1
|
Alarcón-Sánchez BR, Idelfonso-García OG, Guerrero-Escalera D, Piña-Vázquez C, de Anda-Jáuregui G, Pérez-Hernández JL, de la Garza M, García-Sierra F, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Baltiérrez-Hoyos R, Vásquez-Garzón VR, Muriel P, Pérez-Carreón JI, Villa-Treviño S, Arellanes-Robledo J. A model of alcoholic liver disease based on different hepatotoxics leading to liver cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 228:116209. [PMID: 38621424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The worst-case scenario related to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) arises after a long period of exposure to the harmful effect of alcohol consumption along with other hepatotoxics. ALD encompasses a broad spectrum of liver-associated disorders, such as steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Based on the chronic administration of different hepatotoxics, including ethanol, sucrose, lipopolysaccharide, and low doses of diethylnitrosamine over a short period, here we aimed to develop a multiple hepatotoxic (MHT)-ALD model in the mouse that recapitulates the human ALD-associated disorders. We demonstrated that the MHT-ALD model induces ADH1A and NXN, an ethanol metabolizer and a redox-sensor enzyme, respectively; promotes steatosis associated with the induction of the lipid droplet forming FSP27, inflammation identified by the infiltration of hepatic neutrophils-positive to LY-6G marker, and the increase of MYD88 level, a protein involved in inflammatory response; and stimulates the early appearance of cellular senescence identified by the senescence markers SA-β-gal activity and p-H2A.XSer139. It also induces fibrosis associated with increased desmin, a marker of hepatic stellate cells whose activation leads to the deposition of collagen fibers, accompanied by cell death and compensatory proliferation revealed by increased CASP3-mediated apoptosis, and KI67- and PCNA-proliferation markers, respectively. It also induces histopathological traits of malignancy and the level of the HCC marker, GSTP1. In conclusion, we provide a useful model for exploring the chronological ALD-associated alterations and stages, and addressing therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brisa Rodope Alarcón-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute - CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute of Genomic Medicine - INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Dafne Guerrero-Escalera
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute of Genomic Medicine - INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carolina Piña-Vázquez
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute - CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo de Anda-Jáuregui
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine - INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico; Deputy Directorate of Humanistic and Scientific Research, National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies - CONAHCYT, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute - CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco García-Sierra
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute - CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - INCan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Baltiérrez-Hoyos
- Deputy Directorate of Humanistic and Scientific Research, National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies - CONAHCYT, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratory of Fibrosis and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, 'Benito Juárez' Autonomous University of Oaxaca - UABJO, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Verónica Rocío Vásquez-Garzón
- Deputy Directorate of Humanistic and Scientific Research, National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies - CONAHCYT, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratory of Fibrosis and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, 'Benito Juárez' Autonomous University of Oaxaca - UABJO, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Pablo Muriel
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute - CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Saúl Villa-Treviño
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute - CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Arellanes-Robledo
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute of Genomic Medicine - INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico; Deputy Directorate of Humanistic and Scientific Research, National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies - CONAHCYT, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thornton JA, Koc ZC, Sollars VE, Valentovic MA, Denvir J, Wilkinson J, Koc EC. Alcohol- and Low-Iron Induced Changes in Antioxidant and Energy Metabolism Associated with Protein Lys Acetylation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8344. [PMID: 39125916 PMCID: PMC11312970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of iron in ethanol-derived hepatic stress could help elucidate the efficacy of dietary or clinical interventions designed to minimize liver damage from chronic alcohol consumption. We hypothesized that normal levels of iron are involved in ethanol-derived liver damage and reduced dietary iron intake would lower the damage caused by ethanol. We used a pair-fed mouse model utilizing basal Lieber-DeCarli liquid diets for 22 weeks to test this hypothesis. In our mouse model, chronic ethanol exposure led to mild hepatic stress possibly characteristic of early-stage alcoholic liver disease, seen as increases in liver-to-body weight ratios. Dietary iron restriction caused a slight decrease in non-heme iron and ferritin (FeRL) expression while it increased transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) expression without changing ferroportin 1 (FPN1) expression. It also elevated protein lysine acetylation to a more significant level than in ethanol-fed mice under normal dietary iron conditions. Interestingly, iron restriction led to an additional reduction in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and NADH levels. Consistent with this observation, the major mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylase, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), expression was significantly reduced causing increased protein lysine acetylation in ethanol-fed mice at normal and low-iron conditions. In addition, the detection of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 levels (SOD1 and SOD2) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex activities allowed us to evaluate the changes in antioxidant and energy metabolism regulated by ethanol consumption at normal and low-iron conditions. We observed that the ethanol-fed mice had mild liver damage associated with reduced energy and antioxidant metabolism. On the other hand, iron restriction may exacerbate certain activities of ethanol further, such as increased protein lysine acetylation and reduced antioxidant metabolism. This metabolic change may prove a barrier to the effectiveness of dietary reduction of iron intake as a preventative measure in chronic alcohol consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John Wilkinson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA (V.E.S.)
| | - Emine C. Koc
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA (V.E.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yoladı FB, Burmaoğlu E, Palabıyık ŞS. Experimental In Vivo Toxicity Models for Alcohol Toxicity. Eurasian J Med 2023; 55:82-90. [PMID: 39109811 PMCID: PMC11075036 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2023.23345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption poses a significant risk for the development of chronic illnesses, one of the leading causes of "preventable" disease and death worldwide. Harmful consumption of alcohol is thought to result in approximately 2.5-3 million deaths each year, the majority of which are caused by alcohol-related liver diseases. Hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis, fibrosis, steatosis, and steatohepatitis are among the liver illnesses caused by alcohol. The mechanisms behind human diseases are often mimicked and understood through the use of animal models. Rodents are the ideal animals to study alcohol-related liver diseases. In these experimental models using rodents, the ethanol ratio, method of administration, and diet to be applied vary. Within the scope of this review, it is aimed at providing information about the experimental models used today for alcohol toxicity and the advantages and disadvantages of these models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Betül Yoladı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Atatürk University Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzurum, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Şaziye Sezin Palabıyık
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Atatürk University Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzurum, Turkey
- Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rixen S, Indorf PM, Kubitza C, Struwe MA, Klopp C, Scheidig AJ, Kunze T, Clement B. Reduction of Hydrogen Peroxide by Human Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component Enzymes. Molecules 2023; 28:6384. [PMID: 37687214 PMCID: PMC10489706 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC) is a human molybdoenzyme known to catalyze the reduction of various N-oxygenated substrates. The physiological function of mARC enzymes, however, remains unknown. In this study, we examine the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the human mARC1 and mARC2 enzymes. Furthermore, we demonstrate an increased sensitivity toward H2O2 for HEK-293T cells with an MTARC1 knockout, which implies a role of mARC enzymes in the cellular response to oxidative stress. H2O2 is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed in all living cells involved in many physiological processes. Furthermore, H2O2 constitutes the first mARC substrate without a nitrogen-oxygen bond, implying that mARC enzymes may have a substrate spectrum going beyond the previously examined N-oxygenated compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Rixen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (P.M.I.); (M.A.S.); (C.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Patrick M. Indorf
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (P.M.I.); (M.A.S.); (C.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Christian Kubitza
- Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (C.K.); (A.J.S.)
| | - Michel A. Struwe
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (P.M.I.); (M.A.S.); (C.K.); (T.K.)
- Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (C.K.); (A.J.S.)
| | - Cathrin Klopp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (P.M.I.); (M.A.S.); (C.K.); (T.K.)
- Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (C.K.); (A.J.S.)
| | - Axel J. Scheidig
- Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (C.K.); (A.J.S.)
