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Hoyer A, Chakraborty S, Lilienthal I, Konradsen JR, Katayama S, Söderhäll C. The functional role of CST1 and CCL26 in asthma development. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1162. [PMID: 38270326 PMCID: PMC10797655 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children with an increasing prevalence. Its development is caused by genetic and environmental factors and allergic sensitization is a known trigger. Dog allergens affect up to 30% of all children and dog dander-sensitized children show increased expression of cystatin-1 (CST1) and eotaxin-3 (CCL26) in nasal epithelium. The aim of our study was to investigate the functional mechanism of CST1 and CCL26 in the alveolar basal epithelial cell line A549. METHODS A549 cells were transfected with individual overexpression vectors for CST1 and CCL26 and RNA sequencing was performed to examine the transcriptomics. edgeR was used to identify differentially expressed genes (= DEG, |log2 FC | ≥ 2, FDR < 0.01). The protein expression levels of A549 cells overexpressing CST1 and CCL26 were analyzed using the Target 96 inflammation panel from OLINK (antibody-mediated proximity extension-based assay; OLINK Proteomics). Differentially expressed proteins were considered with a |log2 FC| ≥ 1, p < .05. RESULTS The overexpression of CST1 resulted in a total of 27 DEG (1 upregulated and 26 downregulated) and the overexpression of CCL26 in a total of 137 DEG (0 upregulated and 137 downregulated). The gene ontology enrichment analysis showed a significant downregulation of type I and III interferon signaling pathway genes as well as interferon-stimulated genes. At the protein level, overexpression of CST1 induced a significantly increased expression of CCL3, whereas CCL26 overexpression led to increased expression of HGF, and a decrease of CXCL11, CCL20, CCL3 and CXCL10. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that an overexpression of CST1 and CCL26 cause a downregulation of interferon related genes and inflammatory proteins. It might cause a higher disease susceptibility, mainly for allergic asthma, as CCL26 is an agonist for CCR-3-carrying cells, such as eosinophils and Th2 lymphocytes, mostly active in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Hoyer
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's HospitalKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's HospitalKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
| | - Ingrid Lilienthal
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
| | - Jon R. Konradsen
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's HospitalKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research ProgramUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Folkhälsan Research CenterHelsinkiFinland
| | - Cilla Söderhäll
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's HospitalKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
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Kuo FC, Tsai ML, Wu ST, Li SS, Wu CF, Wang SL, Chan MWY, Suen JL, Wu MT, Hung CH. Maternal di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure elicits offspring IFN-λ upregulation: Insights from birth cohort, murine model, and in vitro mechanistic analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113993. [PMID: 37611859 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), an environmental endocrine disruptor, may lead to developmental immunotoxicity in offspring. The causal relationship and underlying mechanism require further study. A subset of Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study data (n = 283) was analyzed and found a significant association between urinary DEHP metabolite levels from the third trimester of pregnancy and plasma levels of IL-28A and IL-29, named IFNλs, in cord blood. A trans-maternal murine model mimicking human DEHP exposure way showed that bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from maternal DEHP-exposed F1 offspring secreted higher IL-28A levels than control cells, indicating a potential causal relationship. Human bronchial epithelial cell lines treated with DEHP or its primary metabolite, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hexyl) phthalate (MEHP), expressed significantly higher levels of IFNλs mRNA or protein than controls. MEHP's effect on IFNλs expression was blocked by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ antagonists, and inhibited by a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor or a histone methyltransferase inhibitor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that MEHP treatment promoted histone modifications at H3 and H4 proteins at the promoter regions of Il28a and Il29 genes. These results suggest maternal DEHP exposure could result in high IFNλ expression in offspring, and the health risk of early-life exposure requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Kuo
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Lan Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Ting Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Syuan Li
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; International Master Program of Translational Medicine, National United University, Miaoli 360, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Lin Wang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Michael W Y Chan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan; Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Ling Suen
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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3
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Urbani F, Cometa M, Martelli C, Santoli F, Rana R, Ursitti A, Bonato M, Baraldo S, Contoli M, Papi A. Update on virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:1259-1272. [PMID: 37470413 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2239504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Viral infections are common triggers for asthma exacerbation. Subjects with asthma are more susceptible to viral infections and develop more severe or long-lasting lower respiratory tract symptoms than healthy individuals owing to impaired immune responses. Of the many viruses associated with asthma exacerbation, rhinovirus (RV) is the most frequently identified virus in both adults and children. AREAS COVERED We reviewed epidemiological and clinical links and mechanistic studies on virus-associated asthma exacerbations. We included sections on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), the latest evidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in asthma patients, and past and future searches for therapeutic and prevention targets. EXPERT OPINION Early treatment or prevention of viral infections might significantly reduce the rate of asthma exacerbation, which is one of the key points of disease management. Although it is hypothetically possible nowadays to interfere with every step of the infectious cycle of respiratory tract viruses, vaccination development has provided some of the most encouraging results. Future research should proceed toward the development of a wider spectrum of vaccines to achieve a better quality of life for patients with asthma and to reduce the economic burden on the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Urbani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marianna Cometa
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Martelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Santoli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Rana
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Ursitti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Simonetta Baraldo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Papi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
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Zhang S, Zheng R, Pan Y, Sun H. Potential Therapeutic Value of the STING Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:3127. [PMID: 37049889 PMCID: PMC10096477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a critical protein in the activation of the immune system in response to DNA. It can participate the inflammatory response process by modulating the inflammation-preferred translation program through the STING-PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-eIF2α pathway or by inducing the secretion of type I interferons (IFNs) and a variety of proinflammatory factors through the recruitment of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) or the regulation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. Based on the structure, location, function, genotype, and regulatory mechanism of STING, this review summarizes the potential value of STING inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Runan Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yanhong Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
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5
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Bosco A. Emerging role for interferons in respiratory viral infections and childhood asthma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1109001. [PMID: 36895568 PMCID: PMC9989033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1109001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Rhinovirus (RV) infections are major triggers of severe lower respiratory illnesses (sLRI) in infants and children and are strongly associated with the subsequent development of asthma. Decades of research has focused on the role of type I interferons in antiviral immunity and ensuing airway diseases, however, recent findings have highlighted several novel aspects of the interferon response that merit further investigation. In this perspective, we discuss emerging roles of type I interferons in the pathogenesis of sLRI in children. We propose that variations in interferon response patterns exist as discrete endotypes, which operate locally in the airways and systemically through a lung-blood-bone marrow axis. We discuss new insights into the role of interferons in immune training, bacterial lysate immunotherapy, and allergen-specific immunotherapy. Interferons play complex and diverse roles in the pathogenesis of sLRI and later asthma, providing new directions for mechanistic studies and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bosco
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
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6
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Dinwiddie DL, Kaukis N, Pham S, Hardin O, Stoner AN, Kincaid JC, Caid K, Kirkpatrick C, Pomeroy K, Putt C, Schwalm KC, Thompson TM, Storm E, Perry TT, Kennedy JL. Viral infection and allergy status impact severity of asthma symptoms in children with asthma exacerbations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022; 129:319-326.e3. [PMID: 35750292 PMCID: PMC10091837 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While viral infection is known to be associated with asthma exacerbations, prior research has not identified reliable predictors of acute symptom severity in virus-related asthma exacerbations (VRAE). OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of asthma control and viral infection on the severity of current illness and evaluate biomarkers related to acute symptoms during asthma exacerbations. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 120 children with physician diagnosed asthma and current wheezing who presented to Arkansas Children's Hospital Emergency Department. The Asthma Control Test (ACT) stratified controlled (ACT>19) and uncontrolled (ACT≤19) asthma, while Pediatric Respiratory Symptoms (PRS) scores assessed symptoms. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained for viral analysis, and inflammatory mediators were evaluated by nasal filter paper and Luminex assays. RESULTS There were 33 controlled and 87 uncontrolled asthmatics. In uncontrolled asthmatics, 77% were infected with viruses during VRAE compared to 58% of WC. Uncontrolled subjects with VRAE demonstrated more acute symptoms compared to controlled with VRAE or uncontrolled without a virus. Uncontrolled with VRAE and allergy had the highest acute symptom scores (3.363 point PRS; p=0.041). Asthmatics with higher symptom scores had more periostin (p=0.028). CONCLUSION Detection of respiratory viruses is frequent in uncontrolled asthmatics. Uncontrolled subjects with viruses have more acute symptoms during exacerbations, especially in those with allergy. Periostin was highest in subjects with the most acute symptoms, regardless of control status. Taken together, these data imply synergy between viral infection and allergy in subjects with uncontrolled asthma when considering acute asthma symptoms and nasal inflammation during an exacerbation of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell L Dinwiddie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Clinical Translational Sciences Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nicholas Kaukis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Sarah Pham
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Olga Hardin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Ashley N Stoner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - John C Kincaid
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Katherine Caid
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | | | - Kelsi Pomeroy
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR
| | - Claire Putt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Kurt C Schwalm
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Tonya M Thompson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Elizabeth Storm
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Tamara T Perry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR
| | - Joshua L Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR.
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7
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Yuan XH, Pang LL, Yang J, Jin Y. Comparison of immune response to human rhinovirus C and respiratory syncytial virus in highly differentiated human airway epithelial cells. Virol J 2022; 19:81. [PMID: 35570279 PMCID: PMC9107719 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Human rhinovirus C (HRV-C) accounts for a large proportion of HRV-related illnesses, but the immune response to HRV-C infection has not been elucidated. Our objective was to assess the effect of HRV-C on cytokine secretion in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells grown at air–liquid interface (ALI) and compare it with that of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Methods
HBE cells were differentiated at ALI culture and the full-length cDNA clones of HRV-C651 and HRV-C15, clinical isolates of HRV-C79 and HRV-C101, and two RSV isolates were inoculated in the HBE cells. The effect of HRV-C on cytokine secretion was assessed and compared with that of RSV.
