expected to provide further evidence of the ability of CETP inhibitors to reduce major adverse cardiovascular events by lowering apoB. The purpose of the present review is to provide an up-to-date understanding of CETP inhibition and its relationship to ASCVD risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Nelson
- Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Allan D. Sniderman
- Mike and Valeria Rosenbloom Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - John J. P. Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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24
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Gart E, van Duyvenvoorde W, Caspers MPM, van Trigt N, Snabel J, Menke A, Keijer J, Salic K, Morrison MC, Kleemann R. Intervention with isoleucine or valine corrects hyperinsulinemia and reduces intrahepatic diacylglycerols, liver steatosis, and inflammation in Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice with manifest obesity-associated NASH. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22435. [PMID: 35830259 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200111r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with a disturbed metabolism in liver, insulin resistance, and excessive accumulation of ectopic fat. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) may beneficially modulate hepatic lipids, however, it remains unclear whether individual BCAAs can attenuate already established NASH and associated oxidative-inflammatory stress. After a 26 weeks run-in on fast food diet (FFD), obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice were treated for another 12 weeks with either valine or isoleucine (3% of FFD) and then compared to FFD controls. Valine and isoleucine did not affect obesity, dyslipidemia, gut permeability, or fecal fatty acid excretion, but significantly reduced hyperinsulinemia. Valine and isoleucine reduced ALT, CK18-M30, and liver steatosis with a particularly pronounced suppression of the microvesicular component (-61% by valine and -71% by isoleucine). Both BCAAs decreased intrahepatic diacylglycerols and 4-hydroxynonenal immunoreactivity, a marker for oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation. Functional genomics analysis demonstrated that valine and isoleucine affected BCAA metabolism genes, deactivated master regulators of anabolic pathways related to steatosis (e.g., SREBPF1), and activated master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis (e.g., PPARGC1A) and lipid catabolism (e.g., ACOX1, AMPK). This correction of critical metabolic pathways on gene expression level was accompanied by a significant decrease in histological liver inflammation, and suppression of FFD-stimulated cytokine and chemokine proteins KC/CXCL1, MCP-1/CCL2, and MIP-2/CXCL2 and their pathways. In conclusion, dietary intervention with either valine or isoleucine corrected liver diacylglycerols, gene expression of multiple metabolic processes, and reduced NASH histology with profound hepatoprotective effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Gart
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands.,Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Duyvenvoorde
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martien P M Caspers
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Nikki van Trigt
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica Snabel
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Aswin Menke
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kanita Salic
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martine C Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands.,Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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25
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Ilyas I, Little PJ, Liu Z, Xu Y, Kamato D, Berk BC, Weng J, Xu S. Mouse models of atherosclerosis in translational research. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:920-939. [PMID: 35902281 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), the major cause of premature human mortality, is a chronic and progressive metabolic and inflammatory disease in large- and medium-sized arteries. Mouse models are widely used to gain mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and have facilitated the discovery of anti-atherosclerotic drugs. Despite promising preclinical studies, many drug candidates have not translated to clinical use because of the complexity of disease patho-mechanisms including lipid metabolic traits and inflammatory, genetic, and hemodynamic factors. We review the current preclinical utility and translation potential of traditional [apolipoprotein E (APOE)- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice] and emerging mouse models that include partial carotid ligation and AAV8-Pcsk9-D377Y injection in atherosclerosis research and drug discovery. This article represents an important resource in atherosclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Ilyas
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bradford C Berk
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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26
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Rios-Morales M, Vieira-Lara MA, Homan E, Langelaar-Makkinje M, Gerding A, Li Z, Huijkman N, Rensen PCN, Wolters JC, Reijngoud DJ, Bakker BM. Butyrate oxidation attenuates the butyrate-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity in myotubes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166476. [PMID: 35811030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is a key pathophysiological process that precedes the development of type 2 diabetes. Whereas an overload of long-chain fatty acids can induce muscle insulin resistance, butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced from dietary fibre fermentation, prevents it. This preventive role of butyrate has been attributed to histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated transcription regulation and activation of mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation. Here we address the interplay between butyrate and the long-chain fatty acid palmitate and investigate how transcription, signalling and metabolism are integrated to result in the butyrate-induced skeletal muscle metabolism remodelling. Butyrate enhanced insulin sensitivity in palmitate-treated, insulin-resistant C2C12 cells, as shown by elevated insulin receptor 1 (IRS1) and pAKT protein levels and Slc2a4 (GLUT4) mRNA, which led to a higher glycolytic capacity. Long-chain fatty-acid oxidation capacity and other functional respiration parameters were not affected. Butyrate did upregulate mitochondrial proteins involved in its own oxidation, as well as concentrations of butyrylcarnitine and hydroyxybutyrylcarnitine. By knocking down the gene encoding medium-chain 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (MCKAT, Acaa2), butyrate oxidation was inhibited, which amplified the effects of the SCFA on insulin sensitivity and glycolysis. This response was associated with enhanced HDAC inhibition, based on histone 3 acetylation levels. Butyrate enhances insulin sensitivity and induces glycolysis, without the requirement of upregulated long-chain fatty acid oxidation. Butyrate catabolism functions as an escape valve that attenuates HDAC inhibition. Thus, inhibition of butyrate oxidation indirectly prevents insulin resistance and stimulates glycolytic flux in myotubes treated with butyrate, most likely via an HDAC-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melany Rios-Morales
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel A Vieira-Lara
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Homan
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam Langelaar-Makkinje
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Gerding
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolette Huijkman
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Reijngoud
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara M Bakker
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
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27
