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Rahman MS, Hossain MS. Eicosanoids Signals in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Foe or Friend. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00919-4. [PMID: 37878227 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mediated infection instigated a scary pandemic state since 2019. They created havoc comprising death, imbalanced social structures, and a wrecked global economy. During infection, the inflammation and associated cytokine storm generate a critical pathological situation in the human body, especially in the lungs. By the passage of time of infection, inflammatory disorders, and multiple organ damage happen which might lead to death, if not treated properly. Until now, many pathological parameters have been used to understand the progress of the severity of COVID-19 but with limited success. Bioactive lipid mediators have the potential of initiating and resolving inflammation in any disease. The connection between lipid storm and inflammatory states of SARS-CoV-2 infection has surfaced and got importance to understand and mitigate the pathological states of COVID-19. As the role of eicosanoids in COVID-19 infection is not well defined, available information regarding this issue has been accumulated to address the possible network of eicosanoids related to the initiation of inflammation, promotion of cytokine storm, and resolution of inflammation, and highlight possible strategies for treatment and drug discovery related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in this study. Understanding the involvement of eicosanoids in exploration of cellular events provoked by SARS-CoV-2 infection has been summarized as an important factor to deescalate any upcoming catastrophe imposed by the lethal variants of this micro-monster. Additionally, this study also recognized the eicosanoid based drug discovery, treatment, and strategies for managing the severity of SARS-COV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sharifur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammad Salim Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
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Andreakos E, Abel L, Vinh DC, Kaja E, Drolet BA, Zhang Q, O'Farrelly C, Novelli G, Rodríguez-Gallego C, Haerynck F, Prando C, Pujol A, Su HC, Casanova JL, Spaan AN. A global effort to dissect the human genetic basis of resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:159-164. [PMID: 34667308 PMCID: PMC8524403 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections display tremendous interindividual variability, ranging from asymptomatic infections to life-threatening disease. Inborn errors of, and autoantibodies directed against, type I interferons (IFNs) account for about 20% of critical COVID-19 cases among SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. By contrast, the genetic and immunological determinants of resistance to infection per se remain unknown. Following the discovery that autosomal recessive deficiency in the DARC chemokine receptor confers resistance to Plasmodium vivax, autosomal recessive deficiencies of chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and the enzyme FUT2 were shown to underlie resistance to HIV-1 and noroviruses, respectively. Along the same lines, we propose a strategy for identifying, recruiting, and genetically analyzing individuals who are naturally resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Grants
- UM1 HG006504 NHGRI NIH HHS
- UL1 TR001863 NCATS NIH HHS
- UL1 TR001866 NCATS NIH HHS
- R01 AI088364 NIAID NIH HHS
- R01 AI163029 NIAID NIH HHS
- U24 HG008956 NHGRI NIH HHS
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant No. 789645)
- European Commission’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (IMMUNAID, grant No. 779295, CURE, grant No. 767015 and TO_AITION grant No. 848146) and the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (INTERFLU, no. 1574)
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01AI088364), the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program (UL1TR001866), a Fast Grant from Emergent Ventures, Mercatus Center at George Mason University, the Yale Center for Mendelian Genomics and the GSP Coordinating Center funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) (UM1HG006504 and U24HG008956), the Fisher Center for Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, the Meyer Foundation, the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the “Investments for the Future” program (ANR-10-IAHU-01), the Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the French Foundation for Medical Research (FRM) (EQU201903007798), the FRM and ANR GENCOVID project (ANR-20-COVI-0003), ANRS-COV05, the Fondation du Souffle, the Square Foundation, Grandir - Fonds de solidarité pour l’enfance, the SCOR Corporate Foundation for Science, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Rockefeller University, the St. Giles Foundation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and the University of Paris
- Science Foundation Ireland COVID-19 Program
- Regione Lazio (Research Group Projects 2020) No. A0375-2020-36663, GecoBiomark
- Horizon 2020 program grant no. 824110 (EasiGenomics grant no. COVID-19/PID12342) and CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya
- Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Donald C Vinh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Beth A Drolet
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Gallego
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Canarian Health System, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Pulmonology, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent (CPIG), PID Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carolina Prando
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases U759 (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helen C Su
