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Savarese G, Lindberg F, Filippatos G, Butler J, Anker SD. Mineralocorticoid receptor overactivation: targeting systemic impact with non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Diabetologia 2024; 67:246-262. [PMID: 38127122 PMCID: PMC10789668 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The overactivation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) promotes pathophysiological processes related to multiple physiological systems, including the heart, vasculature, adipose tissue and kidneys. The inhibition of the MR with classical MR antagonists (MRA) has successfully improved outcomes most evidently in heart failure. However, real and perceived risk of side effects and limited tolerability associated with classical MRA have represented barriers to implementing MRA in settings where they have been already proven efficacious (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) and studying their potential role in settings where they might be beneficial but where risk of safety events is perceived to be higher (renal disease). Novel non-steroidal MRA have distinct properties that might translate into favourable clinical effects and better safety profiles as compared with MRA currently used in clinical practice. Randomised trials have shown benefits of non-steroidal MRA in a range of clinical contexts, including diabetic kidney disease, hypertension and heart failure. This review provides an overview of the literature on the systemic impact of MR overactivation across organ systems. Moreover, we summarise the evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials that have set the stage for a potential new paradigm of MR antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Savarese
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Felix Lindberg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Javed Butler
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK) and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
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2
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Rastogi A, Weir MR. Multimodal efforts to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108515. [PMID: 37356235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), slowing kidney disease progression is an important therapeutic goal. Many patients with T2DM and CKD also have cardiovascular (CV) comorbidities. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASis), which include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), are drugs with known antihypertensive effects as well as CV and kidney protective effects in patients with CKD. Studies have shown that adding a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor to ACEI or ARB therapy has additive benefits in terms of kidney and CV protection in patients with CKD (with/without T2DM). For patients with CKD associated with T2DM who have persistent albuminuria despite taking the maximum tolerated dose of a RAASi, adding a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (finerenone) has demonstrated CV and kidney benefits in clinical trials. In this article, we review the use of ACEIs and ARBs for their kidney and CV protective effects when used alone or in combination with a drug with a different mechanism of action. From reviewing the available evidence, it seems clear that a multimodal drug effort is needed to achieve maximum kidney and CV protective effects for patients with CKD associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjay Rastogi
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Matthew R Weir
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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3
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Johnston JG, Welch AK, Cain BD, Sayeski PP, Gumz ML, Wingo CS. Aldosterone: Renal Action and Physiological Effects. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4409-4491. [PMID: 36994769 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone exerts profound effects on renal and cardiovascular physiology. In the kidney, aldosterone acts to preserve electrolyte and acid-base balance in response to changes in dietary sodium (Na+ ) or potassium (K+ ) intake. These physiological actions, principally through activation of mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), have important effects particularly in patients with renal and cardiovascular disease as demonstrated by multiple clinical trials. Multiple factors, be they genetic, humoral, dietary, or otherwise, can play a role in influencing the rate of aldosterone synthesis and secretion from the adrenal cortex. Normally, aldosterone secretion and action respond to dietary Na+ intake. In the kidney, the distal nephron and collecting duct are the main targets of aldosterone and MR action, which stimulates Na+ absorption in part via the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), the principal channel responsible for the fine-tuning of Na+ balance. Our understanding of the regulatory factors that allow aldosterone, via multiple signaling pathways, to function properly clearly implicates this hormone as central to many pathophysiological effects that become dysfunctional in disease states. Numerous pathologies that affect blood pressure (BP), electrolyte balance, and overall cardiovascular health are due to abnormal secretion of aldosterone, mutations in MR, ENaC, or effectors and modulators of their action. Study of the mechanisms of these pathologies has allowed researchers and clinicians to create novel dietary and pharmacological targets to improve human health. This article covers the regulation of aldosterone synthesis and secretion, receptors, effector molecules, and signaling pathways that modulate its action in the kidney. We also consider the role of aldosterone in disease and the benefit of mineralocorticoid antagonists. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4409-4491, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine G Johnston
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Nephrology Section, Veteran Administration Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Amanda K Welch
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Nephrology Section, Veteran Administration Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brian D Cain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter P Sayeski
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Nephrology Section, Veteran Administration Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Charles S Wingo
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Nephrology Section, Veteran Administration Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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4
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Ortiz A, Ferro CJ, Balafa O, Burnier M, Ekart R, Halimi JM, Kreutz R, Mark PB, Persu A, Rossignol P, Ruilope LM, Schmieder RE, Valdivielso JM, Del Vecchio L, Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Sarafidis P. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for nephroprotection and cardioprotection in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:10-25. [PMID: 33944938 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) develops in ∼40% of patients with diabetes and is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. Patients with CKD, especially those with diabetes mellitus, are at high risk of both developing kidney failure and cardiovascular (CV) death. The use of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers to reduce the incidence of kidney failure in patients with DKD dates back to studies that are now ≥20 years old. During the last few years, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have shown beneficial renal effects in randomized trials. However, even in response to combined treatment with RAS blockers and SGLT2is, the renal residual risk remains high with kidney failure only deferred, but not avoided. The risk of CV death also remains high even with optimal current treatment. Steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) reduce albuminuria and surrogate markers of CV disease in patients already on optimal therapy. However, their use has been curtailed by the significant risk of hyperkalaemia. In the FInerenone in reducing kiDnEy faiLure and dIsease prOgression in DKD (FIDELIO-DKD) study comparing the actions of the non-steroidal MRA finerenone with placebo, finerenone reduced the progression of DKD and the incidence of CV events, with a relatively safe adverse event profile. This document presents in detail the available evidence on the cardioprotective and nephroprotective effects of MRAs, analyses the potential mechanisms involved and discusses their potential future place in the treatment of patients with diabetic CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM and School of Medicine, GEENDIAB, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charles J Ferro
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham,UK.,University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Olga Balafa
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michel Burnier
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert Ekart
- Department of Dialysis, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Clinical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jean-Michel Halimi
- Service de Néphrologie-Hypertension, Dialyses, Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours University, Tours, France.,F-CRIN INI-CRCT Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists, Nancy, France
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick B Mark
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alexandre Persu
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Brussels, Belgium.,Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Rossignol
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116, CHRU de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, F-CRIN INI-CRCT Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists, Nancy, France.,Association Lorraine de Traitement de l'Insuffisance Rénale, Nancy, France
| | - Luis M Ruilope
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research imas12, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER-CV, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roland E Schmieder
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital of the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jose M Valdivielso
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group and UDETMA, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Carmine Zoccali
- CNR-IFC, Clinical Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Hypertension and Renal Diseases Unit, Ospedali Riuniti, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesca Mallamaci
- CNR-IFC, Clinical Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Hypertension and Renal Diseases Unit, Ospedali Riuniti, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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5
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Hypertension and cardiomyopathy associated with chronic kidney disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment considerations. J Hum Hypertens 2023; 37:1-19. [PMID: 36138105 PMCID: PMC9831930 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex condition with a prevalence of 10-15% worldwide. An inverse-graded relationship exists between cardiovascular events and mortality with kidney function which is independent of age, sex, and other risk factors. The proportion of deaths due to heart failure and sudden cardiac death increase with progression of chronic kidney disease with relatively fewer deaths from atheromatous, vasculo-occlusive processes. This phenomenon can largely be explained by the increased prevalence of CKD-associated cardiomyopathy with worsening kidney function. The key features of CKD-associated cardiomyopathy are increased left ventricular mass and left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic and systolic left ventricular dysfunction, and profound cardiac fibrosis on histology. While these features have predominantly been described in patients with advanced kidney disease on dialysis treatment, patients with only mild to moderate renal impairment already exhibit structural and functional changes consistent with CKD-associated cardiomyopathy. In this review we discuss the key drivers of CKD-associated cardiomyopathy and the key role of hypertension in its pathogenesis. We also evaluate existing, as well as developing therapies in the treatment of CKD-associated cardiomyopathy.