| | - Thomas Kunze
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (P.M.I.); (M.A.S.); (C.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Bernd Clement
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (P.M.I.); (M.A.S.); (C.K.); (T.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang H, Shen H, Seo W, Hwang S. Experimental models of fatty liver diseases: Status and appraisal. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e00200. [PMID: 37378635 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver diseases, including alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), affect a large number of people worldwide and become one of the major causes of end-stage liver disease, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, there are currently no approved pharmacological treatments for ALD or NAFLD. This situation highlights the urgent need to explore new intervention targets and discover effective therapeutics for ALD and NAFLD. The lack of properly validated preclinical disease models is a major obstacle to the development of clinical therapies. ALD and NAFLD models have been in the development for decades, but there are still no models that recapitulate the full spectrum of ALD and NAFLD. Throughout this review, we summarize the current in vitro and in vivo models used for research on fatty liver diseases and discuss the advantages and limitations of these models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyuan Shen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wonhyo Seo
- Laboratory of Hepatotoxicity, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The medical disorders of alcoholism rank among the leading public health problems worldwide and the need for predictive and prognostic risk markers for assessing alcohol use disorders (AUD) has been widely acknowledged. Early-phase detection of problem drinking and associated tissue toxicity are important prerequisites for timely initiations of appropriate treatments and improving patient's committing to the objective of reducing drinking. Recent advances in clinical chemistry have provided novel approaches for a specific detection of heavy drinking through assays of unique ethanol metabolites, phosphatidylethanol (PEth) or ethyl glucuronide (EtG). Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) measurements can be used to indicate severe alcohol problems. Hazardous drinking frequently manifests as heavy episodic drinking or in combinations with other unfavorable lifestyle factors, such as smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet or adiposity, which aggravate the metabolic consequences of alcohol intake in a supra-additive manner. Such interactions are also reflected in multiple disease outcomes and distinct abnormalities in biomarkers of liver function, inflammation and oxidative stress. Use of predictive biomarkers either alone or as part of specifically designed biological algorithms helps to predict both hepatic and extrahepatic morbidity in individuals with such risk factors. Novel approaches for assessing progression of fibrosis, a major determinant of prognosis in AUD, have also been made available. Predictive algorithms based on the combined use of biomarkers and clinical observations may prove to have a major impact on clinical decisions to detect AUD in early pre-symptomatic stages, stratify patients according to their substantially different disease risks and predict individual responses to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Seinäjoki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mishra G, Singh P, Molla M, Yimer YS, Dinda SC, Chandra P, Singh BK, Dagnew SB, Assefa AN, Ewunetie A. Harnessing the potential of probiotics in the treatment of alcoholic liver disorders. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1212742. [PMID: 37361234 PMCID: PMC10287977 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1212742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current scenario, prolonged consumption of alcohol across the globe is upsurging an appreciable number of patients with the risk of alcohol-associated liver diseases. According to the recent report, the gut-liver axis is crucial in the progression of alcohol-induced liver diseases, including steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite several factors associated with alcoholic liver diseases, the complexity of the gut microflora and its great interaction with the liver have become a fascinating area for researchers due to the high exposure of the liver to free radicals, bacterial endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides, inflammatory markers, etc. Undoubtedly, alcohol-induced gut microbiota imbalance stimulates dysbiosis, disrupts the intestinal barrier function, and trigger immune as well as inflammatory responses which further aggravate hepatic injury. Since currently available drugs to mitigate liver disorders have significant side effects, hence, probiotics have been widely researched to alleviate alcohol-associated liver diseases and to improve liver health. A broad range of probiotic bacteria like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli, Sacchromyces, and Lactococcus are used to reduce or halt the progression of alcohol-associated liver diseases. Several underlying mechanisms, including alteration of the gut microbiome, modulation of intestinal barrier function and immune response, reduction in the level of endotoxins, and bacterial translocation, have been implicated through which probiotics can effectively suppress the occurrence of alcohol-induced liver disorders. This review addresses the therapeutic applications of probiotics in the treatment of alcohol-associated liver diseases. Novel insights into the mechanisms by which probiotics prevent alcohol-associated liver diseases have also been elaborated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Mishra
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Pradeep Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Molla
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Shumet Yimer
- Social Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | | | - Phool Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, India
| | | | - Samuel Berihun Dagnew
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Nigussie Assefa
- Social Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Amien Ewunetie
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Role of Praziquantel in the Prevention and Treatment of Fibrosis Associated with Schistosomiasis: A Review. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:1413711. [PMID: 36313856 PMCID: PMC9616668 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1413711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a major global public health concern. Currently, the control of this neglected tropical disease still depends on chemotherapy to reduce the prevalence and intensity of the parasite infection. It has been widely accepted that praziquantel is highly effective against all species of Schistosoma, and this agent is virtually the only drug of choice for the treatment of human schistosomiasis. Mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel has been shown to be effective in greatly reducing the prevalence and morbidity due to schistosomiasis worldwide. In addition to antischistosomal activity, a large number of experiential and clinical evidence has demonstrated the action of praziquantel against fibrosis caused by S. mansoni and S. japonicum infections through decreasing the expression of fibrotic biomarkers such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), and inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, as well as chemokines, and similar antifibrotic activity was observed in mouse models of fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and concanavalin A (Con-A). In this review, we discuss the role of praziquantel in the prevention and treatment of fibrosis associated with schistosomiasis and the possible mechanisms. We call for randomized, controlled clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis-induced hepatic fibrosis, and further studies to investigate the potential of praziquantel against fibrosis associated with alcohol consumption, viruses, and toxins seem justified.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu L, Li HD, Xu JJ, Li JJ, Cheng M, Meng XM, Huang C, Li J. Advancements in the Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Model. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081035. [PMID: 36008929 PMCID: PMC9406170 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is an intricate disease that results in a broad spectrum of liver damage. The presentation of ALD can include simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Effective prevention and treatment strategies are urgently required for ALD patients. In previous decades, numerous rodent models were established to investigate the mechanisms of alcohol-associated liver disease and explore therapeutic targets. This review provides a summary of the latest developments in rodent models, including those that involve EtOH administration, which will help us to understand the characteristics and causes of ALD at different stages. In addition, we discuss the pathogenesis of ALD and summarize the existing in vitro models. We analyse the pros and cons of these models and their translational relevance and summarize the insights that have been gained regarding the mechanisms of alcoholic liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
| | - Cheng Huang
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
| | - Jun Li
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou X, Fu Y, Liu W, Mu Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Liu P. Ferroptosis in Chronic Liver Diseases: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:928321. [PMID: 35720113 PMCID: PMC9205467 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.928321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent non-apoptotic cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation, is a cell death pathway discovered in recent years. Ferroptosis plays an important role in tumors, ischemia-reperfusion injury, neurological diseases, blood diseases, etc. Recent studies have shown the importance of ferroptosis in chronic liver disease. This article summarizes the pathological mechanisms of ferroptosis involved in System Xc−, iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and some GPX4-independent pathways, and the latest research on ferroptosis in chronic liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, the current bottleneck issues that restrict the research on ferroptosis are proposed to provide ideas and strategies for exploring new therapeutic targets for chronic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yadong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongping Mu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jiamei Chen, ; Ping Liu,
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jiamei Chen, ; Ping Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oxidative Stress, Genomic Integrity, and Liver Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103159. [PMID: 35630636 PMCID: PMC9147071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess reactive oxygen species production and free radical formation can lead to oxidative stress that can damage cells, tissues, and organs. Cellular oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between ROS production and antioxidants. This imbalance can lead to malfunction or structure modification of major cellular molecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNAs. During oxidative stress conditions, DNA and protein structure modifications can lead to various diseases. Various antioxidant-specific gene expression and signal transduction pathways are activated during oxidative stress to maintain homeostasis and to protect organs from oxidative injury and damage. The liver is more vulnerable to oxidative conditions than other organs. Antioxidants, antioxidant-specific enzymes, and the regulation of the antioxidant responsive element (ARE) genes can act against chronic oxidative stress in the liver. ARE-mediated genes can act as the target site for averting/preventing liver diseases caused by oxidative stress. Identification of these ARE genes as markers will enable the early detection of liver diseases caused by oxidative conditions and help develop new therapeutic interventions. This literature review is focused on antioxidant-specific gene expression upon oxidative stress, the factors responsible for hepatic oxidative stress, liver response to redox signaling, oxidative stress and redox signaling in various liver diseases, and future aspects.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mooli RGR, Mukhi D, Ramakrishnan SK. Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Liver Diseases. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3167-3192. [PMID: 35578969 PMCID: PMC10074426 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increased production of derivatives of molecular oxygen and nitrogen in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) lead to molecular damage called oxidative stress. Under normal physiological conditions, the ROS generation is tightly regulated in different cells and cellular compartments. Any disturbance in the balance between the cellular generation of ROS and antioxidant balance leads to oxidative stress. In this article, we discuss the sources of ROS (endogenous and exogenous) and antioxidant mechanisms. We also focus on the pathophysiological significance of oxidative stress in various cell types of the liver. Oxidative stress is implicated in the development and progression of various liver diseases. We narrate the master regulators of ROS-mediated signaling and their contribution to liver diseases. Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are influenced by a "multiple parallel-hit model" in which oxidative stress plays a central role. We highlight the recent findings on the role of oxidative stress in the spectrum of NAFLD, including fibrosis and liver cancer. Finally, we provide a brief overview of oxidative stress biomarkers and their therapeutic applications in various liver-related disorders. Overall, the article sheds light on the significance of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of the liver. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3167-3192, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Gopal Reddy Mooli
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sadeesh K Ramakrishnan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li LX, Guo FF, Liu H, Zeng T. Iron overload in alcoholic liver disease: underlying mechanisms, detrimental effects, and potential therapeutic targets. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:201. [PMID: 35325321 PMCID: PMC11071846 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a global public health challenge due to the high incidence and lack of effective therapeutics. Evidence from animal studies and ALD patients has demonstrated that iron overload is a hallmark of ALD. Ethanol exposure can promote iron absorption by downregulating the hepcidin expression, which is probably mediated by inducing oxidative stress and promoting erythropoietin (EPO) production. In addition, ethanol may enhance iron uptake in hepatocytes by upregulating the expression of transferrin receptor (TfR). Iron overload in the liver can aggravate ethanol-elicited liver damage by potentiating oxidative stress via Fenton reaction, promoting activation of Kupffer cells (KCs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and inducing a recently discovered programmed iron-dependent cell death, ferroptosis. This article reviews the current knowledge of iron metabolism, regulators of iron homeostasis, the mechanism of ethanol-induced iron overload, detrimental effects of iron overload in the liver, and potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long-Xia Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Fang-Fang Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Videla LA, Valenzuela R. Perspectives in liver redox imbalance: Toxicological and pharmacological aspects underlying iron overloading, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and thyroid hormone action. Biofactors 2022; 48:400-415. [PMID: 34687092 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the oxidants, leading to a disruption of redox signaling and control, and/or molecular damage altering cellular functions. This redox imbalance may trigger different responses depending on the antioxidant potential of a given cell, the level of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) attained and the time of exposure, with protective effects being induced at low ROS/RNS levels in acute or short-term conditions, and harmful effects after high ROS/RNS exposure in prolonged situations. Relevant conditions underlying liver redox imbalance include iron overload associated with ROS production via Fenton chemistry and the magnitude of the iron labile pool achieved, with low iron exposure inducing protective effects related to nuclear factor-κB, signal transducer and activation of transcription 3, and nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation and upregulation of ferritin, hepcidin, acute-phase response and antioxidant components, whereas high iron exposure causes drastic oxidation of biomolecules, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death due to necrosis, apoptosis and/or ferroptosis. Redox imbalance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to polyunsaturated fatty acid depletion, lipogenic factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c upregulation, fatty acid oxidation-dependent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α downregulation, low antioxidant factor Nrf2 and insulin resistance, a phenomenon that is exacerbated in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis triggering an inflammatory response. Thyroid hormone (T3 ) administration determines liver preconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion injury due to the redox activation of several transcription factors, AMP-activated protein kinase, unfolded protein response and autophagy. High grade liver redox imbalance occurring in severe iron overload is adequately handled by iron chelation, however, that underlying NAFLD/NASH is currently under study in several Phase II and Phase III trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Orphan Nuclear Receptor ERRγ Is a Transcriptional Regulator of CB1 Receptor-Mediated TFR2 Gene Expression in Hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116021. [PMID: 34199599 PMCID: PMC8199698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is an important transcription factor modulating gene transcription involved in endocrine control of liver metabolism. Transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2), a carrier protein for transferrin, is involved in hepatic iron overload in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, TFR2 gene transcriptional regulation in hepatocytes remains largely unknown. In this study, we described a detailed molecular mechanism of hepatic TFR2 gene expression involving ERRγ in response to an endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Treatment with 2-AG and arachidonyl-2′-chloroethylamide, a selective cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptor agonist, increased ERRγ and TFR2 expression in hepatocytes. Overexpression of ERRγ was sufficient to induce TFR2 expression in both human and mouse hepatocytes. In addition, ERRγ knockdown significantly decreased 2-AG or alcohol-mediated TFR2 gene expression in cultured hepatocytes and mouse livers. Finally, deletion and mutation analysis of the TFR2 gene promoter demonstrated that ERRγ directly modulated TFR2 gene transcription via binding to an ERR-response element. This was further confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Taken together, these results reveal a previously unrecognized role of ERRγ in the transcriptional regulation of TFR2 gene expression in response to alcohol.