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - András N Spaan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Martinez-Bravo MJ, Wahlund CJE, Qazi KR, Moulder R, Lukic A, Rådmark O, Lahesmaa R, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Gabrielsson S. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is associated with exosomal vitamin D-binding protein and inflammatory molecules. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:1186-1194. [PMID: 27566455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory granulomatous disorder characterized by accumulation of TH1-type CD4+ T cells and immune effector cells within affected organs, most frequently the lungs. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles conveying intercellular communication with possible diagnostic and therapeutic applications. OBJECTIVES We aimed to provide an understanding of the proinflammatory role of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) exosomes in patients with sarcoidosis and to find candidates for disease biomarkers. METHODS We performed a mass spectrometric proteomics characterization of BALF exosomes from 15 patients with sarcoidosis and 5 healthy control subjects and verified the most interesting results with flow cytometry, ELISA, and Western blot analyses in an additional 39 patients and 22 control subjects. RESULTS More than 690 proteins were identified in the BALF exosomes, several of which displayed significant upregulation in patients, including inflammation-associated proteins, such as leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Most of the complement-activating factors were upregulated, whereas the complement regulator CD55 was seen less in patients compared with healthy control subjects. In addition, for the first time, we detected vitamin D-binding protein in BALF exosomes, which was more abundant in patients. To evaluate exosome-associated vitamin D-binding protein as a biomarker for sarcoidosis, we investigated plasma exosomes from 23 patients and 11 healthy control subjects and found significantly higher expression in patients. CONCLUSION Together, these data contribute to understanding the role of exosomes in lung disease and provide suggestions for highly warranted sarcoidosis biomarkers. Furthermore, the validation of an exosome-associated biomarker in the blood of patients provides novel, and less invasive, opportunities for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Jose Martinez-Bravo
- Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Casper J E Wahlund
- Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Moulder
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ana Lukic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Rådmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Respiratory Unit, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Eklund
- Respiratory Unit, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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The interrelationship between leukotriene B4 and leukotriene-A4-hydrolase in collagen/adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:730421. [PMID: 24701582 PMCID: PMC3950596 DOI: 10.1155/2014/730421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to check the involvement of lipid mediator leukotriene (LT) B4 and the activity of LTA4 hydrolase (LTA4H) in the development of arthritis induced in rats by collagen and adjuvant (CIA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were used for measurements of LTB4 and LTA4H in plasma, synovial fluid (SF), soluble (SO), and solubilized membrane-bound fraction (MB) from synovial tissue (ST) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of CIA-arthritic and CIA-resistant. EIA process is simple, clean, and rapid and offered advantages over HPLC, showing that in SF and MB-PBMCs of CIA-arthritic and CIA-resistant, and in MB-ST of CIA-resistant, LTB4 and LTA4H were altered in parallel and were positively related. In the plasma and SO-ST and SO-PBMCs of CIA-arthritic and CIA-resistant, and in MB-ST of CIA-arthritic, this pattern was not found. The primordial role played by LTA4H in the biosynthesis of LTB4 was confirmed together with the existence of alternative steps that regulate LTB4 without participation of LTA4H. The involvement of compartmentalized and coupled changes of LTB4 and LTA4H in the resistance and development of arthritis in CIA model was demonstrated for the first time.
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5
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Paz PB, Vega-Hissi EG, Estrada MR, Garro Martinez JC. In SilicoModeling of the Molecular Structure and Binding of Leukotriene A4 into Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:902-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Torregrosa Paredes P, Esser J, Admyre C, Nord M, Rahman QK, Lukic A, Rådmark O, Grönneberg R, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Scheynius A, Gabrielsson S. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid exosomes contribute to cytokine and leukotriene production in allergic asthma. Allergy 2012; 67:911-9. [PMID: 22620679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukotrienes (LTs) are potent pro-inflammatory mediators involved in asthma. Exosomes, nanosized vesicles released from various cells, can stimulate or down-regulate immune responses, depending on the state and nature of the originating cell. We have recently shown an altered exosome profile in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with sarcoidosis, but their role in asthma is unknown. Our aims were to investigate whether exosomes from BALF have LT biosynthetic capacity and to explore phenotypic and functional characteristics of BALF exosomes in asthma. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid exosomes were collected from healthy individuals (n = 13) and patients with mild allergic asthma to birch pollen (n = 12) before and after birch allergen provocation. Exosomes were characterized by flow cytometry and Western blot. Their capacity to induce IL-8 and LT production in the human bronchial epithelial cell (BEC) line 16HB14o- was measured by ELISA and reverse-phase HPLC, respectively. RESULTS Compared to BALF exosomes from healthy individuals, BALF exosomes from asthmatics displayed higher levels of exosome-associated markers, such as the tetraspanins CD63 and CD81 and the scavenger receptor CD36. No major differences were observed between BALF exosomes from before and after allergen provocation. Furthermore, we show that BALF exosomes contain enzymes for LT biosynthesis. The effect of exosomes to promote LTC(4) and IL-8 release in BEC was significantly increased for exosomes from asthmatics, and the CysLT(1) receptor antagonist Montelukast reduced exosome-induced IL-8 secretion. CONCLUSIONS Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid exosomes from asthmatic and healthy individuals exhibit distinct phenotypes and functions. BALF exosomes from asthmatics might contribute to subclinical inflammation by increasing cytokine and LTC(4) generation in airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Torregrosa Paredes
