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Shah R, Shah VK, Emin M, Gao S, Sampogna RV, Aggarwal B, Chang A, St-Onge MP, Malik V, Wang J, Wei Y, Jelic S. Mild sleep restriction increases endothelial oxidative stress in female persons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15360. [PMID: 37717072 PMCID: PMC10505226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep restriction is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, which is more pronounced in female than male persons. We reported recently first causal evidence that mild, prolonged sleep restriction mimicking "real-life" conditions impairs endothelial function, a key step in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, in healthy female persons. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In model organisms, sleep restriction increases oxidative stress and upregulates antioxidant response via induction of the antioxidant regulator nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). Here, we assessed directly endothelial cell oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in healthy female persons (n = 35) after 6 weeks of mild sleep restriction (1.5 h less than habitual sleep) using randomized crossover design. Sleep restriction markedly increased endothelial oxidative stress without upregulating antioxidant response. Using RNA-seq and a predicted protein-protein interaction database, we identified reduced expression of endothelial Defective in Cullin Neddylation-1 Domain Containing 3 (DCUN1D3), a protein that licenses Nrf2 antioxidant responses, as a mediator of impaired endothelial antioxidant response in sleep restriction. Thus, sleep restriction impairs clearance of endothelial oxidative stress that over time increases cardiovascular risk.Trial Registration: NCT02835261 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vikash Kumar Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Memet Emin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Su Gao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rosemary V Sampogna
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brooke Aggarwal
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Audrey Chang
- NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vikas Malik
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Human Development and Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Human Development and Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying Wei
- Division of Biostatistics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanja Jelic
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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Calvert ME, Molsberry SA, Kangarloo T, Amin MR, Genty V, Faghih RT, Klerman EB, Shaw ND. Acute Sleep Disruption Does Not Diminish Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion in Pubertal Children. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac146. [PMID: 37283961 PMCID: PMC9562791 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context In children, growth hormone (GH) pulses occur after sleep onset in association with slow-wave sleep (SWS). There have been no studies in children to quantify the effect of disrupted sleep on GH secretion. Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute sleep disruption on GH secretion in pubertal children. Methods Fourteen healthy individuals (aged 11.3-14.1 years) were randomly assigned to 2 overnight polysomnographic studies, 1 with and 1 without SWS disruption via auditory stimuli, with frequent blood sampling to measure GH. Results Auditory stimuli delivered during the disrupted sleep night caused a 40.0 ± 7.8% decrease in SWS. On SWS-disrupted sleep nights, the rate of GH pulses during N2 sleep was significantly lower than during SWS (IRR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.32-0.97). There were no differences in GH pulse rates during the various sleep stages or wakefulness in disrupted compared with undisrupted sleep nights. SWS disruption had no effect on GH pulse amplitude and frequency or basal GH secretion. Conclusion In pubertal children, GH pulses were temporally associated with episodes of SWS. Acute disruption of sleep via auditory tones during SWS did not alter GH secretion. These results indicate that SWS may not be a direct stimulus of GH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison E Calvert
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Clinical Research Branch, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Samantha A Molsberry
- Social & Scientific Systems, A DLH Holdings Company, Durham, North Carolina 27703, USA
| | - Tairmae Kangarloo
- Sargent College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Md Rafiul Amin
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Valentina Genty
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Rose T Faghih
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York 11201, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Klerman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Natalie D Shaw
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Clinical Research Branch, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Paragliola RM, Carrozza C, Corsello SM, Salvatori R. The biochemical diagnosis of acromegaly: revising the role of measurement of IGF-I and GH after glucose load in 5 questions. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2022; 17:205-224. [PMID: 35485763 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2069558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acromegaly is a rare disorder characterized by the excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH), mostly caused by pituitary adenomas. While in full-blown cases the diagnosis is easy to establish, milder cases are more challenging. Additionally, establishing whether full cure after surgery is reached may be difficult. AREAS COVERED In this article, we will review the challenges posed by the variability in measurements of GH and its main effector insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) due to both biological changes, co-morbidities, and assays variability. EXPERT OPINION Interpretation of GH and IGF-I assays is important in establishing an early diagnosis of acromegaly, in avoiding misdiagnosis, and in establishing if cure is achieved by surgery. Physicians should be familiar with the variables that affect measurements of these 2 hormones, and with the performance of the assays available in their practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Paragliola
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery - Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico "Gemelli", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Carrozza
- Unit of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology - Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico "Gemelli," IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore M Corsello
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery - Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico "Gemelli", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism and Pituitary Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA
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Abstract