Results
HRV-Cs infect and propagate in fully differentiated HBE cells and significantly increase the secretion of IFN-λ1, CCL5, IP10, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1. The virus loads positively correlated with the levels of the cytokines. HRV-C induced lower secretion of CCL5 (P = 0.048), IL-6 (P = 0.016), MCP-1 (P = 0.008), and IL-8 (P = 0.032), and similar secretion of IP10 (P = 0.214) and IFN-λ1 (P = 0.214) when compared with RSV.
Conclusion
HBE ALI culture system supported HRV-C infection and propagation and HRV-C induced relatively weaker cytokine expression than RSV.
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Jackson DJ, Gern JE. Rhinovirus Infections and Their Roles in Asthma: Etiology and Exacerbations. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:673-681. [PMID: 35074599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhinovirus infections can cause wheezing illnesses in all age groups. In preschool children, rhinovirus infections frequently initiate acute wheezing illnesses. Children who wheeze with rhinoviruses are at increased risk to go on to develop asthma. Once asthma is established, rhinovirus infections are potent triggers for acute airway obstruction and exacerbations in children and adults. Paradoxically, for most individuals, rhinovirus infections commonly cause cold symptoms with little or no involvement of the lower airways. This paradox has led investigators to identify specific risk factors and mechanisms for rhinovirus wheezing, and this review will outline progress in 3 main areas. First, the 3 species of rhinoviruses have different patterns of infection and virulence. Second, personal factors such as lung function and immunity influence lower respiratory outcomes of rhinovirus infection. The mucosal immune response is critical, and the quality of the interferon response and allergic inflammation interacts to determine the risk for rhinovirus wheezing. Finally, rhinovirus infections can promote pathogen-dominated airway microbiota that increase the risk for wheezing. Although specific antivirals for rhinovirus are still not available, identifying risk factors for wheezing illnesses has provided several other potential targets and strategies for reducing the risk of rhinovirus-induced wheezing and exacerbations of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Jackson
- Guy's Severe Asthma Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - James E Gern
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
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Watkinson RL, Looi K, Laing IA, Cianferoni A, Kicic A. Viral Induced Effects on a Vulnerable Epithelium; Lessons Learned From Paediatric Asthma and Eosinophilic Oesophagitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:773600. [PMID: 34912343 PMCID: PMC8666438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium is integral to the protection of many different biological systems and for the maintenance of biochemical homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that particular children have epithelial vulnerabilities leading to dysregulated barrier function and integrity, that resultantly contributes to disease pathogenesis. These epithelial vulnerabilities likely develop in utero or in early life due to various genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Although various epithelia are uniquely structured with specific function, prevalent allergic-type epithelial diseases in children potentially have common or parallel disease processes. These include inflammation and immune response dysregulation stemming from atypical epithelial barrier function and integrity. Two diseases where aetiology and pathogenesis are potentially linked to epithelial vulnerabilities include Paediatric Asthma and Eosinophilic Oesophagitis (EoE). For example, rhinovirus C (RV-C) is a known risk factor for paediatric asthma development and is known to disrupt respiratory epithelial barrier function causing acute inflammation. In addition, EoE, a prevalent atopic condition of the oesophageal epithelium, is characterised by similar innate immune and epithelial responses to viral injury. This review examines the current literature and identifies the gaps in the field defining viral-induced effects on a vulnerable respiratory epithelium and resulting chronic inflammation, drawing from knowledge generated in acute wheezing illness, paediatric asthma and EoE. Besides highlighting the importance of epithelial structure and barrier function in allergic disease pathogenesis regardless of specific epithelial sub-types, this review focuses on the importance of examining other parallel allergic-type disease processes that may uncover commonalities driving disease pathogenesis. This in turn may be beneficial in the development of common therapeutics for current clinical management and disease prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Watkinson
- Division of Paediatrics, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin Looi
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- Division of Paediatrics, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Antonella Cianferoni
- Pediatrics Department, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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10
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Krammer S, Sicorschi Gutu C, Grund JC, Chiriac MT, Zirlik S, Finotto S. Regulation and Function of Interferon-Lambda (IFNλ) and Its Receptor in Asthma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731807. [PMID: 34899691 PMCID: PMC8660125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease affecting people of all ages, especially children, worldwide. Origins of asthma are suggested to be placed in early life with heterogeneous clinical presentation, severity and pathophysiology. Exacerbations of asthma disease can be triggered by many factors, including viral respiratory tract infections. Rhinovirus (RV) induced respiratory infections are the predominant cause of the common cold and also play a crucial role in asthma development and exacerbations. Rhinovirus mainly replicates in epithelial cells lining the upper and lower respiratory tract. Type III interferons, also known as interferon-lambda (IFNλ), are potent immune mediators of resolution of infectious diseases but they are known to be involved in autoimmune diseases as well. The protective role of type III IFNs in antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal functions is of major importance for our innate immune system. The IFNλ receptor (IFNλR) is expressed in selected types of cells like epithelial cells, thus orchestrating a specific immune response at the site of viruses and bacteria entry into the body. In asthma, IFNλ restricts the development of TH2 cells, which are induced in the airways of asthmatic patients. Several studies described type III IFNs as the predominant type of interferon increased after infection caused by respiratory viruses. It efficiently reduces viral replication, viral spread into the lungs and viral transmission from infected to naive individuals. Several reports showed that bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic subjects have a deficient response of type III interferon after RV infection ex vivo. Toll like Receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed on infectious agents, and induce the development of antiviral and antibacterial immunity. We recently discovered that activation of TLR7/8 resulted in enhanced IFNλ receptor mRNA expression in PBMCs of healthy and asthmatic children, opening new therapeutic frontiers for rhinovirus-induced asthma. This article reviews the recent advances of the literature on the regulated expression of type III Interferons and their receptor in association with rhinovirus infection in asthmatic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Krammer
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cristina Sicorschi Gutu
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina C Grund
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mircea T Chiriac
- Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Zirlik
- Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Coleman LA, Khoo SK, Franks K, Prastanti F, Le Souëf P, Karpievitch YV, Laing IA, Bosco A. Personal Network Inference Unveils Heterogeneous Immune Response Patterns to Viral Infection in Children with Acute Wheezing. J Pers Med 2021; 11:1293. [PMID: 34945765 PMCID: PMC8706513 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV)-induced exacerbations of asthma and wheeze are a major cause of emergency room presentations and hospital admissions among children. Previous studies have shown that immune response patterns during these exacerbations are heterogeneous and are characterized by the presence or absence of robust interferon responses. Molecular phenotypes of asthma are usually identified by cluster analysis of gene expression levels. This approach however is limited, since genes do not exist in isolation, but rather work together in networks. Here, we employed personal network inference to characterize exacerbation response patterns and unveil molecular phenotypes based on variations in network structure. We found that personal gene network patterns were dominated by two major network structures, consisting of interferon-response versus FCER1G-associated networks. Cluster analysis of these structures divided children into subgroups, differing in the prevalence of atopy but not RV species. These network structures were also observed in an independent cohort of children with virus-induced asthma exacerbations sampled over a time course, where we showed that the FCER1G-associated networks were mainly observed at late time points (days four-six) during the acute illness. The ratio of interferon- and FCER1G-associated gene network responses was able to predict recurrence, with low interferon being associated with increased risk of readmission. These findings demonstrate the applicability of personal network inference for biomarker discovery and therapeutic target identification in the context of acute asthma which focuses on variations in network structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Coleman
- Medical School (Paediatrics), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (L.A.C.); (P.L.S.); (I.A.L.)
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
| | - Siew-Kim Khoo
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kimberley Franks
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Franciska Prastanti
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter Le Souëf
- Medical School (Paediatrics), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (L.A.C.); (P.L.S.); (I.A.L.)
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
| | - Yuliya V. Karpievitch
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ingrid A. Laing
- Medical School (Paediatrics), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (L.A.C.); (P.L.S.); (I.A.L.)
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
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12
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Coultas JA, Cafferkey J, Mallia P, Johnston SL. Experimental Antiviral Therapeutic Studies for Human Rhinovirus Infections. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:645-659. [PMID: 34276229 PMCID: PMC8277446 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s255211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus infection is common and usually causes mild, self-limiting upper respiratory tract symptoms. Rhinoviruses can cause exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, leading to a significant burden of morbidity and mortality. There has been a great deal of progress in efforts to understand the immunological basis of rhinovirus infection. However, despite a number of in vitro and in vivo attempts, there have been no effective treatments developed. This review article summarises the up to date virological and immunological understanding of these infections. We discuss the challenges researchers face, and key solutions, in their work to investigate potential therapies including in vivo rhinovirus challenge studies. Finally, we explore past and present experimental therapeutic strategies employed in the treatment of rhinovirus infections and highlight promising areas of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Coultas
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Cafferkey
- Respiratory Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Patrick Mallia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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13
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The intersect of genetics, environment, and microbiota in asthma-perspectives and challenges. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:781-793. [PMID: 33678251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In asthma, a significant portion of the interaction between genetics and environment occurs through microbiota. The proposed mechanisms behind this interaction are complex and at times contradictory. This review covers recent developments in our understanding of this interaction: the "microbial hypothesis" and the "farm effect"; the role of endotoxin and genetic variation in pattern recognition systems; the interaction with allergen exposure; the additional involvement of host gut and airway microbiota; the role of viral respiratory infections in interaction with the 17q21 and CDHR3 genetic loci; and the importance of in utero and early-life timing of exposures. We propose a unified framework for understanding how all these phenomena interact to drive asthma pathogenesis. Finally, we point out some future challenges for continued research in this field, in particular the need for multiomic integration, as well as the potential utility of asthma endotyping.