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Gart E, Salic K, Morrison MC, Giera M, Attema J, de Ruiter C, Caspers M, Schuren F, Bobeldijk-Pastorova I, Heer M, Qin Y, Kleemann R. The Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2′-Fucosyllactose Alleviates Liver Steatosis, ER Stress and Insulin Resistance by Reducing Hepatic Diacylglycerols and Improved Gut Permeability in Obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden Mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:904740. [PMID: 35782914 PMCID: PMC9248376 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.904740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex multifactorial disorder that is associated with gut dysbiosis, enhanced gut permeability, adiposity and insulin resistance. Prebiotics such as human milk oligosaccharide 2′-fucosyllactose are thought to primarily improve gut health and it is uncertain whether they would affect more distant organs. This study investigates whether 2′-fucosyllactose can alleviate NAFLD development in manifest obesity. Obese hyperinsulinemic Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice, after an 8 week run-in on a high-fat diet (HFD), were treated with 2′-fucosyllactose by oral gavage until week 28 and compared to HFD-vehicle controls. 2′-fucosyllactose did not affect food intake, body weight, total fat mass or plasma lipids. 2′-fucosyllactose altered the fecal microbiota composition which was paralleled by a suppression of HFD-induced gut permeability at t = 12 weeks. 2′-fucosyllactose significantly attenuated the development of NAFLD by reducing microvesicular steatosis. These hepatoprotective effects were supported by upstream regulator analyses showing that 2′-fucosyllactose activated ACOX1 (involved in lipid catabolism), while deactivating SREBF1 (involved in lipogenesis). Furthermore, 2′-fucosyllactose suppressed ATF4, ATF6, ERN1, and NUPR1 all of which participate in endoplasmic reticulum stress. 2′-fucosyllactose reduced fasting insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR, which was corroborated by decreased intrahepatic diacylglycerols. In conclusion, long-term supplementation with 2′-fucosyllactose can counteract the detrimental effects of HFD on gut dysbiosis and gut permeability and attenuates the development of liver steatosis. The observed reduction in intrahepatic diacylglycerols provides a mechanistic rationale for the improvement of hyperinsulinemia and supports the use of 2′-fucosyllactose to correct dysmetabolism and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Gart
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Eveline Gart,
| | - Kanita Salic
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Martine C. Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joline Attema
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Christa de Ruiter
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Martien Caspers
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Frank Schuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Ivana Bobeldijk-Pastorova
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Yan Qin
- Human Nutrition, BASF Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
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Gisterå A, Ketelhuth DFJ, Malin SG, Hansson GK. Animal Models of Atherosclerosis-Supportive Notes and Tricks of the Trade. Circ Res 2022; 130:1869-1887. [PMID: 35679358 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.320263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death among humans. Animal models have shown that cholesterol and inflammation are causatively involved in the disease process. Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins elicit immune reactions and instigate inflammation in the vessel wall. Still, a treatment that is specific to vascular inflammation is lacking, which motivates continued in vivo investigations of the immune-vascular interactions that drive the disease. In this review, we distill old notions with emerging concepts into a contemporary understanding of vascular disease models. Pros and cons of different models are listed and the complex integrative interplay between cholesterol homeostasis, immune activation, and adaptations of the vascular system is discussed. Key limitations with atherosclerosis models are highlighted, and we suggest improvements that could accelerate progress in the field. However, excessively rigid experimental guidelines or limiting usage to certain animal models can be counterproductive. Continued work in improved models, as well as the development of new models, should be of great value in research and could aid the development of cardiovascular disease diagnostics and therapeutics of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Gisterå
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.).,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark (D.F.J.K)
| | - Stephen G Malin
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
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29
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Deng S, Liu J, Niu C. HDL and Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein (CETP). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1377:13-26. [PMID: 35575918 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-1592-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) is important clinically and is one of the major targets in cardiovascular disease studies. With high conformational flexibility, its tunnel structure allows unforced movement of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), VLDLs, and LDLs. Research in reverse cholesterol transports (RCT) reveals that the regulation of CETP activity can change the concentration of cholesteryl esters (CE) in HDLs, VLDLs, and LDLs. These molecular insights demonstrate the mechanisms of CETP activities and manifest the correlation between CETP and HDL. However, animal and cell experiments focused on CETP give controversial results. Inhibiting CETP is found to be beneficial to anti-atherosclerosis in terms of increasing plasma HDL-C, while it is also claimed that CETP weakens atherosclerosis formation by promoting RCT. Currently, the CETP-related drugs are still immature. Research on CETP inhibitors is targeted at improving efficacy and minimizing adverse reactions. As for CETP agonists, research has proved that they also can be used to resist atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Deng
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Chenguang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Resources Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.
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30
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朱 小, 李 文, 王 宪, 宋 文, 徐 莉, 张 立, 冯 向, 路 瑞, 释 栋, 孟 焕. [Gene polymorphisms of cytochrome B-245 alpha chain ( CYBA) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP) and susceptibility to generalized aggressive periodontitis]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 54:18-22. [PMID: 35165463 PMCID: PMC8860645 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the correlation of cytochrome B-245 alpha chain (CYBA) rs4673 and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) rs12720922 polymorphisms with the susceptibility of gene-ralized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). METHODS The study was a case-control trial. A total of 372 GAgP patients and 133 periodontally healthy controls were recruited. The CYBA rs4673 and CETP rs12720922 polymorphisms were detected by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the correlation of CYBA rs4673 and CETP rs12720922 variants with the susceptibility of GAgP. The interaction between the two gene polymorphisms to the susceptibility of GAgP was analyzed by the likelihood ratio test. The interaction model adopted was the multiplication model. RESULTS The mean age of GAgP group and control group was (27.5±5.2) years and (28.8±7.1) years respectively. There was significant difference in age between the two groups (P < 0.05). The gender distribution (male/female) was 152/220 and 53/80 respectively, and there was no significant difference between GAgP group and controls (P>0.05). For CYBA rs4673, the frequency of CT/TT genotype in the GAgP group was significantly higher than that in the controls [18.0% (66/366) vs. 10.6% (14/132), P < 0.05]. After adjusting age and gender, the individuals with CT/TT genotype had a higher risk of GAgP (OR=1.86, 95%CI: 1.01-3.45, P < 0.05), compared with CC genotype. There was no statistically significant difference in distributions of the CETP rs12720922 genotypes (GG, AA/AG) between GAgP patients and healthy controls (P>0.05). A significant interaction between CYBA rs4673 and CETP rs12720922 in the susceptibility to GAgP was observed. The GAgP risk of the individuals with CYBA rs4673 CT/TT and CETP rs12720922 GG genotypes was significantly increased (OR=3.25, 95%CI: 1.36-7.75, P < 0.01), compared with those carrying CC and AA/AG genotypes. CONCLUSION CYBA rs4673 CT/TT genotype is associated with GAgP susceptibility. There is a significant interaction between CYBA rs4673 CT/TT genotype and CETP rs12720922 GG genotype in the susceptibility of GAgP.
