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Bhale AS, Meilhac O, d'Hellencourt CL, Vijayalakshmi MA, Venkataraman K. Cholesterol transport and beyond: Illuminating the versatile functions of HDL apolipoproteins through structural insights and functional implications. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38661230 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) play a vital role in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health, as they are intricately involved in cholesterol transport and inflammation modulation. The proteome of HDL particles is indeed complex and distinct from other components in the bloodstream. Proteomics studies have identified nearly 285 different proteins associated with HDL; however, this review focuses more on the 15 or so traditionally named "apo" lipoproteins. Important lipid metabolizing enzymes closely working with the apolipoproteins are also discussed. Apolipoproteins stand out for their integral role in HDL stability, structure, function, and metabolism. The unique structure and functions of each apolipoprotein influence important processes such as inflammation regulation and lipid metabolism. These interactions also shape the stability and performance of HDL particles. HDLs apolipoproteins have multifaceted roles beyond cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and are involved in various physiological processes and disease states. Therefore, a detailed exploration of these apolipoproteins can offer valuable insights into potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. This comprehensive review article aims to provide an in-depth understanding of HDL apolipoproteins, highlighting their distinct structures, functions, and contributions to various physiological processes. Exploiting this knowledge holds great potential for improving HDL function, enhancing cholesterol efflux, and modulating inflammatory processes, ultimately benefiting individuals by limiting the risks associated with CVDs and other inflammation-based pathologies. Understanding the nature of all 15 apolipoproteins expands our knowledge of HDL metabolism, sheds light on their pathological implications, and paves the way for advancements in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of lipid and inflammatory-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Sudam Bhale
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Christian Lefebvre d'Hellencourt
- Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | | | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Apolipoprotein A-II, a Player in Multiple Processes and Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071578. [PMID: 35884883 PMCID: PMC9313276 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) is the second most abundant apolipoprotein in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, playing an important role in lipid metabolism. Human and murine apoA-II proteins have dissimilar properties, partially because human apoA-II is dimeric whereas the murine homolog is a monomer, suggesting that the role of apoA-II may be quite different in humans and mice. As a component of HDL, apoA-II influences lipid metabolism, being directly or indirectly involved in vascular diseases. Clinical and epidemiological studies resulted in conflicting findings regarding the proatherogenic or atheroprotective role of apoA-II. Human apoA-II deficiency has little influence on lipoprotein levels with no obvious clinical consequences, while murine apoA-II deficiency causes HDL deficit in mice. In humans, an increased plasma apoA-II concentration causes hypertriglyceridemia and lowers HDL levels. This dyslipidemia leads to glucose intolerance, and the ensuing high blood glucose enhances apoA-II transcription, generating a vicious circle that may cause type 2 diabetes (T2D). ApoA-II is also used as a biomarker in various diseases, such as pancreatic cancer. Herein, we provide a review of the most recent findings regarding the roles of apoA-II and its functions in various physiological processes and disease states, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, amyloidosis, hepatitis, insulin resistance, obesity, and T2D.
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Ka J, Jin SW. Zebrafish as an Emerging Model for Dyslipidemia and Associated Diseases. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 10:42-56. [PMID: 33537252 PMCID: PMC7838516 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2021.10.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia related diseases such as hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis are the leading cause of death in humans. While cellular and molecular basis on the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia has been extensively investigated over decades, we still lack comprehensive understanding on the etiology of dyslipidemia due to the complexity and the innate multimodality of the diseases. While mouse has been the model organism of choice to investigate the pathophysiology of human dyslipidemia, zebrafish, a small freshwater fish which has traditionally used to study vertebrate development, has recently emerged as an alternative model organism. In this review, we will provide comprehensive perspective on zebrafish as a model organism for human dyslipidemia; we will discuss the attributes of zebrafish as a model, and compare the lipid metabolism in zebrafish and humans. In addition, we will summarize current landscape of zebrafish-based dyslipidemia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ka
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Suk-Won Jin
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea.,Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Gawel SH, Davis GJ, Luo M, Deutz NEP, Wolfe RR, Pereira SL. Serum biomarkers that predict lean mass loss over bed rest in older adults: An exploratory study. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 509:72-78. [PMID: 32505773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lean mass (LM) loss during extended bed rest contributes to long term functional decline in older adults. Identifying blood biomarkers that predict a hospitalized individual's risk of losing LM could allow for timely intervention. METHODS LM from 19 healthy subjects (age 60-76 y, 4 males, 15 females), who were confined to 10 days of complete bed rest, was measured pre- and post-bed rest. One hundred eighty-seven biomarkers from pre-bed rest fasted serum samples were obtained from all evaluable subjects (n = 18), analyzed using multiplexed immunoassay array and pooled. Decision tree analysis was used to identify pre-bed rest markers that predict LM loss over bed rest. RESULTS Sixty-three markers were excluded due to being below assay detection limits. One pair of markers, Tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 (TIMP1) and tenascin C (TNC), were found to correlate with percent change in total LM over bed rest: [R2 = 0.71, all subjects; R2 = 0.76, females]. Subjects with pre-bed rest TIMP1 ≥ 141 ng/ml had the highest loss of total LM over bed rest, whereas subjects with pre-bed rest TIMP1 < 141 and TNC ≥ 461 ng/ml maintained total LM over bed rest. An additional marker set was found to correlate with percent change in leg LM loss over bed rest: matrix metalloprotease-3 (MMP3) and apolipoprotein A2 (APOA2) [R2 = 0.59, females]. Females with pre-bed rest MMP3 < 6.93 ng/ml had the highest loss of leg LM over bed rest. Whereas females with pre-bed rest MMP3 ≥ 6.93 and ApoA2 < 276 ng/ml, maintained leg lean mass at the end of bed rest. CONCLUSIONS Panels of blood biomarkers associated with the muscle extracellular matrix may predict the likelihood for LM loss over extended bed rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan H Gawel
- Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
| | - Gerard J Davis
- Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
| | - Menghua Luo
- Abbott Nutrition Division, Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, OH 43219, USA
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Texas A&M University, Department of Health & Kinesiology, 675 John Kimbrough Blvd, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, UAMS Centers on Aging, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Suzette L Pereira
- Abbott Nutrition Division, Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, OH 43219, USA.