The cardiomyocyte circadian clock temporally governs fundamental cellular processes, leading to 24-h rhythms in cardiac properties (such as electrophysiology and contractility). The importance of this cell-autonomous clock is underscored by reports that the disruption of the mechanism leads to adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure. In healthy non-stressed mice, the cardiomyocyte circadian clock modestly augments both cardiac protein synthesis (~14%) and mass (~11%) at the awake-to-sleep transition (relative to their lowest values in the middle of the awake period). However, the increased capacity for cardiac growth at the awake-to-sleep transition exacerbates the responsiveness of the heart to pro-hypertrophic stimuli/stresses (e.g., adrenergic stimulation, nutrients) at this time. The cardiomyocyte circadian clock orchestrates time-of-day-dependent rhythms in cardiac growth through numerous mechanisms. Both ribosomal RNA (e.g., 28S) and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6 signaling axis are circadian regulated, peaking at the awake-to-sleep transition in the heart. Conversely, the negative regulators of translation (including PER2, AMPK, and the integrated stress response) are elevated in the middle of the awake period in a coordinated fashion. We speculate that persistent circadian governance of cardiac growth during non-dipping/nocturnal hypertension, sleep apnea, and/or shift work may exacerbate left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac disease development, highlighting a need for the advancement of chronotherapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin E. Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
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Sonkar R, Berry R, Latimer MN, Prabhu SD, Young ME, Frank SJ. Augmented Cardiac Growth Hormone Signaling Contributes to Cardiomyopathy Following Genetic Disruption of the Cardiomyocyte Circadian Clock. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:836725. [PMID: 35250583 PMCID: PMC8888912 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.836725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks regulate numerous biological processes, at whole body, organ, and cellular levels. This includes both hormone secretion and target tissue sensitivity. Although growth hormone (GH) secretion is time-of-day-dependent (increased pulse amplitude during the sleep period), little is known regarding whether circadian clocks modulate GH sensitivity in target tissues. GH acts in part through induction of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and excess GH/IGF1 signaling has been linked to pathologies such as insulin resistance, acromegaly, and cardiomyopathy. Interestingly, genetic disruption of the cardiomyocyte circadian clock leads to cardiac adverse remodeling, contractile dysfunction, and reduced lifespan. These observations led to the hypothesis that the cardiomyopathy observed following cardiomyocyte circadian clock disruption may be secondary to chronic activation of cardiac GH/IGF1 signaling. Here, we report that cardiomyocyte-specific BMAL1 knockout (CBK) mice exhibit increased cardiac GH sensitivity, as evidenced by augmented GH-induced STAT5 phosphorylation (relative to littermate controls) in the heart (but not in the liver). Moreover, Igf1 mRNA levels are approximately 2-fold higher in CBK hearts (but not in livers), associated with markers of GH/IGF1 signaling activation (e.g., p-ERK, p-mTOR, and p-4EBP1) and adverse remodeling (e.g., cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis). Genetic deletion of one allele of the GH receptor (GHR) normalized cardiac Igf1 levels in CBK hearts, associated with a partial normalization of adverse remodeling. This included attenuated progression of cardiomyopathy in CBK mice. Collectively, these observations suggest that excessive cardiac GH/IGF1 signaling contributes toward cardiomyopathy following genetic disruption of the cardiomyocyte circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Sonkar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ryan Berry
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mary N. Latimer
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sumanth D. Prabhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Cardiology Section, Birmingham VAMC Medical Service, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Martin E. Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stuart J. Frank
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Endocrinology Section, Birmingham VAMC Medical Service, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Goldenberg N, Horowitz JF, Gorgey A, Sakharova A, Barkan AL. Role of pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion in the regulation of lipolysis in fasting humans. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 8:1. [PMID: 35101148 PMCID: PMC8805297 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-022-00137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increase in growth hormone (GH) secretion during a prolonged fast stimulates lipolytic rate, thereby augmenting the mobilization of endogenous energy at a time when fuel availability is very low. Study aim To identify the specific component of GH secretory pattern responsible for the stimulation of lipolytic rate during fasting in humans. Study protocol We measured lipolytic rate (using stable isotope dilution technique) after an overnight fast in 15 young, healthy, non-obese subjects (11 men and 4 women), and again on four separate occasions after a 59 h fast. These four prolonged fasting trials differed only by the contents of an infusion solution provided throughout the 59 h fasting period. Subjects were infused either with normal saline (“Control”; n = 15) or with graded doses of a GH Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonist (GHRHa):10 μg/kg/h (“High”; n = 15), 1 μg /kg/h (“Medium”; n = 8), or 0.5 μg /kg/h (“Low”; n = 6). Results As expected, the 59 h fast completely suppressed plasma insulin levels and markedly increased endogenous GH concentrations (12 h vs 59 h Fast; p = 0.0044). Administration of GHRHa induced dose-dependent reduction in GH concentrations in response to the 59 h fast (p < 0.05). We found a strong correlation between the rate of lipolysis and GH mean peak amplitude (R = 0.471; p = 0.0019), and total GH pulse area under the curve (AUC) (R = 0.49; p = 0.0015), but not the GH peak frequency (R = 0.044; p = 0.8) or interpulse GH concentrations (R = 0.25; p = 0.115). Conclusion During prolonged fasting (i.e., 2–3 days), when insulin secretion is abolished, the pulsatile component of GH secretion becomes a key metabolic regulator of the increase in lipolytic rate.
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Moisan MP. Sexual Dimorphism in Glucocorticoid Stress Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063139. [PMID: 33808655 PMCID: PMC8003420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is encountered in our everyday life and is thought to contribute to a number of diseases. Many of these stress-related disorders display a sex bias. Because glucocorticoid hormones are the main biological mediator of chronic stress, researchers have been interested in understanding the sexual dimorphism in glucocorticoid stress response to better explain the sex bias in stress-related diseases. Although not yet demonstrated for glucocorticoid regulation, sex chromosomes do influence sex-specific biology as soon as conception. Then a transient rise in testosterone start to shape the male brain during the prenatal period differently to the female brain. These organizational effects are completed just before puberty. The cerebral regions implicated in glucocorticoid regulation at rest and after stress are thereby impacted in a sex-specific manner. After puberty, the high levels of all gonadal hormones will interact with glucocorticoid hormones in specific crosstalk through their respective nuclear receptors. In addition, stress occurring early in life, in particular during the prenatal period and in adolescence will prime in the long-term glucocorticoid stress response through epigenetic mechanisms, again in a sex-specific manner. Altogether, various molecular mechanisms explain sex-specific glucocorticoid stress responses that do not exclude important gender effects in humans.