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Affiliation(s)
- 小玲 朱
- 北京大学人民医院口腔科,北京 100044Department of Stomatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - 文静 李
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院牙周科,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 宪娥 王
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院牙周科,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 文莉 宋
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院牙周科,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 莉 徐
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院牙周科,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 立 张
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院牙周科,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 向辉 冯
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院牙周科,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 瑞芳 路
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院牙周科,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 栋 释
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院牙周科,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 焕新 孟
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院牙周科,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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31
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Zhu L, An J, Chinnarasu S, Luu T, Pettway YD, Fahey K, Litts B, Kim HYH, Flynn CR, Linton MF, Stafford JM. Expressing the Human Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Minigene Improves Diet-Induced Fatty Liver and Insulin Resistance in Female Mice. Front Physiol 2022; 12:799096. [PMID: 35082691 PMCID: PMC8784660 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.799096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence has shown that CETP has important physiological roles in adapting to chronic nutrient excess, specifically, to protect against diet-induced insulin resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms for the protective roles of CETP in metabolism are not yet clear. Mice naturally lack CETP expression. We used transgenic mice with a human CETP minigene (huCETP) controlled by its natural flanking region to further understand CETP-related physiology in response to obesity. Female huCETP mice and their wild-type littermates were fed a high-fat diet for 6 months. Blood lipid profile and liver lipid metabolism were studied. Insulin sensitivity was analyzed with euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies combined with 3H-glucose tracer techniques. While high-fat diet feeding induced obesity for huCETP mice and their wild-type littermates lacking CETP expression, insulin sensitivity was higher for female huCETP mice than for their wild-type littermates. There was no difference in insulin sensitivity for male huCETP mice vs. littermates. The increased insulin sensitivity in females was largely caused by the better insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production. In huCETP females, CETP in the circulation decreased HDL-cholesterol content and increased liver cholesterol uptake and liver cholesterol and oxysterol contents, which was associated with the upregulation of LXR target genes in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and PPARα target genes in fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver. The upregulated fatty acid β-oxidation may account for the improved fatty liver and liver insulin action in female huCETP mice. This study provides further evidence that CETP has beneficial physiological roles in the metabolic adaptation to nutrient excess by promoting liver fatty acid oxidation and hepatic insulin sensitivity, particularly for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Julia An
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sivaprakasam Chinnarasu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Thao Luu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Yasminye D Pettway
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kelly Fahey
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Bridget Litts
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Hye-Young H Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Charles R Flynn
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John M Stafford
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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32
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Chen W, Schilperoort M, Cao Y, Shi J, Tabas I, Tao W. Macrophage-targeted nanomedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:228-249. [PMID: 34759324 PMCID: PMC8580169 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology could improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and contribute to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to further reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Macrophages have key roles in atherosclerosis progression and, therefore, macrophage-associated pathological processes are important targets for both diagnostic imaging and novel therapies for atherosclerosis. In this Review, we highlight efforts in the past two decades to develop imaging techniques and to therapeutically manipulate macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques with the use of rationally designed nanoparticles. We review the latest progress in nanoparticle-based imaging modalities that can specifically target macrophages. Using novel molecular imaging technology, these modalities enable the identification of advanced atherosclerotic plaques and the assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of medical interventions. Additionally, we provide novel perspectives on how macrophage-targeting nanoparticles can deliver a broad range of therapeutic payloads to atherosclerotic lesions. These nanoparticles can suppress pro-atherogenic macrophage processes, leading to improved resolution of inflammation and stabilization of plaques. Finally, we propose future opportunities for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and provide solutions to challenges in this area for the purpose of accelerating the clinical translation of nanomedicine for the treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Maaike Schilperoort
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Yihai Cao
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Furtado JD, Ruotolo G, Nicholls SJ, Dullea R, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Sacks FM. Pharmacological Inhibition of CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein) Increases HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) That Contains ApoC3 and Other HDL Subspecies Associated With Higher Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 42:227-237. [PMID: 34937388 PMCID: PMC8785774 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.317181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Plasma total HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is a heterogeneous mix of many protein-based subspecies whose functions and associations with coronary heart disease vary. We hypothesize that increasing HDL by CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) inhibition failed to reduce cardiovascular disease risk, in part, because it increased dysfunctional subspecies associated with higher risk such as HDL that contains apoC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Furtado
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA (J.D.F., F.M.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank M. Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA (J.D.F., F.M.S.)
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.M.S.)