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Boughanem H, Bandera-Merchán B, Hernández-Alonso P, Moreno-Morales N, Tinahones FJ, Lozano J, Morcillo S, Macias-Gonzalez M. Association between the APOA2 rs3813627 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and HDL and APOA1 Levels Through BMI. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8030044. [PMID: 32120838 PMCID: PMC7148512 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The interaction between obesity and genetic traits on high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels has been extensively studied. The variance of serum HDL has a strong genetic heritability, although the studied variant only explains a small part of this variation. The goal of this study was to investigate the associations between the apolipoprotein type 2 (APOA2) rs3813627 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and anthropometric and biochemical variables, though body mass index (BMI). Methods: This study included 153 subjects (91 overweight/obese (BMI³25 kg/m2) and 62 non-obese individuals (BMI < 25 kg/m2)). The APOA2 rs3813627 SNP was selected and genotyped. Genotype analysis was performed to analyze the associations between APOA2 SNPs and anthropometric and biochemical variables through BMI. Results: The APOA2 rs3813627 TT genotype was associated with low HDL levels in comparison with the APOA2 rs3813627 GG and GT genotype in overweight/obese individuals, but not in the non-obese subjects (p < 0.05). The same trend was observed in the apolipoprotein type 1 (APOA1) protein levels (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between HDL and APOA1 levels and APOA2 rs3813627 SNP under recessive model (p < 0.05). The odds ratio for low HDL levels was 3.76 and 3.94 for low APOA1 levels. The mediation analysis of APOA2 rs3813627 SNP through BMI showed a full mediation on HDL and partial mediation on APOA1 levels (p < 0.05). Bioinformatic analysis showed that rs3813627 lies in the APOA2 promoter and overlaps motifs for several bound transcription factors. Conclusion: On the basis of these data, the APOA2 rs3813627 SNP is associated with low HDL and APOA1 levels susceptibility, and this effect was mediated by an increased BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatim Boughanem
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Borja Bandera-Merchán
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (B.B.-M.); (P.H.-A.); (F.J.T.)
| | - Pablo Hernández-Alonso
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (B.B.-M.); (P.H.-A.); (F.J.T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERObn, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sant Joan Hospital, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Noelia Moreno-Morales
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Malaga-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Francisco José Tinahones
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (B.B.-M.); (P.H.-A.); (F.J.T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERObn, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Sonsoles Morcillo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (B.B.-M.); (P.H.-A.); (F.J.T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERObn, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (M.M.-G.); Tel.: +34-951-032-648 (S.M. & M.M.-G.); Fax: +34-27-951-924-651 (S.M. & M.M.-G.)
| | - Manuel Macias-Gonzalez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (B.B.-M.); (P.H.-A.); (F.J.T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERObn, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (M.M.-G.); Tel.: +34-951-032-648 (S.M. & M.M.-G.); Fax: +34-27-951-924-651 (S.M. & M.M.-G.)