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6
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Dearing C, Handa RJ, Myers B. Sex differences in autonomic responses to stress: implications for cardiometabolic physiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E281-E289. [PMID: 35793480 PMCID: PMC9448273 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00058.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a significant risk factor for negative health outcomes. Furthermore, imbalance of autonomic nervous system control leads to dysregulation of physiological responses to stress and contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic and psychiatric disorders. However, research on autonomic stress responses has historically focused on males, despite evidence that females are disproportionality affected by stress-related disorders. Accordingly, this mini-review focuses on the influence of biological sex on autonomic responses to stress in humans and rodent models. The reviewed literature points to sex differences in the consequences of chronic stress, including cardiovascular and metabolic disease. We also explore basic rodent studies of sex-specific autonomic responses to stress with a focus on sex hormones and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation of cardiovascular and metabolic physiology. Ultimately, emerging evidence of sex differences in autonomic-endocrine integration highlights the importance of sex-specific studies to understand and treat cardiometabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carley Dearing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Robert J Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Brent Myers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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7
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Bioletto F, Bollati M, Lopez C, Arata S, Procopio M, Ponzetto F, Ghigo E, Maccario M, Parasiliti-Caprino M. Primary Aldosteronism and Resistant Hypertension: A Pathophysiological Insight. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094803. [PMID: 35563192 PMCID: PMC9100181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a pathological condition characterized by an excessive aldosterone secretion; once thought to be rare, PA is now recognized as the most common cause of secondary hypertension. Its prevalence increases with the severity of hypertension, reaching up to 29.1% in patients with resistant hypertension (RH). Both PA and RH are "high-risk phenotypes", associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality compared to non-PA and non-RH patients. Aldosterone excess, as occurs in PA, can contribute to the development of a RH phenotype through several mechanisms. First, inappropriate aldosterone levels with respect to the hydro-electrolytic status of the individual can cause salt retention and volume expansion by inducing sodium and water reabsorption in the kidney. Moreover, a growing body of evidence has highlighted the detrimental consequences of "non-classical" effects of aldosterone in several target tissues. Aldosterone-induced vascular remodeling, sympathetic overactivity, insulin resistance, and adipose tissue dysfunction can further contribute to the worsening of arterial hypertension and to the development of drug-resistance. In addition, the pro-oxidative, pro-fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory effects of aldosterone may aggravate end-organ damage, thereby perpetuating a vicious cycle that eventually leads to a more severe hypertensive phenotype. Finally, neither the pathophysiological mechanisms mediating aldosterone-driven blood pressure rise, nor those mediating aldosterone-driven end-organ damage, are specifically blocked by standard first-line anti-hypertensive drugs, which might further account for the drug-resistant phenotype that frequently characterizes PA patients.
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8
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Salazar-Enciso R, Guerrero-Hernández A, Gómez AM, Benitah JP, Rueda A. Aldosterone-Induced Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Pump Upregulation Counterbalances Cav1.2-Mediated Ca2+ Influx in Mesenteric Arteries. Front Physiol 2022; 13:834220. [PMID: 35360237 PMCID: PMC8963271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.834220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In mesenteric arteries (MAs), aldosterone (ALDO) binds to the endogenous mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and increases the expression of the voltage-gated L-type Cav1.2 channel, an essential ion channel for vascular contraction, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ store refilling, and Ca2+ spark generation. In mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells (MASMCs), Ca2+ influx through Cav1.2 is the indirect mechanism for triggering Ca2+ sparks. This process is facilitated by plasma membrane-sarcoplasmic reticulum (PM-SR) nanojunctions that drive Ca2+ from the extracellular space into the SR via Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ (SERCA) pump. Ca2+ sparks produced by clusters of Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) at PM-SR nanodomains, decrease contractility by activating large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa channels), which generate spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs). Altogether, Cav1.2, SERCA pump, RyRs, and BKCa channels work as a functional unit at the PM-SR nanodomain, regulating intracellular Ca2+ and vascular function. However, the effect of the ALDO/MR signaling pathway on this functional unit has not been completely explored. Our results show that short-term exposure to ALDO (10 nM, 24 h) increased the expression of Cav1.2 in rat MAs. The depolarization-induced Ca2+ entry increased SR Ca2+ load, and the frequencies of both Ca2+ sparks and STOCs, while [Ca2+]cyt and vasoconstriction remained unaltered in Aldo-treated MAs. ALDO treatment significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of the SERCA pump, which counterbalanced the augmented Cav1.2-mediated Ca2+ influx at the PM-SR nanodomain, increasing SR Ca2+ content, Ca2+ spark and STOC frequencies, and opposing to hyperpolarization-induced vasoconstriction while enhancing Acetylcholine-mediated vasorelaxation. This work provides novel evidence for short-term ALDO-induced upregulation of the functional unit comprising Cav1.2, SERCA2 pump, RyRs, and BKCa channels; in which the SERCA pump buffers ALDO-induced upregulation of Ca2+ entry at the superficial SR-PM nanodomain of MASMCs, preventing ALDO-triggered depolarization-induced vasoconstriction and enhancing vasodilation. Pathological conditions that lead to SERCA pump downregulation, for instance, chronic exposure to ALDO, might favor the development of ALDO/MR-mediated augmented vasoconstriction of mesenteric arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Salazar-Enciso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Agustín Guerrero-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana M. Gómez
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Benitah
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Angélica Rueda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Angélica Rueda,
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9
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Atrial Fibrillation and Aortic Ectasia as Complications of Primary Aldosteronism: Focus on Pathophysiological Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042111. [PMID: 35216224 PMCID: PMC8875197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. A growing body of evidence has suggested that, beyond its well-known effects on blood pressure and electrolyte balance, aldosterone excess can exert pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant and pro-fibrotic effects on the kidney, blood vessels and heart, leading to potentially harmful pathophysiological consequences. In clinical studies, PA has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, renal and metabolic complication compared to essential hypertension, including atrial fibrillation (AF) and aortic ectasia. An increased prevalence of AF in patients with PA has been demonstrated in several clinical studies. Aldosterone excess seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of AF by inducing cardiac structural and electrical remodeling that in turn predisposes to arrhythmogenicity. The association between PA and aortic ectasia is less established, but several studies have demonstrated an effect of aldosterone on aortic stiffness, vascular smooth muscle cells and media composition that, in turn, might lead to an increased risk of aortic dilation and dissection. In this review, we focus on the current evidence regarding the potential role of aldosterone excess in the pathogenesis of AF and aortic ectasia.
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Dehe L, Mousa SA, Aboryag N, Shaqura M, Beyer A, Schäfer M, Treskatsch S. Identification of Mineralocorticoid Receptors, Aldosterone, and Its Processing Enzyme CYP11B2 on Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Neurons in Rat Intracardiac Ganglia. Front Neuroanat 2022; 15:802359. [PMID: 35087382 PMCID: PMC8786913 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.802359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent interest has focused on the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its impact on the myocardium and the performance of the heart. However, there is a lack of evidence about MR expression and its endogenous ligand aldosterone synthesis with specific regard to the intrinsic cardiac nervous system. Therefore, we looked for evidence of MR and aldosterone in sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons of intracardiac ganglia. Tissue samples from rat heart atria were subjected to conventional reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot, and double immunofluorescence confocal analysis of MR, corticosterone-inactivating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-2 (11β-HSD2), aldosterone, and its processing enzyme CYP11B2 together with the neuronal markers vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Our results demonstrated MR, 11β-HSD2, and CYP11B2 specific mRNA and protein bands in rat heart atria. Double immunofluorescence labeling revealed coexpression of MR immunoreactivity with VAChT in large diameter parasympathetic principal neurons. In addition, MR immunoreactivity was identified in TH-immunoreactive small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells and in nearby VAChT- and TH-immunoreactive nerve terminals. Interestingly, the aldosterone and its synthesizing enzyme CYP11B2 and 11β-HSD2 colocalized in MR– immunoreactive neurons of intracardiac ganglia. Overall, this study provides first evidence for the existence of not only local expression of MR, but also of 11β-HSD2 and aldosterone with its processing enzyme CYP11B2 in the neurons of the cardiac autonomic nervous system, suggesting a possible modulatory role of the mineralocorticoid system on the endogenous neuronal activity on heart performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Dehe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shaaban A. Mousa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Shaaban A. Mousa,
| | - Noureddin Aboryag
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammed Shaqura
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Beyer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Treskatsch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Frustaci A, Letizia C, Chimenti C, Verardo R, Alfarano M, Scialla R, Bagnato G, Miraldi F, Sansone L, Russo MA. Myocardial Aldosterone Receptor and Aquaporin 1 Up-Regulation Is Associated with Cardiomyocyte Remodeling in Human Heart Failure. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214854. [PMID: 34768373 PMCID: PMC8585058 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Abnormal aldosterone signaling is a recognized source of cardiovascular damage. Its influence on cardiomyocyte structure, function, and hormonal receptors when associated with heart failure is still unreported. Methods: Twenty-six consecutive patients with heart failure (LVEF < 40%) and normal coronaries and valves underwent left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) for evaluation of myocardial substrate. Biopsy samples were processed for histology, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis of myocardial aldosterone receptor and aquaporin-1 correlated with plasma aldosterone (AD) and renin activity (PRA). Eight patients with virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy (ICM) had a control EMB after 6 months of immunosuppressive therapy and recovery of cardiac function with re-evaluation of cardiomyocyte structure and receptor expression. Results: EMB in addition to the diagnosis of myocarditis (15 cases), dilated cardiomyopathy CM (6), alcohol CM (2), and diabetic CM (3) showed vacuolar degeneration and cloudy swelling of cardiomyocytes corresponding at electron microscopy to ions and water accumulation into cytosol, membrane-bound vesicles, nucleus, and other organelles, and was associated with an increased AD, PRA, and myocardial expression of aldosterone receptor (2.6 fold) and aquaporin 1 (2.7 fold). In the 8 patients recovered from ICM, cardiomyocyte diameter reduced with disappearance of intracellular vacuoles and normalization of cytosol, nucleus, and cell organelles’ electron-density, along with down-regulation of aldosterone receptor and aquaporin-1. Conclusion: Human heart failure is associated with overexpression of myocardial aldosterone receptor and aquaporin-1. These molecular changes are paralleled by intracellular water overloading and cardiomyocyte swelling and dysfunction. Cardiac recovery is accompanied by down-regulation of hormonal receptors and normalization of cell structure and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Frustaci
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologist and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Lab, IRCCS L. Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy; (R.V.); (R.S.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-5517-0520