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu SX, Du YC, Zeng T. A mini-review of the rodent models for alcoholic liver disease: shortcomings, application, and future prospects. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:523-530. [PMID: 34141166 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents are the most common models in studies of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Although several rodents ALD models have been established and multiple mechanisms have been elucidated based on them, these models have some non-negligible shortcomings, specifically only inducing early stage (mainly steatosis, slight to moderate steatohepatitis) but not the whole spectrum of human ALD. The resistance of rodents to advanced ALD has been suggested to be due to the physiological differences between rodents and human beings. Previous studies have reported significant interstrain differences in the susceptibility to ethanol-induced liver injury and in the manifestation of ALD (such as different alteration of lipid profiles). Therefore, it would be interesting to characterize the manifestation of ethanol-induced liver damage in various rodents, which may provide a recommendation to investigators of ALD. Furthermore, more severe ALD models need to be established for the study of serious ALD forms, which may be achieved by using genetic modified rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xuan Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yan-Chao Du
- Jinan Institute for Product Quality Inspection, 1311 Longao Bei Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250102, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Iron depletion attenuates steatosis in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Role of iron-dependent pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166142. [PMID: 33839281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Iron has been proposed as influencing the progression of liver disease in subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We have previously shown that, in the Hfe-/- mouse model of hemochromatosis, feeding of a high-calorie diet (HCD) leads to increased liver injury. In this study we investigated whether the feeding of an iron deficient/HCD to Hfe-/- mice influenced the development of NAFLD. METHODS Liver histology was assessed in Hfe-/- mice fed a standard iron-containing or iron-deficient diet plus or minus a HCD. Hepatic iron concentration, serum transferrin saturation and free fatty acid were measured. Expression of genes implicated in iron regulation and fatty liver disease was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Standard iron/HCD-fed mice developed severe steatosis whereas NAS score was reduced in mice fed iron-deficient HCD. Mice fed iron-deficient HCD had lower liver weights, lower transferrin saturation and decreased ferroportin and hepcidin gene expression than HCD-fed mice. Serum non-esterified fatty acids were increased in iron-deficient HCD-fed mice compared with standard iron HCD. Expression analysis indicated that genes involved in fatty-acid binding and mTOR pathways were regulated by iron depletion. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that decreasing iron intake attenuates the development of steatosis resulting from a high calorie diet. These results also suggest that human studies of agents that modify iron balance in patients with NAFLD should be revisited.
Collapse
|
18
|
Bloomer SA, Broadhurst KA, Maleah Mathahs M, Brown KE. Effects of long-term ethanol ingestion on hepatic iron metabolism in two mouse strains. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:534-542. [PMID: 33319364 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for dysregulation of iron metabolism in response to ethanol ingestion are poorly understood. Relatively brief ethanol exposures in rodents are associated with reduced hepatic hepcidin expression without increases in hepatic iron content. This study evaluated the effects of long-term ethanol treatment on hepatic iron metabolism in two mouse strains. Ethanol was administered in the drinking water to C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice for up to 11 months. Hepatic histology and iron concentrations (HIC) were assessed, along with expression of relevant genes and proteins by real-time RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. The livers of ethanol-consuming mice of both strains showed mild steatosis without inflammation or fibrosis. Stainable hepatocyte iron was modestly increased in both strains ingesting ethanol, although hepatic iron concentrations were significantly higher only in C57BL/6 mice. Long-term ethanol did not affect hepcidin mRNA (Hamp1 or Hamp2) in either strain, nor was the expression of several oxidative stress-responsive genes (glutamate cysteine ligase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, heme oxygenase-1 and growth differentiation factor 15) altered in response to ethanol, suggesting that oxidative stress and suppression of hepcidin expression in short-term ethanol feeding models may be transient phenomena that resolve as mice adapt to ethanol exposure. This murine model of chronic ethanol ingestion demonstrates modest increases in hepatic iron without changes in hepcidin expression, markers of oxidative stress or significant histologic liver injury. Further investigations are needed to characterize the mechanisms of dysregulated iron metabolism resulting from chronic ethanol ingestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Bloomer
- Division of Science and Engineering, Penn State Abington, Abington, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Broadhurst
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M Maleah Mathahs
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kyle E Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Program in Free Radical and Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Anderson GJ, Bardou-Jacquet E. Revisiting hemochromatosis: genetic vs. phenotypic manifestations. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:731. [PMID: 33987429 PMCID: PMC8106074 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload disorders represent an important class of human diseases. Of the primary iron overload conditions, by far the most common and best studied is HFE-related hemochromatosis, which results from homozygosity for a mutation leading to the C282Y substitution in the HFE protein. This disease is characterized by reduced expression of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin, leading to increased dietary iron absorption and iron deposition in multiple tissues including the liver, pancreas, joints, heart and pituitary. The phenotype of HFE-related hemochromatosis is quite variable, with some individuals showing little or no evidence of increased body iron, yet others showing severe iron loading, tissue damage and clinical sequelae. The majority of genetically predisposed individuals show at least some evidence of iron loading (increased transferrin saturation and serum ferritin), but a minority show clinical symptoms and severe consequences are rare. Thus, the disorder has a high biochemical penetrance, but a low clinical prevalence. Nevertheless, it is such a common condition in Caucasian populations (1:100–200) that it remains an important clinical entity. The phenotypic variability can largely be explained by a range of environmental, genetic and physiological factors. Men are far more likely to manifest significant disease than women, with the latter losing iron through menstrual blood loss and childbirth. Other forms of blood loss, immune system influences, the amount of bioavailable iron in the diet and lifestyle factors such as high alcohol intake can also contribute to iron loading and disease expression. Polymorphisms in a range of genes have been linked to variations in body iron levels, both in the general population and in hemochromatosis. Some of the genes identified play well known roles in iron homeostasis, yet others are novel. Other factors, including both co-morbidities and genetic polymorphisms, do not affect iron levels per se, but determine the propensity for tissue pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edouard Bardou-Jacquet
- Liver Disease Department, University of Rennes and French Reference Center for Hemochromatosis and Iron Metabolism Disease, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ngo MHT, Jeng HY, Kuo YC, Nanda JD, Brahmadhi A, Ling TY, Chang TS, Huang YH. The Role of IGF/IGF-1R Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinomas: Stemness-Related Properties and Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041931. [PMID: 33669204 PMCID: PMC7919800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)/IGF-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) signaling is known to regulate stem cell pluripotency and differentiation to trigger cell proliferation, organ development, and tissue regeneration during embryonic development. Unbalanced IGF/IGF-1R signaling can promote cancer cell proliferation and activate cancer reprogramming in tumor tissues, especially in the liver. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death, with a high incidence and mortality rate in Asia. Most patients with advanced HCC develop tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-refractoriness after receiving TKI treatment. Dysregulation of IGF/IGF-1R signaling in HCC may activate expression of cancer stemness that leads to TKI refractoriness and tumor recurrence. In this review, we summarize the evidence for dysregulated IGF/IGF-1R signaling especially in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC. The regulation of cancer stemness expression and drug resistance will be highlighted. Current clinical treatments and potential therapies targeting IGF/IGF-1R signaling for the treatment of HCC will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Huong Thi Ngo
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (J.D.N.); (A.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yin Jeng
- Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.J.); (Y.-C.K.)
| | - Yung-Che Kuo
- Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.J.); (Y.-C.K.)
| | - Josephine Diony Nanda
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (J.D.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Ageng Brahmadhi
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (J.D.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Thai-Yen Ling
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.L.); (T.-S.C.); (Y.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 8-8322) (T.-Y.L.); +886-5-3621-000 (ext. 2242) (T.-S.C.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3150) (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Te-Sheng Chang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.L.); (T.-S.C.); (Y.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 8-8322) (T.-Y.L.); +886-5-3621-000 (ext. 2242) (T.-S.C.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3150) (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (J.D.N.); (A.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.J.); (Y.-C.K.)