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Taghizadeh E, Esfehani RJ, Sahebkar A, Parizadeh SM, Rostami D, Mirinezhad M, Poursheikhani A, Mobarhan MG, Pasdar A. Familial combined hyperlipidemia: An overview of the underlying molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1221-1229. [PMID: 31271707 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Among different types of dyslipidemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) is the most common genetic disorder, which is characterized by at least two different forms of lipid abnormalities: hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. FCHL is an important cause of cardiovascular diseases. FCHL is a heterogeneous condition linked with some metabolic defects that are closely associated with FCHL. These metabolic features include dysfunctional adipose tissue, delayed clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, overproduction of very low-density lipoprotein and hepatic lipids, and defect in the clearance of low-density lipoprotein particles. There are also some genes associated with FCHL such as those affecting the metabolism and clearance of plasma lipoprotein particles. Due to the high prevalence of FCHL especially in cardiovascular patients, targeted treatment is ideal but this necessitates identification of the genetic background of patients. This review describes the metabolic pathways and associated genes that are implicated in FCHL pathogenesis. We also review existing and novel treatment options for FCHL. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(9):1221-1229, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskandar Taghizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Reza Jafarzadeh Esfehani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Medical Genetics Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Parizadeh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Centre, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Daryoush Rostami
- Department of School Allied, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mirinezhad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Poursheikhani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Centre, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Pasdar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Medical Genetics Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Applied Medicine, Medical School, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Corsetti JP, Love TM, Sparks CE, Bakker SJ, Dullaart RP. Insulin resistance involvement in prevalence of familial dysbetalipoproteinemia in ε2ε2 subjects by Bayesian network modeling. Clin Biochem 2018; 59:31-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rull A, Martínez-Bujidos M, Pérez-Cuellar M, Pérez A, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Increased concentration of clusterin/apolipoprotein J (apoJ) in hyperlipemic serum is paradoxically associated with decreased apoJ content in lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:463-70. [PMID: 26081122 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clusterin/apolipoprotein J (apoJ) circulates in blood in part associated to lipoproteins or in unbound form. When bound to HDL, apoJ is antiatherogenic by inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis; thus, any factor modifying apoJ association to HDL would decrease its antiatherogenic function. However, the exact distribution of apoJ in each lipoprotein fraction, or in lipoprotein-non bound form has not been specifically investigated either in normolipemia or in dyslipemia. METHODS Basic lipid profile and apoJ concentration were determined in sera from 70 subjects, including a wide range of cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation and their lipid and apolipoprotein composition was assessed. RESULTS In the overall population, serum apoJ positively associated with cholesterol, triglyceride and VLDL-C concentrations, and HDL-C and triglyceride were independent predictors of increased apoJ concentration. Approximately, 20.5% of circulating apoJ was associated with lipoproteins (18.5% HDL, 0.9% LDL and 1.1% VLDL) and 79.5% was not bound to lipoproteins. Serum apoJ concentration was higher in hypercholesterolemic (HC), hypertriglyceridemic (HTG) and combined hyperlipidemic (CHL) sera compared to normolipemic (NL) sera (HC, 98.15 ± 33.6 mg/L; HTG, 103.3 ± 36.8 mg/L; CHL, 131.7 ± 26.8 mg/L; NL, 66.7 ± 33.8 mg/L; P < 0.001). ApoJ distribution was also altered in hyperlipidemia; approximately 30% of circulating apoJ was associated to lipoproteins in the NL group whereas this proportion rounded 15% in hyperlipidemic subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that hyperlipidemia increases the concentration of apoJ in serum but, in turn, the content of lipoprotein-associated apoJ decreases. The redistribution of apoJ in hyperlipidemia could compromise the antiatherogenic properties of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rull
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Martínez-Bujidos
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pérez-Cuellar
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ordóñez-Llanos
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
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Cruz-Bautista I, Mehta R, Cabiedes J, García-Ulloa C, Guillen-Pineda LE, Almeda-Valdés P, Cuevas-Ramos D, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Determinants of VLDL composition and apo B-containing particles in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 438:160-5. [PMID: 25172037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) the severity of the dyslipidemia is determined by an overproduction of VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) particles and by its abnormal lipid composition. However, few are known regarding the metabolic factors that determine these abnormalities. We investigated the impact of metabolic factors on the number of atherogenic particles (apolipoprotein B level (apoB)) and the triglyceride content of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs-TG). METHODS A cross-sectional study done in FCHL subjects and gender and age-matched healthy subjects. A clinical assessment, lipid profile and plasma concentrations of insulin, apolipoprotein CIII (apo CIII), apolipoprotein AII (apo AII), high sensitive C-reactive protein (HS-CRP), adiponectin and leptin were documented in 147 FCHL patients and 147 age-matched healthy subjects. Multivariate regression models were performed to investigate the independent determinants of VLDL-TG and apo B levels adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS The variables that determined the VLDL-triglyceride content as a surrogate of VLDL composition were apo CIII (β=0.365, p<0.001), insulin (β=0.281, p<0.001), Apo AII (β=0.145, p<0.035), and adiponectin levels (β=-0.255, p<0.001). This model explained 34% of VLDL composition (VLDL-TG) variability. However, none of these variables were independent contributors of apo B-containing particles. CONCLUSIONS In patients with FCHL apo CIII, apo AII and adiponectin are major novel factors determining the VLDL particle composition. However, such factors do not explain apo B-containing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette Cruz-Bautista
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roopa Mehta
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Cabiedes
- Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristina García-Ulloa
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luz Elizabeth Guillen-Pineda
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paloma Almeda-Valdés
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cuevas-Ramos
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14000 Mexico City, Mexico.
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Novel polymorphisms of the APOA2 gene and its promoter region affect body traits in cattle. Gene 2013; 531:288-93. [PMID: 24004543 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-II (APOA2) is one of the major constituents of high-density lipoprotein and plays a critical role in lipid metabolism and obesity. However, similar research for the bovine APOA2 gene is lacking. In this study, polymorphisms of the bovine APOA2 gene and its promoter region were detected in 1021 cows from four breeds by sequencing and PCR-RFLP methods. Totally, we detected six novel mutations which included one mutation in the promoter region, two mutations in the exons and three mutations in the introns. There were four polymorphisms within APOA2 gene were analyzed. The allele A, T, T and G frequencies of the four loci were predominant in the four breeds when in separate or combinations analysis which suggested cows with those alleles to be more adapted to the steppe environment. The association analysis indicated three SVs in Nangyang cows, two SVs in Qinchun cows and the 9 haplotypes in Nangyang cows were significantly associated with body traits (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The results of this study suggested the bovine APOA2 gene may be a strong candidate gene for body traits in the cattle breeding program.