| | - Claudio Letizia
- Department of Translation Medicine and Precision, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristina Chimenti
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologist and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Lab, IRCCS L. Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy; (R.V.); (R.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Romina Verardo
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Lab, IRCCS L. Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy; (R.V.); (R.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Maria Alfarano
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologist and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Rossella Scialla
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Lab, IRCCS L. Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy; (R.V.); (R.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Giulia Bagnato
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Lab, IRCCS L. Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy; (R.V.); (R.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Fabio Miraldi
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologist and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Luigi Sansone
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy;
| | - Matteo Antonio Russo
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University, 00163 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy
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12
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Bauersachs J, López-Andrés N. Mineralocorticoid receptor in cardiovascular diseases-Clinical trials and mechanistic insights. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:3119-3134. [PMID: 34643952 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2), a transcription factor of the nuclear receptor family, present in the kidney and in various other non-epithelial cells including the heart and the vasculature. Indeed, extra-renal pathophysiological effects of this hormone have been characterized, extending its actions to the cardiovascular system. A growing body of clinical and pre-clinical evidence suggests that mineralocorticoid receptor overactivation plays an important pathophysiological role in cardiovascular remodelling by promoting cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, arterial stiffness and in inflammation and oxidative stress. The following review article outlines the role of mineralocorticoid receptor in cardiovascular disease with a focus on myocardial remodelling and heart failure (HF) including clinical trials as well as cellular and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research. Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
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13
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Viengchareun S, Pussard E, Castanet M, Sachs LM, Vu TA, Boileau P, Lombès M, Martinerie L. The invention of aldosterone, how the past resurfaces in pediatric endocrinology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 535:111375. [PMID: 34197901 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sodium and water homeostasis are drastically modified at birth, in mammals, by the transition from aquatic life to terrestrial life. Accumulating evidence during the past ten years underscores the central role for the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway, in the fine regulation of this equilibrium, at this critical period of development. Interestingly, regarding evolution, while the mineralocorticoid receptor is expressed in fish, the appearance of its related ligand, aldosterone, coincides with terrestrial life, as it is first detected in lungfish and amphibian. Thus, aldosterone is likely one of the main hormones regulating the transition from an aquatic environment to an air environment. This review will focus on the different actors of the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway from aldosterone secretion in the adrenal gland, to mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the kidney, summarizing their regulation and roles throughout fetal and neonatal development, in the light of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Say Viengchareun
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Eric Pussard
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Mireille Castanet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, CHU Rouen, Department of Pediatrics, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Laurent M Sachs
- UMR 7221 Molecular Physiology and Adaption, Department Adaptation of Life, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Thi An Vu
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Pascal Boileau
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain, 10, Rue du Champ Gaillard 78300 Poissy France; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laetitia Martinerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Université de Paris, 75019, Paris, France; Pediatric Endocrinology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debre, 75019, Paris, France.
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14
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King O, Sunyovszki I, Terracciano CM. Vascularisation of pluripotent stem cell-derived myocardium: biomechanical insights for physiological relevance in cardiac tissue engineering. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1117-1136. [PMID: 33855631 PMCID: PMC8245389 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The myocardium is a diverse environment, requiring coordination between a variety of specialised cell types. Biochemical crosstalk between cardiomyocytes (CM) and microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) is essential to maintain contractility and healthy tissue homeostasis. Yet, as myocytes beat, heterocellular communication occurs also through constantly fluctuating biomechanical stimuli, namely (1) compressive and tensile forces generated directly by the beating myocardium, and (2) pulsatile shear stress caused by intra-microvascular flow. Despite endothelial cells (EC) being highly mechanosensitive, the role of biomechanical stimuli from beating CM as a regulatory mode of myocardial-microvascular crosstalk is relatively unexplored. Given that cardiac biomechanics are dramatically altered during disease, and disruption of myocardial-microvascular communication is a known driver of pathological remodelling, understanding the biomechanical context necessary for healthy myocardial-microvascular interaction is of high importance. The current gap in understanding can largely be attributed to technical limitations associated with reproducing dynamic physiological biomechanics in multicellular in vitro platforms, coupled with limited in vitro viability of primary cardiac tissue. However, differentiation of CM from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) has provided an unlimited source of human myocytes suitable for designing in vitro models. This technology is now converging with the diverse field of tissue engineering, which utilises in vitro techniques designed to enhance physiological relevance, such as biomimetic extracellular matrix (ECM) as 3D scaffolds, microfluidic perfusion of vascularised networks, and complex multicellular architectures generated via 3D bioprinting. These strategies are now allowing researchers to design in vitro platforms which emulate the cell composition, architectures, and biomechanics specific to the myocardial-microvascular microenvironment. Inclusion of physiological multicellularity and biomechanics may also induce a more mature phenotype in stem cell-derived CM, further enhancing their value. This review aims to highlight the importance of biomechanical stimuli as determinants of CM-EC crosstalk in cardiac health and disease, and to explore emerging tissue engineering and hPSC technologies which can recapitulate physiological dynamics to enhance the value of in vitro cardiac experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín King
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, ICTEM 4th floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Ilona Sunyovszki
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, ICTEM 4th floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Cesare M Terracciano
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, ICTEM 4th floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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15
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Shenoy SV, Nagaraju SP, Bhojaraja MV, Prabhu RA, Rangaswamy D, Rao IR. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: Ushering in a new era of nephroprotection beyond renin-angiotensin system blockade. Nephrology (Carlton) 2021; 26:858-871. [PMID: 34176194 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic options for preventing or slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been thus far limited. While angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are, without a doubt, safe and effective drugs, a significant proportion of patients with CKD still progress to end-stage kidney disease. After decades of negative trials, nephrologists have finally found cause for optimism with the introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). Recent trials such as EMPA-REG OUTCOME and CREDENCE have provided evidence of the renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors, which have now found widespread acceptance as first-line agents for diabetic CKD, in addition to ACEi/ARBs. Considering results from the DAPA-CKD study, it is expected that their use will soon be expanded to other causes of albuminuric CKD as well, although confirmation from further trials, such as the EMPA-KIDNEY study is awaited. Likewise, although the role of mineralocorticoid receptor overactivation in CKD progression has been known for decades, it is only now with the FIDELIO-DKD study that we have evidence of benefits of MRAs on hard renal endpoints, specifically in patients with diabetic CKD. While further research is ongoing, given the evidence of synergism between the three drug classes, it is foreseeable that a combination of two or more of these drugs may soon become the standard of care for CKD, regardless of underlying aetiology. This review describes pathophysiologic mechanisms, current evidence and future perspectives on the use of SGLT2 inhibitors and novel MRAs in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Vinayak Shenoy
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shankar Prasad Nagaraju
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ravindra Attur Prabhu
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Dharshan Rangaswamy
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Indu Ramachandra Rao
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Chinetti G, Neels JG. Roles of Nuclear Receptors in Vascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6491. [PMID: 34204304 PMCID: PMC8235358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is defined as an inappropriate accumulation of calcium depots occurring in soft tissues, including the vascular wall. Growing evidence suggests that vascular calcification is an actively regulated process, sharing similar mechanisms with bone formation, implicating both inhibitory and inducible factors, mediated by osteoclast-like and osteoblast-like cells, respectively. This process, which occurs in nearly all the arterial beds and in both the medial and intimal layers, mainly involves vascular smooth muscle cells. In the vascular wall, calcification can have different clinical consequences, depending on the pattern, localization and nature of calcium deposition. Nuclear receptors are transcription factors widely expressed, activated by specific ligands that control the expression of target genes involved in a multitude of pathophysiological processes, including metabolism, cancer, inflammation and cell differentiation. Some of them act as drug targets. In this review we describe and discuss the role of different nuclear receptors in the control of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chinetti
- Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France;
| | - Jaap G. Neels
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
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17
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Ayuzawa N, Fujita T. The Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Renal Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:279-289. [PMID: 33397690 PMCID: PMC8054893 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020071041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and its comorbidities pose a major public health problem associated with disease-associated factors related to a modern lifestyle, such high salt intake or obesity. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that aldosterone and its receptor, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), have crucial roles in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension and coexisting cardiovascular and renal injuries. Accordingly, clinical trials have repetitively shown the promising effects of MR blockers in these diseases. We and other researchers have identified novel mechanisms of MR activation involved in salt-sensitive hypertension and renal injury, including the obesity-derived overproduction of aldosterone and ligand-independent signaling. Moreover, recent advances in the analysis of cell-specific and context-dependent mechanisms of MR activation in various tissues-including a classic target of aldosterone, aldosterone-sensitive distal nephrons-are now providing new insights. In this review, we summarize recent updates to our understanding of aldosterone-MR signaling, focusing on its role in salt-sensitive hypertension and renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Ayuzawa
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fujita
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan,Research Center for Social Systems, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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18