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.L.); (T.-S.C.); (Y.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 8-8322) (T.-Y.L.); +886-5-3621-000 (ext. 2242) (T.-S.C.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3150) (Y.-H.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Harnessing the Proteostasis Network in Alcohol-associated Liver Disease. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-020-00211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
22
|
Yoshikawa E, Matsui‐Yuasa I, Huang X, Kobayashi Y, Kojima‐Yuasa A. Mallotus furetianus extract protects against ethanol-induced liver injury via the activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3936-3946. [PMID: 32724654 PMCID: PMC7382178 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective effects of Mallotus furetianus extract (MF) on liver fibrosis induced with ethanol were examined using in vivo and in vitro model. MF treatment suppressed plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in ethanol plus carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced cirrhosis rat model. MF also suppressed the increase in type l collagen and α-smooth muscle actin expression in the livers of ethanol plus CCl4-induced rat by the maintenance of intracellular glutathione levels. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of MF on the alcohol-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are responsible for the increased production and deposition of the extracellular matrix in liver injury. Here, we observed the enhancement of the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the increase in type I collagen and a-SMA expression in HSCs activated with ethanol. However, the enhanced ROS levels were suppressed with the treatments of MF or diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). Furthermore, the treatment of MF or DPI suppressed the increase in type I collagen and a-SMA expression activated with ethanol. We also observed that the treatment of MF or LY194002 suppressed the increase in type I collagen expression in HSCs activated with ethanol, suggesting that ethanol induced type I collagen expression via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. On the other hand, the suppression of the synthesis of type I collagen in ethanol and MF-treated HSCs was inhibited by H-89. From these results, MF may suppress the increase in the activity of NADPH oxidase in HSCs activated with ethanol through the cAMP-PKA pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Yoshikawa
- Department of Food and Human Health SciencesGraduate School of Human Life ScienceOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Isao Matsui‐Yuasa
- Department of Food and Human Health SciencesGraduate School of Human Life ScienceOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Xuedan Huang
- Department of PharmacognosySchool of PharmacyKitasato UniversityTokyoJapan
| | | | - Akiko Kojima‐Yuasa
- Department of Food and Human Health SciencesGraduate School of Human Life ScienceOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nivukoski U, Niemelä M, Bloigu A, Bloigu R, Aalto M, Laatikainen T, Niemelä O. Combined effects of lifestyle risk factors on fatty liver index. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:109. [PMID: 32293287 PMCID: PMC7157978 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Factors of lifestyle may have a major impact on liver-related morbidity and mortality. We examined independent and joint effects of lifestyle risk factors on fatty liver index (FLI), a biomarker of hepatic steatosis, in a population-based cross-sectional national health survey. Methods The study included 12,368 participants (5784 men, 6584 women) aged 25–74 years. Quantitative estimates of alcohol use, smoking, adiposity and physical activity were used to establish a total score of risk factors, with higher scores indicating an unhealthier lifestyle. FLI was calculated based on an algorithm including body mass index, waist circumference, serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and triglycerides. Results The occurrence of FLI ≥ 60% indicating fatty liver increased from 2.4% in men with zero risk factors to 81.9% in those with a total risk score of 7–8 (p < 0.0005 for linear trend) and in women from 0 to 73.5% (p < 0.0005). The most striking individual impacts on the likelihood for FLI above 60% were observed for physical inactivity (p < 0.0005 for both genders) and alcohol consumption (p < 0.0005 for men). Interestingly, coffee consumption was also found to increase with increasing risk factor scores (p < 0.0005 for linear trend in both genders). Conclusions The data indicates that unfavorable combinations of lifestyle risk factors lead to a high likelihood of hepatic steatosis. Use of FLI as a diagnostic tool may benefit the assessment of interventions aimed at maintaining a healthy lifestyle and prevention of liver-related morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Nivukoski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Hanneksenrinne 7, 60220, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Markus Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Hanneksenrinne 7, 60220, Seinäjoki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aini Bloigu
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Risto Bloigu
- Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mauri Aalto
- Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271, Helsinki, Finland.,The Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services, 80100, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Hanneksenrinne 7, 60220, Seinäjoki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Reclassifying Hepatic Cell Death during Liver Damage: Ferroptosis-A Novel Form of Non-Apoptotic Cell Death? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051651. [PMID: 32121273 PMCID: PMC7084577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis has emerged as a new type of cell death in different pathological conditions, including neurological and kidney diseases and, especially, in different types of cancer. The hallmark of this regulated cell death is the presence of iron-driven lipid peroxidation; the activation of key genes related to this process such as glutathione peroxidase-4 (gpx4), acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member-4 (acsl4), carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 3 (cbr3), and prostaglandin peroxidase synthase-2 (ptgs2); and morphological changes including shrunken and electron-dense mitochondria. Iron overload in the liver has long been recognized as both a major trigger of liver damage in different diseases, and it is also associated with liver fibrosis. New evidence suggests that ferroptosis might be a novel type of non-apoptotic cell death in several liver diseases including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), drug-induced liver injury (DILI), viral hepatitis, and hemochromatosis. The interaction between iron-related lipid peroxidation, cellular stress signals, and antioxidant systems plays a pivotal role in the development of this novel type of cell death. In addition, integrated responses from lipidic mediators together with free iron from iron-containing enzymes are essential to understanding this process. The presence of ferroptosis and the exact mechanisms leading to this non-apoptotic type of cell death in the liver remain scarcely elucidated. Recognizing ferroptosis as a novel type of cell death in the liver could lead to the understanding of the complex interaction between different types of cell death, their role in progression of liver fibrosis, the development of new biomarkers, as well as the use of modulators of ferroptosis, allowing improved theranostic approaches in the clinic.
Collapse
|
25
|
4-Hydroxy-Trans-2-Nonenal in the Regulation of Anti-Oxidative and Pro-Inflammatory Signaling Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5937326. [PMID: 31781341 PMCID: PMC6875399 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5937326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE), a major oxidative stress triggered lipid peroxidation-derived aldehyde, plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of various human pathologies including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular, neurological, immunological, and age-related diseases and various types of cancer. HNE is the most abundant and toxic α, β-unsaturated aldehyde formed during the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in a series of free radical-mediated reactions. The presence of an aldehyde group at C1, a double bond between C2 and C3 and a hydroxyl group at C4 makes HNE a highly reactive molecule. These strong reactive electrophilic groups favor the formation of HNE adducts with cellular macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids leading to the regulation of various cell signaling pathways and processes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Many studies suggest that the cell-specific intracellular concentrations of HNE dictate the anti-oxidative and pro-inflammatory activities of this important molecule. In this review, we focused on how HNE could alter multiple anti-oxidative defense pathways and pro-inflammatory cytotoxic pathways by interacting with various cell-signaling intermediates.