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11
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Brouwers MCGJ, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Stehouwer CDA, de Graaf J, Stalenhoef AFH. The genetics of familial combined hyperlipidaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012; 8:352-62. [PMID: 22330738 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Almost 40 years after the first description of familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCHL) as a discrete entity, the genetic and metabolic basis of this prevalent disease has yet to be fully unveiled. In general, two strategies have been applied to elucidate its complex genetic background, the candidate-gene and the linkage approach, which have yielded an extensive list of genes associated with FCHL or its related traits, with a variable degree of scientific evidence. Some genes influence the FCHL phenotype in many pedigrees, whereas others are responsible for the affected state in only one kindred, thereby adding to the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of FCHL. This Review outlines the individual genes that have been described in FCHL and how these genes can be incorporated into the current concept of metabolic pathways resulting in FCHL: adipose tissue dysfunction, hepatic fat accumulation and overproduction, disturbed metabolism and delayed clearance of apolipoprotein-B-containing particles. Genes that affect metabolism and clearance of plasma lipoprotein particles have been most thoroughly studied. The adoption of new traits, in addition to the classic plasma lipid traits, could aid in the identification of new genes implicated in other pathways in FCHL. Moreover, systems genetic analysis, which integrates genetic polymorphisms with data on gene expression levels, lipidomics or metabolomics, will attribute functions to genetic variants in addition to revealing new genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C G J Brouwers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Koike T, Kitajima S, Yu Y, Li Y, Nishijima K, Liu E, Sun H, Waqar AB, Shibata N, Inoue T, Wang Y, Zhang B, Kobayashi J, Morimoto M, Saku K, Watanabe T, Fan J. Expression of Human ApoAII in Transgenic Rabbits Leads to Dyslipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:2047-53. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.190264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Apolipoprotein AII (apoAII) is the second major apolipoprotein in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). However, the physiological functions of apoAII in lipoprotein metabolism have not been fully elucidated.
Methods and Results—
We generated human apoAII transgenic (Tg) rabbits, a species that normally does not have an endogenous apoAII gene. Plasma levels of human apoAII in Tg rabbits were ≈30 mg/dL, similar to the plasma levels in healthy humans. The expression of human apoAII in Tg rabbits resulted in increased levels of plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, and phospholipids accompanied by a marked reduction in HDL-cholesterol levels compared with non-Tg littermates. Analysis of lipoprotein fractions showed that hyperlipidemia exhibited by Tg rabbits was caused by elevated levels of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoproteins. Furthermore, postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity significantly decreased in Tg rabbits compared with non-Tg rabbits.
Conclusions—
These results indicate that apoAII plays an important role in both VLDL and HDL metabolism, possibly through the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity. ApoAII Tg rabbits may become a new model for the study of human familial combined hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Koike
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Shuji Kitajima
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Ying Yu
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Ying Li
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Kazutoshi Nishijima
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Enqi Liu
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Huijun Sun
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Ahmed Bilal Waqar
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Nobumitsu Shibata
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Tomoriho Inoue
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Yao Wang
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Bo Zhang
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Junji Kobayashi
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Masatoshi Morimoto
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Keijiro Saku
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Teruo Watanabe
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
| | - Jianglin Fan
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology (T.K., Y.Y., Y.L., A.B.W., N.S., T.I., Y.W., J.F.), Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan; the Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences (S.K., K.N.), Saga University, Japan; the Laboratory Animal Center (E.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China; the Department of Pharmacology (H.S.), Dalian Medical University, China; the Department of Cardiology (B.Z., K.S.), Fukuoka
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Julve J, Escolà-Gil JC, Rotllan N, Fiévet C, Vallez E, de la Torre C, Ribas V, Sloan JH, Blanco-Vaca F. Human apolipoprotein A-II determines plasma triglycerides by regulating lipoprotein lipase activity and high-density lipoprotein proteome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 30:232-8. [PMID: 19910634 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.198226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apolipoprotein (apo) A-II is the second most abundant high-density lipoprotein (HDL) apolipoprotein. We assessed the mechanism involved in the altered postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism of female human apoA-II-transgenic mice (hapoA-II-Tg mice), which results in up to an 11-fold increase in plasma triglyceride concentration. The relationships between apoA-II, HDL composition, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were also analyzed in a group of normolipidemic women. METHODS AND RESULTS Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein catabolism was decreased in hapoA-II-Tg mice compared to control mice. This suggests that hapoA-II, which was mainly associated with HDL during fasting and postprandially, impairs triglyceride-rich lipoprotein lipolysis. HDL isolated from hapoA-II-Tg mice impaired bovine LPL activity. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and immunonephelometry identified a marked deficiency in the HDL content of apoA-I, apoC-III, and apoE in these mice. In normolipidemic women, apoA-II concentration was directly correlated with plasma triglyceride and inversely correlated with the HDL-apoC-II+apoE/apoC-III ratio [corrected]. HDL-mediated induction of LPL activity was inversely correlated with apoA-II and directly correlated with the HDL-apoC-II+apoE/apoC-III ratio [corrected]. Purified hapoA-II displaced apoC-II, apoC-III, and apoE from human HDL2. Human HDL3 was, compared to HDL2, enriched in apoA-II but poorer in apoC-II, apoC-III, and apoE. CONCLUSIONS ApoA-II plays a crucial role in triglyceride catabolism by regulating LPL activity, at least in part, through HDL proteome modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Julve