- Department of Medicine Solna; Translational Immunology Unit; L2:04, Karolinska Institutet; University Hospital; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - J. Esser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Division of Physiological Chemistry II; Karolinska Institutet; University Hospital; Solna; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - C. Admyre
- Department of Medicine Solna; Translational Immunology Unit; L2:04, Karolinska Institutet; University Hospital; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - M. Nord
- Department of Medicine Solna; Division of Respiratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Q. K. Rahman
- Department of Medicine Solna; Translational Immunology Unit; L2:04, Karolinska Institutet; University Hospital; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - A. Lukic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Division of Physiological Chemistry II; Karolinska Institutet; University Hospital; Solna; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - O. Rådmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Division of Physiological Chemistry II; Karolinska Institutet; University Hospital; Solna; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - R. Grönneberg
- Department of Medicine Solna; Division of Respiratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - J. Grunewald
- Department of Medicine Solna; Division of Respiratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - A. Eklund
- Department of Medicine Solna; Division of Respiratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - A. Scheynius
- Department of Medicine Solna; Translational Immunology Unit; L2:04, Karolinska Institutet; University Hospital; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - S. Gabrielsson
- Department of Medicine Solna; Translational Immunology Unit; L2:04, Karolinska Institutet; University Hospital; Stockholm; Sweden
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Snelgrove RJ, Jackson PL, Hardison MT, Noerager BD, Kinloch A, Gaggar A, Shastry S, Rowe SM, Shim YM, Hussell T, Blalock JE. A critical role for LTA4H in limiting chronic pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation. Science 2010; 330:90-4. [PMID: 20813919 PMCID: PMC3072752 DOI: 10.1126/science.1190594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene A(4) hydrolase (LTA(4)H) is a proinflammatory enzyme that generates the inflammatory mediator leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)). LTA(4)H also possesses aminopeptidase activity with unknown substrate and physiological importance; we identified the neutrophil chemoattractant proline-glycine-proline (PGP) as this physiological substrate. PGP is a biomarker for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is implicated in neutrophil persistence in the lung. In acute neutrophil-driven inflammation, PGP was degraded by LTA(4)H, which facilitated the resolution of inflammation. In contrast, cigarette smoke, a major risk factor for the development of COPD, selectively inhibited LTA(4)H aminopeptidase activity, which led to the accumulation of PGP and neutrophils. These studies imply that therapeutic strategies inhibiting LTA(4)H to prevent LTB(4) generation may not reduce neutrophil recruitment because of elevated levels of PGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Snelgrove
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Lung Health Center, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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8
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Khim SK, Bauman J, Evans J, Freeman B, King B, Kirkland T, Kochanny M, Lentz D, Liang A, Mendoza L, Phillips G, Tseng JL, Wei RG, Ye H, Yu L, Parkinson J, Guilford WJ. Discovery of novel and potent aryl diamines as leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3895-8. [PMID: 18590959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of aryl diamines as inhibitors of LTA(4)-h inhibitors are described. The optimization which led to the identification of the optimal para-substitution on the diphenyl ether moiety and diamine spacer is discussed. The resulting compounds such as 3l have excellent enzyme and cellular potency as well as desirable pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seock-Kyu Khim
- Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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9
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Ye B, Bauman J, Chen M, Davey D, Khim SK, King B, Kirkland T, Kochanny M, Liang A, Lentz D, May K, Mendoza L, Phillips G, Selchau V, Schlyer S, Tseng JL, Wei RG, Ye H, Parkinson J, Guilford WJ. Synthesis of N-alkyl glycine amides as potent inhibitors of leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3891-4. [PMID: 18586492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of N-alkyl glycine amide analogs as LTA(4)-h inhibitors and the importance of the introduction of a benzoic acid group to the potency and pharmacokinetic parameters of our analogs are described. The lead compound in the series, 4q, has excellent potency and oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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10
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Kirkland TA, Adler M, Bauman JG, Chen M, Haeggström JZ, King B, Kochanny MJ, Liang AM, Mendoza L, Phillips GB, Thunnissen M, Trinh L, Whitlow M, Ye B, Ye H, Parkinson J, Guilford WJ. Synthesis of glutamic acid analogs as potent inhibitors of leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4963-83. [PMID: 18394906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) is a potent pro-inflammatory mediator that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and asthma. As a method to decrease the level of LTB(4) and possibly identify novel treatments, inhibitors of the LTB(4) biosynthetic enzyme, leukotriene A(4) hydrolase (LTA(4)-h), have been explored. Here we describe the discovery of a potent inhibitor of LTA(4)-h, arylamide of glutamic acid 4f, starting from the corresponding glycinamide 2. Analogs of 4f are then described, focusing on compounds that are both active and stable in whole blood. This effort culminated in the identification of amino alcohol 12a and amino ester 6b which meet these criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Kirkland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States.