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34
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Nurmohamed NS, Ditmarsch M, Kastelein JJP. CETP-inhibitors: from HDL-C to LDL-C lowering agents? Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2919-2931. [PMID: 34849601 PMCID: PMC9648826 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a liver-synthesized glycoprotein whose main functions are facilitating transfer of both cholesteryl esters from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles to apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing particles as well as transfer of triglycerides from apoB-containing particles to HDL particles. Novel crystallographic data have shown that CETP exchanges lipids in the circulation by a dual molecular mechanism. Recently, it has been suggested that the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) benefit from CETP inhibition is the consequence of the achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apoB reduction, rather than through the HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) increase. The use of CETP inhibitors is supported by genetic evidence from Mendelian randomization studies, showing that LDL-C lowering by CETP gene variants achieves equal ASCVD risk reduction as LDL-C lowering through gene proxies for statins, ezetimibe, and proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin Type 9 inhibitors. Although first-generation CETP inhibitors (torcetrapib, dalcetrapib) were mainly raising HDL-C or had off-target effects, next generation CETP inhibitors (anacetrapib, evacetrapib) were also effective in reducing LDL-C and apoB and have been proven safe. Anacetrapib was the first CETP inhibitor to be proven effective in reducing ASCVD risk. In addition, CETP inhibitors have been shown to lower the risk of new-onset diabetes, improve glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity. The newest-generation CETP inhibitor obicetrapib, specifically designed to lower LDL-C and apoB, has achieved significant reductions of LDL-C up to 45%. Obicetrapib, about to enter phase III development, could become the first CETP inhibitor as add-on therapy for patients not reaching their guideline LDL-C targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick S Nurmohamed
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Zhang Y, Fatima M, Hou S, Bai L, Zhao S, Liu E. Research methods for animal models of atherosclerosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:871. [PMID: 34713295 PMCID: PMC8569513 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that threatens human health and lives by causing vascular stenosis and plaque rupture. Various animal models have been employed for elucidating the pathogenesis, drug development and treatment validation studies for atherosclerosis. To the best of our knowledge, the species used for atherosclerosis research include mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, pigs, dogs, non-human primates and birds, among which the most commonly used ones are mice and rabbits. Notably, apolipoprotein E knockout (KO) or low-density lipoprotein receptor KO mice have been the most widely used animal models for atherosclerosis research since the late 20th century. Although the aforementioned animal models can form atherosclerotic lesions, they cannot completely simulate those in humans with respect to lesion location, lesion composition, lipoprotein composition and physiological structure. Hence, an appropriate animal model needs to be selected according to the research purpose. Additionally, it is necessary for atherosclerosis research to include quantitative analysis results of atherosclerotic lesion size and plaque composition. Laboratory animals can provide not only experimental tissues for in vivo studies but also cells needed for in vitro experiments. The present review first summarizes the common animal models and their practical applications, followed by focus on mouse and rabbit models and elucidating the methods to quantify atherosclerotic lesions. Finally, the methods of culturing endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells were elucidated in detail and the experiments involved in atherosclerosis research were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhang
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Mahreen Fatima
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Hou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Liang Bai
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Sihai Zhao
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Zvintzou E, Karampela DS, Vakka A, Xepapadaki E, Karavia EA, Hatziri A, Giannopoulou PC, Kypreos KE. High density lipoprotein in atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease: Where do we stand today? Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 141:106928. [PMID: 34695591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies during the last five years suggest that a relation between high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) does exist but follows rather a "U-shaped" curve with an optimal range of HDL-C concentration between 40 and 70 mg/dl for men and 50-70 mg/dl for women. Moreover, as research in the field of lipoproteins progresses it becomes increasingly apparent that HDL particles possess different attributes and depending on their structural and functional characteristics, they may be "antiatherogenic" or "proatherogenic". In light of this information, it is highly doubtful that the choice of experimental drugs and the design of respective clinical trials that put the HDL-C raising hypothesis at test, were the most suitable. Here, we compile the existing literature on HDL, providing a critical up-to-date view that focuses on key data from the biochemistry, epidemiology and pharmacology of HDL, including data from clinical trials. We also discuss the most up-to-date information on the contribution of HDL structure and function to the prevention of atherosclerosis. We conclude by summarizing important differences between mouse models and humans, that may explain why pharmacological successes in mice turn out to be failures in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Zvintzou
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | | | - Aggeliki Vakka
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Eva Xepapadaki
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Eleni A Karavia
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Hatziri
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Panagiota C Giannopoulou
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Kyriakos E Kypreos
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece; European University Cyprus, Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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37
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Pieterman EJ, Princen HMG, Jarke A, Nilsson R, Cavallin A, Bergenholm L, Henricsson M, Gopaul VS, Agrawal R, Nissen SE, Hurt-Camejo E. Chronic Oral Administration of Mineral Oil Compared With Corn Oil: Effects on Gut Permeability and Plasma Inflammatory and Lipid Biomarkers. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:681455. [PMID: 34483899 PMCID: PMC8415260 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.681455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of chronic oral administration of mineral oil, versus corn oil as control, on intestinal permeability, inflammatory markers, and plasma lipids in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Mice received mineral oil or corn oil 15 or 30 μL/mouse/day for 16 weeks (15 mice/group). Intestinal permeability was increased with mineral versus corn oil 30 µL/day, shown by increased mean plasma FITC-dextran concentrations 2 h post-administration (11 weeks: 1.5 versus 1.1 μg/ml, p = 0.02; 15 weeks: 1.7 versus 1.3 μg/ml, p = 0.08). Mean plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein levels were raised with mineral versus corn oil 30 µL/day (12 weeks: 5.8 versus 4.4 μg/ml, p = 0.03; 16 weeks: 5.8 versus 4.5 μg/ml, p = 0.09), indicating increased intestinal bacterial endotoxin absorption and potential pro-inflammatory effects. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were decreased with mineral oil, without affecting liver lipids among treated groups. Fecal neutral sterol measurements indicated increased fecal cholesterol excretion with mineral oil 30 µL/day (+16%; p = 0.04). Chronic oral administration of mineral oil in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice increased intestinal permeability, with potential pro-inflammatory effects, and decreased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Our findings may raise concerns about the use of mineral oil as a placebo in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsbet J Pieterman