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Spencer S, Wheeler‐Jones C, Elliott J. Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in renal injury: A potential therapeutic target in feline chronic kidney disease. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:243-267. [PMID: 32128854 PMCID: PMC8614124 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence supporting mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation as a powerful mediator of renal damage in laboratory animals and humans. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms are proposed, with the strongest evidence supporting aldosterone-induced vasculopathy, exacerbation of oxidative stress and inflammation, and increased growth factor signalling promoting fibroblast proliferation and deranged extracellular matrix homeostasis. Further involvement of the MR is supported by extensive animal model experiments where MR antagonists (such as spironolactone and eplerenone) abrogate renal injury, including ischaemia-induced damage. Additionally, clinical trials have shown MR antagonists to be beneficial in human chronic kidney disease (CKD) in terms of reducing proteinuria and cardiovascular events, though current studies have not evaluated primary end points which allow conclusions to made about whether MR antagonists reduce mortality or slow CKD progression. Although differences between human and feline CKD exist, feline CKD shares many characteristics with human disease including tubulointerstitial fibrosis. This review evaluates the evidence for the role of the MR in renal injury and summarizes the literature concerning aldosterone in feline CKD. MR antagonists may represent a promising therapeutic strategy in feline CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spencer
- Comparative Biomedical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | | | - Jonathan Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
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19
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Effects of Eplerenone on Blood Pressure and Echocardiographic and Serum Biochemical Variables in Five Healthy Dogs: A Pilot Study. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:5193856. [PMID: 32395224 PMCID: PMC7201643 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5193856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eplerenone (EP), an aldosterone antagonist, is reported to produce renal and cardiac protective effects in noncanine species. However, there are no detailed reports available on cardiovascular effects of EP in dogs. This study aimed to determine effect of EP on echocardiographic parameters, blood pressures, and biochemical variables in healthy dogs. Five healthy Beagle dogs were randomly divided and repeatedly used in each of 3 dose groups, receiving 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg BW EP orally q24 h for 4 wks. Serum biochemical test, blood pressure, and Doppler echocardiography measurements were performed before EP administration and at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after EP administration. Treatment with EP reduced mean blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner and significantly (but in a dose-independent manner) decreased left atrium/aorta ratio, early diastolic transmitral flow, early diastolic transmitral flow/late diastolic transmitral flow, peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow/peak velocity of early diastolic mitral annular motion, left ventricle and right ventricle Tei indices, stroke volume, cardiac output, and mid systole myocardial velocity gradient 1 to 4 weeks after administration. Deceleration time of early diastolic transmitral flow significantly increased after EP administration. No significant changes were observed in serum biochemical variables. The results indicated that EP might reduce preload, thereby decreasing left atrial size. In addition, reduction of left ventricular stiffness may have theoretically taken place but this could not be tested using the present study design. It is suggested that EP administration within the dose range used in this study is safe for administration to healthy dogs. Further studies are needed to explore both safety and efficacy, as well as to seek a recommended dose range of EP treatment in client-owned dogs with heart disease.
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Frustaci A, Letizia C, Verardo R, Grande C, Francone M, Sansone L, Russo MA, Chimenti C. Primary aldosteronism-associated cardiomyopathy: Clinical-pathologic impact of aldosterone normalization. Int J Cardiol 2019; 292:141-147. [PMID: 31256994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary aldosteronism (PA) causes a cardiomyopathy (CM) which substrate and evolution after aldosterone normalization are unreported. METHODS Four male patients with aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma and cardiomyopathy (PACM, group A) were evaluated with 2D-echo, Magnetic Resonance (CMR), coronary angiography and left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. Biopsy samples were processed for histology, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and Western Blot analysis of myocardial aldosterone receptors and aquaporin 1 and 4. Results were compared with endomyocardial samples from 5 patients with hypertensive cardiomyopathy of equivalent severity and normal plasma aldosterone (group B) and surgical samples from 5 controls (group C). One PACM patient was re-examined with CMR and endomyocardial biopsy 12 months after adrenalectomy with aldosterone and cardiac normalization. RESULTS Coronary arteries were normal in all. Group A showed prominent myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, with water accumulation in the cytosol and organelles of cardiomyocytes and microvascular smooth muscle cells, associated to reduced myofibril concentration and 2.8-fold increase in myocardial aldosterone receptors and aquaporin 1. At CMR, LGE areas were diffusely present. After aldosterone normalization, cardiomyocyte diameter reduced with disappearance of intracellular vacuoles, recovery of electron-density of cytosol and cell organelles, and myofibrillar content, persisting fibrosis and down-regulation of aldosterone receptors and aquaporin 1 channels. At CMR, myocardial mass reduced with recovery of cardiac contractility. LGE signal remained unchanged. CONCLUSION PACM is a reversible entity characterized by over-expression of aldosterone receptors and aquaporin 1. It induces a reversible intracellular water overloading causing impaired cardiomyocyte relaxation, contraction and ultrastructural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Frustaci
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences, La Sapienza University, Italy; Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Lab, IRCCS L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Letizia
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Center for Secondary Hypertension, La Sapienza University, Italy
| | - Romina Verardo
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Lab, IRCCS L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Grande
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Lab, IRCCS L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Francone
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Sansone
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Lab, IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Antonio Russo
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Lab, IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy; MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Chimenti
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences, La Sapienza University, Italy; Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Lab, IRCCS L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
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Papademetriou V, Toumpourleka M, Imprialos KP, Alataki S, Manafis A, Stavropoulos K. The Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5517-5524. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190219141326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Heart failure (HF) is a worldwide modern epidemic, associated with significant morbidity
and mortality. Several causes have been identified for the syndrome, most of which share common pathophysiologic
pathways, including neurohormonal activation. Central to the latter lies activation of the reninangiotensin-
aldosterone system, and its effects on cardiovascular disease progression.
Objectives:
The aim of this review is to summarize the pathophysiology of aldosterone and the effects of its
blockage in the failing heart, as well as to provide state-of-the-art evidence, and address future perspectives regarding
the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
Method:
Literature was reviewed for studies that assess the pathophysiology of aldosterone in HF with reduced
ejection fraction (HFrEF), and the effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) in this condition.
Results:
Several major society guidelines have synthesized the available evidence on HFrEF management, and
drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system at different levels continue to form the key component
of standard of care for these patients. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are an important part of HFrEF
pharmacologic treatment, and their use is supported by a high level of evidence studies. This class of drugs demonstrated
significant benefits for morbidity and mortality, across the spectrum oh HFrEF, including patients after
acute myocardial infarction.
Conclusion:
Current evidence supports the central role of aldosterone in HFrEF progression, and the significant
benefits on outcomes with the use of MRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Toumpourleka
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos P. Imprialos
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Alataki
- Medical Clinic IV-Department of Cardiology, Manicipal Hospital Karlsruhe, Academic Teaching Hospital, University of Freiburg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexandros Manafis
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Stavropoulos
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Gorini S, Kim SK, Infante M, Mammi C, La Vignera S, Fabbri A, Jaffe IZ, Caprio M. Role of Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Cardiovascular Aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:584. [PMID: 31507534 PMCID: PMC6716354 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) was originally identified as a regulator of blood pressure, able to modulate renal sodium handling in response to its principal ligand aldosterone. MR is expressed in several extra-renal tissues, including the heart, vasculature, and adipose tissue. More recent studies have shown that extra-renal MR plays a relevant role in the control of cardiovascular and metabolic functions and has recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of aging. MR activation promotes vasoconstriction and acts as a potent pro-fibrotic agent in cardiovascular remodeling. Aging is associated with increased arterial stiffness and vascular tone, and modifications of arterial structure and function are responsible for these alterations. MR activation contributes to increase blood pressure with aging by regulating myogenic tone, vasoconstriction, and vascular oxidative stress. Importantly, aging represents an important contributor to the increased prevalence of cardiometabolic syndrome. In the elderly, dysregulation of MR signaling is associated with hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, representing an important cause of increased cardiovascular risk. Clinical use of MR antagonists is limited by the adverse effects induced by MR blockade in the kidney, raising the risk of hyperkalaemia in older patients with reduced renal function. Therefore, there is an unmet need for the enhanced understanding of the role of MR in aging and for development of novel specific MR antagonists in the context of cardiovascular rehabilitation in the elderly, in order to reduce relevant side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gorini
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Seung Kyum Kim
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Sports Science, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marco Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Iris Z. Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Massimiliano Caprio
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Mineralocorticoid receptor: A hidden culprit for hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction. EBioMedicine 2018; 39:621-627. [PMID: 30527626 PMCID: PMC6354623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction is a common and intractable problem in clinical practice with no definitive therapy yet available. As a key mediator of vascular and cardiac maladaptive remodeling, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays a pivotal role in vascular fibrosis and intimal hyperplasia (IH) and is potentiated locally in hemodialysis vascular access following diverse injuries, like barotrauma, cannulation and shear stress. MR-related genomic and non-genomic pathways are responsible for triggering vascular smooth muscle cell activation, proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix overproduction. In endothelial cells, MR signaling diminishes nitric oxide production and its bioavailability, but amplifies reactive oxygen species, leading to an inflammatory state. Moreover, MR favors macrophage polarization towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. In clinical settings like post-angioplasty or stenting restenosis, the beneficial effect of MR antagonists on vascular fibrosis and IH has been validated. In aggregate, therapeutic targeting of MR may provide a new avenue to prevent hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction. MR signaling is instrumental in both insufficient outward remodeling and exuberant inward remodeling of AVF. The effects of MR in VSMC, endothelial cell, and macrophage act synergistically to promote IH and vascular fibrosis in AVF. Pharmacological targeting of MR represents a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction.