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14
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Jazaeri S, Goldsmith AM, Jarman CR, Lee J, Hershenson MB, Lewis TC. Nasal interferon responses to community rhinovirus infections are similar in controls and children with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 126:690-695.e1. [PMID: 33515711 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus (RV) is the main cause of asthma exacerbations in children. Some studies reported that persons with asthma have attenuated interferon (IFN) responses to experimental RV infection compared with healthy individuals. However, responses to community-acquired RV infections in controls and children with asthma have not been compared. OBJECTIVE To evaluate nasal cytokine responses after natural RV infections in people with asthma and healthy children. METHODS We compared nasal cytokine expression among controls and children with asthma during healthy, virus-negative surveillance weeks and self-reported RV-positive sick weeks. A total of 14 controls and 21 patients with asthma were studied. Asthma disease severity was based on symptoms and medication use. Viral genome was detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Nasal cytokine protein levels were determined by multiplex assays. RESULTS Two out of 47 surveillance weeks tested positive for RV, illustrating an asymptomatic infection rate of 5%. A total of 38 of 47 sick weeks (81%) tested positive for the respiratory virus. Of these, 33 (87%) were positive for RV. During well weeks, nasal interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-12, and IL-1β levels were higher in children with asthma than controls. Compared with healthy virus-negative surveillance weeks, IL-8, IL-13, and interferon beta increased during colds only in patients with asthma. In both controls and children with asthma, the nasal levels of interferon gamma, interferon lambda-1, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 increased during RV-positive sick weeks. During RV infection, IL-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were strongly correlated. CONCLUSION In both controls and patients with asthma, natural RV infection results in robust type II and III IFN responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam M Goldsmith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Caitlin R Jarman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Julie Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Toby C Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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15
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Makrinioti H, Custovic A, Hasegawa K, Camargo CA, Jartti T. The role of interferons in preschool wheeze. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2021; 9:9-11. [PMID: 33412119 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Makrinioti
- West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea, and Westminster Foundation Trust, UK.
| | - Adnan Custovic
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Kohei Hasegawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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16
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Lin TY, Lo CY, Tsao KC, Chang PJ, Kuo CHS, Lo YL, Lin SM, Hsieh MH, Wang TY, Hsu PC, Lin HC. Impaired interferon-α expression in plasmacytoid dendritic cells in asthma. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 9:183-195. [PMID: 33236850 PMCID: PMC7860612 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐7‐associated rhinovirus (RV) activation is involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the main interferon‐α‐producing cells against viruses. Objective To determine whether asthmatic patients and control subjects differ in terms of interferon‐α expression in pDCs under TLR‐7 or RV stimulation. Methods pDCs were identified in BDCA‐2+ and HLA‐DR+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interferon‐α expression of pDCs was analyzed after TLR‐7 stimulation with or without interleukin 4 (IL‐4)/IL‐13 pretreatment. Interferon‐α expression was also analyzed after RV stimulation over periods of 24, 48, or 96 h with or without IL‐4 pretreatment. RV detection and molecular typing were assayed from throat swabs. Results Following TLR‐7 stimulation, the expression of intracellular interferon‐α was higher in the pDCs of normal subjects than those of asthmatic patients; however, pretreatment with IL‐4 was shown to reduce this effect. After 48‐ and 96‐h RV stimulation, we observed a notable increase in the production of interferon‐α of pDCs in normal subjects but not in asthmatic patients. Baseline interferon‐α expression in pDCs and the incidence of asthma exacerbation to emergency was higher among the 13% of patients identified as rhinovirus+ than among their RV counterparts. Conclusion Our study discovered the response to TLR‐7 stimulation in pDCs was compromised and the sustainability of interferon‐α expression to RV stimulation was reduced in pDCs of asthmatic patients, which provide further evidence of defective innate response and subspeciality to RV infection in asthma. The high exacerbation history founded in RV+ patients agrees with these findings. Further research is required for the modulatory effect of IL‐4 on TLR‐7 stimulated pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Lo
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chien Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jui Chang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-His Scott Kuo
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Lo
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Min Lin
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Heng Hsieh
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chih Hsu
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Chyuan Lin
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Murray LM, Yerkovich ST, Ferreira MA, Upham JW. Risks for cold frequency vary by sex: role of asthma, age, TLR7 and leukocyte subsets. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.02453-2019. [PMID: 32513781 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02453-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections are usually benign but can trigger asthma exacerbations. The factors associated with upper respiratory tract infection (cold) frequency are not fully understood, nor is it clear whether such factors differ between women and men.To determine which immunological and clinical variables associate with the frequency of self-reported respiratory infections (colds), 150 asthma cases and 151 controls were recruited. Associations between antiviral immune response variables: toll-like receptor (TLR)7/8 gene expression, plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) numbers and interferon-α, tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-12 production, and asthma were then examined that might explain cold frequency.People with asthma cases reported more colds per year (median 3 versus 2; p<0.001) and had lower baseline TLR7 gene expression (odds ratio 0.12; p=0.02) than controls. Associations between many variables and cold frequency differed between women and men. In women, high blood neutrophil counts (β=0.096, p=0.002), and younger age (β=-0.017, p<0.001), but not exposure to children, were independently associated with more frequent colds. In men, low TLR7 expression (β=-0.96, p=0.041) and high CLEC4C gene expression (a marker of pDC; β=0.88, p=0.008) were independently associated with more frequent colds. Poor asthma symptom control was independently associated with reduced TLR8 gene expression (β=-1.4, p=0.036) and high body mass index (β=0.041, p=0.004).Asthma, age and markers of inflammation and antiviral immunity in peripheral blood are associated with frequent colds. Interestingly, the variables associated with cold frequency differed between women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa M Murray
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - John W Upham
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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18
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Xi Y, Upham JW. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and asthma: a review of current knowledge. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:1095-1106. [PMID: 32726181 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1803741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While medications are available to treat asthma symptoms and control inflammation, no treatments can cure asthma, and efforts to develop primary prevention strategies or improved exacerbation management are limited by incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for asthma development and progression. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are involved in anti-viral host defense and immune regulation, and increasing evidence suggests a role for pDC in asthma pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED We undertook a literature search using PubMed for articles including the phrase 'plasmacytoid dendritic cells and asthma' published from 2015 to 2020. We reviewed the remarkable progress made over the past 5 years in understanding the role of pDC in asthma pathogenesis and how pDC regulate anti-viral immune function. This review highlights key recent findings in asthma pathogenesis and virus-triggered asthma exacerbations; pDC biology and functionality; how pDC regulate the immune response; and pDC function in asthma. EXPERT OPTION A deeper understanding of pDC function provides an important foundation for future pDC-targeted therapies that might prevent and treat asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- The Lung and Allergy Research Centre, the University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John W Upham
- The Lung and Allergy Research Centre, the University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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19
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Salka K, Arroyo M, Chorvinsky E, Abutaleb K, Perez GF, Wolf S, Xuchen X, Weinstock J, Gutierrez MJ, Pérez-Losada M, Pillai DK, Nino G. Innate IFN-lambda responses to dsRNA in the human infant airway epithelium and clinical regulatory factors during viral respiratory infections in early life. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:1044-1054. [PMID: 32623773 PMCID: PMC7484417 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IFN lambda (type III-IFN-λ1) is a molecule primarily produced by epithelial cells that provides an important first-line defence against viral respiratory infections and has been linked to the pathogenesis of viral-induced wheezing in early life. The goal of this study was to better understand the regulation of innate IFN-lambda responses in vitro in primary human infant airway epithelial cells (AECs) and in vivo using nasal aspirates during viral respiratory infections. METHODS IFN-lambda protein levels were quantified: (a) in human infant AECs exposed to (poly(I:C) dsRNA) under different experimental conditions (n = 8 donors); and (b) in nasal aspirates of young children (≤3 years) hospitalized with viral respiratory infection (n = 138) and in uninfected controls (n = 74). In vivo IFN-lambda airway levels during viral infections were correlated with individual characteristics and respiratory disease parameters. RESULTS Our in vitro experiments showed that the poly(I:C)-induced innate production of IFN lambda in human infant AECs is regulated by (a) p38-MAPK/NF-kB dependent mechanism; and (b) exposure to pro-inflammatory signals such as IL1β. Our in vivo studies demonstrated that (a) infants (<18 months) had higher virus-induced IFN-lambda airway secretion; (b) subjects with RSV infection showed the highest IFN-lambda airway levels; and (c) individuals with the highest virus-induced IFN-lambda levels (>90th percentile) had higher viral loads and were more likely to have respiratory sick visits within 12 months of discharge (OR = 5.8). CONCLUSION IFN-lambda responses to dsRNA in the human infant airway epithelium are regulated by p38-MAPK and NF-kB signalling. High in vivo IFN-lambda production is influenced by virus type and associated with recurrent respiratory sick visits in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Salka
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Maria Arroyo
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chorvinsky
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Karima Abutaleb
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Geovanny F. Perez
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Seth Wolf
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Xilei Xuchen
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Jered Weinstock
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Maria J. Gutierrez
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Dinesh K. Pillai
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Gustavo Nino
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
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20
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Gern JE. Immune responses to rhinoviruses and asthma: Are we 3 steps closer to the door? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:513-514. [PMID: 32673613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
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21
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Lejeune S, Deschildre A, Le Rouzic O, Engelmann I, Dessein R, Pichavant M, Gosset P. Childhood asthma heterogeneity at the era of precision medicine: Modulating the immune response or the microbiota for the management of asthma attack. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 179:114046. [PMID: 32446884 PMCID: PMC7242211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exacerbations are a main characteristic of asthma. In childhood, the risk is increasing with severity. Exacerbations are a strong phenotypic marker, particularly of severe and therapy-resistant asthma. These early-life events may influence the evolution and be involved in lung function decline. In children, asthma attacks are facilitated by exposure to allergens and pollutants, but are mainly triggered by microbial agents. Multiple studies have assessed immune responses to viruses, and to a lesser extend bacteria, during asthma exacerbation. Research has identified impairment of innate immune responses in children, related to altered pathogen recognition, interferon release, or anti-viral response. Influence of this host-microbiota dialog on the adaptive immune response may be crucial, leading to the development of biased T helper (Th)2 inflammation. These dynamic interactions may impact the presentations of asthma attacks, and have long-term consequences. The aim of this review is to synthesize studies exploring immune mechanisms impairment against viruses and bacteria promoting asthma attacks in children. The potential influence of the nature of infectious agents and/or preexisting microbiota on the development of exacerbation is also addressed. We then discuss our understanding of how these diverse host-microbiota interactions in children may account for the heterogeneity of endotypes and clinical presentations. Finally, improving the knowledge of the pathophysiological processes induced by infections has led to offer new opportunities for the development of preventive or curative therapeutics for acute asthma. A better definition of asthma endotypes associated with precision medicine might lead to substantial progress in the management of severe childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Lejeune
- CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Department, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, F-59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Deschildre
- CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Department, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, F-59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Le Rouzic
- Univ. Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France; CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Department of Respiratory Diseases, F-59000 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Ilka Engelmann
- Univ. Lille, Virology Laboratory, EA3610, Institute of Microbiology, CHU Lille, F-59037 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Rodrigue Dessein
- Univ. Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France; Univ. Lille, Bacteriology Department, Institute of Microbiology, CHU Lille, F-59037 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Pichavant
- Univ. Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Gosset
- Univ. Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France.