Collapse
|
26
|
Paulke A, Söhling N, Held H, Wurglics M, Skopp G, Toennes SW. Chronic alcohol abuse may lead to high skin iron content, but not to hepatic siderosis. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 304:109851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
27
|
Wu X, Wang Y, Jia R, Fang F, Liu Y, Cui W. Computational and biological investigation of the soybean lecithin-gallic acid complex for ameliorating alcoholic liver disease in mice with iron overload. Food Funct 2019; 10:5203-5214. [PMID: 31380553 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01022j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality globally. In this study, the soybean lecithin-gallic acid complex was synthesized, and its physicochemical properties were evaluated, which confirmed the complex formation. Compared with the free state of the drug, gallic acid exhibited significantly different physicochemical properties after it was complexed with soybean lecithin. To clarify the binding mode between two monomers, computational investigation was performed. From the computational data, we deduced the structure of the compound and predicted that it has a high affinity for human phosphatidylcholine transfer protein and exhibits strong pharmacological activities in vivo. The complex not only effectively ameliorated liver fibrosis, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress, but also reduced liver iron overload in a mouse ALD model induced by alcohol (p < 0.05). Additionally, it regulated iron metabolism by inhibiting TfR1 expression (p < 0.05) and promoting hepcidin expression (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the soybean lecithin-gallic acid complex ameliorates hepatic damage and iron overload induced by alcohol and exert hepatoprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqun Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nivukoski U, Niemelä M, Bloigu A, Bloigu R, Aalto M, Laatikainen T, Niemelä O. Impacts of unfavourable lifestyle factors on biomarkers of liver function, inflammation and lipid status. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218463. [PMID: 31220128 PMCID: PMC6586311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adopting a healthy lifestyle is associated with prolonged life expectancy. The main modifiable lifestyle-related risk factors are hazardous alcohol drinking, smoking, excess body weight and lack of physical activity. Our aim was to estimate the impact of unfavourable lifestyle factors on abnormalities in laboratory tests reflecting liver status, inflammation and lipid metabolism in a population-based cross-sectional study. METHODS The study included 22,273 participants (10,561 men, 11,712 women) aged 25-74 years from the National FINRISK Study. Data on alcohol use, smoking, body weight, and physical activity were recorded from structured interviews. The risk scores for the various life style factors were established on a 0-8 scale and used to stratify the population in classes to allow estimates of their joint effects. Serum liver enzymes (GGT, ALT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profiles were measured using standard laboratory techniques. RESULTS Consistent dose-response relationships were observed between the number of unfavourable risk factors and serum levels of GGT, ALT, CRP, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides (p < 0.0005 for linear trend in all comparisons). When compared with those with zero risk factors, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for abnormalities in all biomarkers were significantly higher in those with a sum of risk score two or more. The most striking increases in ORs in the group with the highest numbers of risk factors were observed among men in serum GGT: 26.6 (12.4-57.0), ALT: 40.3 (5.3-307.8), CRP: 16.2 (7.8-33.7) and serum triglycerides: 14.4 (8.6-24.0). CONCLUSIONS The data support the view that the presence of unfavourable life style risk factors is associated with distinct abnormalities in laboratory tests for liver function, inflammation and lipid status. Such biomarkers may prove to be of value in the assessment of interventions aimed at reducing unfavourable risk factors and in helping individuals in long-term maintenance of lifestyle modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Nivukoski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Markus Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Seinäjoki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aini Bloigu
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Risto Bloigu
- Infrastructure for Population studies, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mauri Aalto
- Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- The Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Seinäjoki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kong LZ, Chandimali N, Han YH, Lee DH, Kim JS, Kim SU, Kim TD, Jeong DK, Sun HN, Lee DS, Kwon T. Pathogenesis, Early Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Management of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112712. [PMID: 31159489 PMCID: PMC6600448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) refers to the damages to the liver and its functions due to alcohol overconsumption. It consists of fatty liver/steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, steatohepatitis, chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease are extremely complicated due to the involvement of immune cells, adipose tissues, and genetic diversity. Clinically, the diagnosis of ALD is not yet well developed. Therefore, the number of patients in advanced stages has increased due to the failure of proper early detection and treatment. At present, abstinence and nutritional therapy remain the conventional therapeutic interventions for ALD. Moreover, the therapies which target the TNF receptor superfamily, hormones, antioxidant signals, and MicroRNAs are used as treatments for ALD. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are gaining attention as a potential therapeutic target of ALD. Therefore, in this review, we have summarized the current understandings of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of ALD. Moreover, we also discuss the various existing treatment strategies while focusing on promising therapeutic approaches for ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zu Kong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Nisansala Chandimali
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Ying-Hao Han
- Department of Disease Model Animal Research Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Dong-Ho Lee
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56216, Korea.
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56216, Korea.
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea.
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Hu-Nan Sun
- Department of Disease Model Animal Research Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Dong Sun Lee
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56216, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tangudu NK, Buth N, Strnad P, Cirstea IC, Spasić MV. Deregulation of Hepatic Mek1/2⁻Erk1/2 Signaling Module in Iron Overload Conditions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020070. [PMID: 31067696 PMCID: PMC6631327 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver, through the production of iron hormone hepcidin, controls body iron levels. High liver iron levels and deregulated hepcidin expression are commonly observed in many liver diseases including highly prevalent genetic iron overload disorders. In spite of a number of breakthrough investigations into the signals that control hepcidin expression, little progress has been made towards investigations into intracellular signaling in the liver under excess of iron. This study examined hepatic signaling pathways underlying acquired and genetic iron overload conditions. Our data demonstrate that hepatic iron overload associates with a decline in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) kinase (Mek1/2) pathway by selectively affecting the phosphorylation of Erk1/2. We propose that Mek1/2-Erk1/2 signaling is uncoupled from iron-Bmp-Smad-mediated hepcidin induction and that it may contribute to a number of liver pathologies in addition to toxic effects of iron. We believe that our findings will advance the understanding of cellular signaling events in the liver during iron overload of different etiologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Tangudu
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany; (N.K.T.); (N.B.); (I.C.C.)
| | - Nils Buth
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany; (N.K.T.); (N.B.); (I.C.C.)
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany;
| | - Ion C. Cirstea
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany; (N.K.T.); (N.B.); (I.C.C.)
| | - Maja Vujić Spasić
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany; (N.K.T.); (N.B.); (I.C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-731-50-32635
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Iron-Induced Liver Injury: A Critical Reappraisal. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092132. [PMID: 31052166 PMCID: PMC6539962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of human liver diseases. Hereditary hemochromatosis is the classical example of a liver disease caused by iron, but iron is commonly believed to contribute to the progression of other forms of chronic liver disease such as hepatitis C infection and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In this review, we present data from cell culture experiments, animal models, and clinical studies that address the hepatotoxicity of iron. These data demonstrate that iron overload is only weakly fibrogenic in animal models and rarely causes serious liver damage in humans, calling into question the concept that iron overload is an important cause of hepatotoxicity. In situations where iron is pathogenic, iron-induced liver damage may be potentiated by coexisting inflammation, with the resulting hepatocyte necrosis an important factor driving the fibrogenic response. Based on the foregoing evidence that iron is less hepatotoxic than is generally assumed, claims that assign a causal role to iron in liver injury in either animal models or human liver disease should be carefully evaluated.
Collapse
|
32
|
Niemelä O, Nivukoski U, Bloigu A, Bloigu R, Aalto M, Laatikainen T. Laboratory test based assessment of WHO alcohol risk drinking levels. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2019; 79:58-64. [PMID: 30721633 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1571625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Low-risk thresholds for alcohol use differ across various national guidelines. To assess the novel WHO risk drinking levels in light of alcohol-sensitive common laboratory tests, we analysed biomarkers of liver status, inflammation and lipid profiles from a population-based survey of individuals classified to abstainers and different WHO risk drinking levels defined in terms of mean alcohol consumption per day. The study included 22,327 participants aged 25-74 years from the National FINRISK Study. Data on alcohol use, health status, diet, body weight and lifestyle (smoking, coffee consumption and physical activity) were recorded from structured interviews. Alcohol data from self-reports covering the past 12 months were used to categorize the participants into subgroups of abstainers and WHO risk drinking categories representing low, moderate, high and very high risk drinkers. Serum liver enzymes (GGT, ALT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profiles were measured using standard laboratory techniques. Alcohol risk category was roughly linearly related with the occurrence of elevated values for GGT, ALT and CRP. Alcohol drinking also significantly influenced the incidence of abnormalities in serum lipids. Significantly higher odds for abnormal GGT, ALT and altered lipid profiles remained in alcohol drinkers even after adjustment for age, waist circumference, physical inactivity, smoking and coffee consumption. A more systematic use of laboratory tests during treatment of individuals classified to WHO risk drinking categories may improve the assessment of alcohol-related health risks. Follow-ups of biomarker responses may also prove to be useful in health interventions aimed at reducing alcohol consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onni Niemelä
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit , Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere , Seinäjoki , Finland
| | - Ulla Nivukoski
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit , Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere , Seinäjoki , Finland
| | - Aini Bloigu
- b Medical Informatics and Statistics Research Group , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Risto Bloigu
- b Medical Informatics and Statistics Research Group , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Mauri Aalto
- c Department of Psychiatry , Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- d National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) , Helsinki , Finland.,e The Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland.,f Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services , Joensuu , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lamas-Paz A, Hao F, Nelson LJ, Vázquez MT, Canals S, Gómez del Moral M, Martínez-Naves E, Nevzorova YA, Cubero FJ. Alcoholic liver disease: Utility of animal models. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:5063-5075. [PMID: 30568384 PMCID: PMC6288648 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i45.5063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of acute and chronic liver injury. Extensive evidence has been accumulated on the pathological process of ALD during the past decades. However, effective treatment options for ALD are very limited due to the lack of suitable in vivo models that recapitulate the full spectrum of ALD. Experimental animal models of ALD, particularly rodents, have been used extensively to mimic human ALD. An ideal animal model should recapitulate all aspects of the ALD process, including significant steatosis, hepatic neutrophil infiltration, and liver injury. A better strategy against ALD depends on clear diagnostic biomarkers, accurate predictor(s) of its progression and new therapeutic approaches to modulate stop or even reverse the disease. Numerous models employing rodent animals have been established in the last decades to investigate the effects of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on the initiation and progression of ALD. Although significant progress has been made in gaining better knowledge on the mechanisms and pathology of ALD, many features of ALD are unknown, and require further investigation, ideally with improved animal models that more effectively mimic human ALD. Although differences in the degree and stages of alcoholic liver injury inevitably exist between animal models and human ALD, the acquisition and translational relevance will be greatly enhanced with the development of new and improved animal models of ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arantza Lamas-Paz
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Yulia A Nevzovova, Francisco Javier Cubero, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Fengjie Hao
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Yulia A Nevzovova, Francisco Javier Cubero, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Institute for Bioengineering (IBioE), School of Engineering, Faraday Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3 JL, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Teresa Vázquez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Santiago Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez del Moral
- Department of Cell Biology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Naves
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Yulia A Nevzovova, Francisco Javier Cubero, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Catalase and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1721-1737. [PMID: 30120555 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are considered the main causes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and oxidative stress accelerates the progression of NAFLD. Free fatty acids, which are elevated in the liver by obesity or insulin resistance, lead to incomplete oxidation in the mitochondria, peroxisomes, and microsomes, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Among the ROS generated, H2O2 is mainly produced in peroxisomes and decomposed by catalase. However, when the H2O2 concentration increases because of decreased expression or activity of catalase, it migrates to cytosol and other organelles, causing cell injury and participating in the Fenton reaction, resulting in serious oxidative stress. To date, numerous studies have been shown to inhibit the pathogenesis of NAFLD, but treatment for this disease mainly depends on weight loss and exercise. Various molecules such as vitamin E, metformin, liraglutide, and resveratrol have been proposed as therapeutic agents, but further verification of the dose setting, clinical application, and side effects is needed. Reducing oxidative stress may be a fundamental method for improving not only the progression of NAFLD but also obesity and insulin resistance. However, the relationship between NAFLD progression and antioxidants, particularly catalase, which is most commonly expressed in the liver, remains unclear. Therefore, this review summarizes the role of catalase, focusing on its potential therapeutic effects in NAFLD progression.