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11
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Levy BD, Kohli P, Gotlinger K, Haworth O, Hong S, Kazani S, Israel E, Haley KJ, Serhan CN. Protectin D1 is generated in asthma and dampens airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:496-502. [PMID: 17182589 PMCID: PMC3005704 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protectins are newly identified natural chemical mediators that counter leukocyte activation to promote resolution of inflammation. In this study, we provide the first evidence for protectin D1 (PD1, 10R,17S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid) formation from docosahexaenoic acid in human asthma in vivo and PD1 counterregulatory actions in allergic airway inflammation. PD1 and 17S-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid were present in exhaled breath condensates from healthy subjects. Of interest, levels of PD1 were significantly lower in exhaled breath condensates from subjects with asthma exacerbations. PD1 was also present in extracts of murine lungs from both control animals and those sensitized and aerosol challenged with allergen. When PD1 was administered before aeroallergen challenge, airway eosinophil and T lymphocyte recruitment were decreased, as were airway mucus, levels of specific proinflammatory mediators, including IL-13, cysteinyl leukotrienes, and PGD(2), and airway hyperresponsiveness to inhaled methacholine. Of interest, PD1 treatment after aeroallergen challenge markedly accelerated the resolution of airway inflammation. Together, these findings provide evidence for endogenous PD1 as a pivotal counterregulatory signal in allergic airway inflammation and point to new therapeutic strategies for modulating inflammation in asthmatic lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Serio KJ, Reddy KV, Bigby TD. Lipopolysaccharide induces 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein gene expression in THP-1 cells via a NF-κB and C/EBP-mediated mechanism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 288:C1125-33. [PMID: 15625306 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00296.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined induced expression of the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), which is critical for leukotriene synthesis in mononuclear phagocytes. Prolonged exposure to the bacterial component, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), increased FLAP gene transcription, mRNA expression, and protein expression in the human monocyte-like THP-1 cell line. Activation and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway modulated LPS induction of FLAP gene expression. An NF-κB-mediated mechanism of action was supported by overexpression of dominant-negative IκBα and p50/p65 proteins. EMSA/supershift and DNase I footprint analyses revealed that p50 binds to an NF-κB site located in the proximal FLAP promoter, while chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that LPS induced binding of p50 but not of p65. Moreover, EMSA/supershift analyses demonstrated that LPS induced time-dependent binding of THP-1 nuclear extracts (containing p50) to this promoter region. Mutation of the NF-κB site decreased basal promoter activity and abolished the p50- and p65-associated induction. EMSA/supershift analyses also demonstrated that LPS induced binding of THP-1 nuclear extracts [containing CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)-α, -δ, and -ε] to a C/EBP site located adjacent to the NF-κB site in the FLAP promoter. We conclude that LPS enhances FLAP gene expression via both NF-κB- and C/EBP-mediated transcriptional mechanisms in mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Serio
- Dept. of Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Newman JW, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Epoxide hydrolases: their roles and interactions with lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 44:1-51. [PMID: 15748653 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are enzymes present in all living organisms, which transform epoxide containing lipids by the addition of water. In plants and animals, many of these lipid substrates have potent biologically activities, such as host defenses, control of development, regulation of inflammation and blood pressure. Thus the EHs have important and diverse biological roles with profound effects on the physiological state of the host organisms. Currently, seven distinct epoxide hydrolase sub-types are recognized in higher organisms. These include the plant soluble EHs, the mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase, the hepoxilin hydrolase, leukotriene A4 hydrolase, the microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and the insect juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase. While our understanding of these enzymes has progressed at different rates, here we discuss the current state of knowledge for each of these enzymes, along with a distillation of our current understanding of their endogenous roles. By reviewing the entire enzyme class together, both commonalities and discrepancies in our understanding are highlighted and important directions for future research pertaining to these enzymes are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Newman
- Department of Entomology, UCDavis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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14