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Annica Jarke
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ralf Nilsson
- Early Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Cavallin
- Early Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linnéa Bergenholm
- Early Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Early Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - V Sashi Gopaul
- Early Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rahul Agrawal
- Global Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Steven E Nissen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- Early Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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38
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van Gemert Y, Kozijn AE, Pouwer MG, Kruisbergen NNL, van den Bosch MHJ, Blom AB, Pieterman EJ, Weinans H, Stoop R, Princen HMG, van Lent PLEM. Novel high-intensive cholesterol-lowering therapies do not ameliorate knee OA development in humanized dyslipidemic mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:1314-1323. [PMID: 33722697 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.02.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High systemic cholesterol levels have been associated with osteoarthritis (OA) development. Therefore, cholesterol lowering by statins has been suggested as a potential treatment for OA. We investigated whether therapeutic high-intensive cholesterol-lowering attenuated OA development in dyslipidemic APOE∗3Leiden.CETP mice. METHODS Female mice (n = 13-16 per group) were fed a Western-type diet (WTD) for 38 weeks. After 13 weeks, mice were divided into a baseline group and five groups receiving WTD alone or with treatment: atorvastatin alone, combined with PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab and/or ANGPTL3 inhibitor evinacumab. Knee joints were analysed for cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation and ectopic bone formation using histology. Aggrecanase activity in articular cartilage and synovial S100A8 expression were determined as markers of cartilage degradation/regeneration and inflammation. RESULTS Cartilage degradation and active repair were significantly increased in WTD-fed mice, but cholesterol-lowering strategies did not ameliorate cartilage destruction. This was supported by comparable aggrecanase activity and S100A8 expression in all treatment groups. Ectopic bone formation was comparable between groups and independent of cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS Intensive therapeutic cholesterol lowering per se did not attenuate progression of cartilage degradation in dyslipidemic APOE∗3Leiden.CETP mice, with minor joint inflammation. We propose that inflammation is a key feature in the disease and therapeutic cholesterol-lowering strategies may still be promising for OA patients presenting both dyslipidemia and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y van Gemert
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A E Kozijn
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M G Pouwer
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden UMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - N N L Kruisbergen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M H J van den Bosch
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - E J Pieterman
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H Weinans
- Department of Orthopaedics, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - R Stoop
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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39
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Zhou E, Hoeke G, Li Z, Eibergen AC, Schonk AW, Koehorst M, Boverhof R, Havinga R, Kuipers F, Coskun T, Boon MR, Groen AK, Rensen PCN, Berbée JFP, Wang Y. Colesevelam enhances the beneficial effects of brown fat activation on hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis development. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1710-1720. [PMID: 31589318 PMCID: PMC7643538 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Brown fat activation accelerates the uptake of cholesterol-enriched remnants by the liver and thereby lowers plasma cholesterol, consequently protecting against atherosclerosis development. Hepatic cholesterol is then converted into bile acids (BAs) that are secreted into the intestine and largely maintained within the enterohepatic circulation. We now aimed to evaluate the effects of prolonged brown fat activation combined with inhibition of intestinal BA reabsorption on plasma cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis development. Methods and results APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice with humanized lipoprotein metabolism were treated for 9 weeks with the selective β3-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist CL316,243 to substantially activate brown fat. Prolonged β3-AR agonism reduced faecal BA excretion (−31%), while markedly increasing plasma levels of total BAs (+258%), cholic acid-derived BAs (+295%), and chenodeoxycholic acid-derived BAs (+217%), and decreasing the expression of hepatic genes involved in BA production. In subsequent experiments, mice were additionally treated with the BA sequestrant Colesevelam to inhibit BA reabsorption. Concomitant intestinal BA sequestration increased faecal BA excretion, normalized plasma BA levels, and reduced hepatic cholesterol. Moreover, concomitant BA sequestration further reduced plasma total cholesterol (−49%) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−56%), tended to further attenuate atherosclerotic lesion area (−54%). Concomitant BA sequestration further increased the proportion of lesion-free valves (+34%) and decreased the relative macrophage area within the lesion (−26%), thereby further increasing the plaque stability index (+44%). Conclusion BA sequestration prevents the marked accumulation of plasma BAs as induced by prolonged brown fat activation, thereby further improving cholesterol metabolism and reducing atherosclerosis development. These data suggest that combining brown fat activation with BA sequestration is a promising new therapeutic strategy to reduce hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enchen Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geerte Hoeke
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur C Eibergen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amber W Schonk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renze Boverhof
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Department of Diabetes/Endocrine, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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40
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Human cholesteryl ester transport protein transgene promotes macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in C57BL/6 mice and phospholipid transfer protein gene knockout mice. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:683-694. [PMID: 34403126 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) belong to the same gene family. Liver-specific expression of CETP improves reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and PLTP knockout (KO) decreases RCT in mice. In this study, we investigate the effect of CETP transgene (CETP-tg) on RCT and whether CETP-tg can partially restore RCT efficiency in PLTP KO mice. Several rounds of crossing were carried out to produce colonies of wild type (WT), CETP-tg, PLTP KO, and CETP-tg × PLTP KO mice were obtained after several generations of reproduction. The efficiency of RCT was detected using [3H]-cholesterol-laden macrophages, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated by multiple techniques. Our data demonstrated that CETP-tg significantly increased the transport rate of [3H]-cholesterol from macrophages to plasma and liver, and finally the excretion through feces compared to the WT littermates. The RCT improving effect of CETP-tg was similar in PLTPKO mice. Furthermore, CETP-tg did not affect the expression of RCT-related proteins, such as low-density lipoprotein receptor. The mechanisms of improving RCT may be attributed to the low level of oxidized lipids in CETP-tg mouse and CETP-mediated lipid transport. Collectively, CETP-tg improves RCT in mice, and CETP can not compensate for PLTP deficiency.