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Castellani LW, Nguyen CN, Charugundla S, Weinstein MM, Doan CX, Blaner WS, Wongsiriroj N, Lusis AJ. Apolipoprotein AII is a regulator of very low density lipoprotein metabolism and insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:11633-44. [PMID: 18160395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708995200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein AII (apoAII) transgenic (apoAIItg) mice exhibit several traits associated with the insulin resistance (IR) syndrome, including IR, obesity, and a marked hypertriglyceridemia. Because treatment of the apoAIItg mice with rosiglitazone ameliorated the IR and hypertriglyceridemia, we hypothesized that the hypertriglyceridemia was due largely to overproduction of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) by the liver, a normal response to chronically elevated insulin and glucose. We now report in vivo and in vitro studies that indicate that hepatic fatty acid oxidation was reduced and lipogenesis increased, resulting in a 25% increase in triglyceride secretion in the apoAIItg mice. In addition, we observed that hydrolysis of triglycerides from both chylomicrons and VLDL was significantly reduced in the apoAIItg mice, further contributing to the hypertriglyceridemia. This is a direct, acute effect, because when mouse apoAII was injected into mice, plasma triglyceride concentrations were significantly increased within 4 h. VLDL from both control and apoAIItg mice contained significant amounts of apoAII, with approximately 4 times more apoAII on apoAIItg VLDL. ApoAII was shown to transfer spontaneously from high density lipoprotein (HDL) to VLDL in vitro, resulting in VLDL that was a poorer substrate for hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase. These results indicate that one function of apoAII is to regulate the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, with HDL serving as a plasma reservoir of apoAII that is transferred to the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in much the same way as VLDL and chylomicrons acquire most of their apoCs from HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence W Castellani
- Departments of Medicine/Cardiology University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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15
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Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Jimenez F, Tanaka T, Perez-Martinez P, Jimenez-Gomez Y, Marin C, Ruano J, Parnell L, Ordovas JM, Lopez-Miranda J. An apolipoprotein A-II polymorphism (-265T/C, rs5082) regulates postprandial response to a saturated fat overload in healthy men. J Nutr 2007; 137:2024-8. [PMID: 17709437 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.9.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (Apo) A-II is an apolipoprotein with an unknown role in lipid metabolism. It has been suggested that the presence of the less frequent allele of a single nucleotide polymorphism (Apo A-II -265T/C, rs5082) reduces the transcription rate of Apo A-II and enhances VLDL postprandial clearance in middle-aged men. To further investigate the role of Apo A-II -265T/C on lipid metabolism, we studied 88 normolipidemic young men. The participants were given a fatty meal containing 1 g fat and 7 mg cholesterol/kg weight and capsules containing 60,000 IU vitamin A (retinyl palmitate, 15.15 mg RE) per square meter body surface area. Postprandial lipemia was assessed during the 11 h following the meal. Total cholesterol (Chol) and triacylglycerols (TG) in plasma and TG-rich lipoproteins (TRL) (large TRL and small TRL) were measured, as well as HDL, Apo A-I, Apo B, Apo B-48, and Apo B-100. Postprandial responses were higher in the TT group than in carriers of the minor allele (CC/TC) for total TG in plasma (21.37% of change of area under curve, P = 0.014), large TRL-TG (24.75% change, P = 0.017) and small TRL-Chol (26.63% change, P = 0.003). Our work shows that carriers of the minor allele for Apo A-II -265T/C (CC/TC) have a lower postprandial response compared with TT homozygotes. This finding may partially explain the role of Apo A-II in lipid metabolism and can identify a population with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, as corresponds to the lower level of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Delgado-Lista
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
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16
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Aleksandrovich OV, Ozerova IN, Olfer'ev AM, Serdyuk AP, Metel'skaya VA, Perova NV. Association of serum apolipoprotein A-II concentration with combined hyperlipidemia and impaired glucose tolerance. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 141:678-81. [PMID: 17364047 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the relationship of serum apolipoprotein A-II concentration with biochemical parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, type of hyperlipidemia, and insulin sensitivity in male patients with hyperlipidemia. High concentration of apolipoprotein A-II was associated with increased indices of atherogenic lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein-mediated reverse cholesterol transport, combined hyperlipidemia, and decreased insulin sensitivity calculated with consideration for glucose and insulin levels in glucose tolerance test and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Aleksandrovich
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, State Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Russian Health Service, Moscow.