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Tenuta M, Carlomagno F, Cangiano B, Kanakis G, Pozza C, Sbardella E, Isidori AM, Krausz C, Gianfrilli D. Somatotropic-Testicular Axis: A crosstalk between GH/IGF-I and gonadal hormones during development, transition, and adult age. Andrology 2020; 9:168-184. [PMID: 33021069 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic (HPS) axes are strongly interconnected. Interactions between these axes are complex and poorly understood. These interactions are characterized by redundancies in reciprocal influences at each level of regulation and the combination of endocrine and paracrine effects that change during development. OBJECTIVES To comprehensively review the crosstalk between the HPG and HPS axes and related pathological and clinical aspects during various life stages of male subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS A thorough search of publications available in PubMed was performed using proper keywords. RESULTS Molecular studies confirmed the expressions of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptors on the HPG axis and reproductive organs, indicating a possible interaction between HPS and HPG axes at various levels. Insulin growth factors participate in sexual differentiation during fetal development, indicating that normal HPS axis activity is required for proper testicular development. IGF-I contributes to correct testicular position during minipuberty, determines linear growth during childhood, and promotes puberty onset and pace through gonadotropin-releasing hormone activation. IGF-I levels are high during transition age, even when linear growth is almost complete, suggesting its role in reproductive tract maturation. Patients with GH deficiency (GHD) and insensitivity (GHI) exhibit delayed puberty and impaired genital development; replacement therapy in such patients induces proper pubertal development. In adults, few studies have suggested that lower IGF-I levels are associated with impaired sperm parameters. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The role of GH-IGF-I in testicular development remains largely unexplored. However, it is important to evaluate gonadic development in children with GHD. Additionally, HPS axis function should be evaluated in children with urogenital malformation or gonadal development alterations. Correct diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention are needed for healthy puberty, attainment of complete gonadal development during transition age, and fertility potential in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tenuta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Biagio Cangiano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - George Kanakis
- Athens Naval and Veterans Affairs Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlotta Pozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Sbardella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Csilla Krausz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Tyrosine Hydroxylase Neurons Regulate Growth Hormone Secretion via Short-Loop Negative Feedback. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4309-4322. [PMID: 32317389 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2531-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical studies suggest that growth hormone (GH) secretion is controlled by negative-feedback loops mediated by GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)- or somatostatin-expressing neurons. Catecholamines are known to alter GH secretion and neurons expressing TH are located in several brain areas containing GH-responsive cells. However, whether TH-expressing neurons are required to regulate GH secretion via negative-feedback mechanisms is unknown. In the present study, we showed that between 50% and 90% of TH-expressing neurons in the periventricular, paraventricular, and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei and locus ceruleus of mice exhibited STAT5 phosphorylation (pSTAT5) after an acute GH injection. Ablation of GH receptor (GHR) from TH cells or in the entire brain markedly increased GH pulse secretion and body growth in both male and female mice. In contrast, GHR ablation in cells that express the dopamine transporter (DAT) or dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH; marker of noradrenergic/adrenergic cells) did not affect body growth. Nevertheless, less than 50% of TH-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus were found to express DAT. Ablation of GHR in TH cells increased the hypothalamic expression of Ghrh mRNA, although very few GHRH neurons were found to coexpress TH- and GH-induced pSTAT5. In summary, TH neurons that do not express DAT or DBH are required for the autoregulation of GH secretion via a negative-feedback loop. Our findings revealed a critical and previously unidentified group of catecholaminergic interneurons that are apt to sense changes in GH levels and regulate the somatotropic axis in mice.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Textbooks indicate until now that the pulsatile pattern of growth hormone (GH) secretion is primarily controlled by GH-releasing hormone and somatostatin neurons. The regulation of GH secretion relies on the ability of these cells to sense changes in circulating GH levels to adjust pituitary GH secretion within a narrow physiological range. However, our study identifies a specific population of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons that is critical to autoregulate GH secretion via a negative-feedback loop. The lack of this mechanism in transgenic mice results in aberrant GH secretion and body growth. Since GH plays a key role in cell proliferation, body growth, and metabolism, our findings provide a major advance to understand how the brain regulates the somatotropic axis.