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu J, Yang P, Zuo G, He S, Tan W, Zhang X, Su C, Zhao L, Wei L, Chen Y, Ruan X, Chen Y. Long-chain fatty acid activates hepatocytes through CD36 mediated oxidative stress. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:153. [PMID: 30016988 PMCID: PMC6050651 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that activated hepatocytes are involved in the deposition of the excess extracellular matrix during liver fibrosis via the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes are implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic liver injury. CD36 is known to mediate long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) uptake and lipid metabolism. However, it is unclear whether LCFA directly promotes hepatocyte activation and the involved mechanisms have not been fully clarified. METHODS Mice were fed with a high fat diet (HFD) and normal hepatocyte cells (Chang liver cells) were treated with palmitic acid (PA) in vivo and in vitro. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting were used to examine the gene and protein expression of molecules involved in hepatic fibrogenesis and hepatocyte activation. CD36 was knocked down by transfecting CD36 siRNA into hepatocyte cells. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected using commercial kits. RESULTS HFD induced a profibrogenic response and up-regulated CD36 expression in vivo. Analogously, PA increased lipid accumulation and induced human hepatocyte activation in vitro, which was also accompanied by increased CD36 expression. Interestingly, knockdown of CD36 resulted in a reduction of hepatocyte lipid deposition and decreased expression of Acta2 (34% decrease), Vimentin (29% decrease), Desmin (60% decrease), and TGF-β signaling pathway related genes. In addition, HFD and PA increased the production of H2O2 in vivo (48% increase) and in vitro (385% increase), and the antioxidant, NAC, ameliorated PA-induced hepatocyte activation. Furthermore, silencing of CD36 in vitro markedly attenuated PA-induced oxidative stress (H2O2: 41% decrease; ROS: 39% decrease), and the anti-activation effects of CD36 knockdown could be abolished by pretreatment with H2O2. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that LCFA facilitates hepatocyte activation by up-regulating oxidative stress through CD36, which could be an important mechanism in the development of hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Guoqing Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, China.
| | - Song He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chunxiao Su
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Li Wei
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiongzhong Ruan
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, NW3 2PF, London, UK.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (CCID), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cui R, Li R, Guo X, Jia X, Yan M. RNA interference against stromal interacting molecule-1 (STIM1) ameliorates ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 289:47-56. [PMID: 29704510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have demonstrated that stromal interacting molecule-1 (STIM1) was involved in ethanol induced liver injury. However, the exact pathogenic mechanism of STIM1 in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is still unknown. We constructed plasmid vectors encoding short-hairpin RNA against STIM1 to investigate its role in ALD in the rat liver cell line BRL and in Sprague-Dawley rats. The results showed that STIM1 targeted sh-RNA (Sh-STIM1) significantly ameliorated ethanol-induced BRL cells injury and liver injury in rats with 20 weeks-induced alcoholic liver disease. Inhibition of STIM1 also reduced intracellular calcium ion concentration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, NF-kappa B activation and TNF-α production under ethanol exposure. STIM1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Silencing STIM1 may be effective in preventing alcoholic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing Cui
- Department of Geriatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Geriatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- Department of Geriatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Jia
- Department of Geriatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Geriatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vela D. Low hepcidin in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis; a tale of progressive disorder and a case for a new biochemical marker. Mol Med 2018; 24:5. [PMID: 30134796 PMCID: PMC6016890 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a precursor of liver cirrhosis, which is associated with increased mortality. Though liver biopsy remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of fibrosis, noninvasive biochemical methods are cost-effective, practical and are not linked with major risks of complications. In this respect, serum hepcidin, has emerged as a new marker of fibrosis and cirrhosis. In this review the discussion uncovers molecular links between hepcidin disturbance and liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. The discussion also expands on clinical studies that suggest that hepcidin can potentially be used as a biochemical parameter of fibrosis/cirrhosis and target of therapeutic strategies to treat liver diseases. The debatable issues such as the complicated nature of hepcidin disturbance in non-alcoholic liver disease, serum levels of hepcidin in acute hepatitis C virus infection, cause of hepcidin disturbance in autoimmune hepatitis and hepatic insulin resistance are discussed, with potential solutions unveiled in order to be studied by future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Driton Vela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Martyr's Boulevard n.n, Prishtina, 10000, Kosovo.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li J, Yang C, Zhang S, Liu S, Zhao L, Luo H, Chen Y, Huang W. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits inflammatory responses via modulation of the nuclear factor‑κB pathway and inhibition of inflammasome activation in alcoholic hepatitis. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:899-907. [PMID: 29207044 PMCID: PMC5752168 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (G‑Rg1) is an active ingredient of Panax ginseng, which has previously been reported to attenuate alcohol‑induced hepatic damage; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of G‑Rg1 on alcohol‑induced cell injury in vitro and on a rat model of alcoholic hepatitis in vivo. For the in vitro model, L‑O2 cells were incubated with ethanol in the presence or absence of G‑Rg1. For the in vivo model, rats were administered ethanol by intragastric injection and were treated with G‑Rg1, or dexamethasone as a control. The results indicated that serum biochemical parameters, including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin, as well as the expression of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB pathway‑associated inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‑6, tumor necrosis factor‑α and IL‑1β, were elevated in response to alcohol; however, they were significantly decreased by G‑Rg1 treatment. Furthermore, NF‑κB pathway activation was reduced by treatment with G‑Rg1. G‑Rg1 also decreased oxidative stress by inhibiting cytochrome P450 2E1 expression and reactive oxygen species production, and promoting glutathione peroxidase expression. Furthermore, G‑Rg1 inhibited the expression levels of caspase‑3 and ‑8, which may be associated with decreased hepatocyte apoptosis. These data suggested that G‑Rg1 may protect hepatocytes against alcohol‑induced injury, through preventing excessive inflammation and hepatocellular apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and
| | | | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and
| | | | - Huan Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ramani K, Tomasi ML, Berlind J, Mavila N, Sun Z. Role of A-Kinase Anchoring Protein Phosphorylation in Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury and Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:640-655. [PMID: 29305319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver injury is associated with hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. A-kinase anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12) scaffolds protein kinase C and cyclin-D1, which is regulated by its phosphorylation, and spatiotemporally controls cell proliferation, invasiveness, and chemotaxis. HSC activation induces AKAP12 expression, but the role of AKAP12's scaffolding activity in liver function is unknown. Because AKAP12 phosphorylation is enhanced in ethanol-treated HSCs, we examined AKAP12's scaffolding functions in alcohol-mediated HSC activation and liver injury. AKAP12 expression, interaction, and phosphorylation were assayed in in vitro and in vivo ethanol models and human subjects by real-time PCR, coimmunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and phosphorylated proteomics/Phos-tag. Ethanol induced AKAP12 phosphorylation in the liver and in primary HSCs, but not in hepatocytes. AKAP12's scaffolding activity for protein kinase C/cyclin-D1 decreased in ethanol-treated HSCs but not hepatocytes. AKAP12 negatively regulated HSC activation, which was reversed by ethanol-mediated AKAP12 phosphorylation. AKAP12 interacted with heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), which chaperones collagen and induces its secretion. Ethanol inhibited AKAP12-HSP47 and induced HSP47-collagen interaction. Ethanol-induced phosphorylated AKAP12 was unable to bind to HSP47 compared with its unphosphorylated counterpart, thereby proving that ethanol-mediated phosphorylation of AKAP12 inhibited the HSP47-AKAP12 scaffold. Silencing AKAP12 facilitated the chaperoning of collagen by HSP47. Hence, AKAP12 scaffolds HSP47 and regulates collagen-HSP47 interaction. Ethanol quenches AKAP12's scaffolding activity through phosphorylation and facilitates HSC activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Ramani
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Maria Lauda Tomasi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joshua Berlind
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nirmala Mavila
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Transplant Biology Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lu Y, Cederbaum AI. Cytochrome P450s and Alcoholic Liver Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:1502-1517. [PMID: 29637855 PMCID: PMC6053342 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180410091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption causes liver diseases, designated as Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD). Because alcohol is detoxified by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a major ethanol metabolism system, the development of ALD was initially believed to be due to malnutrition caused by alcohol metabolism in liver. The discovery of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) changed this dogma. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) constitute the major components of MEOS. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in MEOS is one of the major ROS generators in liver and is considered to be contributive to ALD. Our labs have been studying the relationship between CYP2E1 and ALD for many years. Recently, we found that human CYP2A6 and its mouse analog CYP2A5 are also induced by alcohol. In mice, the alcohol induction of CYP2A5 is CYP2E1-dependent. Unlike CYP2E1, CYP2A5 protects against the development of ALD. The relationship of CYP2E1, CYP2A5, and ALD is a major focus of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongke Lu
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University
| | - Arthur I. Cederbaum
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Where should the safe limits of alcohol consumption stand in light of liver enzyme abnormalities in alcohol consumers? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188574. [PMID: 29206836 PMCID: PMC5716536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To estimate the prevalence and risk factors for abnormal liver enzymes in a large age- and gender stratified population-based sample of apparently healthy individuals with or without alcohol consumption and other health-related risk factors (adiposity, physical inactivity, smoking). Methods Data on alcohol use, smoking, diet and physical activity were recorded using structured questionnaires from 13,976 subjects (6513 men, 7463 women, aged 25–74 years) in the national FINRISK studies. Alcohol data was used to categorize the participants into abstainers, light drinkers, moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were measured using standard kinetic methods. Results Male light drinkers, moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers showed significantly higher relative risks of abnormal GGT than abstainers: 1.37 (95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.71, p < 0.01), 2.72 (2.08 to 3.56, p < 0.0005), and 6.10 (4.55 to 7.17, p < 0.0005), respectively. Corresponding values for women were 1.22 (0.99 to 1.51, p = 0.065), 1.90 (1.44 to 2.51, p < 0.0005), and 5.91 (3.80 to 9.17, p < 0.0005). Estimated threshold doses for a significant GGT elevation was 14 standard weekly alcohol doses for men and 7 for women. Excess body weight and age over 40 years modulated the thresholds towards smaller quantities of alcohol. The risk of abnormal GGT was also significantly influenced by physical inactivity and smoking. The relative risks of abnormal ALT activities were increased in male heavy drinkers, especially in those presenting with adiposity and sedentary lifestyle. Conclusions Alcohol use markedly increases the risk for abnormal liver enzyme activities in those presenting with age over 40 years, obesity, smoking or sedentary lifestyle. The data should be considered in public health recommendations and in the definitions of safe limits of alcohol use.