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22
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Altman MC, Beigelman A, Ciaccio C, Gern JE, Heymann PW, Jackson DJ, Kennedy JL, Kloepfer K, Lemanske RF, McWilliams LM, Muehling L, Nance C, Peebles RS. Evolving concepts in how viruses impact asthma: A Work Group Report of the Microbes in Allergy Committee of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145:1332-1344. [PMID: 31926183 PMCID: PMC7577409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.12.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there have been substantial advances in our understanding about how viral infections regulate asthma. Important lessons have been learned from birth cohort studies examining viral infections and subsequent asthma and from understanding the relationships between host genetics and viral infections, the contributions of respiratory viral infections to patterns of immune development, the impact of environmental exposure on the severity of viral infections, and how the viral genome influences host immune responses to viral infections. Further, there has been major progress in our knowledge about how bacteria regulate host immune responses in asthma pathogenesis. In this article, we also examine the dynamics of bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract during viral upper respiratory tract infection, in addition to the relationship of the gut and respiratory microbiomes with respiratory viral infections. Finally, we focus on potential interventions that could decrease virus-induced wheezing and asthma. There are emerging therapeutic options to decrease the severity of wheezing exacerbations caused by respiratory viral infections. Primary prevention is a major goal, and a strategy toward this end is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avraham Beigelman
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology & Pulmonary Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo; Kipper Institute of Allergy and Immunology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Christina Ciaccio
- Allergy/Immunology and Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - James E Gern
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Peter W Heymann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Daniel J Jackson
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Joshua L Kennedy
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Ark
| | - Kirsten Kloepfer
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Robert F Lemanske
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | | | - Lyndsey Muehling
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Christy Nance
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Immunology/Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - R Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn.
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23
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Parikh V, Scala J, Patel R, Corbi C, Lo D, Bochkov YA, Kennedy JL, Kurten RC, Liggett SB, Gern JE, Koziol-White CJ. Rhinovirus C15 Induces Airway Hyperresponsiveness via Calcium Mobilization in Airway Smooth Muscle. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:310-318. [PMID: 31533004 PMCID: PMC7055698 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0004oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) exposure evokes exacerbations of asthma that markedly impact morbidity and mortality worldwide. The mechanisms by which RV induces airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) or by which specific RV serotypes differentially evoke AHR remain unknown. We posit that RV infection evokes AHR and inflammatory mediator release, which correlate with degrees of RV infection. Furthermore, we posit that rhinovirus C-induced AHR requires paracrine or autocrine mediator release from epithelium that modulates agonist-induced calcium mobilization in human airway smooth muscle. In these studies, we used an ex vivo model to measure bronchoconstriction and mediator release from infected airways in human precision cut lung slices to understand how RV exposure alters airway constriction. We found that rhinovirus C15 (RV-C15) infection augmented carbachol-induced airway narrowing and significantly increased release of IP-10 (IFN-γ-induced protein 10) and MIP-1β (macrophage inflammatory protein-1β) but not IL-6. RV-C15 infection of human airway epithelial cells augmented agonist-induced intracellular calcium flux and phosphorylation of myosin light chain in co-cultured human airway smooth muscle to carbachol, but not after histamine stimulation. Our data suggest that RV-C15-induced structural cell inflammatory responses are associated with viral load but that inflammatory responses and alterations in agonist-mediated constriction of human small airways are uncoupled from viral load of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Parikh
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jacqueline Scala
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Riva Patel
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Corinne Corbi
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Dennis Lo
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Yury A. Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Richard C. Kurten
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and
| | - Stephen B. Liggett
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology and
- Department of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - James E. Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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24
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Lin XJ, Zhong LL, Xie YP, Deng ZP. [Expression of interferon-λ1 in respiratory epithelial cells in children with human rhinovirus infection]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21:1177-1181. [PMID: 31874655 PMCID: PMC7389010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression of interferon-λ1 (IFN-λ1) in respiratory epithelial cells in children with human rhinovirus (HRV) infection. METHODS Sputum samples and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the children who were hospitalized due to acute respiratory infection from February to October, 2017. Bacterial culture was performed, and nucleic acid test was performed for 11 respiratory pathogens. A total of 90 children with positive HRV alone were enrolled as the HRV infection group, and 95 children with positive respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) alone were enrolled as the RSV infection group. A total of 50 healthy children who underwent outpatient physical examination during the same period of time and had negative results for all pathogen tests were enrolled as the healthy control group. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from all groups, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure viral load and the mRNA expression of IFN-λ1. RESULTS In the HRV infection group, there was no significant difference in the mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 between boys and girls and across all age groups (P>0.05). In the HRV infection group, there was no correlation between the mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 and HRV load (P>0.05). The mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 in the HRV infection group was significantly higher than that in the healthy control group (P<0.05), but significantly lower than that in the RSV infection group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS HRV can induce the expression of IFN-λ1 in respiratory epithelial cells, suggesting that IFN-λ1 may play an important role in anti-HRV infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha 410005, China.
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25
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Lin XJ, Zhong LL, Xie YP, Deng ZP. [Expression of interferon-λ1 in respiratory epithelial cells in children with human rhinovirus infection]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21:1177-1181. [PMID: 31874655 PMCID: PMC7389010 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression of interferon-λ1 (IFN-λ1) in respiratory epithelial cells in children with human rhinovirus (HRV) infection. METHODS Sputum samples and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the children who were hospitalized due to acute respiratory infection from February to October, 2017. Bacterial culture was performed, and nucleic acid test was performed for 11 respiratory pathogens. A total of 90 children with positive HRV alone were enrolled as the HRV infection group, and 95 children with positive respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) alone were enrolled as the RSV infection group. A total of 50 healthy children who underwent outpatient physical examination during the same period of time and had negative results for all pathogen tests were enrolled as the healthy control group. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from all groups, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure viral load and the mRNA expression of IFN-λ1. RESULTS In the HRV infection group, there was no significant difference in the mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 between boys and girls and across all age groups (P>0.05). In the HRV infection group, there was no correlation between the mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 and HRV load (P>0.05). The mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 in the HRV infection group was significantly higher than that in the healthy control group (P<0.05), but significantly lower than that in the RSV infection group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS HRV can induce the expression of IFN-λ1 in respiratory epithelial cells, suggesting that IFN-λ1 may play an important role in anti-HRV infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha 410005, China.