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Wasinski F, Furigo IC, Teixeira PDS, Ramos-Lobo AM, Peroni CN, Bartolini P, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Growth Hormone Receptor Deletion Reduces the Density of Axonal Projections from Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus Neurons. Neuroscience 2020; 434:136-147. [PMID: 32229232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The arcuate nucleus (ARH) is an important hypothalamic area for the homeostatic control of feeding and other metabolic functions. In the ARH, proopiomelanocortin- (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons play a key role in the central regulation of metabolism. These neurons are influenced by circulating factors, such as leptin and growth hormone (GH). The objective of the present study was to determine whether a direct action of GH on ARH neurons regulates the density of POMC and AgRP axonal projections to major postsynaptic targets. We studied POMC and AgRP axonal projections to the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVH), lateral (LHA) and dorsomedial (DMH) nuclei in leptin receptor (LepR)-deficient mice (Leprdb/db), GH-deficient mice (Ghrhrlit/lit) and in mice carrying specific ablations of GH receptor (GHR) either in LepR- or AgRP-expressing cells. Leprdb/db mice presented reduction in the density of POMC innervation to the PVH compared to wild-type and Ghrhrlit/lit mice. Additionally, both Leprdb/db and Ghrhrlit/lit mice showed reduced AgRP fiber density in the PVH, LHA and DMH. LepR GHR knockout mice showed decreased density of POMC innervation in the PVH and DMH, compared to control mice, whereas a reduction in the density of AgRP innervation was observed in all areas analyzed. Conversely, AgRP-specific ablation of GHR led to a significant reduction in AgRP projections to the PVH, LHA and DMH, without affecting POMC innervation. Our findings indicate that GH has direct trophic effects on the formation of POMC and AgRP axonal projections and provide additional evidence that GH regulates hypothalamic neurocircuits controlling energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Furigo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cibele N Peroni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Paolo Bartolini
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Functional changes of the liver in the absence of growth hormone (GH) action - Proteomic and metabolomic insights from a GH receptor deficient pig model. Mol Metab 2020; 36:100978. [PMID: 32277923 PMCID: PMC7184181 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The liver is a central target organ of growth hormone (GH), which stimulates the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and affects multiple biochemical pathways. A systematic multi-omics analysis of GH effects in the liver has not been performed. GH receptor (GHR) deficiency is a unique model for studying the consequences of lacking GH action. In this study, we used molecular profiling techniques to capture a broad spectrum of these effects in the liver of a clinically relevant large animal model for Laron syndrome. METHODS We performed holistic proteome and targeted metabolome analyses of liver samples from 6-month-old GHR-deficient (GHR-KO) pigs and GHR-expressing controls (four males, four females per group). RESULTS GHR deficiency resulted in an increased abundance of enzymes involved in amino acid degradation, in the urea cycle, and in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. A decreased ratio of long-chain acylcarnitines to free carnitine suggested reduced activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A and thus reduced mitochondrial import of fatty acids for beta-oxidation. Increased levels of short-chain acylcarnitines in the liver and in the circulation of GHR-KO pigs may result from impaired beta-oxidation of short-chain fatty acids or from increased degradation of specific amino acids. The concentration of mono-unsaturated glycerophosphocholines was significantly increased in the liver of GHR-KO pigs without morphological signs of steatosis, although the abundances of several proteins functionally linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (fetuin B, retinol binding protein 4, several mitochondrial proteins) were increased. Moreover, GHR-deficient liver samples revealed distinct changes in the methionine and glutathione metabolic pathways, in particular, a significantly increased level of glycine N-methyltransferase and increased levels of total and free glutathione. Several proteins revealed a sex-related abundance difference in the control group but not in the GHR-KO group. CONCLUSIONS Our integrated proteomics/targeted metabolomics study of GHR-deficient and control liver samples from a clinically relevant large animal model identified a spectrum of biological pathways that are significantly altered in the absence of GH action. Moreover, new insights into the role of GH in the sex-related specification of liver functions were provided.
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Vélez EJ, Unniappan S. A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:614981. [PMID: 33708174 PMCID: PMC7940767 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.614981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH), mainly produced from the pituitary somatotrophs is a key endocrine regulator of somatic growth. GH, a pleiotropic hormone, is also involved in regulating vital processes, including nutrition, reproduction, physical activity, neuroprotection, immunity, and osmotic pressure in vertebrates. The dysregulation of the pituitary GH and hepatic insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) affects many cellular processes associated with growth promotion, including protein synthesis, cell proliferation and metabolism, leading to growth disorders. The metabolic and growth effects of GH have interesting applications in different fields, including the livestock industry and aquaculture. The latest discoveries on new regulators of pituitary GH synthesis and secretion deserve our attention. These novel regulators include the stimulators adropin, klotho, and the fibroblast growth factors, as well as the inhibitors, nucleobindin-encoded peptides (nesfatin-1 and nesfatin-1-like peptide) and irisin. This review aims for a comparative analysis of our current understanding of the endocrine regulation of GH from the pituitary of vertebrates. In addition, we will consider useful pharmacological molecules (i.e. stimulators and inhibitors of the GH signaling pathways) that are important in studying GH and somatotroph biology. The main goal of this review is to provide an overview and update on GH regulators in 2020. While an extensive review of each of the GH regulators and an in-depth analysis of specifics are beyond its scope, we have compiled information on the main endogenous and pharmacological regulators to facilitate an easy access. Overall, this review aims to serve as a resource on GH endocrinology for a beginner to intermediate level knowledge seeker on this topic.
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13
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Postolache TT, Gulati A, Okusaga OO, Stiller JW. An Introduction to Circadian Endocrine Physiology: Implications for Exercise and Sports Performance. ENDOCRINOLOGY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33376-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Hamann M, Grill S, Struck J, Bergmann A, Hartmann O, Pölcher M, Kiechle M. Detection of early breast cancer beyond mammographic screening: a promising biomarker panel. Biomark Med 2019; 13:1107-1117. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We assessed the suitability of a biomarker panel to improve early detection and individual risk assessment in breast cancer (BC) patients. Materials & methods: PENK, pro-SP, hGH and CA15-3 of 204 BC patients and 68 healthy controls were measured. Results: PENK and human growth hormone concentrations were significantly lower and pro-SP values higher in BC patients compared with controls. C-index increased from 0.628 for CA15-3 alone to 0.754 when all three biomarkers were added to the model. Conclusion: This biomarker panel may improve early detection of BC and influence the assessment of breast imaging. It might be useful for a risk-adapted cancer surveillance or primary prevention program by a more precise determination of an individualized BC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hamann
- Department of Gynecology, Red Cross Hospital Munich, Taxisstr. 3, Munich 80637, Germany
| | - Sabine Grill
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Joachim Struck
- Sphingotec GmbH, Neuendorfstraße 15A, Hennigsdorf 16761, Germany
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Sphingotec GmbH, Neuendorfstraße 15A, Hennigsdorf 16761, Germany
| | - Oliver Hartmann
- Sphingotec GmbH, Neuendorfstraße 15A, Hennigsdorf 16761, Germany
| | - Martin Pölcher
- Department of Gynecology, Red Cross Hospital Munich, Taxisstr. 3, Munich 80637, Germany
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
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15
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Ertosun MG, Kocak G, Ozes ON. The regulation of circadian clock by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 46:10-16. [PMID: 31000463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All organisms display circadian rhythms which are under the control of the circadian clock located in the hypothalamus at the suprachiasmatic nucleus, (SCN). The circadian rhythms allow individuals to adjust their physiological activities and daily behavior for the diurnal changes in the living environment. To achieve these, all metabolic processes are aligned with the sleep/wake and fasting/feeding cycles. Subtle changes of daily behavior or food intake can result in misalignment of circadian rhythms. This can cause development of variety of metabolic diseases and even cancer. Although light plays a pivotal role for the activation of the master clock in SCN, the peripheral secondary clocks (or non-SCN), such as melatonin, growth hormone (GH), insulin, adiponectin and Ghrelin also are important in maintaining the circadian rhythms in the brain and peripheral organs. In recent years, growing body of evidence strongly suggest that CA2+ signaling, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) also play very important roles in the regulation of circadian rhythms by regulating the transcription of the clock genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gokhan Ertosun
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive & Anesthetic Surgery, Turkey.