Collapse
|
42
|
Mueller J, Raisi H, Rausch V, Peccerella T, Simons D, Ziener CH, Schlemmer HP, Seitz HK, Waldburger N, Longerich T, Straub BK, Mueller S. Sensitive and non-invasive assessment of hepatocellular iron using a novel room-temperature susceptometer. J Hepatol 2017; 67:535-542. [PMID: 28483679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver iron accumulates in various chronic liver diseases where it is an independent factor for survival and carcinogenesis. We tested a novel room-temperature susceptometer (RTS) to non-invasively assess liver iron concentration (LIC). METHODS Two hundred and sixty-four patients with or without signs of iron overload or liver disease were prospectively enrolled. Thirty-five patients underwent liver biopsy with semiquantitative iron determination (Prussian Blue staining), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS, n=33), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, n=15). RESULTS In vitro studies demonstrated a highly linear (r2=0.998) association between RTS-signal and iron concentration, with a detection limit of 0.3mM. Using an optimized algorithm, accounting for the skin-to-liver capsule distance, valid measurements could be obtained in 84% of cases. LIC-RTS showed a significant correlation with LIC-AAS (r=0.74, p<0.001), LIC-MRI (r=0.64, p<0.001) and hepatocellular iron (r=0.58, p<0.01), but not with macrophage iron (r=0.32, p=0.30). Normal LIC-RTS was 1.4mg/g dry weight. Besides hereditary and transfusional iron overload, LIC-RTS was also significantly elevated in patients with alcoholic liver disease. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for grade 1, 2 and 3 hepatocellular iron overload were 0.72, 0.89 and 0.97, respectively, with cut-off values of 2.0, 4.0 and 5.0mg/g dry weight. Notably, the positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of severe hepatic iron overload (HIO) (grade ≥2) detection, were equal to AAS and superior to all serum iron markers. Depletion of hepatic iron could be efficiently monitored upon phlebotomy. CONCLUSIONS RTS allows for the rapid and non-invasive measurement of LIC. In comparison to MRI, it could be a cost-effective bedside method for LIC screening. Lay summary: Novel room-temperature susceptometer (RTS) allows for the rapid, sensitive, and non-invasive measurement of liver iron concentration. In comparison to MRI, it could be a cost-effective bedside method for liver iron concentration screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Mueller
- Dept. of Medicine, Salem Medical Center and Center for Alcohol Research and Liver Disease, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Raisi
- Dept. of Medicine, Salem Medical Center and Center for Alcohol Research and Liver Disease, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Rausch
- Dept. of Medicine, Salem Medical Center and Center for Alcohol Research and Liver Disease, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teresa Peccerella
- Dept. of Medicine, Salem Medical Center and Center for Alcohol Research and Liver Disease, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Simons
- Dept. of Radiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Helmut Karl Seitz
- Dept. of Medicine, Salem Medical Center and Center for Alcohol Research and Liver Disease, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sebastian Mueller
- Dept. of Medicine, Salem Medical Center and Center for Alcohol Research and Liver Disease, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Busch CJL, Hendrikx T, Weismann D, Jäckel S, Walenbergh SMA, Rendeiro AF, Weißer J, Puhm F, Hladik A, Göderle L, Papac-Milicevic N, Haas G, Millischer V, Subramaniam S, Knapp S, Bennett KL, Bock C, Reinhardt C, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Binder CJ. Malondialdehyde epitopes are sterile mediators of hepatic inflammation in hypercholesterolemic mice. Hepatology 2017; 65:1181-1195. [PMID: 27981604 PMCID: PMC5892702 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Diet-related health issues such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disorders are known to have a major inflammatory component. However, the exact pathways linking diet-induced changes (e.g., hyperlipidemia) and the ensuing inflammation have remained elusive so far. We identified biological processes related to innate immunity and oxidative stress as prime response pathways in livers of low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice on a Western-type diet using RNA sequencing and in silico functional analyses of transcriptome data. The observed changes were independent of the presence of microbiota and thus indicative of a role for sterile triggers. We further show that malondialdehyde (MDA) epitopes, products of lipid peroxidation and markers for enhanced oxidative stress, are detectable in hepatic inflammation predominantly on dying cells and stimulate cytokine secretion as well as leukocyte recruitment in vitro and in vivo. MDA-induced cytokine secretion in vitro was dependent on the presence of the scavenger receptors CD36 and MSR1. Moreover, in vivo neutralization of endogenously generated MDA epitopes by intravenous injection of a specific MDA antibody results in decreased hepatic inflammation in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice on a Western-type diet. CONCLUSION Accumulation of MDA epitopes plays a major role during diet-induced hepatic inflammation and can be ameliorated by administration of an anti-MDA antibody. (Hepatology 2017;65:1181-1195).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Jana-Lui Busch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Hendrikx
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria,Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David Weismann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Jäckel
- Center for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein/Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sofie M. A. Walenbergh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - André F. Rendeiro
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane Weißer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Puhm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasiya Hladik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria,Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Göderle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolina Papac-Milicevic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Haas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent Millischer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Center for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria,Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Keiryn L. Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria,Max Planck Institute for Informatics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein/Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gao W, Zhao J, Gao Z, Li H. Synergistic Interaction of Light Alcohol Administration in the Presence of Mild Iron Overload in a Mouse Model of Liver Injury: Involvement of Triosephosphate Isomerase Nitration and Inactivation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170350. [PMID: 28103293 PMCID: PMC5245837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that iron overload promotes alcoholic liver injury, but the doses of iron or alcohol used in studies are usually able to induce liver injury independently. Little attention has been paid to the coexistence of low alcohol consumption and mild iron overload when either of them is insufficient to cause obvious liver damage, although this situation is very common among some people. We studied the interactive effects and the underlining mechanism of mild doses of iron and alcohol on liver injury in a mouse model. Forty eight male Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, iron (300 mg/kg iron dextran, i.p.), alcohol (2 g/kg/day ethanol for four weeks i.g.), and iron plus alcohol group. After 4 weeks of treatment, mice were sacrificed and blood and livers were collected for biochemical analysis. Protein nitration level in liver tissue was determined by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis. Although neither iron overload nor alcohol consumption at our tested doses can cause severe liver injury, it was found that co-administration of the same doses of alcohol and iron resulted in liver injury and hepatic dysfunction, accompanied with elevated ratio of NADH/NAD+, reduced antioxidant ability, increased oxidative stress, and subsequent elevated protein nitration level. Further study revealed that triosephosphate isomerase, an important glycolytic enzyme, was one of the targets to be oxidized and nitrated, which was responsible for its inactivation. These data indicate that even under low alcohol intake, a certain amount of iron overload can cause significant liver oxidative damage, and the modification of triosephosphate isomerasemight be the important underlining mechanism of hepatic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanxia Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Basis medical college, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hasirci AS, Maldonado-Devincci AM, Beattie MC, O'Buckley TK, Morrow AL. Cellular GABAergic Neuroactive Steroid (3α,5α)-3-Hydroxy-Pregnan-20-One (3α,5α-THP) Immunostaining Levels Are Increased in the Ventral Tegmental Area of Human Alcohol Use Disorder Patients: A Postmortem Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:299-311. [PMID: 28068457 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The GABAergic neuroactive steroid (3α,5α)-3-hydroxy-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP; allopregnanolone) enhances GABAergic activity and produces subjective effects similar to ethanol (EtOH). The effect of chronic alcohol exposure on 3α,5α-THP concentrations has been studied in mouse, rat, and monkey limbic brain areas. Chronic EtOH exposure produced divergent brain region and cell-specific changes in 3α,5α-THP concentrations in animal studies. However, 3α,5α-THP levels in similar human brain regions have never been examined in individuals diagnosed with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Therefore, we used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to examine 3α,5α-THP levels in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra pars medialis (SNM), and amygdala of human postmortem brains of patients diagnosed with AUD compared with social drinkers. The effects of sex and liver disease on 3α,5α-THP concentrations were examined in the aforementioned brain regions. METHODS Human postmortem brains of AUD patients and age-matched controls were obtained from the New South Wales Brain Tissue Resource Center. IHC was performed using anti-3α,5α-THP antibody on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brain sections to detect cellular 3α,5α-THP levels. Immunoreactivity was analyzed by pixel density/mm2 for the comparison between AUD patients and controls. RESULTS 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity was increased by 23.2 ± 9% in the VTA of AUD patients compared with age-matched controls (p = 0.014). Moreover, a 29.6 ± 10% increase in 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity was observed in the SNM of male AUD patients compared with male controls (p < 0.01), but not in female subjects. 