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Chen X, Li N, Wang S, Wu N, Hong J, Jiao X, Krasna MJ, Beer DG, Yang CS. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase in rat and human esophageal adenocarcinomas and inhibitory effects of bestatin. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:1053-61. [PMID: 12865451 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/95.14.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is increasing at the most rapid rate of any cancer in the United States. An esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis (EGDA) surgical model in rats mimics human gastroesophageal reflux and results in EAC. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H), a protein overexpressed in EAC in this model, is a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent inflammatory mediator. We used this model and human EAC and non-tumor tissues to elucidate the expression pattern of LTA4H and to evaluate it as a target for chemoprevention. METHODS LTA4H expression was examined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The functional role of LTA4H in carcinogenesis was investigated by use of an LTA4H inhibitor, bestatin, in the rat EGDA model. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS LTA4H was overexpressed in all 10 rat EACs examined, compared with its level in normal rat tissue; it was also overexpressed in four of six human EAC tumor samples, compared with its level in adjacent non-tumor tissue. In tissue sections from 20 EGDA rats and 92 patients (86 with EAC, one with dysplasia, and five with columnar-lined esophagus), LTA4H was expressed in infiltrating inflammatory cells and overexpressed in the columnar cells of preinvasive lesions and cancers, especially in well-differentiated EACs, as compared with the basal cells of the normal esophageal squamous epithelium. Bestatin statistically significantly inhibited LTB4 biosynthesis in the esophageal tissues of EGDA rats (without bestatin = 8.28 ng/mg of protein; with bestatin = 4.68 ng/mg of protein; difference = 3.60, 95% CI = 1.59 to 5.61; P = .002) and reduced the incidence of EAC in the EGDA rats from 57.7% (15 of 26 rats) to 26.1% (6 of 23 rats) (difference = 31.6%, 95% CI = 0.3% to 56.2%; P = .042). CONCLUSION LTA4H overexpression appears to be an early event in esophageal adenocarcinogenesis and is a potential target for the chemoprevention of EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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15
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Narsipur SS, Peterson OW, Smith R, Bigby TD, Parthasarathy S, Gabbai FB, Wilson CB, Blantz RC. Mechanisms of glomerular immune injury: effects of antioxidant treatment. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14:1748-55. [PMID: 12819234 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000073903.29685.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant glomerular vasoconstriction and production of reactive oxygen species has been known to occur with exposure to anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody (AGBM-Ab) in the rat model. Previously published studies have demonstrated that such effects can be reduced by therapy with phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It was hypothesized that antioxidant pretreatment with water-soluble probucol would improve glomerular hemodynamics 60 to 90 min after the administration of AGBM-Ab. These relationships were examined with both in vivo renal micropuncture and in vitro studies in rats. Single-nephron GFR (SNGFR) decreased markedly in untreated rats after AGBM-Ab as a result of afferent and efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction with consequent reductions in nephron plasma flow (SNPF) and decreases in the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (LpA). Basal SNGFR was increased, and SNGFR was significantly higher after AGBM-Ab in probucol-treated versus untreated rats. This finding was due solely to higher values for SNPF and prevention of afferent arteriolar constriction. A reduction in LpA after AGBM-Ab was not prevented by probucol treatment. In vitro analyses of glomeruli revealed reduced myeloperoxidase activity in antioxidant-treated rats. Lipoxygenase activity and leukotriene products, however, were not changed by antioxidant therapy, yet vasoconstriction was prevented. H(2)O(2) generation before and after formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine stimulation was significantly reduced before and after AGBM-Ab in glomeruli harvested from rats that were treated with the antioxidant. Antioxidant therapy in this model of AGBM-Ab injury did not prevent reductions in LpA, an index of glomerular membrane damage, but did prevent afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. Reactive oxygen species generation was reduced by probucol. The specific mechanisms whereby antioxidant therapy ameliorates glomerular hemodynamic effects will be defined in additional studies and is likely to involve either enhanced vasodilator or diminished vasoconstrictor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram S Narsipur
- Division of Nephrology, CWB 343, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Haeggström JZ. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase and the committed step in leukotriene B4 biosynthesis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 1999; 17:111-31. [PMID: 10436862 DOI: 10.1007/bf02737600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Riddick CA, Serio KJ, Hodulik CR, Ring WL, Regan MS, Bigby TD. TGF-β Increases Leukotriene C4 Synthase Expression in the Monocyte-Like Cell Line, THP-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.2.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether cytokines modulate leukotriene C4 (LTC4) synthase expression in mononuclear phagocytes. A panel of cytokines was surveyed for changes in LTC4 synthase mRNA in THP-1 cells. TGF-β1, -2, and -3 had significant stimulatory effects. The addition of TGF-β resulted in a time-dependent increase in LTC4 synthase mRNA at 6 h, which persisted through 48 h. Furthermore, this conditioning resulted in an increase in immunoreactive protein for LTC4 synthase through 7 days. TGF-β conditioning of cells resulted in a time- and dose-dependent increase in stimulated LTC4 synthase activity. Following transient transfection of THP-1 cells with a promoter-reporter construct containing 1.2 kb of the LTC4 synthase promoter, TGF-β treatment resulted in a 2-fold increase in reporter activity. Conditioning with TGF-β did not prolong the half-life of LTC4 synthase mRNA, as assessed by RNase protection assays in actinomycin D-treated cells. Cycloheximide exposure experiments revealed that new protein synthesis was not required for the observed stimulatory effect of TGF-β on LTC4 synthase mRNA. We conclude that LTC4 synthase expression is increased at a transcriptional level by TGF-β in mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A. Riddick