| | - Gamze Kocak
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Turkey.
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16
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Furigo IC, Teixeira PDS, de Souza GO, Couto GCL, Romero GG, Perelló M, Frazão R, Elias LL, Metzger M, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Growth hormone regulates neuroendocrine responses to weight loss via AgRP neurons. Nat Commun 2019; 10:662. [PMID: 30737388 PMCID: PMC6368581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight loss triggers important metabolic responses to conserve energy, especially via the fall in leptin levels. Consequently, weight loss becomes increasingly difficult with weight regain commonly occurring in most dieters. Here we show that central growth hormone (GH) signaling also promotes neuroendocrine adaptations during food deprivation. GH activates agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons and GH receptor (GHR) ablation in AgRP cells mitigates highly characteristic hypothalamic and metabolic adaptations induced by weight loss. Thus, the capacity of mice carrying an AgRP-specific GHR ablation to save energy during food deprivation is impaired, leading to increased fat loss. Additionally, administration of a clinically available GHR antagonist (pegvisomant) attenuates the fall of whole-body energy expenditure of food-deprived mice, similarly as seen by leptin treatment. Our findings indicate GH as a starvation signal that alerts the brain about energy deficiency, triggering key adaptive responses to conserve limited fuel stores. Reduction in food intake elicits neuroendocrine adaptations to counterregulate the negative energy balance, e.g. via reduction in leptin levels. Here, the authors identify an additional starvation signal, growth hormone (GH). Blocking GH receptor attenuates the fall of whole body energy expenditure during food deprivation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora C Furigo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriel O de Souza
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gisele C L Couto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Guadalupe García Romero
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, Calle 526 y Camino General Belgrano, La Plata, BA, 1900, Argentina
| | - Mario Perelló
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, Calle 526 y Camino General Belgrano, La Plata, BA, 1900, Argentina
| | - Renata Frazão
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Lucila L Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Martin Metzger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Konneker Research Center 206A, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Konneker Research Center 206A, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - J Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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17
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Lu M, Flanagan JU, Langley RJ, Hay MP, Perry JK. Targeting growth hormone function: strategies and therapeutic applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:3. [PMID: 30775002 PMCID: PMC6367471 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human growth hormone (GH) is a classical pituitary endocrine hormone that is essential for normal postnatal growth and has pleiotropic effects across multiple physiological systems. GH is also expressed in extrapituitary tissues and has localized autocrine/paracrine effects at these sites. In adults, hypersecretion of GH causes acromegaly, and strategies that block the release of GH or that inhibit GH receptor (GHR) activation are the primary forms of medical therapy for this disease. Overproduction of GH has also been linked to cancer and the microvascular complications that are associated with diabetes. However, studies to investigate the therapeutic potential of GHR antagonism in these diseases have been limited, most likely due to difficulty in accessing therapeutic tools to study the pharmacology of the receptor in vivo. This review will discuss current and emerging strategies for antagonizing GH function and the potential disease indications. Emerging therapies are offering an expanded toolkit for combatting the effects of human growth hormone overproduction. Human growth hormone (GH) is a major driver of postnatal growth; however, systemic or localized overproduction is implicated in the aberrant growth disease acromegaly, cancer, and diabetes. In this review, researchers led by Jo Perry, from the University of Auckland, New Zealand, discuss strategies that either inhibit GH production, block its systemic receptor, or interrupt its downstream signaling pathways. The only licensed GH receptor blocker is pegvisomant, but therapies are in development that include long-acting protein and antibody-based blockers, and nucleotide complexes that degrade GHR production have also shown promise. Studies investigating GHR antagonism are limited, partly due to difficulty in accessing therapeutic tools which block GHR function, but overcoming these obstacles may yield advances in alleviating chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Lu
- 1Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- 2Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ries J Langley
- 3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.,4Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Hay
- 2Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- 1Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Hage M, Kamenický P, Chanson P. Growth Hormone Response to Oral Glucose Load: From Normal to Pathological Conditions. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 108:244-255. [PMID: 30685760 DOI: 10.1159/000497214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The exact physiological basis of acute growth hormone (GH) suppression by oral glucose is not fully understood. Glucose-mediated increase in hypothalamic somatostatin seems to be the most plausible explanation. Attempts to better understand its underlying mechanisms are compromised by species disparities in the response of GH to glucose load. While in humans, glucose inhibits GH release, the acute elevation of circulating glucose levels in rats has either no effect on GH secretion or may be stimulatory. Likewise, chronic hyperglycemia alters GH release in both humans and rats nonetheless in opposite directions. Several factors influence nadir GH concentrations including, age, gender, body mass index, pubertal age, and the type of assay used. Besides the classical suppressive effects of glucose on GH release, a paradoxical GH increase to oral glucose may be observed in around one third of patients with acromegaly as well as in various other disorders. Though its pathophysiology is poorly characterized, an altered interplay between somatostatin and GH-releasing hormone has been suggested and a link with pituitary ectopic expression of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor has been recently demonstrated. A better understanding of the dynamics mediating GH response to glucose may allow a more optimal use of the OGTT as a diagnostic tool in various conditions, especially acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Hage
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1185, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter Kamenický
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1185, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Philippe Chanson
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1185, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,