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Gorini S, Marzolla V, Mammi C, Armani A, Caprio M. Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Aldosterone-Related Biomarkers of End-Organ Damage in Cardiometabolic Disease. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8030096. [PMID: 30231508 PMCID: PMC6165349 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) was first identified as a blood pressure regulator, modulating renal sodium handling in response to its principal ligand aldosterone. The mineralocorticoid receptor is also expressed in many tissues other than the kidney, such as adipose tissue, heart and vasculature. Recent studies have shown that MR plays a relevant role in the control of cardiovascular and metabolic function, as well as in adipogenesis. Dysregulation of aldosterone/MR signaling represents an important cause of disease as high plasma levels of aldosterone are associated with hypertension, obesity and increased cardiovascular risk. Aldosterone displays powerful vascular effects and acts as a potent pro-fibrotic agent in cardiovascular remodeling. Mineralocorticoid receptor activation regulates genes involved in vascular and cardiac fibrosis, calcification and inflammation. This review focuses on the role of novel potential biomarkers related to aldosterone/MR system that could help identify cardiovascular and metabolic detrimental conditions, as a result of altered MR activation. Specifically, we discuss: (1) how MR signaling regulates the number and function of different subpopulations of circulating and intra-tissue immune cells; (2) the role of aldosterone/MR system in mediating cardiometabolic diseases induced by obesity; and (3) the role of several MR downstream molecules as novel potential biomarkers of cardiometabolic diseases, end-organ damage and rehabilitation outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gorini
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Marzolla
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Caterina Mammi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Armani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy.
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25
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Lefranc C, Friederich-Persson M, Palacios-Ramirez R, Nguyen Dinh Cat A. Mitochondrial oxidative stress in obesity: role of the mineralocorticoid receptor. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R143-R159. [PMID: 29875164 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifaceted, chronic, low-grade inflammation disease characterized by excess accumulation of dysfunctional adipose tissue. It is often associated with the development of cardiovascular (CV) disorders, insulin resistance and diabetes. Under pathological conditions like in obesity, adipose tissue secretes bioactive molecules called 'adipokines', including cytokines, hormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS). There is evidence suggesting that oxidative stress, in particular, the ROS imbalance in adipose tissue, may be the mechanistic link between obesity and its associated CV and metabolic complications. Mitochondria in adipose tissue are an important source of ROS and their dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity-related type 2 diabetes. Mitochondrial function is regulated by several factors in order to preserve mitochondria integrity and dynamics. Moreover, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is over-activated in obesity. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiological role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the adipose tissue and its contribution to obesity-associated metabolic and CV complications. More specifically, we discuss whether dysregulation of the mineralocorticoid system within the adipose tissue may be the upstream mechanism and one of the early events in the development of obesity, via induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, thus impacting on systemic metabolism and the CV system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lefranc
- INSERMUMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Roberto Palacios-Ramirez
- INSERMUMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Nguyen Dinh Cat
- INSERMUMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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26
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Wu F, Lin Y, Liu Q. The emerging role of aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptors in the pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction. Endocrine 2018; 61:372-382. [PMID: 29721801 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aldosterone is an old hormone that has been discovered for more than fifty years. The clinical application of its receptors' inhibitors, especially spirolactone, has benifited patients for decades worldwide. In this review, we briefly summarized the molecular mechanism of aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptors (Ald-MRs) signaling in cardiovascular diseases and its emerging role in erectile dysfunction. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for manuscripts published prior to December 2017 using key words " aldosterone " AND " erectile dysfunction " OR " cardiovascular disease " OR " mineralocorticoid receptors ". Related literature and clinical perspectives were collated, summarized and discussed in this review. RESULTS The increase of reactive oxygen species production, inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase system, and induction of inflammation are ubiquitous in vascular endothelial cells or vascular smooth muscle cells after the activation of Ald-MRs pathway. In addition, in cardiovascular diseases with over-active Ald-MRs signaling, MRs blockade could reverse the injury and improve the prognosis. Notably, multiple studies have correlated aldosterone and MRs to the pathogenesis of erectile function, while the mechanism is largely unperfectly identified. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we summarize the current evidence to highlight the potential role of aldosterone in erectile dysfunction and provide critical insights into the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Yun Lin
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Qingyong Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Moss ME, DuPont JJ, Iyer SL, McGraw AP, Jaffe IZ. No Significant Role for Smooth Muscle Cell Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Atherosclerosis in the Apolipoprotein-E Knockout Mouse Model. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:81. [PMID: 30038907 PMCID: PMC6046374 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Elevated levels of the hormone aldosterone are associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in humans and increased progression and inflammation of atherosclerotic plaques in animal models. Aldosterone acts through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) which is expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) where it promotes SMC calcification and chemokine secretion in vitro. The objective of this study is to explore the role of the MR specifically in SMCs in the progression of atherosclerosis and the associated vascular inflammation in vivo in the apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) mouse model. Methods and Results: Male ApoE−/− mice were bred with mice in which MR could be deleted specifically from SMCs by tamoxifen injection. The resulting atheroprone SMC-MR-KO mice were compared to their MR-Intact littermates after high fat diet (HFD) feeding for 8 or 16 weeks or normal diet for 12 months. Body weight, tail cuff blood pressure, heart and spleen weight, and serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, and aldosterone were measured for all mice at the end of the treatment period. Serial histologic sections of the aortic root were stained with Oil Red O to assess plaque size, lipid content, and necrotic core area; with PicroSirius Red for quantification of collagen content; by immunofluorescent staining with anti-Mac2/Galectin-3 and anti-smooth muscle α-actin antibodies to assess inflammation and SMC marker expression; and with Von Kossa stain to detect plaque calcification. In the 16-week HFD study, these analyses were also performed in sections from the brachiocephalic artery. Flow cytometry of cell suspensions derived from the aortic arch was also performed to quantify vascular inflammation after 8 and 16 weeks of HFD. Deletion of the MR specifically from SMCs did not significantly change plaque size, lipid content, necrotic core, collagen content, inflammatory staining, actin staining, or calcification, nor were there differences in the extent of vascular inflammation between MR-Intact and SMC-MR-KO mice in the three experiments. Conclusion: SMC-MR does not directly contribute to the formation, progression, or inflammation of atherosclerotic plaques in the ApoE−/− mouse model of atherosclerosis. This indicates that the MR in non-SMCs mediates the pro-atherogenic effects of MR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Moss
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer J DuPont
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Surabhi L Iyer
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adam P McGraw
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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28
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Hermidorff MM, de Assis LVM, Isoldi MC. Genomic and rapid effects of aldosterone: what we know and do not know thus far. Heart Fail Rev 2018; 22:65-89. [PMID: 27942913 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-016-9591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is the most known mineralocorticoid hormone synthesized by the adrenal cortex. The genomic pathway displayed by aldosterone is attributed to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling. Even though the rapid effects displayed by aldosterone are long known, our knowledge regarding the receptor responsible for such event is still poor. It is intense that the debate whether the MR or another receptor-the "unknown receptor"-is the receptor responsible for the rapid effects of aldosterone. Recently, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER-1) was elegantly shown to mediate some aldosterone-induced rapid effects in several tissues, a fact that strongly places GPER-1 as the unknown receptor. It has also been suggested that angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) also participates in the aldosterone-induced rapid effects. Despite this open question, the relevance of the beneficial effects of aldosterone is clear in the kidneys, colon, and CNS as aldosterone controls the important water reabsorption process; on the other hand, detrimental effects displayed by aldosterone have been reported in the cardiovascular system and in the kidneys. In this line, the MR antagonists are well-known drugs that display beneficial effects in patients with heart failure and hypertension; it has been proposed that MR antagonists could also play an important role in vascular disease, obesity, obesity-related hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Taken altogether, our goal here was to (1) bring a historical perspective of both genomic and rapid effects of aldosterone in several tissues, and the receptors and signaling pathways involved in such processes; and (2) critically address the controversial points within the literature as regarding which receptor participates in the rapid pathway display by aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla Marques Hermidorff
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro César Isoldi
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil.
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Abstract
Besides the well-known renal effects of aldosterone, the hormone is now known to have direct vascular effects. Clinical observations underline substantial adverse effects of aldosterone on cardiovascular function. The source of systemic circulating aldosterone is the adrenal gland zona glomerulosa cells through stimulus-secretion coupling involving depolarization, opening of L- and T-type calcium channels and aldosterone synthase activation. Local formation and release in peripheral tissues such as perivascular fat is recognized. Where does aldosterone affect the vasculature? Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) are present in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, and MR-independent pathways are also involved. The vascular effects of aldosterone are complex, both concentration and temporal and spatial aspects are relevant. The acute response includes vasodilation through endothelial nitric oxide formation and vasoconstrictor effects through endothelial-contracting cyclooxygenase-derived factors and a changed calcium handling. The response to aldosterone can change within the same blood vessels depending on the exposure time and status of the endothelium. Chronic responses involve changed levels of reactive oxygen radicals, endothelial Na-influx and smooth muscle calcium channel expression. Furthermore, perivascular cells for example mast cells have also been suggested to participate in the chronic response. Moreover, the vascular effect of aldosterone depends on the status of the endothelium which is likely the cause of the very different responses to aldosterone and MR treatment observed in human studies going from increased to decreased flow depending on whether the patient had prior cardiovascular disease with endothelial dysfunction or not. A preponderance of constrictor versus dilator responses to aldosterone could therefore be involved in the detrimental vascular actions of the hormone in the setting of endothelial dysfunction and contribute to explain the beneficial action of MR blockers on blood pressure and target organ injury.