- *Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kenneth J. Serio
- *Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Craig R. Hodulik
- *Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - William L. Ring
- *Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mark S. Regan
- *Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Timothy D. Bigby
- *Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Shindo K, Machida M, Fukumura M, Koide K. Prednisolone inhibits synthesis of 5-H(P)ETE in eosinophils from asthmatic patients during a wheezing attack but not during remission. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1998; 58:111-7. [PMID: 9578148 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(98)90149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To estimate the effect of prednisolone on 5-lipoxygenase activity in eosinophils obtained from asthmatic patients, cytosolic levels of 5-H(P)ETE and Ca2+ were measured in the eosinophils which were exposed to prednisolone in vitro and in vivo. The mean level of 5-H(P)ETE during a wheezing attack was significantly lower in the patients who had received intravenous prednisolone (500 mg/day). Incubation with prednisolone in vitro caused a dose-dependent decrease in the cytosolic levels of 5-H(P)ETE and Ca2+ in eosinophils obtained during the wheezing attack, but not in the eosinophils obtained from during remission. Results suggest that prednisolone inhibits the level of 5-H(P)ETE in the eosinophil cytosols of asthmatic patients during a wheezing attack, probably by inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase activity which is involved in the reduction of the influx of Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shindo
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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20
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Shindo K, Koide K, Fukumura M. Enhancement of leukotriene B4 release in stimulated asthmatic neutrophils by platelet activating factor. Thorax 1997; 52:1024-9. [PMID: 9516893 PMCID: PMC1758460 DOI: 10.1136/thx.52.12.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of platelet activating factor (PAF) in asthma remains controversial. The priming effect of PAF on leukotriene B4 (LTB4) release, 5-lipoxygenase activity, and intracellular calcium levels in asthmatic neutrophils was examined. METHODS LTB4 and other lipoxygenase metabolites in neutrophils obtained from 17 asthmatic patients and 15 control subjects were measured by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Intracellular calcium levels were monitored using the fluorescent probe fura-2. RESULTS The mean (SD) basal LTB4, release from neutrophils was not significantly different between the two groups (0.05 (0.01) vs 0.03 (0.02) ng/10(6) cells); however, when stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 (2.5 microM), neutrophils from asthma patients released more LTB4 than cells from control subjects (15.7 (1.2) vs 9.9 (1.6) ng/10(6) cells). Although PAF alone did not alter LTB4 release, it enhanced the response to subsequent A23187 stimulation. This effect was observed following treatment for five minutes with PAF at concentrations > 1.0 microM. The maximal effect was seen with 5.0 microM PAF + 2.5 microM A23187 (62.7 (2.2) vs 18.6 (2.3) ng/10(6) cells). Pretreatment with PAF also increased 5-lipoxygenase activity and intracellular calcium levels in neutrophils from asthmatic patients to a greater extent than in those from non-asthmatic patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that, in neutrophils from asthmatic patients, PAF enhances LTB4 release and increases 5-lipoxygenase activity and intracellular calcium to a greater extent than in neutrophils from non-asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shindo
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Japan
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Ring WL, Riddick CA, Baker JR, Glass CK, Bigby TD. Activated lymphocytes increase expression of 5-lipoxygenase and its activating protein in THP-1 cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 273:C2057-64. [PMID: 9435513 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.6.c2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism by lymphocytes using the monocyte-like cell line, THP-1. When THP-1 cells were incubated over 4-7 days in 10% supernatant from lectin-activated human lymphocytes, their capacity to synthesize 5-lipoxygenase products was significantly increased. In contrast, the supernatant from nonactivated lymphocytes had no effect. The increase in capacity to synthesize 5-lipoxygenase products was mimicked by the addition of either granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin-3. These increases in synthetic capacity reflected increased enzymatic activity. Increased immunoreactive protein and mRNA for the enzymes 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein were also found in cells conditioned with activated lymphocyte supernatants. Furthermore, the increase in mRNA for both enzymes was not blocked by cycloheximide, suggesting that the effect on steady-state mRNA levels does not require the synthesis of new protein. The increase in mRNA could be reproduced by GM-CSF. We conclude that lymphocytes can regulate the expression of 5-lipoxygenase in THP-1 cells over a period of days via the release of soluble factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Ring