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19
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Kaltenecker D, Themanns M, Mueller KM, Spirk K, Suske T, Merkel O, Kenner L, Luís A, Kozlov A, Haybaeck J, Müller M, Han X, Moriggl R. Hepatic growth hormone - JAK2 - STAT5 signalling: Metabolic function, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cytokine 2018; 124:154569. [PMID: 30389231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of obesity came along with an increase in associated metabolic disorders in Western countries. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is linked to primary stages of liver cancer development. Growth hormone (GH) regulates various vital processes such as energy supply and cellular regeneration. In addition, GH regulates various aspects of liver physiology through activating the Janus kinase (JAK) 2- signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 pathway. Consequently, disrupted GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling in the liver alters hepatic lipid metabolism and is associated with NAFLD development in humans and mouse models. Interestingly, while STAT5 as well as JAK2 deficiency correlates with hepatic lipid accumulation, recent studies suggest that these proteins have unique ambivalent functions in chronic liver disease progression and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on the consequences of altered GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling for hepatic lipid metabolism and liver cancer development with an emphasis on lessons learned from genetic knockout models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Kaltenecker
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Madeleine Themanns
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina M Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Spirk
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Suske
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreia Luís
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, the Ministry of Health; Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences (ILAS), Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, PR China; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Ghafouri-Kesbi F, Baneh H. Genetic aspects of sexual size dimorphism in a synthesized breed of sheep. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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21
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Castagno M, Monzani A, Zanetta S, Genoni G, Giglione E, Ricotti R, Bona G, Prodam F, Bellone S. Evaluation of growth hormone response to GHRH plus arginine test in children with idiopathic short stature: role of peak time. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:977-983. [PMID: 29423542 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the course of growth hormone response to growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) plus arginine provocative test in children with idiopathic short stature (ISS) and to evaluate the role of peak time. METHODS A retrospective study was performed analyzing 344 GHRH plus arginine provocative tests performed in children and adolescents with short stature. Serum GH levels were measured at four-time points (T0', T30', T45' and T60') and GH peak was defined as the maximum value at any time point. Mean (T30'-T60') GH value and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. RESULTS When analyzing the time of peak at the provocative test, the most frequent peak time was T45' (53.8%) in the ISS group, with no differences in gender, age, and pubertal stage. Analyzing GHD subjects, the most frequent time of peak was T30 (50%). Analyzing the whole population, the GH T0' levels were significantly lower in subjects with the GH peak at T45' than those with the GH peak at T30' (1.7 ± 2.0 vs. 3.2 ± 4.0, p < 0.001). In subjects with GH peak at T45', the value of GH peak, AUC and mean GH were significantly higher than in those with GH peak at T30' and T60'. A direct correlation was found between the value of GH peak and growth velocity SDS (r = 0.127, p = 0.04) and a negative one between GH peak and GH level at T0' (r = - 0.111, p = 0.04), even when adjusted for gender, age, pubertal stage and BMI Z score. CONCLUSIONS The time peak at 45 min seems to be associated with a better response to the test considering GH peak, mean and AUC. Patients with a GH peak at 30 min more probably could have a derangement in GH secretion showing worst growth pattern and/or a GH deficiency and should be carefully observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Castagno
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - A Monzani
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - S Zanetta
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - G Genoni
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - E Giglione
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - R Ricotti
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - G Bona
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - F Prodam
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
| | - S Bellone
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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22
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Ogawa S, Liu X, Shepherd BS, Parhar IS. Ghrelin stimulates growth hormone release from the pituitary via hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone neurons in the cichlid, Oreochromis niloticus. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:349-365. [PMID: 29934855 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a gut-brain peptide hormone, is implicated in a multiplicity of biological functions, including energy homeostasis and reproduction. Neuronal systems that are involved in energy homeostasis as well as reproduction traverse the hypothalamus; however, the mechanism by which they control energy homeostasis is not fully understood. The present study analyzes the anatomical relationship of neurons expressing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) in a cichlid, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Additionally, we examine in vivo effects of ghrelin on these hypothalamic neurons and plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels. Double-immunofluorescence showed neuronal fiber associations between GnRH, NPY and GHRH in the brain and pituitary. Intracerebroventricular injection of ghrelin had no effect on numbers, soma size, or optical density of GnRH and NPY neurons, whereas the number of GHRH neurons was significantly decreased in the animals injected with ghrelin when compared to controls, which may indicate administered ghrelin promoted GHRH release. Plasma GH and pituitary GH mRNA levels were significantly increased in the animals injected with ghrelin. These results suggest that central administration of ghrelin primarily act on hypothalamic GHRH neurons to stimulate GH release from the pituitary in the tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ogawa
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Brian S Shepherd
- USDA/ARS/School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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23