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17
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Silva RAGD, Schneeweis LA, Krishnan SC, Zhang X, Axelsen PH, Davidson WS. The structure of apolipoprotein A-II in discoidal high density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:9713-9721. [PMID: 17264082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610380200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that high levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL) reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in humans. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apoA-II are the first and second most common protein constituents of HDL. Unlike apoA-I, detailed structural models for apoA-II in HDL are not available. Here, we present a structural model of apoA-II in reconstituted HDL (rHDL) based on two well established experimental approaches: chemical cross-linking/mass spectrometry (MS) and internal reflection infrared spectroscopy. Homogeneous apoA-II rHDL were reacted with a cross-linking agent to link proximal lysine residues. Upon tryptic digestion, cross-linked peptides were identified by electrospray mass spectrometry. 14 cross-links were identified and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Infrared spectroscopy indicated a beltlike molecular arrangement for apoA-II in which the protein helices wrap around the lipid bilayer rHDL disc. The cross-links were then evaluated on three potential belt arrangements. The data clearly refute a parallel model but support two antiparallel models, especially a "double hairpin" form. These models form the basis for understanding apoA-II structure in more complex HDL particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Gangani D Silva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Lumelle A Schneeweis
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Srinivasan C Krishnan
- Mass Spectrometry Application Laboratory, Applied Biosystems, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701
| | - Xiuqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Paul H Axelsen
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237.
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Pei WD, Zhang YH, Sun YH, Gu YC, Wang YF, Zhang CY, Zhang J, Liu LS, Hui RT, Liu YQ, Yang YJ. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism influences lipid phenotypes in Chinese families with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Circ J 2007; 70:1606-10. [PMID: 17127808 DOI: 10.1253/circj.70.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism is associated with changes in the lipoprotein profile of individuals with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL), but its effects on the lipoprotein profiles of members of Chinese families with FCHL remain uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS 43 FCHL families (n=449) and 9 normolipidemic families (n=73) were recruited to assess the influence of apoE polymorphism on plasma lipids. The relative frequency of the epsilon4 allele in affected and unaffected FCHL relatives, spouses and normolipidemic members was 13.8%, 5.3%, 9.1% and 6.8%, respectively, with a significantly higher frequency in affected FCHL relatives, compared with unaffected FCHL relatives or normolipidemic members (p=0.0002 or p=0.029). In FCHL relatives, the apoE4 subset (E4/4 and E4/3) exhibited significantly higher levels of apoB, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) than did the apoE3 (E3/3) subset, especially in women (all p<0.05), and there was significant elevation of LDL-C concentrations in men only (p<0.05). In men, the apoE2 (E3/2) subset indicated a decreased level of apoB and increased apoA1 compared with those in the apoE3 subset (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS ApoE polymorphism appears to be associated with variance of the lipoprotein phenotype in Chinese families with FCHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dong Pei
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Heart Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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19
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Dugué-Pujol S, Rousset X, Pastier D, Quang NT, Pautre V, Chambaz J, Chabert M, Kalopissis AD. Human apolipoprotein A-II associates with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in plasma and impairs their catabolism. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:2631-9. [PMID: 16990646 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600112-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and low plasma HDL levels, which are principal features of the metabolic syndrome, are displayed by transgenic mice expressing human apolipoprotein A-II (hapoA-II). In these mice, hypertriglyceridemia results from the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities by hapoA-II carried on VLDL. This study aimed to determine whether the association of hapoA-II with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) is sufficient to impair their catabolism. To measure plasma TRL residence time, intestinal TRL production was induced by a radioactive oral lipid bolus. Radioactive and total triglyceride (TG) were rapidly cleared in control mice but accumulated in plasma of transgenic mice, in relation to hapoA-II concentration. Similar plasma TG accumulations were measured in transgenic mice with or without endogenous apoA-II expression. HapoA-II (synthesized in liver) was detected in chylomicrons (produced by intestine). The association of hapoA-II with TRL in plasma was further confirmed by the absence of hapoA-II in chylomicrons and VLDL of transgenic mice injected with Triton WR 1339, which prevents apolipoprotein exchanges. We show that the association of hapoA-II with TRL occurs in the circulation and induces postprandial hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Dugué-Pujol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 505, Paris, F-75006 France
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20
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Brouwers MCGJ, Cantor RM, Kono N, Yoon JL, van der Kallen CJH, Bilderbeek-Beckers MAL, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Lusis AJ, de Bruin TWA. Heritability and genetic loci of fatty liver in familial combined hyperlipidemia. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:2799-807. [PMID: 16971732 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600312-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
VLDL overproduction, a process that is driven by an excess amount of hepatic fat, is a well-documented feature of familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL). The aims of this study were to investigate whether fatty liver, measured with ultrasound and as plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, develops against a genetic background in FCHL and to identify chromosomal loci that are linked to these traits. In total, 157 FCHL family members and 20 spouses participated in this study. Radiological evidence of fatty liver was more prevalent not only in FCHL probands (40%) but also in their relatives (35%) compared with spouses (15%) (P < 0.05). Heritability calculations revealed that 20-36% of the variability in ALT levels could be attributed to genetic factors. Nonparametric quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis revealed three significant (P < 0.001) loci with either the ultrasound or the ALT trait in the male sample: 1q42.3, 7p12-21, and 22p13-q11; none was found in the female sample or the entire group. Of these QTLs, the 7p region was consistent over time, because reanalysis with ALT levels that were determined during a visit 5 years earlier yielded similar results. This study shows that fatty liver is a heritable aspect of FCHL. Replication of particularly the 7p region is awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C G J Brouwers
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) constitutes a substantial risk factor for atherosclerosis since it is observed in about 20% of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients under 60 years. FCHL, characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TGs), or both, is also one of the most common familial hyperlipidemias with a prevalence of 1%-6% in Western populations. Numerous studies have been performed to identify genes contributing to FCHL. The recent linkage and association studies and their replications are beginning to elucidate the genetic variations underlying the susceptibility to FCHL. Three chromosomal regions on 1q21-23, 11p and 16q22-24.1 have been replicated in different study samples, offering targets for gene hunting. In addition, several candidate gene studies have replicated the influence of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene and apolipoprotein A1/C3/A4/A5 (APOA1/C3/A4/A5) gene cluster in FCHL. Recently, the linked region on chromosome 1q21 was successfully fine-mapped and the upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) gene identified as the underlying gene for FCHL. This finding has now been replicated in independent FCHL samples. However, the total number of variants, the risk related to each variant and their relative contributions to the disease susceptibility are not known yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Suviolahti