- Department of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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22
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Riddick CA, Ring WL, Baker JR, Hodulik CR, Bigby TD. Dexamethasone increases expression of 5-lipoxygenase and its activating protein in human monocytes and THP-1 cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 246:112-8. [PMID: 9210472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of dexamethasone on 5-lipoxygenase pathway expression in human peripheral blood monocytes and the acute monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1. Cells were conditioned over a period of days with dexamethasone, at concentrations relevant in vivo, to study the effect of the glucocorticoid on calcium-ionophore-stimulated 5-lipoxygenase product and arachidonic acid release. The effect of dexamethasone on levels of immunoreactive protein and steady-state messenger RNA encoding for 5-lipoxygenase and its activating protein (5-LAP) was also assessed. Dexamethasone increased the stimulated release of 5-lipoxygenase products from both monocytes and THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. The increase in product generation was not due to changes in the availability of arachidonic acid. However, immunoreactive protein and steady-state messenger RNA encoding for 5-lipoxygenase and 5-LAP were increased by conditioning with dexamethasone. There was no apparent effect of the glucocorticoid on LTA4-hydrolase-immunoreactive protein levels or specific activity. We conclude that dexamethasone increases 5-lipoxygenase pathway expression in both monocytes and in THP-1 cells. This effect is due, at least in part, to increases in immunoreactive protein and steady-state messenger RNA encoding for 5-lipoxygenase and 5-LAP. These results suggest a role for glucocorticoids in the regulation of 5-lipoxygenase pathway expression in mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Riddick
- Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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23
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Iversen L, Deleuran B, Hoberg AM, Kragballe K. LTA4 hydrolase in human skin: decreased activity, but normal concentration in lesional psoriatic skin. Evidence for different LTA4 hydrolase activity in human lymphocytes and human skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1996; 288:217-24. [PMID: 8738563 DOI: 10.1007/bf02530088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene A4 (LTA4) hydrolase which transforms LTA4 into the proinflammatory compound LTB4 has been identified in human epidermis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of this enzyme in psoriasis, in which LTB4 is present in biologically active concentrations. The concentration and activity of LTA4 hydrolase was determined in normal skin and in matched samples of involved and uninvolved psoriatic skin. The enzyme content was determined using an affinity-purified antibody. This antibody was also used for immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsies. Immunohistochemically LTA4 hydrolase was localized predominantly in the basal and spinous layers in normal skin and in involved and uninvolved psoriatic skin. The LTA4 hydrolase content varied between 2.8 and 3.1 micrograms enzyme/mg protein and was found to be similar in normal and psoriatic skin, involved as well as uninvolved. In contrast, the activity of the enzyme was decreased significantly in involved psoriatic skin (9.9 +/- 2.1 micrograms LTB4/mg enzyme per min) compared with matched uninvolved psoriatic skin (16.4 +/- 3.5 micrograms LTB4/mg enzyme per min), but was decreased only insignificantly compared with normal skin (12.4 +/- 1.8 micrograms LTB4/mg enzyme per min). It was found that the conversion of LTA4 to LTB4 results in inactivation of LTA4 hydrolase activity. This finding is compatible with the idea that the decreased LTA4 hydrolase activity in involved psoriatic skin reflects transcellular LTB4 formation in vivo. In peripheral lymphocytes the enzyme content was 1.3 +/- 0.3 microgram enzyme/mg protein in normal lymphocytes and 1.4 +/- 0.3 microgram enzyme/mg protein in psoriatic lymphocytes, which was significantly lower than in the skin. In contrast, the specific LTA4 hydrolase activities in normal and psoriatic lymphocytes (23.4 +/- 1.3 and 21.3 +/- 1.7 micrograms LTB4/mg enzyme per min) were significantly higher than in normal skin. These findings may indicate the existence of LTA4 hydrolase isoforms in human lymphocytes and human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Marselisborg Hospital, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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Ring WL, Riddick CA, Baker JR, Munafo DA, Bigby TD. Lymphocytes stimulate expression of 5-lipoxygenase and its activating protein in monocytes in vitro via granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 3. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:1293-301. [PMID: 8636442 PMCID: PMC507183 DOI: 10.1172/jci118545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the role of lymphocytes in regulating expression of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in monocytes. When monocytes were cultured over a period of days with lymphocytes, calcium ionophore-stimulated 5-lipoxygenase activity was enhanced. If lymphocytes alone were activated with lectins and their supernatants added to monocytes, stimulated 5-lipoxygenase activity was increased, whereas supernatants from lymphocytes cultured without lectins had no effect. Increased immunoreactive protein and mRNA for 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein were present in cells conditioned with lectin-activated lymphocyte supernatants. The effect of activated-lymphocyte supernatants could be mimicked by either GM-CSF or IL-3, but there was no additive effect with both cytokines. Both GM-CSF and IL-3 were present in the supernatant from lectin-activated lymphocytes at concentrations above their ED50, but were undetectable in the supernatant from nonactivated lymphocytes. The effect of lectin-activated lymphocyte supernatant could be inhibited by neutralizing antibodies to both cytokines, but not to either cytokine alone. We conclude that lymphocytes can regulate the expression of 5-lipoxygenase in monocytes, over a period of days, via the release of soluble factors, primarily GM-CSF and IL-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Ring
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego 92161, USA
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Baker JR, Kylstra TA, Bigby TD. Effects of metalloproteinase inhibitors on leukotriene A4 hydrolase in human airway epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 50:905-12. [PMID: 7575672 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)00210-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human neutrophil leukotriene A4 (LTA4) hydrolase is a zinc-containing metalloproteinase with aminopeptidase activity and can be inhibited by some metalloproteinase inhibitors. Human airway epithelial cells also contain an LTA4 hydrolase enzyme that has some novel properties, suggesting that this enzyme may be functionally and structurally unique. Thus, we questioned whether the epithelial cells were studied either intact or disrupted. Of the metalloproteinase inhibitors examined, only captopril, bestatin, and fosinoprilat had appreciable inhibitory activity for LTA4 hydrolase in disrupted epithelial cells. Concentration-inhibition curves to captopril, bestatin, and fosinoprilat revealed IC50 values of 430 microM, 7 microM, and 1 mM, respectively, for disrupted-cell LTA4 hydrolase activity. In contrast to its effects on neutrophils, 1,10-O-phenanthroline had no significant effect on disrupted epithelial cell hydrolase activity and had only minimal effects when this activity was partially purified (179-fold). LTA4 hydrolase concentration-inhibition curves examined in intact cells with captopril, bestatin, and 1,10-O-phenanthroline revealed IC50 values of 63, 70, and 920 microM, respectively. Aminopeptidase activity in disrupted epithelial cells was inhibited by amastatin, bestatin, and 1,10-O-phenanthroline (IC50 values of 500 nM, 1 microM, and 17 microM, respectively), but not by captopril at the highest concentration tested, 10 mM. These findings are in contrast to prior studies in neutrophils. When neutrophils were stimulated with A23187 after treatment with captopril, transcellular synthesis of LTB4 was inhibited more effectively than direct synthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) (43.8 +/- 2.5 vs 18.5 +/- 4.7%; N = 8, P < 0.02). We conclude that LTA4 hydrolase activity of human airway epithelial cells is inhibited by some metalloproteinase inhibitors, but that the profile of inhibition is distinct from that for the neutrophil enzyme. These data provide additional information that LTA4 hydrolase in the epithelial cell is a novel enzyme, distinct from that found in the neutrophil.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Baker
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Iversen L, Kristensen P, Nissen JB, Merrick WC, Kragballe K. Purification and characterization of leukotriene A4 hydrolase from human epidermis. FEBS Lett 1995; 358:316-22. [PMID: 7843421 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01459-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The leukotriene A4 hydrolase is a central enzyme in leukotriene B4 formation. Unlike 5-lipoxygenase, leukotriene A4 hydrolase activity is present in normal human epidermis, where it is likely to be involved in transcellular leukotriene formation. In this study the leukotriene A4 hydrolase was purified from human epidermis and human cultured keratinocytes and compared with leukotriene A4 hydrolase from human neutrophils. To purify leukotriene A4 hydrolase from human epidermis a new non-specific affinity chromatography column, with the leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor bestatin coupled to AH-Sepharose, was introduced. The epidermal leukotriene A4 hydrolase was purified to apparent homogeneity and the molecular weight was determined to be approximately 70,000 Da by SDS-PAGE. The pI was 5.1-5.4 for the epidermal as well as the keratinocyte and neutrophil leukotriene A4 hydrolase, as determined by chromatofocusing. Only minor differences in the amino acid composition were seen between the three enzyme sources. The optimal pH for the hydrolase activity was 7.5-8.5 for the epidermal and neutrophil leukotriene A4 hydrolases. Finally, it was also shown that the epidermal leukotriene A4 hydrolase undergoes suicide inactivation when transforming leukotriene A4 into leukotriene B4. It was concluded that there is a close resemblance between the epidermal leukotriene A4 hydrolase and the hydrolase found in other cell types. Therefore, the human epidermis may be a good model for the in vivo study of transcellular leukotriene formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Marselisborg Hospital, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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