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Wilson JR, Brown NJ, Nian H, Yu C, Bidlingmaier M, Devin JK. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibition Potentiates Stimulated Growth Hormone Secretion and Vasodilation in Women. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008000. [PMID: 29478970 PMCID: PMC5866333 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diminished growth hormone (GH) is associated with impaired endothelial function and fibrinolysis. GH-releasing hormone is the primary stimulus for GH secretion and a substrate of dipeptidyl peptidase-4. We tested the hypothesis that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition with sitagliptin increases stimulated GH secretion, vasodilation, and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity. METHODS AND RESULTS Healthy adults participated in a 2-part double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. First, 39 patients (29 women) received sitagliptin or placebo on each of 2 days separated by a washout. One hour after study drug, blood was sampled and then arginine (30 g IV) was given to stimulate GH. Vasodilation was assessed by plethysmography and blood sampled for 150 minutes. Following a washout, 19 of the original 29 women received sitagliptin alone versus sitagliptin plus antagonist to delineate GH receptor (GHR)- (n=5), nitric oxide- (n=7), or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor- (n=7) dependent effects. Sitagliptin enhanced stimulated GH secretion (P<0.01 versus placebo, for 30 minutes) and free insulin-like growth factor-1 (P<0.001 versus placebo, after adjustment for baseline) in women. Vasodilation and tPA increased in all patients, but sitagliptin enhanced vasodilation (P=0.01 versus placebo) and increased tPA (P<0.001) in women only. GHR blockade decreased free insulin-like growth factor-1 (P=0.04 versus sitagliptin alone) and increased stimulated GH (P<0.01), but decreased vascular resistance (P=0.01) such that nadir vascular resistance correlated inversely with GH (rs=-0.90, P<0.001). GHR blockade suppressed tPA. Neither nitric oxide nor glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor blockade affected vasodilation or tPA. CONCLUSIONS Sitagliptin enhances stimulated GH, vasodilation, and fibrinolysis in women. During sitagliptin, increases in free insulin-like growth factor-1 and tPA occur via the GHR, whereas vasodilation correlates with GH but occurs through a GHR-independent mechanism. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01701973.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Wilson
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Nancy J Brown
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Hui Nian
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica K Devin
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Chhabra Y, Wong HY, Nikolajsen LF, Steinocher H, Papadopulos A, Tunny KA, Meunier FA, Smith AG, Kragelund BB, Brooks AJ, Waters MJ. A growth hormone receptor SNP promotes lung cancer by impairment of SOCS2-mediated degradation. Oncogene 2018; 37:489-501. [PMID: 28967904 PMCID: PMC5799715 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both humans and mice lacking functional growth hormone (GH) receptors are known to be resistant to cancer. Further, autocrine GH has been reported to act as a cancer promoter. Here we present the first example of a variant of the GH receptor (GHR) associated with cancer promotion, in this case lung cancer. We show that the GHRP495T variant located in the receptor intracellular domain is able to prolong the GH signal in vitro using stably expressing mouse pro-B-cell and human lung cell lines. This is relevant because GH secretion is pulsatile, and extending the signal duration makes it resemble autocrine GH action. Signal duration for the activated GHR is primarily controlled by suppressor of cytokine signalling 2 (SOCS2), the substrate recognition component of the E3 protein ligase responsible for ubiquitinylation and degradation of the GHR. SOCS2 is induced by a GH pulse and we show that SOCS2 binding to the GHR is impaired by a threonine substitution at Pro 495. This results in decreased internalisation and degradation of the receptor evident in TIRF microscopy and by measurement of mature (surface) receptor expression. Mutational analysis showed that the residue at position 495 impairs SOCS2 binding only when a threonine is present, consistent with interference with the adjacent Thr494. The latter is key for SOCS2 binding, together with nearby Tyr487, which must be phosphorylated for SOCS2 binding. We also undertook nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy approach for structural comparison of the SOCS2 binding scaffold Ile455-Ser588, and concluded that this single substitution has altered the structure of the SOCS2 binding site. Importantly, we find that lung BEAS-2B cells expressing GHRP495T display increased expression of transcripts associated with tumour proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastases (TWIST1, SNAI2, EGFR, MYC and CCND1) at 2 h after a GH pulse. This is consistent with prolonged GH signalling acting to promote cancer progression in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chhabra
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - H Y Wong
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - L F Nikolajsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Steinocher
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Papadopulos
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K A Tunny
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - F A Meunier
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A G Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - B B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A J Brooks
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - M J Waters
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Hallengren E, Almgren P, Svensson M, Gallo W, Engström G, Persson M, Melander O. Genetic determinants of growth hormone and GH-related phenotypes. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:822. [PMID: 29065852 PMCID: PMC5655832 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Higher fasting Growth Hormone (GH) has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to find genetic determinants of fasting GH in order to facilitate future efforts of analyzing the association between fasting growth hormone and cardiovascular disease. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed in a discovery cohort of 4134 persons (58% females; age 46–68 yrs), linking SNPs to fasting hs-GH. Fifteen SNPs were replicated in an independent cohort of 5262 persons (28.9% females; age 56–85 yrs). The best performing SNP was analyzed vs GH-related variables in a third independent cohort (n = 24,047; 61% females; age 44–73 yrs). A candidate gene approach searched for significant SNPs in the genes GH1 and GHR in the discovery cohort and was replicated as previously described. Results In the GWAS, the minor allele of rs7208736 was associated with lower GH in the discovery cohort (p = 5.15*10^-6) and the replication cohort (p = 0.005). The GH reducing allele was associated with lower BMI (P = 0.026) and waist (P = 0.021) in males only. In the candidate gene approach rs13153388 in the GHR-gene was associated with elevated GH-levels (P = 0.003) in the discovery cohort only and reduced height (P = 0.003). Conclusion In the first GWAS ever for GH, we identify a novel locus on chromosome 17 associated with fasting GH levels, suggesting novel biological mechanisms behind GH secretion and GH-related traits. The candidate gene approach identified a genetic variant in the GHR, which was associated with an elevation of fasting hs-GH and lower height suggesting reduced GHR ligand sensitivity. Our findings need further replication. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4219-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hallengren
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, SE, Sweden.