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30
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Belden Z, Deiuliis JA, Dobre M, Rajagopalan S. The Role of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Inflammation: Focus on Kidney and Vasculature. Am J Nephrol 2017; 46:298-314. [PMID: 29017166 DOI: 10.1159/000480652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The remarkable success of clinical trials in mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) inhibition in heart failure has driven research on the physiological and pathological role(s) of nonepithelial MR expression. MR is widely expressed in the cardiovascular system and is a major determinant of endothelial function, smooth muscle tone, vascular remodeling, fibrosis, and blood pressure. An important new dimension is the appreciation of the role MR plays in immune cells and target organ damage in the heart, kidney and vasculature, and in the development of insulin resistance. SUMMARY The mechanism for MR activation in tissue injury continues to evolve with the evidence to date suggesting that activation of MR results in a complex repertoire of effects involving both macrophages and T cells. MR is an important transcriptional regulator of macrophage phenotype and function. Another important feature of MR activation is that it can occur even with normal or low aldosterone levels in pathological conditions. Tissue-specific conditional models of MR expression in myeloid cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes have been very informative and have firmly demonstrated a critical role of MR as a key pathophysiologic variable in cardiac hypertrophy, transition to heart failure, adipose inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Finally, the central nervous system activation of MR in permeable regions of the blood-brain barrier may play a role in peripheral inflammation. Key Message: Ongoing clinical trials will help clarify the role of MR blockade in conditions, such as atherosclerosis and chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Belden
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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31
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Infante M, Armani A, Mammi C, Fabbri A, Caprio M. Impact of Adrenal Steroids on Regulation of Adipose Tissue. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1425-1447. [PMID: 28915330 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are secreted by the adrenal glands and control the functions of adipose tissue via the activation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In turn, adipocytes release a large variety of adipokines into the bloodstream, regulating the function of several organs and tissues, including the adrenal glands, hereby controlling corticosteroid production. In adipose tissue, the activation of the MR by glucocorticoids (GC) and aldosterone affects important processes such as adipocyte differentiation, oxidative stress, autophagic flux, adipokine expression as well as local production of GC through upregulation of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Notably, the proinflammatory responses induced by the MR are counteracted by activation of the GR, whose activity inhibits the expression of inflammatory adipokines. Both GR and MR are deeply involved in adipogenesis and adipose expansion; hence pharmacological blockade of these two receptors has proven effective against adipose tissue dysfunction in experimental models of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS), suggesting a potential use for MR and GR antagonists in these clinical settings. Importantly, obesity and Cushing's syndrome (CS) share metabolic similarities and are characterized by high levels of circulating corticosteroids, which in turn are able to deeply affect adipose tissue. In addition, pharmacological approaches aimed at reducing aldosterone and GC levels, by means of the inhibition of CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) or 11β-HSD1, represent alternative strategies to counter the detrimental effects of excessive levels of corticosteroids, which are often observed in obesity and, more general, in MetS. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1425-1447, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Armani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
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32
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DuPont JJ, Jaffe IZ. 30 YEARS OF THE MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR: The role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the vasculature. J Endocrinol 2017; 234. [PMID: 28634267 PMCID: PMC5518626 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) was cloned 30 years ago, it has become clear that MR is expressed in extra-renal tissues, including the cardiovascular system, where it is expressed in all cells of the vasculature. Understanding the role of MR in the vasculature has been of particular interest as clinical trials show that MR antagonism improves cardiovascular outcomes out of proportion to changes in blood pressure. The last 30 years of research have demonstrated that MR is a functional hormone-activated transcription factor in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the role of vascular MR in regulating blood pressure and vascular function, and its contribution to vascular disease. Specifically, vascular MR contributes directly to blood pressure control and to vascular dysfunction and remodeling in response to hypertension, obesity and vascular injury. The literature is summarized with respect to the role of vascular MR in conditions including: pulmonary hypertension; cerebral vascular remodeling and stroke; vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction; acute kidney injury; and vascular pathology in the eye. Considerations regarding the impact of age and sex on the function of vascular MR are also described. Further investigation of the precise molecular mechanisms by which MR contributes to these processes will aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J DuPont
- Molecular Cardiology Research InstituteTufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research InstituteTufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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33
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Nehme A, Zibara K. Cellular distribution and interaction between extended renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathways in atheroma. Atherosclerosis 2017; 263:334-342. [PMID: 28600074 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the development of atherosclerotic has been experimentally documented. In fact, RAAS components have been shown to be locally expressed in the arterial wall and to be differentially regulated during atherosclerotic lesion progression. RAAS transcripts and proteins were shown to be differentially expressed and to interact in the 3 main cells of atheroma: endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. This review describes the local expression and cellular distribution of extended RAAS components in the arterial wall and their differential regulation during atherosclerotic lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nehme
- EA4173, Functional Genomics of Arterial Hypertension, Hôpital Nord-Ouest, Villefranche-sur-Saône, Université Lyon1, Lyon, France; ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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34
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Kluft C, Zimmerman Y, Mawet M, Klipping C, Duijkers IJ, Neuteboom J, Foidart JM, Bennink HC. Reduced hemostatic effects with drospirenone-based oral contraceptives containing estetrol vs. ethinyl estradiol. Contraception 2017; 95:140-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Wenzel K, Samal R, Hammer E, Dhople VM, Gross S, Völker U, Felix SB, Könemann S. Pathophysiological aldosterone levels modify the secretory activity of cardiac progenitor cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 439:16-25. [PMID: 27742487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) trigger regenerative processes via paracrine mechanisms in response to changes in their environment. In the present study we explored alterations in the secretory activity of CPCs induced by raised aldosterone levels symptomatic for heart failure. The cytokine profile of the supernatant of CPCs that were treated with the mineralocorticoid showed an induction of interleukin-6 secretion. Mass spectrometric analyses revealed an increase in the abundance of secreted proteins associated with regeneration and cell migration like gelsolin and galectin-1. Differential regulation of proteins associated with the extracellular matrix further points to an activation of cell migration. In response to supernatant, migration and proliferation were induced in CPCs, indicating a potential role of paracrine factors in the activation of CPCs from other regions of the heart or extra-cardiac sources. Changes in the secretory activity of CPCs might aim to compensate for the detrimental actions of aldosterone in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Wenzel
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Rasmita Samal
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetic and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Elke Hammer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetic and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Vishnu M Dhople
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetic and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Stefan Gross
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetic and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Stephan B Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Könemann
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Germany.