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA
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22
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Drake TA, Schadt EE, Davis RC, Lusis AJ. Integrating Genetic and Gene Expression Data to Study the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes in Mice. Am J Ther 2005; 12:503-11. [PMID: 16280644 DOI: 10.1097/01.mjt.0000178775.39149.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, the mouse is becoming the standard model for mammalian physiology and disease. It can be genetically analyzed and manipulated with relative ease. Moreover, the endogenous genetic variation that exists among inbred mouse strains can be exploited to identify genetic control of complex physiologic processes involved in diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, among other conditions relevant to human disease. Recent advances in genetics and gene expression technology have greatly increased the knowledge to be derived from this approach when applied to traditional genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Drake
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA.
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Shi Y, Tokunaga O. Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) infection upregulates atherosclerosis-related gene expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Atherosclerosis 2005; 177:245-53. [PMID: 15530896 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Revised: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that supports a role of infection in atherosclerosis, with possible mechanism by injuring to the endothelium and inducing an autoimmune response to heat shock proteins (HSPs). In this study, a cDNA array, containing 588 human cardiovascular genes, was utilized to analyze the gene expression profile of Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). After 48h of C. pneumoniae infection, the HUVECs were harvested and subjected to immunofluorescent staining, electron microscopy, cDNA array hybridization, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting. This study found a panel of human host genes that were upregulated by C. pneumoniae. The majority of these genes were related to complex lipid metabolism, adhesion receptors, hormones, hormone receptors, and a metalloproteinase that may contribute to atherosclerosis in vivo. Representatives of upregulated gene products, i.e., heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), macrophage scavenger receptor, cytochrome P450, and VEGF165R were immunofluorescently detected in HUVECs, with their greater expression induced by C. pneumoniae infection. These findings supported the opinion that C. pneumoniae might contribute to atherosclerotic development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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24
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Wierzbicki AS. Genetics and molecular biology: genetic epidemiology. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004; 15:699-701. [PMID: 15529030 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200412000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Castellani LW, Gargalovic P, Febbraio M, Charugundla S, Jien ML, Lusis AJ. Mechanisms mediating insulin resistance in transgenic mice overexpressing mouse apolipoprotein A-II. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:2377-87. [PMID: 15466364 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400345-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that transgenic mice overexpressing mouse apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) exhibit several traits associated with the insulin resistance (IR) syndrome, including increased atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, and IR. The skeletal muscle appeared to be the insulin-resistant tissue in the apoA-II transgenic mice. We now demonstrate a decrease in FA oxidation in skeletal muscle of apoA-II transgenic mice, consistent with reports that decreased skeletal muscle FA oxidation is associated with increased skeletal muscle triglyceride accumulation, skeletal muscle IR, and obesity. The decrease in FA oxidation is not due to decreased carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activity, because oxidation of palmitate and octanoate were similarly decreased. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of gene expression demonstrated that the decrease in FA oxidation may be explained by a decrease in medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. We previously demonstrated that HDLs from apoA-II transgenic mice exhibit reduced binding to CD36, a scavenger receptor involved in FA metabolism. However, studies of combined apoA-II transgenic and CD36 knockout mice suggest that the major effects of apoA-II are independent of CD36. Rosiglitazone treatment significantly ameliorated IR in the apoA-II transgenic mice, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms of IR in this animal model may share common features with certain types of human IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence W Castellani
- Department of Medicine, 47-123 CHS, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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26
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Martín-Campos JM, Escolà-Gil JC, Ribas V, Blanco-Vaca F. Apolipoprotein A-II, genetic variation on chromosome 1q21-q24, and disease susceptibility. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004; 15:247-53. [PMID: 15166779 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200406000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Apolipoprotein (apo) A-II is the second most abundant HDL apolipoprotein; however its function remains largely unknown. Owing to the lack of consequences of apoA-II deficiency in humans, it has long been considered an apolipoprotein of minor importance. Overexpression of apoA-II in transgenic mice, however, causes combined hyperlipidemia and, in some cases, insulin resistance. This, and the location of the apoA-II gene in chromosome 1q23, a hot region in the search for genes associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, has greatly increased interest in this protein. RECENT FINDINGS ApoA-II is biochemically and genetically linked to familial combined hyperlipidemia. Given that the chromosome 1q21-q24 region is associated with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes, this region is a now a focus of interest in the study of these complex, often overlapping diseases. However, no polymorphisms that increase apoA-II levels have been identified to date in humans. Other nonstructural loci may regulate apoA-II plasma concentration. Further, plasma apoA-II concentration is increased by saturated fat intake. Several reports have added to our understanding of the relationship between apoA-II mutations and amyloidosis both in humans and mice. SUMMARY An increased plasma concentration of apoA-II might contribute to familial combined hyperlipidemia or type 2 diabetes mellitus expression, which emphasizes the need to understand its function and metabolism. Genetic studies in well characterized patients and genomic and proteomic approaches in cell and mouse models may help to achieve this understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Martín-Campos
- Servei de Bioquímica i Institut de Recerca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Georgieva AM, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Krauss RM, Brouwers MCGJ, Vermeulen VMMJ, Robertus-Teunissen MG, van der Kallen CJH, de Bruin TWA. Subclasses of Low-Density Lipoprotein and Very Low-Density Lipoprotein in Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia: Relationship to Multiple Lipoprotein Phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:744-9. [PMID: 14751815 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000119681.47218.a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
The present study addresses the presence of distinct metabolic phenotypes in familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) in relation to small dense low-density lipoprotein (sd LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) subclasses.