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26
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Ravi A, Chang M, van de Pol M, Yang S, Aliprantis A, Thornton B, Carayannopoulos LN, Bautmans A, Robberechts M, De Lepeleire I, Singh D, Hohlfeld JM, Sterk PJ, Krug N, Lutter R. Rhinovirus-16 induced temporal interferon responses in nasal epithelium links with viral clearance and symptoms. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:1587-1597. [PMID: 31400236 PMCID: PMC6972523 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The temporal in vivo response of epithelial cells to a viral challenge and its association with viral clearance and clinical outcomes has been largely unexplored in asthma. OBJECTIVE To determine gene expression profiles over time in nasal epithelial cells (NECs) challenged in vivo with rhinovirus-16 (RV16) and compare to nasal symptoms and viral clearance. METHODS Patients with stable mild to moderate asthma (n = 20) were challenged intranasally with RV16. Nasal brush samples for RNA sequencing were taken 7 days prior to infection and 3, 6 and 14 days post-infection, and blood samples 4 days prior to infection and day 6 post-infection. Viral load was measured in nasal lavage fluid at day 3, 6 and 14. RESULTS Top differentially (>2.5-fold increase) expressed gene sets in NECs post-RV16 at days 3 and 6, compared with baseline, were interferon alpha and gamma response genes. Patients clearing the virus within 6 days (early resolvers) had a significantly increased interferon response at day 6, whereas those having cleared the virus by day 14 (late resolvers) had significantly increased responses at day 3, 6 and 14. Interestingly, patients not having cleared the virus by day 14 (non-resolvers) had no enhanced interferon responses at any of these days. The daily Cold Symptom Scores (CSS) peaked at days 3 to 5 and correlated positively with interferon response genes at day 3 (R = 0.48), but not at other time-points. Interferon response genes were also enhanced in blood at day 6 after RV16 challenge. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study shows that viral load and clearance varies markedly over time in mild to moderate asthma patients exposed to a fixed RV16 dose. The host's nasal interferon response to RV16 at day 3 is associated with upper respiratory tract symptoms. The temporal interferon response in nasal epithelium associates with viral clearance in the nasal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abilash Ravi
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marianne van de Pol
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shan Yang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - An Bautmans
- Merck Sharp and Dohme, Europe Inc., Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Dave Singh
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Krug
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - René Lutter
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Jha A, Dunning J, Tunstall T, Thwaites RS, Hoang LT, Kon OM, Zambon MC, Hansel TT, Openshaw PJ. Patterns of systemic and local inflammation in patients with asthma hospitalised with influenza. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.00949-2019. [PMID: 31391224 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00949-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with asthma are at risk of hospitalisation with influenza, but the reasons for this predisposition are unknown. STUDY SETTING A prospective observational study of adults with PCR-confirmed influenza in 11 UK hospitals, measuring nasal, nasopharyngeal and systemic immune mediators and whole-blood gene expression. RESULTS Of 133 admissions, 40 (30%) had previous asthma; these were more often female (70% versus 38.7%, OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.67-8.18; p=0.0012), required less mechanical ventilation (15% versus 37.6%, Chi-squared 6.78; p=0.0338) and had shorter hospital stays (mean 8.3 versus 15.3 days, p=0.0333) than those without. In patients without asthma, severe outcomes were more frequent in those given corticosteroids (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.02-6.96; p=0.0466) or presenting >4 days after disease onset (OR 5.49, 95% CI 2.28-14.03; p=0.0002). Influenza vaccination in at-risk groups (including asthma) were lower than intended by national policy and the early use of antiviral medications were less than optimal. Mucosal immune responses were equivalent between groups. Those with asthma had higher serum interferon (IFN)-α, but lower serum tumour necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, CXCL8, CXCL9, IL-10, IL-17 and CCL2 levels (all p<0.05); both groups had similar serum IL-13, total IgE, periostin and blood eosinophil gene expression levels. Asthma diagnosis was unrelated to viral load, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-5 or IL-13 levels. CONCLUSIONS Asthma is common in those hospitalised with influenza, but may not represent classical type 2-driven disease. Those admitted with influenza tend to be female with mild serum inflammatory responses, increased serum IFN-α levels and good clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Jha
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK.,Dept of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jake Dunning
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK.,Public Health England (formerly Health Protection Agency), London, UK
| | - Tanushree Tunstall
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Long T Hoang
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | | | - Onn Min Kon
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Maria C Zambon
- Public Health England (formerly Health Protection Agency), London, UK
| | - Trevor T Hansel
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Peter J Openshaw
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
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28
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Acute Severe Asthma in Adolescent and Adult Patients: Current Perspectives on Assessment and Management. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091283. [PMID: 31443563 PMCID: PMC6780340 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease that is associated with variable expiratory flow, variable respiratory symptoms, and exacerbations which sometimes require hospitalization or may be fatal. It is not only patients with severe and poorly controlled asthma that are at risk for an acute severe exacerbation, but this has also been observed in patients with otherwise mild or moderate asthma. This review discusses current aspects on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of acute severe asthma exacerbations and provides the current perspectives on the management of acute severe asthma attacks in the emergency department and the intensive care unit.
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29
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30
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Impact of Rhinovirus Infections in Children. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060521. [PMID: 31195744 PMCID: PMC6632063 DOI: 10.3390/v11060521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) is an RNA virus that causes more than 50% of upper respiratory tract infections in humans worldwide. Together with Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RV is one of the leading causes of viral bronchiolitis in infants and the most common virus associated with wheezing in children aged between one and two years. Because of its tremendous genetic diversity (>150 serotypes), the recurrence of RV infections each year is quite typical. Furthermore, because of its broad clinical spectrum, the clinical variability as well as the pathogenesis of RV infection are nowadays the subjects of an in-depth examination and have been the subject of several studies in the literature. In fact, the virus is responsible for direct cell cytotoxicity in only a small way, and it is now clearer than ever that it may act indirectly by triggering the release of active mediators by structural and inflammatory airway cells, causing the onset and/or the acute exacerbation of asthmatic events in predisposed children. In the present review, we aim to summarize the RV infection's epidemiology, pathogenetic hypotheses, and available treatment options as well as its correlation with respiratory morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population.
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31
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Khoo SK, Read J, Franks K, Zhang G, Bizzintino J, Coleman L, McCrae C, Öberg L, Troy NM, Prastanti F, Everard J, Oo S, Borland ML, Maciewicz RA, Le Souëf PN, Laing IA, Bosco A. Upper Airway Cell Transcriptomics Identify a Major New Immunological Phenotype with Strong Clinical Correlates in Young Children with Acute Wheezing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1845-1858. [PMID: 30745463 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Asthma exacerbations are triggered by rhinovirus infections. We employed a systems biology approach to delineate upper-airway gene network patterns underlying asthma exacerbation phenotypes in children. Cluster analysis unveiled distinct IRF7hi versus IRF7lo molecular phenotypes, the former exhibiting robust upregulation of Th1/type I IFN responses and the latter an alternative signature marked by upregulation of cytokine and growth factor signaling and downregulation of IFN-γ. The two phenotypes also produced distinct clinical phenotypes. For IRF7lo children, symptom duration prior to hospital presentation was more than twice as long from initial symptoms (p = 0.011) and nearly three times as long for cough (p < 0.001), the odds ratio of admission to hospital was increased more than 4-fold (p = 0.018), and time to recurrence was shorter (p = 0.015). In summary, our findings demonstrate that asthma exacerbations in children can be divided into IRF7hi versus IRF7lo phenotypes with associated differences in clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Kim Khoo
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - James Read
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Kimberley Franks
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.,Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia and Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Joelene Bizzintino
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Laura Coleman
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Christopher McCrae
- Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 53 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lisa Öberg
- Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 53 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Niamh M Troy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Franciska Prastanti
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Janet Everard
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Stephen Oo
- Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Meredith L Borland
- Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and.,Division of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Rose A Maciewicz
- Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 53 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Peter N Le Souëf
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia.,Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia;
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32
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Farahnak S, Chronopoulos J, Martin JG. Nucleic Acid Sensing in Allergic Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:1-33. [PMID: 30904191 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances indicate that there is crosstalk between allergic disorders and nucleic acid sensing. Triggers that activate inflammatory mechanisms via nucleic acid sensors affect both allergic phenotypes and anti-viral responses, depending on the timing and the order of exposure. Viral respiratory infections, such as those caused by the rhinovirus, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus, are the most frequent cause of significant asthma exacerbations through effects mediated predominantly by TLR3. However, agonists of other nucleic acid sensors, such as TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists, may inhibit allergic inflammation and reduce clinical manifestations of disease. The allergic state can predispose the immune system to both exaggerated responses to viral infections or protection from anti-viral inflammatory responses. TH2 cytokines appear to alter the epithelium, leading to defective viral clearance or exaggerated responses to viral infections. However, a TH2 skewed allergic response may be protective against a TH1-dependent inflammatory anti-viral response. This review briefly introduces the receptors involved in nucleic acid sensing, addresses mechanisms by which nucleic acid sensing and allergic responses can counteract one another, and discusses the strategies in experimental settings, both in animal and human studies, to harness the nucleic acid sensing machinery for the intervention of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroor Farahnak
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Chronopoulos
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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33