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41
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Quintão ECR, Cazita PM. Letter by Quintão and Cazita Regarding Article, "Inhibition of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Preserves High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Improves Survival in Sepsis". Circulation 2021; 144:e120-e121. [PMID: 34370546 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.053079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eder C R Quintão
- Laboratorio de Lipides, LIM-10, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia M Cazita
- Laboratorio de Lipides, LIM-10, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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42
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Fragki S, Dirven H, Fletcher T, Grasl-Kraupp B, Bjerve Gützkow K, Hoogenboom R, Kersten S, Lindeman B, Louisse J, Peijnenburg A, Piersma AH, Princen HMG, Uhl M, Westerhout J, Zeilmaker MJ, Luijten M. Systemic PFOS and PFOA exposure and disturbed lipid homeostasis in humans: what do we know and what not? Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:141-164. [PMID: 33853480 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1888073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and increased blood lipids have been repeatedly observed in humans, but a causal relation has been debated. Rodent studies show reverse effects, i.e. decreased blood cholesterol and triglycerides, occurring however at PFAS serum levels at least 100-fold higher than those in humans. This paper aims to present the main issues regarding the modulation of lipid homeostasis by the two most common PFASs, PFOS and PFOA, with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms relevant for humans. Overall, the apparent contrast between human and animal data may be an artifact of dose, with different molecular pathways coming into play upon exposure to PFASs at very low versus high levels. Altogether, the interpretation of existing rodent data on PFOS/PFOA-induced lipid perturbations with respect to the human situation is complex. From a mechanistic perspective, research on human liver cells shows that PFOS/PFOA activate the PPARα pathway, whereas studies on the involvement of other nuclear receptors, like PXR, are less conclusive. Other data indicate that suppression of the nuclear receptor HNF4α signaling pathway, as well as perturbations of bile acid metabolism and transport might be important cellular events that require further investigation. Future studies with human-relevant test systems would help to obtain more insight into the mechanistic pathways pertinent for humans. These studies shall be designed with a careful consideration of appropriate dosing and toxicokinetics, so as to enable biologically plausible quantitative extrapolations. Such research will increase the understanding of possible perturbed lipid homeostasis related to PFOS/ PFOA exposure and the potential implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Fragki
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tony Fletcher
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, UK
| | - Bettina Grasl-Kraupp
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ron Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitte Lindeman
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Uhl
- Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Joost Westerhout
- Risk Analysis for Products In Development, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J Zeilmaker
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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43
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Zhou E, Li Z, Nakashima H, Liu C, Ying Z, Foks AC, Berbée JFP, van Dijk KW, Rensen PCN, Wang Y. Hepatic Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1 Knockdown Reduces Atherosclerosis and Enhances the Antiatherosclerotic Effect of Brown Fat Activation in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1474-1486. [PMID: 33567866 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.315882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apolipoprotein E3/genetics
- Apolipoprotein E3/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Biomarkers/blood
- Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins/genetics
- Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins/metabolism
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Lipids/blood
- Lipolysis/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/deficiency
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Enchen Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Nakashima
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Cong Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Foks
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, The Netherlands (A.C.F.)
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics (K.W.v.D.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (P.C.N.R., Y.W.)
| | - Yanan Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (P.C.N.R., Y.W.)
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44
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Zhang X, Paalvast Y, Wang Y, Rensen PCN, Groen AK. A hierarchical dynamic model used for investigating feed efficiency and its relationship with hepatic gene expression in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14832. [PMID: 33932122 PMCID: PMC8087979 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feed efficiency (FE) is an important trait for livestock and humans. While the livestock industry focuses on increasing FE, in the current obesogenic society it is more of interest to decrease FE. Hence, understanding mechanisms involved in the regulation of FE and particularly how it can be decreased would help tremendously in counteracting the obesity pandemic. However, it is difficult to accurately measure or calculate FE in humans. In this study, we aimed to address this challenge by developing a hierarchical dynamic model based on humanized mouse data. METHODS We analyzed existing experimental data derived from 105 APOE*3-Leiden.CETP (E3L.CETP) mice fed a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet for 1 (N = 20), 2 (N = 19), 3 (N = 20), and 6 (N = 46) month. We developed an ordinary differential equation (ODE) based model to estimate the FE based on the longitudinal data of body weight and food intake. Since the liver plays an important role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, we evaluated associations between FE and hepatic gene expression levels. Depending on the feeding duration, we observed different relationships between FE and hepatic gene expression levels. RESULTS After 1-month feeding of HFHC diet, we observed that FE was associated with vitamin A metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and the PPAR signaling pathway. After 3- and 6-month feeding of HFHC diet, we observed that FE was associated most strongly with expression levels of Spink1 and H19, genes involved in cell proliferation and glucose metabolism, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our analysis suggests that various biological processes such as vitamin A metabolism, hepatic response to inflammation, and cell proliferation associate with FE at different stages of diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Experimental Vascular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and BioinformaticsUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Yared Paalvast
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Department of MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Department of Experimental Vascular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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45