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Ichige MHA, Pereira MG, Brum PC, Michelini LC. Experimental Evidences Supporting the Benefits of Exercise Training in Heart Failure. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 999:181-206. [PMID: 29022264 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heart Failure (HF), a common end point for many cardiovascular diseases, is a syndrome with a very poor prognosis. Although clinical trials in HF have achieved important outcomes in reducing mortality, little is known about functional mechanisms conditioning health improvement in HF patients. In parallel with clinical studies, basic science has been providing important discoveries to understand the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of HF, as well as to identify potential targets for the treatment of this syndrome. In spite of being the end-point of cardiovascular derangements caused by different etiologies, autonomic dysfunction, sympathetic hyperactivity, oxidative stress, inflammation and hormonal activation are common factors involved in the progression of this syndrome. Together these causal factors create a closed link between three important organs: brain, heart and the skeletal muscle. In the past few years, we and other groups have studied the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise training as a safe therapy to avoid the progression of HF. As summarized in this chapter, exercise training, a non-pharmacological tool without side effects, corrects most of the HF-induced neurohormonal and local dysfunctions within the brain, heart and skeletal muscles. These adaptive responses reverse oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, ameliorate neurohormonal control and improve both cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function, thus increasing the quality of life and reducing patients' morbimortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo H A Ichige
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G Pereira
- Department of Biodynamics of Human Body Movement, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Brum
- Department of Biodynamics of Human Body Movement, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,National Institute for Science & Technology - INCT (In)activity & Exercise, CNPq - Niterói (RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Lisete C Michelini
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute for Science & Technology - INCT (In)activity & Exercise, CNPq - Niterói (RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kolkhof P, Jaisser F, Kim SY, Filippatos G, Nowack C, Pitt B. Steroidal and Novel Non-steroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Heart Failure and Cardiorenal Diseases: Comparison at Bench and Bedside. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 243:271-305. [PMID: 27830348 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of mice with cell-specific deletion or overexpression of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) shed a new light on its role in health and disease. Pathophysiological MR activation contributes to a plethora of deleterious molecular mechanisms in the development of cardiorenal diseases like chronic kidney disease (CKD) and heart failure (HF). Accordingly, the available steroidal MR antagonists (MRAs) spironolactone (first generation MRA) and eplerenone (second generation MRA) have been shown to be effective in reducing cardiovascular (CV) mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic HF and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, they remain underutilized, in large part owing to the risk inducing severe adverse events including hyperkalemia and worsening of kidney function, particularly when given on top of inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) to patients with concomitant kidney dysfunction. Novel, potent, and selective non-steroidal MRAs (third generation) were identified in drug discovery campaigns and a few entered clinical development recently. One of these is finerenone with different physicochemical, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological properties in comparison with the steroidal MRAs. Available data from five clinical phase II trials with finerenone in more than 2,000 patients with HF and additional CKD and/or diabetes as well as in patients with diabetic kidney disease demonstrated that neither hyperkalemia nor reductions in kidney function were limiting factors to its use. Moreover, finerenone demonstrated a nominally improved outcome compared to eplerenone in a phase IIb trial with 1,066 patients with HFrEF and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and/or CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kolkhof
- Drug Discovery, Cardiology Research, Bayer Pharma AG, Building 500, Aprather Weg 18a, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - So-Young Kim
- Clinical Development, Bayer Pharma AG, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Rimini 1, Haidari, Athens, 12462, Greece
| | - Christina Nowack
- Clinical Development, Bayer Pharma AG, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bertram Pitt
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ong GSY, Young MJ. Mineralocorticoid regulation of cell function: the role of rapid signalling and gene transcription pathways. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R33-R57. [PMID: 27821439 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and mineralocorticoids regulate epithelial handling of electrolytes, and induces diverse effects on other tissues. Traditionally, the effects of MR were ascribed to ligand-receptor binding and activation of gene transcription. However, the MR also utilises a number of intracellular signalling cascades, often by transactivating unrelated receptors, to change cell function more rapidly. Although aldosterone is the physiological mineralocorticoid, it is not the sole ligand for MR. Tissue-selective and mineralocorticoid-specific effects are conferred through the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2, cellular redox status and properties of the MR itself. Furthermore, not all aldosterone effects are mediated via MR, with implication of the involvement of other membrane-bound receptors such as GPER. This review will describe the ligands, receptors and intracellular mechanisms available for mineralocorticoid hormone and receptor signalling and illustrate their complex interactions in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Y Ong
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology LaboratoryCentre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of MedicineSchool of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Morag J Young
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology LaboratoryCentre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Tawada M, Suzuki Y, Sakata F, Mizuno M, Ito Y. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in dialysis patients. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41100-016-0077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Safety and Antihypertensive Effect of Selara® (Eplerenone): Results from a Postmarketing Surveillance in Japan. Int J Hypertens 2016; 2016:5091951. [PMID: 27843645 PMCID: PMC5098080 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5091951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective postmarketing surveillance of Selara (eplerenone), a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, was performed to confirm its safety and efficacy for hypertension treatment in Japan. The change in blood pressure after initiation of eplerenone treatment was also examined. Patients with essential hypertension who were eplerenone-naïve were recruited regardless of the use of other antihypertensive drugs. For examination of changes in blood pressure, patients were excluded if eplerenone was contraindicated or used off-label. Patients received 50–100 mg of eplerenone once daily and were observed for 12 weeks. No treatments including antihypertensive drugs were restricted during the surveillance period. Across Japan, 3,166 patients were included for safety analysis. The incidence of adverse drug reactions was 2.4%. The major adverse drug reactions observed were hyperkalemia (0.6%), dizziness, renal impairment, and increased serum potassium (0.2% each). The mean systolic blood pressure decreased from 152.1 ± 19.0 mmHg to 134.8 ± 15.2 mmHg at week 12, and the mean diastolic blood pressure decreased from 85.8 ± 13.7 mmHg to 77.7 ± 11.4 mmHg. There were no significant new findings regarding the type or incidence of adverse reactions, and eplerenone had a clinically significant antihypertensive effect, leading to favorable blood pressure control.
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Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary Aldosteronism: Changing Definitions and New Concepts of Physiology and Pathophysiology Both Inside and Outside the Kidney. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1327-84. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 60 years that have passed since the discovery of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone, much has been learned about its synthesis (both adrenal and extra-adrenal), regulation (by renin-angiotensin II, potassium, adrenocorticotrophin, and other factors), and effects (on both epithelial and nonepithelial tissues). Once thought to be rare, primary aldosteronism (PA, in which aldosterone secretion by the adrenal is excessive and autonomous of its principal regulator, angiotensin II) is now known to be the most common specifically treatable and potentially curable form of hypertension, with most patients lacking the clinical feature of hypokalemia, the presence of which was previously considered to be necessary to warrant further efforts towards confirming a diagnosis of PA. This, and the appreciation that aldosterone excess leads to adverse cardiovascular, renal, central nervous, and psychological effects, that are at least partly independent of its effects on blood pressure, have had a profound influence on raising clinical and research interest in PA. Such research on patients with PA has, in turn, furthered knowledge regarding aldosterone synthesis, regulation, and effects. This review summarizes current progress in our understanding of the physiology of aldosterone, and towards defining the causes (including genetic bases), epidemiology, outcomes, and clinical approaches to diagnostic workup (including screening, diagnostic confirmation, and subtype differentiation) and treatment of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stowasser
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard D. Gordon
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Valinsky WC, Jolly A, Miquel P, Touyz RM, Shrier A. Aldosterone Upregulates Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 (TRPM7). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20163-72. [PMID: 27466368 PMCID: PMC5025699 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.735175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is a ubiquitously expressed Mg(2+)-permeable ion channel fused to a C-terminal α-kinase domain. Recently, aldosterone was shown to increase intracellular Mg(2+) levels and alter inflammatory signaling in TRPM7-expressing HEK293 cells. This study was undertaken to assess whether these effects were related to an aldosterone-mediated increase of TRPM7 current and/or plasma membrane localization. Using HEK293 cells stably expressing WT-TRPM7, we found that 18-h application of aldosterone significantly increased TRPM7 current and TRPM7 plasma membrane protein expression by 48% and 34%, respectively. The aldosterone-mediated increase of TRPM7 current was inhibited by eplerenone, a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker, and GSK-650394, an inhibitor of the serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1). SGK1 blockade also prevented the aldosterone-induced increase of TRPM7 plasma membrane protein. It was further determined that K1648R-TRPM7, the phosphotransferase-inactive TRPM7 mutant, was unresponsive to aldosterone. Therefore, chronic aldosterone treatment increases the plasma membrane expression of TRPM7, which is associated with an increase of TRPM7 current. This process occurs via an MR-dependent, genomic signaling cascade involving SGK1 and a functioning TRPM7 α-kinase domain. We suggest that this mechanism may be of general relevance when interpreting the effects of aldosterone because the MR receptor is found in multiple tissues, and TRPM7 and SGK1 are ubiquitously expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Valinsky
- From the Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Anna Jolly
- From the Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Perrine Miquel
- From the Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF GCRC, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Alvin Shrier
- From the Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
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Jaisser F, Farman N. Emerging Roles of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Pathology: Toward New Paradigms in Clinical Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:49-75. [PMID: 26668301 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its ligand aldosterone are the principal modulators of hormone-regulated renal sodium reabsorption. In addition to the kidney, there are several other cells and organs expressing MR, in which its activation mediates pathologic changes, indicating potential therapeutic applications of pharmacological MR antagonism. Steroidal MR antagonists have been used for decades to fight hypertension and more recently heart failure. New therapeutic indications are now arising, and nonsteroidal MR antagonists are currently under development. This review is focused on nonclassic MR targets in cardiac, vascular, renal, metabolic, ocular, and cutaneous diseases. The MR, associated with other risk factors, is involved in organ fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and aging; for example, in the kidney and heart MR mediates hormonal tissue-specific ion channel regulation. Genetic and epigenetic modifications of MR expression/activity that have been documented in hypertension may also present significant risk factors in other diseases and be susceptible to MR antagonism. Excess mineralocorticoid signaling, mediated by aldosterone or glucocorticoids binding, now appears deleterious in the progression of pathologies that may lead to end-stage organ failure and could therefore benefit from the repositioning of pharmacological MR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jaisser
- INSERM UMR 1138 Team 1, Cordeliers Research Center, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France (F.J., N.F); and University Paris-Est Creteil, Creteil, France (F.J.)
| | - N Farman
- INSERM UMR 1138 Team 1, Cordeliers Research Center, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France (F.J., N.F); and University Paris-Est Creteil, Creteil, France (F.J.)