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Lewis TC, Metitiri EE, Mentz GB, Ren X, Carpenter AR, Goldsmith AM, Wicklund KE, Eder BN, Comstock AT, Ricci JM, Brennan SR, Washington GL, Owens KB, Mukherjee B, Robins TG, Batterman SA, Hershenson MB. Influence of viral infection on the relationships between airway cytokines and lung function in asthmatic children. Respir Res 2018; 19:228. [PMID: 30463560 PMCID: PMC6249926 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few longitudinal studies examine inflammation and lung function in asthma. We sought to determine the cytokines that reduce airflow, and the influence of respiratory viral infections on these relationships. METHODS Children underwent home collections of nasal lavage during scheduled surveillance periods and self-reported respiratory illnesses. We studied 53 children for one year, analyzing 392 surveillance samples and 203 samples from 85 respiratory illnesses. Generalized estimated equations were used to evaluate associations between nasal lavage biomarkers (7 mRNAs, 10 proteins), lung function and viral infection. RESULTS As anticipated, viral infection was associated with increased cytokines and reduced FVC and FEV1. However, we found frequent and strong interactions between biomarkers and virus on lung function. For example, in the absence of viral infection, CXCL10 mRNA, MDA5 mRNA, CXCL10, IL-4, IL-13, CCL4, CCL5, CCL20 and CCL24 were negatively associated with FVC. In contrast, during infection, the opposite relationship was frequently found, with IL-4, IL-13, CCL5, CCL20 and CCL24 levels associated with less severe reductions in both FVC and FEV1. CONCLUSIONS In asthmatic children, airflow obstruction is driven by specific pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the absence of viral infection, higher cytokine levels are associated with decreasing lung function. However, with infection, there is a reversal in this relationship, with cytokine abundance associated with reduced lung function decline. While nasal samples may not reflect lower airway responses, these data suggest that some aspects of the inflammatory response may be protective against viral infection. This study may have ramifications for the treatment of viral-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby C. Lewis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Ediri E. Metitiri
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Graciela B. Mentz
- Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Xiaodan Ren
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Ashley R. Carpenter
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Adam M. Goldsmith
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Kyra E. Wicklund
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
- Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Breanna N. Eder
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Adam T. Comstock
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Jeannette M. Ricci
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Sean R. Brennan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Ginger L. Washington
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Kendall B. Owens
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Thomas G. Robins
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Stuart A. Batterman
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - the Community Action Against Asthma Steering Committee
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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34
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Lo D, Kennedy JL, Kurten RC, Panettieri RA, Koziol-White CJ. Modulation of airway hyperresponsiveness by rhinovirus exposure. Respir Res 2018; 19:208. [PMID: 30373568 PMCID: PMC6206673 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) exposure has been implicated in childhood development of wheeze evoking asthma and exacerbations of underlying airways disease. Studies such as the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC) and Childhood Origins of ASThma (COAST) have identified RV as a pathogen inducing severe respiratory disease. RVs also modulate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a key characteristic of such diseases. Although potential factors underlying mechanisms by which RV induces AHR have been postulated, the precise mechanisms of AHR following RV exposure remain elusive. A challenge to RV-related research stems from inadequate models for study. While human models raise ethical concerns and are relatively difficult in terms of subject recruitment, murine models are limited by susceptibility of infection to the relatively uncommon minor group (RV-B) serotypes, strains that are generally associated with infrequent clinical respiratory virus infections. Although a transgenic mouse strain that has been developed has enhanced susceptibility for infection with the common major group (RV-A) serotypes, few studies have focused on RV in the context of allergic airways disease rather than understanding RV-induced AHR. Recently, the receptor for the virulent RV-C CDHR3, was identified, but a dearth of studies have examined RV-C-induced effects in humans. Currently, the mechanisms by which RV infections modulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) shortening or excitation-contraction coupling remain elusive. Further, only one study has investigated the effects of RV on bronchodilatory mechanisms, with only speculation as to mechanisms underlying RV-mediated modulation of bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lo
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua L Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Richard C Kurten
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cynthia J Koziol-White
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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35
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Lauzon-Joset JF, Jones AC, Mincham KT, Thomas JA, Rosenthal LA, Bosco A, Holt PG, Strickland DH. Atopy-Dependent and Independent Immune Responses in the Heightened Severity of Atopics to Respiratory Viral Infections: Rat Model Studies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1805. [PMID: 30150981 PMCID: PMC6099265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic (Th2high immunophenotype) asthmatics have a heightened susceptibility to common respiratory viral infections such as human rhinovirus. Evidence suggests that the innate interferon response is deficient in asthmatic/atopic individuals, while other studies show no differences in antiviral response pathways. Unsensitized and OVA-sensitized/challenged Th2high (BN rats) and Th2low immunophenotype (PVG rats) animals were inoculated intranasally with attenuated mengovirus (vMC0). Sensitized animals were exposed/unexposed during the acute viral response phase. Cellular and transcriptomic profiling was performed on bronchoalveolar lavage cells. In unsensitized PVG rats, vMC0 elicits a prototypical antiviral response (neutrophilic airways inflammation, upregulation of Th1/type I interferon-related pathways). In contrast, response to infection in the Th2high BN rats was associated with a radically altered intrinsic host response to respiratory viral infection, characterized by macrophage influx/Th2-associated pathways. In sensitized animals, response to virus infection alone was not altered compared to unsensitized animals. However, allergen exposure of sensitized animals during viral infection unleashes a notably exaggerated airways inflammatory response profile orders of magnitude higher in BN versus PVG rats despite similar viral loads. The co-exposure responses in the Th2high BN incorporated type I interferon/Th1, alternative macrophage activation/Th2 and Th17 signatures. Similar factors may underlie the hyper-susceptibility to infection-associated airways inflammation characteristic of the human Th2high immunophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anya C Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kyle T Mincham
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jenny A Thomas
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Louis A Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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36
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Caballero MT, Hijano DR, Acosta PL, Mateu CG, Marcone DN, Linder JE, Talarico LB, Elder JM, Echavarria M, Miller EK, Polack FP. Interleukin-13 associates with life-threatening rhinovirus infections in infants and young children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2018; 53:787-795. [PMID: 29665312 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Delineate risk factors associated with severe hypoxemia (O2 sat ≤87%) in infants and children younger than 2 years hospitalized with single pathogen HRV infection. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study in a yearly catchment population of 56 560 children <2 years old between 2011 and 2013 in Argentina. All children with respiratory signs and O2 sat <93% on admission were included. HRV infections were identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Epidemiologic, clinical, viral, and immunological risk factors were assessed. RESULTS Among 5012 hospitalized patients, HRV was detected as a single pathogen in 347 (6.92%) subjects. Thirty-two (9.2%) had life-threatening disease. Traditional risk factors for severe bronchiolitis did not affect severity of illness. HRV viral load, HRV groups, and type II and III interferons did not associate with severe hypoxemia. Interleukin-13 Levels in respiratory secretions at the time of admission (OR = 7.43 (3-18.4); P < 0.001 for IL-13 >10 pg/mL) predisposed to life-threatening disease. CONCLUSIONS Targeted interventions against IL-13 should be evaluated to decrease severity of HRV illness in infancy and early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego R Hijano
- Fundación INFANT, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Patricio L Acosta
- Fundación INFANT, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Débora N Marcone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Virology Unit and Clinical Virology Laboratory, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "CEMIC", Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Laura B Talarico
- Fundación INFANT, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Marcela Echavarria
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Virology Unit and Clinical Virology Laboratory, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "CEMIC", Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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37
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Liu YP, Rajamanikham V, Baron M, Patel S, Mathur SK, Schwantes EA, Ober C, Jackson DJ, Gern JE, Lemanske RF, Smith JA. Association of ORMDL3 with rhinovirus-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and type I Interferon responses in human leucocytes. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:371-382. [PMID: 28192616 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with risk alleles at the 17q21 genetic locus who wheeze during rhinovirus illnesses have a greatly increased likelihood of developing childhood asthma. In mice, overexpression of the 17q21 gene ORMDL3 leads to airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness. However, the mechanisms by which ORMDL3 predisposes to asthma are unclear. Previous studies have suggested that ORMDL3 induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and production of the type I interferon (IFN)-regulated chemokine CXCL10. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between ORMDL3 and rhinovirus-induced ER stress and type I IFN in human leucocytes. METHODS ER stress was monitored by measuring HSPA5, CHOP and spliced XBP1 gene expression, and type I IFN by measuring IFNB1 (IFN-β) and CXCL10 expression in human cell lines and primary leucocytes following treatment with rhinovirus. Requirements for cell contact and specific cell type in ORMDL3 induction were examined by transwell assay and depletion experiments, respectively. Finally, the effects of 17q21 genotype on the expression of ORMDL3, IFNB1 and ER stress genes were assessed. RESULTS THP-1 monocytes overexpressing ORMDL3 responded to rhinovirus with increased IFNB1 and HSPA5. Rhinovirus-induced ORMDL3 expression in primary leucocytes required cell-cell contact, and induction was suppressed by plasmacytoid dendritic cell depletion. The degree of rhinovirus-induced ORMDL3, HSPA5 and IFNB1 expression varied by leucocyte type and 17q21 genotype, with the highest expression of these genes in the asthma-associated genotype. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Multiple lines of evidence support an association between higher ORMDL3 and increased rhinovirus-induced HSPA5 and type I IFN gene expression. These associations with ORMDL3 are cell type specific, with the most significant 17q21 genotype effects on ORMDL3 expression and HSPA5 induction evident in B cells. Together, these findings have implications for how the interaction of increased ORMDL3 and rhinovirus may predispose to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-P Liu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - V Rajamanikham
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Baron
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S Patel
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S K Mathur
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - E A Schwantes
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D J Jackson
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J E Gern
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - R F Lemanske
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J A Smith
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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38
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Wolf S, Perez GF, Mukharesh L, Isaza N, Preciado D, Freishtat RJ, Pillai D, Rose MC, Nino G. Conditional reprogramming of pediatric airway epithelial cells: A new human model to investigate early-life respiratory disorders. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:810-817. [PMID: 28981980 PMCID: PMC5868353 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway epithelial cells (AEC) are quite difficult to access in newborns and infants. It is critically important to develop robust life-extended models to conduct translational studies in this age group. We propose the use of a recently described cell culture technology (conditionally reprogrammed cells-CRC) to generate continuous primary cell cultures from nasal and bronchial AEC of young children. METHODS We collected nasal and/or bronchial AEC from a total of 23 subjects of different ages including newborns/infants/toddlers (0-2 years; N = 9), school-age children (4-11 years; N = 6), and a group of adolescent/adult donors (N = 8). For CRC generation, we used conditioned medium from mitotically inactivated 3T3 fibroblasts and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor (Y-27632). Antiviral immune responses were studied using 25 key antiviral genes and protein production of type III epithelial interferon (IFN λ1) after double-stranded (ds) RNA exposure. RESULTS CRC derived from primary AEC of neonates/infants and young children exhibited: (i) augmented proliferative capacity and life extension, (ii) preserved airway epithelial phenotype after multiple passages, (iii) robust immune responses characterized by the expression of innate antiviral genes and parallel nasal/bronchial production of IFN λ1 after exposure to dsRNA, and (iv) induction of airway epithelial inflammatory and remodeling responses to dsRNA (eg, CXCL8 and MMP9). CONCLUSION Conditional reprogramming of AEC from young children is a feasible and powerful translational approach to investigate early-life airway epithelial immune responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wolf