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity in the VTA and SNM regions did not differ between noncirrhotic and cirrhotic AUD patients. A sex difference in 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity (female 51 ± 18% greater than male) was observed among control subjects in the SNM, but no other brain region. 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity in the basolateral amygdala and lateral amygdala was negatively correlated with the length of the tissue fixation time as well as the age of the subjects, precluding assessment of the effect of AUD. CONCLUSIONS Cellular 3α,5α-THP levels in VTA are increased in human AUD patients, an effect that is likely independent of sex and liver disease. The differences between animal models and human studies should be factored into the interpretation of the physiological significance of elevated 3α,5α-THP levels in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Sait Hasirci
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Matthew C Beattie
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Todd K O'Buckley
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - A Leslie Morrow
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chao X, Wang S, Ding WX. Cell Death in Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury. CELLULAR INJURY IN LIVER DISEASES 2017:119-142. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53774-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
|
47
|
Leung TM, Lu Y. Alcoholic Liver Disease: from CYP2E1 to CYP2A5. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2017; 10:172-178. [PMID: 26278389 PMCID: PMC5856453 DOI: 10.2174/1874467208666150817111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews recent studies on CYP2E1-mediated alcoholic liver injury, the induction of CYP2A5 by alcohol and the mechanism for this upregulation, especially the permissive role of CYP2E1 in the induction of CYP2A5 by alcohol and the CYP2E1-ROS-Nrf2 pathway, and protective effects of CYP2A5 against ethanol-induced oxidative liver injury. Ethanol can induce CYP2E1, an active generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and CYP2E1 is a contributing factor for alcoholinduced oxidative liver injury. CYP2A5, another isoform of cytochrome P450, can also be induced by ethanol. Chronic feeding of ethanol to wild type mice increased CYP2A5 catalytic activity, protein and mRNA levels as compared to pair-fed controls. This induction was blunted in CYP2E1 knockout (cyp2e1-/-) mice but was restored when human CYP2E1 was reintroduced and expressed in cyp2e1-/- mice. Ethanol-induced CYP2E1 co-localized with CYP2A5 and preceded the elevation of CYP2A5. The antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and vitamin C lowered the alcohol elevation of ROS and blunted the alcohol induction of CYP2A5, but not CYP2E1, suggesting ROS play a novel role in the crosstalk between CYP2E1 and CYP2A5. The antioxidants blocked the activation of Nrf2, a transcription factor known to upregulate expression of CYP2A5. When alcohol-induced liver injury was enhanced in Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-/-) mice, alcohol elevation of CYP2A5 but not CYP2E1 was also lower in Nrf2-/- mice. CYP2A5 knockout (cyp2a5-/-) mice exhibited an enhanced alcoholic liver injury compared with WT mice as indicated by serum ALT, steatosis and necroinflammation. Alcohol-induced hyperglycemia were observed in cyp2a5-/- mice but not in WT mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tung Ming Leung
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount. United States
| | - Yongke Lu
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Box 1677, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029. United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Protective Effects of Hydrolyzed Nucleoproteins from Salmon Milt against Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury in Rats. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14120232. [PMID: 27999369 PMCID: PMC5192469 DOI: 10.3390/md14120232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary nucleotides play a role in maintaining the immune responses of both animals and humans. Oral administration of nucleic acids from salmon milt have physiological functions in the cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of human small intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, we examined the effects of DNA-rich nucleic acids prepared from salmon milt (DNSM) on the development of liver fibrosis in an in vivo ethanol-carbon tetrachloride cirrhosis model. Plasma aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were significantly less active in the DNSM-treated group than in the ethanol plus carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-treated group. Collagen accumulation in the liver and hepatic necrosis were observed histologically in ethanol plus CCl₄-treated rats; however, DNSM-treatment fully protected rats against ethanol plus CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis and necrosis. Furthermore, we examined whether DNSM had a preventive effect against alcohol-induced liver injury by regulating the cytochrome p450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated oxidative stress pathway in an in vivo model. In this model, CYP2E1 activity in ethanol plus CCl₄-treated rats increased significantly, but DNSM-treatment suppressed the enzyme's activity and reduced intracellular thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels. Furthermore, the hepatocytes treated with 100 mM ethanol induced an increase in cell death and were not restored to the control levels when treated with DNSM, suggesting that digestive products of DNSM are effective for the prevention of alcohol-induced liver injury. Deoxyadenosine suppressed the ethanol-induced increase in cell death and increased the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase. These results suggest that DNSM treatment represents a novel tool for the prevention of alcohol-induced liver injury.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ramaiah S, Rivera C, Arteel G. Early-Phase Alcoholic Liver Disease: An Update on Animal Models, Pathology, and Pathogenesis. Int J Toxicol 2016; 23:217-31. [PMID: 15371166 DOI: 10.1080/10915810490502069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains to be one of the most common etiology of liver disease and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathologic stages of ALD comprises of steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Steatosis and steatohepatitis represents the early phase of ALD and are precursor stages for fibrosis/cirrhosis. Numerous research efforts have been directed at recognizing cofactors interacting with alcohol in the pathogenesis of steatosis and steatohepatitis. This review will elucidate the constellation of complex pathogenesis, available animal models, and microscopic pathologic findings mostly in the early-phase of ALD. The role of endotoxin, reactive oxygen species, alcohol metabolism, and cytokines are discussed. Understanding the mechanisms of early-phase ALD should provide insight into the development of therapeutic strategies and thereby decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Ramaiah
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Genetic disruption of NRF2 promotes the development of necroinflammation and liver fibrosis in a mouse model of HFE-hereditary hemochromatosis. Redox Biol 2016; 11:157-169. [PMID: 27936457 PMCID: PMC5149069 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims In hereditary hemochromatosis, iron deposition in the liver parenchyma may lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Most cases are ascribed to a common mutation in the HFE gene, but the extent of clinical expression is greatly influenced by the combined action of yet unidentified genetic and/or environmental modifying factors. In mice, transcription factor NRF2 is a critical determinant of hepatocyte viability during exposure to acute dietary iron overload. We evaluated if the genetic disruption of Nrf2 would prompt the development of liver damage in Hfe-/- mice (an established model of human HFE-hemochromatosis). Methods Wild-type, Nrf2-/-, Hfe-/- and double knockout (Hfe/Nrf2-/-) female mice on C57BL/6 genetic background were sacrificed at the age of 6 (young), 12–18 (middle-aged) or 24 months (old) for evaluation of liver pathology. Results Despite the parenchymal iron accumulation, Hfe-/- mice presented no liver injury. The combination of iron overload (Hfe-/-) and defective antioxidant defences (Nrf2-/-) increased the number of iron-related necroinflammatory lesions (sideronecrosis), possibly due to the accumulation of toxic oxidation products such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-protein adducts. The engulfment of dead hepatocytes led to a gradual accumulation of iron within macrophages, featuring large aggregates. Myofibroblasts recruited towards the injury areas produced substantial amounts of collagen fibers involving the liver parenchyma of double-knockout animals with increased hepatic fibrosis in an age-dependent manner. Conclusions The genetic disruption of Nrf2 promotes the transition from iron accumulation (siderosis) to liver injury in Hfe-/- mice, representing the first demonstration of spontaneous hepatic fibrosis in the long term in a mouse model of hereditary hemochromatosis displaying mildly elevated liver iron. Despite the parenchymal iron overload, single Hfe-/- mice present no liver injury. Hfe and Nrf2 double knockout mice develop liver fibrosis with aging. Fibrosis is triggered by iron-related hepatocellular death (sideronecrosis). Nrf2 genetic disruption increases susceptibility to oxidative/electrophilic stress. NRF2 status is a potential determinant of liver injury in hemochromatosis.
Collapse
|