Methods and Results—
Hyperlipidemic FCHL relatives (n=72) were analyzed for LDL size by gradient gel electrophoresis. Pattern B LDL (sd LDL, particle size <258 Å) and pattern A LDL (buoyant LDL, particle size ≥258 Å) were defined. Analyses showed bimodal distribution of LDL size associated with distinct phenotypes. Subjects with predominantly large, buoyant LDL showed a hypercholesterolemic phenotype and the highest apo B levels. Subjects with predominantly sd LDL showed a hypertriglyceridemic, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol phenotype, with moderately elevated apoB, total cholesterol level, and LDL cholesterol level. Subjects with both buoyant LDL and sd LDL (pattern AB, n=7) showed an intermediate phenotype, with high normal plasma triglycerides. VLDL subfraction analysis showed that the sd LDL phenotype was associated with a 10-times higher number of VLDL1 particles of relatively lower apo AI and apo E content, as well as smaller VLDL2 particles, in combination with increased plasma insulin concentration in comparison to pattern A.
Conclusions—
The present observations underscore the importance of the VLDL triglyceride metabolic pathway in FCHL as an important determinant of the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Georgieva
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands
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28
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Daugherty A. Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004; 15:93-5. [PMID: 15166816 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200402000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Daugherty
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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29
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Bossé Y, Chagnon YC, Després JP, Rice T, Rao DC, Bouchard C, Pérusse L, Vohl MC. Genome-wide linkage scan reveals multiple susceptibility loci influencing lipid and lipoprotein levels in the Quebec Family Study. J Lipid Res 2003; 45:419-26. [PMID: 14679165 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300401-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A genome-wide linkage study was performed to identify chromosomal regions harboring genes influencing lipid and lipoprotein levels. Linkage analyses were conducted for four quantitative lipoprotein/lipid traits, i.e., total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and LDL-C concentrations, in 930 subjects enrolled in the Québec Family Study. A maximum of 534 pairs of siblings from 292 nuclear families were available. Linkage was tested using both allele-sharing and variance-component linkage methods. The strongest evidence of linkage was found on chromosome 12q14.1 at marker D12S334 for HDL-C, with a logarithm of the odds (LOD) score of 4.06. Chromosomal regions harboring quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for LDL-C included 1q43 (LOD = 2.50), 11q23.2 (LOD = 3.22), 15q26.1 (LOD = 3.11), and 19q13.32 (LOD = 3.59). In the case of triglycerides, three markers located on 2p14, 11p13, and 11q24.1 provided suggestive evidence of linkage (LOD > 1.75). Tests for total cholesterol levels yielded significant evidence of linkage at 15q26.1 and 18q22.3 with the allele-sharing linkage method, but the results were nonsignificant with the variance-component method. In conclusion, this genome scan provides evidence for several QTLs influencing lipid and lipoprotein levels. Promising candidate genes were located in the vicinity of the genomic regions showing evidence of linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bossé
- Lipid Research Center, Laval University Medical Research Center, and Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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Allayee H, Ghazalpour A, Lusis AJ. Using mice to dissect genetic factors in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:1501-9. [PMID: 12920046 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000090886.40027.dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genes that contribute to common, complex forms of atherosclerosis remain largely unknown. Genetic studies in humans have, for the most part, focused on identifying genes that predispose to the traditional risk factors, such as lipid levels and blood pressure, but apart from rare, single-gene disorders, there have been few successes to date. The use of mice to dissect the complex genetic etiology of atherosclerosis offers a viable alternative to human studies, because experimental parameters, such as environment, breeding scheme, and detailed phenotyping, can be controlled. Herein we review how mouse genetics can lead to the identification of genes, some of which would otherwise not have been considered as candidates for atherosclerosis, and provide an overview of the prospects for successful gene discovery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Allayee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA
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