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G F Perez
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Mukharesh
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - N Isaza
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Neonatology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Preciado
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R J Freishtat
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Pillai
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M C Rose
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G Nino
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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39
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Koistinen A, Lukkarinen M, Turunen R, Vuorinen T, Vahlberg T, Camargo CA, Gern J, Ruuskanen O, Jartti T. Prednisolone for the first rhinovirus-induced wheezing and 4-year asthma risk: A randomized trial. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:557-563. [PMID: 28660720 PMCID: PMC7168117 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous findings show that corticosteroid treatment during the first acute wheezing episode may reduce recurrent wheezing in children with high rhinovirus genome load at 12-month follow-up. Longer-term effects have not been investigated prospectively. METHODS After PCR confirmation of rhinovirus from nasopharyngeal aspirate, 79 children with the first acute wheezing episode were randomized to receive orally prednisolone or placebo for 3 days. The initiation of asthma control medication before the age of 5 years was confirmed from medical record and/or from parental interview. The outcome was the time to initiation of regular asthma control medication. Interaction analysis examined rhinovirus genome load. RESULTS Fifty-nine (75%) children completed the follow-up. Asthma control medication was initiated in 40 (68%) children at the median age of 20 months. Overall, prednisolone did not affect the time to initiation of asthma control medication when compared to placebo (P=.99). Rhinovirus load modified the effect of prednisolone regarding the time to initiation of asthma control medication (P-value for interaction=.04). In children with high rhinovirus load (>7000 copies/mL; n=23), the risk for initiation of medication was lower in the prednisolone group compared to the placebo group (P=.05). In the placebo group, asthma medication was initiated to all children with high rhinovirus load (n=9) during the 14 months after the first wheezing episode. CONCLUSIONS Overall, prednisolone did not affect the time to initiation of asthma control medication when compared to placebo. However, prednisolone may be beneficial in first-time wheezing children whose episode was severe and associated with high rhinovirus load. (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00731575).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamari Koistinen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Minna Lukkarinen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Turunen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Virology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Department of Clinical Virology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Vahlberg
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Gern
- The Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Olli Ruuskanen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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40
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Stenberg-Hammar K, Hedlin G, Söderhäll C. Rhinovirus and preschool wheeze. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:513-520. [PMID: 28599066 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) known as the common cold virus generally only causes a mild upper respiratory infection, but severe lower respiratory symptoms have been associated with RV infections especially in asthmatic individuals. Wheezing is a symptom of airway obstruction, and preschool children wheezing with RV have been associated with increased risk of asthma at school age. There are, however, conflicting opinions as to whether there are differences in response to RV infection or whether wheezing with RV reveals a preexisting impairment that promotes asthma mainly in predisposed children. The advent of molecular diagnostics to detect respiratory viruses has led to new insights into the role of RV infections. This review will discuss recent information concerning the role of RV as an important respiratory pathogen related to early onset wheeze and exacerbation of established asthma in preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Stenberg-Hammar
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre of Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Hedlin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre of Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cilla Söderhäll
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre of Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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Song DJ, Miller M, Beppu A, Rosenthal P, Das S, Karta M, Vuong C, Mehta AK, Croft M, Broide DH. Rhinovirus Infection of ORMDL3 Transgenic Mice Is Associated with Reduced Rhinovirus Viral Load and Airway Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2215-2224. [PMID: 28827284 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Orosomucoid like 3 (ORMDL3), a gene localized to chromosome 17q21, has been linked in epidemiologic studies to childhood asthma and rhinovirus (RV) infections. As the single nucleotide polymorphisms linking ORMDL3 to asthma are associated with increased expression of ORMDL3, we have used hORMDL3zp3-Cre mice (which have universal increased expression of human ORMDL3) to determine whether infection of these transgenic mice with RV influences levels of airway inflammation or RV viral load. RV infection of hORMDL3zp3-Cre mice resulted in reduced RV viral load assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (lung and airway epithelium), as well as reduced airway inflammation (total bronchoalveolar lavage cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes) compared with RV-infected wild-type mice. Levels of the antiviral pathways including IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ) and RNAse L were significantly increased in the lungs of RV-infected hORMDL3zp3-Cre mice. Levels of the antiviral mouse oligoadenylate synthetase (mOas)1g pathway and RNAse L were upregulated in the lungs of unchallenged hORMDL3zp3-Cre mice. In addition, levels of mOas2, but not mOas1 (mOas1a, mOas1b, mOas1g), or mOas3 pathways were significantly more upregulated by IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ) in epithelial cells from hORMDL3zp3-Cre mice compared with RV-infected wild-type mouse epithelial cells. RNAse L-deficient mice infected with RV had increased RV viral load. Overall, these studies suggest that increased levels of ORMDL3 contribute to antiviral defense to RV infection in mice through pathways that may include IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ), OAS, and RNAse L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Jin Song
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; and
| | - Marina Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Andrew Beppu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Peter Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sudipta Das
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Maya Karta
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Amit Kumar Mehta
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - David H Broide
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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42
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Steinke JW, Borish L. Immune Responses in Rhinovirus-Induced Asthma Exacerbations. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:78. [PMID: 27796793 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute asthma exacerbations are responsible for urgent care visits and hospitalizations; they interfere with school and work productivity, thereby driving much of the morbidity and mortality associated with asthma. Approximately 80 to 85 % of asthma exacerbations in children, adolescents, and less frequently adults are associated with viral upper respiratory tract viral infections, and rhinovirus (RV) accounts for ∼60-70 % of these virus-associated exacerbations. Evidence suggests that it is not the virus itself but the nature of the immune response to RV that drives this untoward response. In particular, evidence supports the concept that RV acts to exacerbate an ongoing allergic inflammatory response to environmental allergens present at the time of the infection. The interaction of the ongoing IgE- and T cell-mediated response to allergen superimposed on the innate and adaptive immune responses to the virus and how this leads to triggering of an asthma exacerbation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Steinke
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-1355, USA
| | - Larry Borish
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-1355, USA.
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43
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Agrawal A. Dendritic Cell-Airway Epithelial Cell Cross-Talk Changes with Age and Contributes to Chronic Lung Inflammatory Diseases in the Elderly. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061206. [PMID: 28587289 PMCID: PMC5486029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated dysregulated immune and inflammatory responses are one of the major factors responsible for the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases in the older population. Pulmonary dendritic cells (DCs) are present below the airway epithelial cells (AECs) and are critical in initiating effective immune responses to harmful pathogens while maintaining tolerance against harmless antigens. The interaction between DCs and AECs plays a crucial role in lung immunity at homeostasis and during infections. The functions of both DCs and AECs are impacted with age. The present report reviews how the potential crosstalk between pulmonary DCs and AECs is dysregulated in the elderly impairing the capacity to maintain tolerance at the respiratory surfaces, which results in severe and chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases. We also discuss how such DC-AECs crosstalk will provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility of the elderly to pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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44
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Hansel TT, Tunstall T, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Shamji B, Del-Rosario A, Dhariwal J, Kirk PDW, Stumpf MPH, Koopmann J, Telcian A, Aniscenko J, Gogsadze L, Bakhsoliani E, Stanciu L, Bartlett N, Edwards M, Walton R, Mallia P, Hunt TM, Hunt TL, Hunt DG, Westwick J, Edwards M, Kon OM, Jackson DJ, Johnston SL. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Nasal and Bronchial Cytokines and Chemokines Following Experimental Rhinovirus Infection in Allergic Asthma: Increased Interferons (IFN-γ and IFN-λ) and Type 2 Inflammation (IL-5 and IL-13). EBioMedicine 2017; 19:128-138. [PMID: 28373098 PMCID: PMC5440599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhinovirus infection is a major cause of asthma exacerbations. Objectives We studied nasal and bronchial mucosal inflammatory responses during experimental rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations. Methods We used nasosorption on days 0, 2–5 and 7 and bronchosorption at baseline and day 4 to sample mucosal lining fluid to investigate airway mucosal responses to rhinovirus infection in patients with allergic asthma (n = 28) and healthy non-atopic controls (n = 11), by using a synthetic absorptive matrix and measuring levels of 34 cytokines and chemokines using a sensitive multiplex assay. Results Following rhinovirus infection asthmatics developed more upper and lower respiratory symptoms and lower peak expiratory flows compared to controls (all P < 0.05). Asthmatics also developed higher nasal lining fluid levels of an anti-viral pathway (including IFN-γ, IFN-λ/IL-29, CXCL11/ITAC, CXCL10/IP10 and IL-15) and a type 2 inflammatory pathway (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, CCL17/TARC, CCL11/eotaxin, CCL26/eotaxin-3) (area under curve day 0–7, all P < 0.05). Nasal IL-5 and IL-13 were higher in asthmatics at day 0 (P < 0.01) and levels increased by days 3 and 4 (P < 0.01). A hierarchical correlation matrix of 24 nasal lining fluid cytokine and chemokine levels over 7 days demonstrated expression of distinct interferon-related and type 2 pathways in asthmatics. In asthmatics IFN-γ, CXCL10/IP10, CXCL11/ITAC, IL-15 and IL-5 increased in bronchial lining fluid following viral infection (all P < 0.05). Conclusions Precision sampling of mucosal lining fluid identifies robust interferon and type 2 responses in the upper and lower airways of asthmatics during an asthma exacerbation. Nasosorption and bronchosorption have potential to define asthma endotypes in stable disease and at exacerbation. Following rhinovirus infection asthmatics have increased interferons and type 2 inflammation in airway mucosal lining fluid. Nasosorption cytokines and chemokines showed distinct pathways of interferon and type 2 inflammation in asthma. Precision mucosal sampling has potential for stratifying molecular endotypes of asthma. Validation of nasosorption and bronchosorption will be required for selection of asthmatics for therapy with biologics.