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van Eenige R, Ying Z, Tambyrajah L, Pronk ACM, Blomberg N, Giera M, Wang Y, Coskun T, van der Stelt M, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S. Cannabinoid type 1 receptor inverse agonism attenuates dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100070. [PMID: 33766515 PMCID: PMC8082266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological blockade of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in the central nervous system and various peripheral tissues, reverses diet-induced obesity and dyslipidemia through the reduction of food intake and altered nutrient partitioning. This strategy is being explored for a number of therapeutic applications; however, its potency for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease via improvements in lipid metabolism remains unclear. Therefore, here, we aimed to investigate whether inhibition of the endocannabinoid system can attenuate atherosclerosis development through improvement of dyslipidemia. Lean, dyslipidemic female APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP transgenic mice were fed a Western-type diet supplemented with or without the cannabinoid type 1 receptor inverse agonist rimonabant (20 mg·kg body weight-1 day-1) for up to 20 weeks. Plasma lipids and bile acids were determined, and atherosclerotic lesions were scored in the aortic valve region. Rimonabant lowered plasma levels of triglyceride (TG) (-56%) and non-HDL-C (-19%) and increased HDL-C (+57%). These effects were explained by decreased VLDL-TG production (-52%) and accelerated VLDL-TG turnover accompanied by pronounced browning of white adipose tissue. In addition, rimonabant attenuated reverse cholesterol transport (-30%), increased plasma bile acid levels (+160%), and increased hepatic cholesterol accumulation (+88%). Importantly, rimonabant markedly lowered atherosclerotic lesion size (-64%), which coincided with decreased lesion severity (28% vs. 56% severe lesions) and which strongly correlated with non-HDL-C exposure (R2 = 0.60). Taken together, inhibition of the endocannabinoid system potently reverses dyslipidemia and prevents atherogenesis, even in the absence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin van Eenige
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren Tambyrajah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C M Pronk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Blomberg
- Center for Proteomics & Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics & Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, MED-X institute, and Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Department of Diabetes/Endocrine, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, MED-X institute, and Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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46
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Liu C, Schönke M, Zhou E, Li Z, Kooijman S, Boon MR, Larsson M, Wallenius K, Dekker N, Barlind L, Peng XR, Wang Y, Rensen PCN. Pharmacological treatment with FGF21 strongly improves plasma cholesterol metabolism to reduce atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:489-502. [PMID: 33693480 PMCID: PMC8803070 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, a key regulator of energy metabolism, is currently evaluated in humans for treatment of type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, the effects of FGF21 on cardiovascular benefit, particularly on lipoprotein metabolism in relation to atherogenesis, remain elusive. Methods and results Here, the role of FGF21 in lipoprotein metabolism in relation to atherosclerosis development was investigated by pharmacological administration of a half-life extended recombinant FGF21 protein to hypercholesterolaemic APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model mimicking atherosclerosis initiation and development in humans. FGF21 reduced plasma total cholesterol, explained by a reduction in non-HDL-cholesterol. Mechanistically, FGF21 promoted brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, thereby enhancing the selective uptake of fatty acids from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into BAT and into browned WAT, consequently accelerating the clearance of the cholesterol-enriched remnants by the liver. In addition, FGF21 reduced body fat, ameliorated glucose tolerance and markedly reduced hepatic steatosis, related to up-regulated hepatic expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and increased hepatic VLDL-triglyceride secretion. Ultimately, FGF21 largely decreased atherosclerotic lesion area, which was mainly explained by the reduction in non-HDL-cholesterol as shown by linear regression analysis, decreased lesion severity, and increased atherosclerotic plaque stability index. Conclusion FGF21 improves hypercholesterolaemia by accelerating triglyceride-rich lipoprotein turnover as a result of activating BAT and browning of WAT, thereby reducing atherosclerotic lesion severity and increasing atherosclerotic lesion stability index. We have thus provided additional support for the clinical use of FGF21 in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Milena Schönke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mikael Larsson
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca BioPharmaceutical R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Wallenius
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca BioPharmaceutical R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca BioPharmaceutical R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Barlind
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca BioPharmaceutical R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca BioPharmaceutical R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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47
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van den Hoek AM, Verschuren L, Caspers MPM, Worms N, Menke AL, Princen HMG. Beneficial effects of elafibranor on NASH in E3L.CETP mice and differences between mice and men. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5050. [PMID: 33658534 PMCID: PMC7930243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83974-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most rapidly growing liver disease that is nevertheless without approved pharmacological treatment. Despite great effort in developing novel NASH therapeutics, many have failed in clinical trials. This has raised questions on the adequacy of preclinical models. Elafibranor is one of the drugs currently in late stage development which had mixed results for phase 2/interim phase 3 trials. In the current study we investigated the response of elafibranor in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice, a translational animal model that displays histopathological characteristics of NASH in the context of obesity, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. To induce NASH, mice were fed a high fat and cholesterol (HFC) diet for 15 weeks (HFC reference group) or 25 weeks (HFC control group) or the HFC diet supplemented with elafibranor (15 mg/kg/d) from week 15–25 (elafibranor group). The effects on plasma parameters and NASH histopathology were assessed and hepatic transcriptome analysis was used to investigate the underlying pathways affected by elafibranor. Elafibranor treatment significantly reduced steatosis and hepatic inflammation and precluded the progression of fibrosis. The underlying disease pathways of the model were compared with those of NASH patients and illustrated substantial similarity with molecular pathways involved, with 87% recapitulation of human pathways in mice. We compared the response of elafibranor in the mice to the response in human patients and discuss potential pitfalls when translating preclinical results of novel NASH therapeutics to human patients. When taking into account that due to species differences the response to some targets, like PPAR-α, may be overrepresented in animal models, we conclude that elafibranor may be particularly useful to reduce hepatic inflammation and could be a pharmacologically useful agent for human NASH, but probably in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Martien P M Caspers
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Worms
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aswin L Menke
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
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48
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Zhou E, Li Z, Nakashima H, Choukoud A, Kooijman S, Berbée JFP, Rensen PCN, Wang Y. Beneficial effects of brown fat activation on top of PCSK9 inhibition with alirocumab on dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis development in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105524. [PMID: 33667684 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition, by increasing hepatic low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) levels, has emerged as a strategy to reduce atherosclerosis by lowering circulating very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol. We hypothesized that the therapeutic effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibition can be increased by accelerating the generation of VLDL remnants, which typically have a high affinity for the LDLR. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether accelerating lipolytic processing of VLDL by brown fat activation can further lower (V)LDL and reduce atherosclerosis on top of PCSK9 inhibition. APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice were fed a Western-type diet and treated with the anti-PCSK9 antibody alirocumab or saline. After 2 weeks, both groups of mice were randomized to receive either the selective β3-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist CL316,243 to activate brown fat or saline for 3 additional weeks to evaluate VLDL clearance or 12 additional weeks to analyze atherosclerosis development. β3-AR agonism and alirocumab combined decreased (V)LDL-cholesterol compared to alirocumab alone, which was explained by an accelerated plasma clearance of VLDL-cholesteryl esters that were mainly taken up by the liver. In addition, the combination promoted the transfer of VLDL-phospholipids to HDL to a higher extent than alirocumab alone, accompanied by higher plasma HDL-cholesterol levels and increased cholesterol efflux capacity. Consequently, combination treatment largely reduced atherosclerotic lesion area compared to vehicle. Together, β3-AR agonism enhances the lipoprotein-modulating effects of alirocumab to further improve dyslipidemia and non-significantly further attenuate atherosclerosis development. Our findings demonstrate that brown fat activation may enhance the therapeutic effects of PCSK9 inhibition in dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Nakashima