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Nehme J, Mercier N, Labat C, Benetos A, Safar ME, Delcayre C, Lacolley P. Differences Between Cardiac and Arterial Fibrosis and Stiffness in Aldosterone-Salt Rats: Effect of Eplerenone. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 7:31-9. [PMID: 17083071 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2006.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Previous experiments have studied separately the development of either cardiac or aortic fibrosis and stiffness in aldosterone (Aldo)-salt hypertensive rats. Our aim was to determine in vivo the effects of Aldo and the Aldo receptor antagonist eplerenone (Epl) on simultaneous changes in cardiac and arterial structure and function and their interactions. Methods and Results. Aldo was administered in uninephrectomised Sprague-Dawley rats receiving a high-salt diet from 8 to 12 weeks of age. Three groups of Aldo-salt rats were treated with 1 to 100 mg/kg-1. d-1 Epl by gavage. Arterial elasticity was measured by elastic modulus (Einc)-wall stress curves using medial cross-sectional area (MCSA). The cardiac and arterial walls were analysed by histomorphometry (elastin and collagen), immunohistochemistry (EIIIA fibronectin, Fn), and Northern blot (collagens I and III). Aldo caused increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), carotid Einc, MCSA, and EIIIA Fn with no change in wall stress or elastin and collagen densities. No difference in collagen mRNA levels was detected between groups. During the same period, cardiac mass and collagen mRNA and protein levels increased markedly in the myocardial tissue. Epl normalised collagen in the myocardium, Eincwall stress curves, MCSA, and EIIIA Fn in Aldo rats. These dose-dependent effects were not accompanied by a consistent reduction in SBP and cardiac mass. Conclusions. In exogenous hyperaldosteronism in the rat, Aldo causes independently myocardial collagen and arterial Fn accumulation, the latter being responsible for increased intrinsic carotid stiffness. Epl prevents both cardiac and arterial effects but does not reduce consistently SBP.
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Pitt B, Stier CT, Rajagopalan S. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade: new insights into the mechanism of action in patients with cardiovascular disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 4:164-8. [PMID: 14608520 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2003.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockade is effective in reducing total mortality and the incidence of heart failure in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction (SLVD) associated with chronic heart failure or post myocardial infarction. Pre-clinical and clinical studies in SLVD have shown that MR blockade reduces sudden cardiac death, left ventricular remodelling, left ventricular hypertrophy, endothelial dysfunction, autonomic imbalance, renal dysfunction and improves fibrinolysis. While MR blockade promotes sodium excretion and the combination of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a MR blocker have been shown to be more effective than either alone in causing natriuresis, it is unlikely that their beneficial effects can be explained solely on this basis. Aldosterone has been shown to have a number of adverse effects, including activation of other neurohumeral mediators, stimulation of active reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of the NF-κβ and AP-1 signalling pathways, vascular inflammation and fibrosis, myocardial hypertrophy, autonomic imbalance, and a decrease in fibrinolysis. MR blockade is, however, effective both in situations with and without an increase in serum aldosterone level, since the MR can be occupied and activated by cortisol as well as by aldosterone. In view of these mechanisms, MR blockade may play an important role not only on SLVD, but also in essential hypertension with normal systolic function, diastolic heart failure, valvular heart disease, vascular stiffening with ageing, progression of renal disease, and diabetes mellitus. This hypothesis will, however, require further prospective evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Pitt
- Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, USA.
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Jiménez-Canino R, Lorenzo-Díaz F, Jaisser F, Farman N, Giraldez T, Alvarez de la Rosa D. Histone Deacetylase 6-Controlled Hsp90 Acetylation Significantly Alters Mineralocorticoid Receptor Subcellular Dynamics But Not its Transcriptional Activity. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2515-32. [PMID: 27100623 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that transduces the biological effects of corticosteroids. Its best-characterized role is to enhance transepithelial sodium reabsorption in response to increased aldosterone levels. In addition, MR participates in other aldosterone- or glucocorticoid-controlled processes such as cardiovascular homeostasis, adipocyte differentiation or neurogenesis, and regulation of neuronal activity in the hippocampus. Like other steroid receptors, MR forms cytosolic heterocomplexes with heat shock protein (Hsp) 90), Hsp70, and other proteins such as immunophilins. Interaction with Hsp90 is thought to maintain MR in a ligand-binding competent conformation and to regulate ligand-dependent and -independent nucleocytoplasmatic shuttling. It has previously been shown that acetylation of residue K295 in Hsp90 regulates its interaction with the androgen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In this work we hypothesized that Hsp90 acetylation provides a regulatory step to modulate MR cellular dynamics and activity. We used Hsp90 acetylation mimic mutant K295Q or nonacetylatable mutant K295R to examine whether MR nucleocytoplasmatic shuttling and gene transactivation are affected. Furthermore, we manipulated endogenous Hsp90 acetylation levels by controlling expression or activity of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), the enzyme responsible for deacetylation of Hsp90-K295. Our data demonstrates that HDAC6-mediated Hsp90 acetylation regulates MR cellular dynamics but it does not alter its function. This stands in contrast with the down-regulation of GR by HDAC6, suggesting that Hsp90 acetylation may play a role in balancing relative MR and GR activity when both factors are co-expressed in the same cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Jiménez-Canino
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Fabián Lorenzo-Díaz
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Nicolette Farman
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Teresa Giraldez
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Diego Alvarez de la Rosa
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
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Vizzardi E, Pina PD, Caretta G, Bonadei I, Sciatti E, Lombardi C, D'Aloia A, Curnis A, Metra M. The effect of aldosterone-antagonist therapy on aortic elastic properties in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2016; 16:597-602. [PMID: 24978872 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies proved the prognostic importance of aortic stiffness as an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality. The decrease of arterial compliance has a high prevalence in patients with heart failure and affects both hemodynamics and prognosis. Aortic stiffness is partially caused by excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Spironolactone, a mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA), has been shown to decrease aortic stiffness and fibrosis in experimental models. However, there are few studies that describe the effects of MRA on aortic stiffness in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. AIMS To evaluate the effect of spironolactone on aortic stiffness in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We randomized (1 : 1) 102 patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy with New York Heart Association class I-II to receive spironolactone 25 mg/day (up to 100 mg/day) or placebo, in addition to recommended therapy. Aortic stiffness index, aortic strain, aortic distensibility and aortic dimensions were assessed at baseline and after 6 months. All measures were obtained with echocardiography M-mode at 3 cm above the aortic valve on parasternal long axis view and simultaneous brachial arterial pressure with sphygmomanometer. RESULTS Ascending aorta diameters, aortic stiffness index, aortic distensibility and aortic strain were similar at randomization in the two groups. After 6 months of therapy in the treated group, we found a reduction of aortic stiffness index (7.2 ± 3.5 versus 9.6 ± 4.8 mmHg; P = 0.03) and an increase of aortic distensibility (3.77 ± 1.0 versus 2.92 ± 0.55 mmHg; P = 0.01) and systolic aortic strain (10.0 ± 5.0 versus 8.0% ± 2.1%; P = 0.01). There were no difference in systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure and differential pressure in the two groups. CONCLUSION Therapy with spironolactone is effective in reducing aortic stiffness in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. This effect could improve hemodynamics supporting the use of MRAs in patients with low New York Heart Association class (I-II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Vizzardi
- Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical, Radiological Sciences and Public Health Specialties, University of Study of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Mineralocorticoid receptor mediated liposomal delivery system for targeted induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:415-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Könemann S, Wenzel K, Ameling S, Grube K, Hammer E, Könemann R, Samal R, Völker U, Felix SB. The Other Side of the RAAS: Aldosterone Improves Migration of Cardiac Progenitor Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2829-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Könemann
- Department of Internal Medicine B; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research); partner site Greifswald
| | - Kristin Wenzel
- Department of Internal Medicine B; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research); partner site Greifswald
| | - Sabine Ameling
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research); partner site Greifswald
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetic and Functional Genomics; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Karina Grube
- Department of Internal Medicine B; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research); partner site Greifswald
| | - Elke Hammer
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research); partner site Greifswald
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetic and Functional Genomics; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Raik Könemann
- Department of Internal Medicine B; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Rasmita Samal
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetic and Functional Genomics; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research); partner site Greifswald
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetic and Functional Genomics; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Stephan B. Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine B; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research); partner site Greifswald
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Yang J, Fuller PJ, Morgan J, Shibata H, Clyne CD, Young MJ. GEMIN4 functions as a coregulator of the mineralocorticoid receptor. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 54:149-60. [PMID: 25555524 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Pathological activation of the MR causes cardiac fibrosis and heart failure, but clinical use of MR antagonists is limited by the renal side effect of hyperkalemia. Coregulator proteins are known to be critical for nuclear receptor-mediated gene expression. Identification of coregulators, which mediate MR activity in a tissue-specific manner, may allow for the development of novel tissue-selective MR modulators that confer cardiac protection without adverse renal effects. Our earlier studies identified a consensus motif among MR-interacting peptides, MPxLxxLL. Gem (nuclear organelle)-associated protein 4 (GEMIN4) is one of the proteins that contain this motif. Transient transfection experiments in HEK293 and H9c2 cells demonstrated that GEMIN4 repressed agonist-induced MR transactivation in a cell-specific manner. Furthermore, overexpression of GEMIN4 significantly decreased, while knockdown of GEMIN4 increased, the mRNA expression of specific endogenous MR target genes. A physical interaction between GEMIN4 and MR is suggested by their nuclear co-localization upon agonist treatment. These findings indicate that GEMIN4 functions as a novel coregulator of the MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - Peter J Fuller
- MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - James Morgan
- MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - Colin D Clyne
- MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - Morag J Young
- MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
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