Experimental human rhinovirus (HRV) infection causes more severe upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms in allergic asthmatics than in healthy controls. There is greater induction of cytokines and chemokines in nasal and bronchial mucosal lining fluid (MLF) of asthmatics: with distinct pathways of type 2 and anti-viral/regulatory inflammation. Subject to further validation, analysis of MLF may prove useful in stratification of patients with asthma, and the definition of molecular endotypes. Interpretation Nasosorption and bronchosorption are precision sampling methods with potential for widespread application in respiratory and other mucosal diseases (e.g. gastrointestinal diseases). Biomarkers identified in nasosorption and bronchosorption samples will need to be validated compared to established airway sampling methods, in a range of asthma phenotypes, and with current and novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor T Hansel
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit (ICRRU), UK.
| | - Tanushree Tunstall
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit (ICRRU), UK
| | - Maria-Belen Trujillo-Torralbo
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
| | - Betty Shamji
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Horsham, UK
| | - Ajerico Del-Rosario
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
| | - Jaideep Dhariwal
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
| | - Paul D W Kirk
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jens Koopmann
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; Medimmune, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aurica Telcian
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK
| | - Julia Aniscenko
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK
| | - Leila Gogsadze
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK
| | - Eteri Bakhsoliani
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK
| | - Luminita Stanciu
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK
| | - Nathan Bartlett
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK
| | - Michael Edwards
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK
| | - Ross Walton
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK
| | - Patrick Mallia
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
| | - Toby M Hunt
- Hunt Developments (UK) Ltd, Midhurst, West Sussex, UK
| | - Trevor L Hunt
- Hunt Developments (UK) Ltd, Midhurst, West Sussex, UK
| | - Duncan G Hunt
- Hunt Developments (UK) Ltd, Midhurst, West Sussex, UK
| | - John Westwick
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Horsham, UK
| | | | - Onn Min Kon
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit (ICRRU), UK
| | - David J Jackson
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College (IC), London, UK; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
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45
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Rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations and risk populations. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:179-85. [PMID: 26836624 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article discusses recent findings into the mechanisms that determine how viruses trigger asthma exacerbations. RECENT FINDINGS Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of virus-induced asthma exacerbations. This includes new insights into the role of bacteria, the regulation of interferon responses, and the discovery of innate immune pathways that link viral infections with allergic inflammation. Progress has also been made in elucidating the genetic risk factors for asthma exacerbations, most notably the contribution of the ORMDL3/GSDMB locus on 17q, the mechanisms underlying the farming effect, and the discovery that CDHR3 binds to rhinovirus species C. SUMMARY Asthma exacerbations are heterogeneous conditions that involve the complex interplay between environmental exposures and innate and adaptive immune function in genetically predisposed individuals. Recent insights into the interrelationships between these factors provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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46
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Troy NM, Bosco A. Respiratory viral infections and host responses; insights from genomics. Respir Res 2016; 17:156. [PMID: 27871304 PMCID: PMC5117516 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease and mortality. The severity of these illnesses can vary markedly from mild or asymptomatic upper airway infections to severe wheezing, bronchiolitis or pneumonia. In this article, we review the viral sensing pathways and organizing principles that govern the innate immune response to infection. Then, we reconstruct the molecular networks that differentiate symptomatic from asymptomatic respiratory viral infections, and identify the underlying molecular drivers of these networks. Finally, we discuss unique aspects of the biology and pathogenesis of infections with respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus and influenza, drawing on insights from genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Troy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia.
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47
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Song DJ. Rhinovirus and childhood asthma: an update. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2016; 59:432-439. [PMID: 27895690 PMCID: PMC5118502 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2016.59.11.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is recognized as a complex disease resulting from interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors. Accumulating evidence suggests that respiratory viral infections in early life constitute a major environmental risk factor for the development of childhood asthma. Respiratory viral infections have also been recognized as the most common cause of asthma exacerbation. The advent of molecular diagnostics to detect respiratory viruses has provided new insights into the role of human rhinovirus (HRV) infections in the pathogenesis of asthma. However, it is still unclear whether HRV infections cause asthma or if wheezing with HRV infection is simply a predictor of childhood asthma. Recent clinical and experimental studies have identified plausible pathways by which HRV infection could cause asthma, particularly in a susceptible host, and exacerbate disease. Airway epithelial cells, the primary site of infection and replication of HRV, play a key role in these processes. Details regarding the role of genetic factors, including ORMDL3, are beginning to emerge. This review discusses recent clinical and experimental evidence for the role of HRV infection in the development and exacerbation of childhood asthma and the potential underlying mechanisms that have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Jin Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Environmental Health Center for Childhood Asthma, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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48
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Głobińska A, Pawełczyk M, Piechota-Polańczyk A, Olszewska-Ziąber A, Moskwa S, Mikołajczyk A, Jabłońska A, Zakrzewski PK, Brauncajs M, Jarzębska M, Taka S, Papadopoulos NG, Kowalski ML. Impaired virus replication and decreased innate immune responses to viral infections in nasal epithelial cells from patients with allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:100-112. [PMID: 27667736 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the immune response to parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), rhinovirus 1B (RV1B) and intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLR) agonists in nasal epithelial cells (NECs) from patients with allergic rhinitis and healthy controls. NECs were obtained from eight patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and 11 non-atopic healthy controls (HC) by nasal scraping, grown to confluence and exposed to PIV3, RV1B infection or TLR-3 and TLR-7/8 agonists. Interferon (IFN)-λ1, IFN-α, IFN-β and regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES) release into the cell culture supernatants was assessed at 8, 24 and 48 h upon infection or 8 and 24 h after stimulation with poly(I:C) and R848. mRNA levels of IFNs, RANTES, interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF)3, IRF7 and viral gene copy number were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). PIV3 but not RV1B replication 48 h after infection was significantly lower (P < 0·01) in NECs from AR patients compared to HC. PIV3 infection induced significantly less IFN-λ1 (both protein and mRNA) in NECs from AR compared to HC. IFN-β mRNA expression and RANTES protein release and mRNA expression tended to be smaller in AR compared HC cells in response to both viruses. Stimulation with TLR-3 agonist [poly (I:C)] induced similar IFN-λ1 and RANTES generation in AR and HC subjects. Viral infections in NECs induced IRF7 expression, which correlated with IFN and RANTES expression. These data suggest that virus proliferation rates and the immune response profile are different in nasal epithelial cells from patients with allergic rhinitis compared to healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Głobińska
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.,Healthy Ageing Research Center, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - M Pawełczyk
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.,Healthy Ageing Research Center, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - A Piechota-Polańczyk
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.,Healthy Ageing Research Center, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - A Olszewska-Ziąber
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.,Healthy Ageing Research Center, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - S Moskwa
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.,Healthy Ageing Research Center, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.,Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology Department, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - A Mikołajczyk
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.,Healthy Ageing Research Center, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - A Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.,Healthy Ageing Research Center, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - P K Zakrzewski
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.,Healthy Ageing Research Center, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - M Brauncajs
- Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology Department, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - M Jarzębska
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.,Healthy Ageing Research Center, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - S Taka
- Allergy Department, Second Paediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - N G Papadopoulos
- Allergy Department, Second Paediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M L Kowalski
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.,Healthy Ageing Research Center, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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49
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Abstract
Allergy and viral respiratory infections have long been recognized as two of the most important risk factors for exacerbations of asthma. These observations have raised questions regarding potential interactions between these two important risk factors. For example, does allergy diminish the antiviral response, thereby promoting exacerbations of asthma? Alternately, do viral respiratory infections potentiate ongoing allergic inflammation in the airway? The answers to these questions are likely to have implications regarding the prevention and treatment of exacerbations of asthma. This article reviews that clinical evidence linking viral infections and allergy to exacerbations of asthma, reviews potential interactions between these two risk factors, and discusses possible application of new insights in virus/allergen interactions to the prevention and treatment of exacerbations of asthma.
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50
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Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) and coronavirus (HCoV) infections are associated with both upper respiratory tract illness (“the common cold”) and lower respiratory tract illness (pneumonia). New species of HRVs and HCoVs have been diagnosed in the past decade. More sensitive diagnostic tests such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction have expanded our understanding of the role these viruses play in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts. Recent identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome viruses causing serious respiratory illnesses has led to renewed efforts for vaccine development. The role these viruses play in patients with chronic lung disease such as asthma makes the search for antiviral agents of increased importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Ben Taub Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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