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ahlam Choukoud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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49
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A physiological glucocorticoid rhythm is an important regulator of brown adipose tissue function. Mol Metab 2021; 47:101179. [PMID: 33548499 PMCID: PMC7907824 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Brown adipose tissue (BAT) displays a strong circadian rhythm in metabolic activity, but it is unclear how this rhythm is regulated. As circulating levels of corticosterone coincide with the rhythm of triglyceride-derived fatty acid (FA) uptake by BAT, we investigated whether corticosterone regulates BAT circadian rhythm. Methods Corticosterone levels were flattened by implanting mice with subcutaneous corticosterone-releasing pellets, resulting in constant circulating corticosterone levels. Results Flattened corticosterone rhythm caused a complete loss of circadian rhythm in triglyceride-derived fatty acid uptake by BAT. This effect was independent of glucocorticoid receptor expression in (brown) adipocytes and was not caused by deregulation of clock gene expression or overexposure to glucocorticoids, but rather seemed mediated by reduced sympathetic innervation of BAT. In a mouse model of hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome, long-term experimental flattening of corticosterone − and thus rhythm in BAT function − resulted in adiposity. Conclusions This study highlights that a physiological rhythm in glucocorticoids is an important regulator of BAT function and essential for the maintenance of metabolic health. Flattening of corticosterone rhythm blunts circadian activity of brown adipose tissue. Disturbed corticosterone rhythm − rather than overexposure− is responsible for blunted brown adipose tissue activity. The metabolic effect of flattened corticosterone levels is independent of adipocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression. Long-term flattening of corticosterone levels results in increased adiposity in a female mouse model for metabolic syndrome.
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50
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Trinder M, Wang Y, Madsen CM, Ponomarev T, Bohunek L, Daisely BA, Julia Kong H, Blauw LL, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Wurfel MM, Russell JA, Walley KR, Rensen PCN, Boyd JH, Brunham LR. Inhibition of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Preserves High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Improves Survival in Sepsis. Circulation 2020; 143:921-934. [PMID: 33228395 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.048568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high-density lipoprotein hypothesis of atherosclerosis has been challenged by clinical trials of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, which failed to show significant reductions in cardiovascular events. Plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decline drastically during sepsis, and this phenomenon is explained, in part, by the activity of CETP, a major determinant of plasma HDL-C levels. We tested the hypothesis that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of CETP would preserve high-density lipoprotein levels and decrease mortality in clinical cohorts and animal models of sepsis. METHODS We examined the effect of a gain-of-function variant in CETP (rs1800777, p.Arg468Gln) and a genetic score for decreased CETP function on 28-day sepsis survival using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age and sex in the UK Biobank (n=5949), iSPAAR (Identification of SNPs Predisposing to Altered Acute Lung Injury Risk; n=882), Copenhagen General Population Study (n=2068), Copenhagen City Heart Study (n=493), Early Infection (n=200), St Paul's Intensive Care Unit 2 (n=203), and Vasopressin Versus Norepinephrine Infusion in Patients With Septic Shock studies (n=632). We then studied the effect of the CETP inhibitor, anacetrapib, in adult female APOE*3-Leiden mice with or without human CETP expression using the cecal-ligation and puncture model of sepsis. RESULTS A fixed-effect meta-analysis of all 7 cohorts found that the CETP gain-of-function variant was significantly associated with increased risk of acute sepsis mortality (hazard ratio, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.22-1.70]; P<0.0001). In addition, a genetic score for decreased CETP function was associated with significantly decreased sepsis mortality in the UK Biobank (hazard ratio, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.59-1.00] per 1 mmol/L increase in HDL-C) and iSPAAR cohorts (hazard ratio, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.37-0.98] per 1 mmol/L increase in HDL-C). APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice treated with anacetrapib had preserved levels of HDL-C and apolipoprotein-AI and increased survival relative to placebo treatment (70.6% versus 35.3%, Log-rank P=0.03), whereas there was no effect of anacetrapib on the survival of APOE*3-Leiden mice that did not express CETP (50.0% versus 42.9%, Log-rank P=0.87). CONCLUSIONS Clinical genetics and humanized mouse models suggest that inhibiting CETP may preserve high-density lipoprotein levels and improve outcomes for individuals with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Trinder
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Program (M.T., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (Y.W., L.L.B., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Christian M Madsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (C.M.M., B.G.N., J.A.R.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study (C.M.M., B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (C.M.M., B.G.N., A.T.-H.)
| | - Tatjana Ponomarev
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Brendan A Daisely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (B.A.D.)
| | - HyeJin Julia Kong
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lisanne L Blauw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (Y.W., L.L.B., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (C.M.M., B.G.N., J.A.R.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study (C.M.M., B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital (B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (C.M.M., B.G.N., A.T.-H.)
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- The Copenhagen General Population Study (C.M.M., B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet (A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital (B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (C.M.M., B.G.N., A.T.-H.)
| | - Mark M Wurfel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (M.M.W., K.R.W.)
| | - James A Russell
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry (C.M.M., B.G.N., J.A.R.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Keith R Walley
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (M.M.W., K.R.W.)
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (Y.W., L.L.B., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - John H Boyd
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Program (M.T., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine (J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Liam R Brunham
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Program (M.T., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine (J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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