| | - Peter Almgren
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Malin Svensson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Widet Gallo
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margaretha Persson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, SE, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, SE, Sweden
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26
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Jesuyon OMA. Effects of strain, sex, and season on body weight development of cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) in the humid tropics. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:5-10. [PMID: 28933037 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of strain (G), sex (H), and season (S) on live weight development of cane rats (Thryonomys swinderianus) reared in captive system were investigated during the dry (35.95 °C) and wet seasons (25.81 °C) from February to August of a tropical environment. The field experiment took place at the University of Ibadan. Seventy-nine cane rats spreading among three genotypes (Bamidele, FRIN, and Lawole) of different age and body weight groups were randomly distributed into cages using randomized complete block design in factorial. Data on live weight collected at 30 days interval over the experimental period was submitted for statistical analysis using the factorial ANOVA procedures of SAS® (2012). Strain was fixed factor while sex and season were random factors. Mean separation showed that G, H, S, and G×H, significantly (P < 0.05) affected live weight development of cane rats. G×H revealed sexual dimorphism. G×S and G×H×S did not demonstrate significant (P > 0.05) effects on live weight development in model. G×S showed mean weight gain levels of 0.21, 0.15, and 0.07 kg between wet and dry season for Bamidele, FRIN, and Lawole. The superiority of growth rate among genotypes between seasons were 57.1, 14.3, and 7.14 g/month for Bamidele > FRIN > Lawole, respectively. Lawole recorded highest body weight of 2.50 and 3.78 kg for female and male. FRIN recorded highest mixed body weight of 3.06 kg, highest body weights of 2.99 and 3.14 kg for dry and wet seasons. Bamidele demonstrated least average live weights of 2.76 and 2.97 kg for dry and wet seasons, the least body weight fluctuations between months in seasons and between seasons. Knowledge on the performance of cane rat genotypes by sex and season in captivity will provide information on adaptability to season and management systems for cane rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin M A Jesuyon
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Unit, Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University, PMB 373, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
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27
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Kwan R, Brady GF, Brzozowski M, Weerasinghe SV, Martin H, Park MJ, Brunt MJ, Menon RK, Tong X, Yin L, Stewart CL, Omary MB. Hepatocyte-Specific Deletion of Mouse Lamin A/C Leads to Male-Selective Steatohepatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:365-383. [PMID: 28913408 PMCID: PMC5582719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lamins are nuclear intermediate filament proteins that comprise the major components of the nuclear lamina. Mutations in LMNA, which encodes lamins A/C, cause laminopathies, including lipodystrophy, cardiomyopathy, and premature aging syndromes. However, the role of lamins in the liver is unknown, and it is unclear whether laminopathy-associated liver disease is caused by primary hepatocyte defects or systemic alterations. METHODS To address these questions, we generated mice carrying a hepatocyte-specific deletion of Lmna (knockout [KO] mice) and characterized the KO liver and primary hepatocyte phenotypes by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, microarray analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Oil Red O and Picrosirius red staining. RESULTS KO hepatocytes manifested abnormal nuclear morphology, and KO mice showed reduced body mass. KO mice developed spontaneous male-selective hepatosteatosis with increased susceptibility to high-fat diet-induced steatohepatitis and fibrosis. The hepatosteatosis was associated with up-regulated transcription of genes encoding lipid transporters, lipid biosynthetic enzymes, lipid droplet-associated proteins, and interferon-regulated genes. Hepatic Lmna deficiency led to enhanced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) expression and blocked growth hormone-mediated Janus kinase 2 (Jak2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) signaling. CONCLUSIONS Lamin A/C acts cell-autonomously to maintain hepatocyte homeostasis and nuclear shape and buffers against male-selective steatohepatitis by positively regulating growth hormone signaling and negatively regulating Stat1 expression. Lamins are potential genetic modifiers for predisposition to steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. The microarray data can be found in the Gene Expression Omnibus repository (accession number: GSE93643).
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Key Words
- % liver weight, liver percentage of body mass
- Erk, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- FPLD2, Dunnigan familial partial lipodystrophy
- Fibrosis
- GH, growth hormone
- Growth Hormone Signaling
- HFD, high-fat diet
- Het, heterozygous
- Igf1, insulin-like growth factor 1
- Jak2, Janus kinase 2
- KO, knockout
- Laminopathy
- Lipodystrophy
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- ND, normal diet
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- Stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- WT, wild type
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Kwan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Raymond Kwan, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 7720 Med Sci II, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Michigan7720 Med Sci IIAnn ArborMichigan 48109
| | - Graham F. Brady
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maria Brzozowski
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sujith V. Weerasinghe
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hope Martin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Min-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Makayla J. Brunt
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ram K. Menon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Colin L. Stewart
- Development and Regenerative Biology Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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28
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Robertson JM, Kingsley BE, Ford GC. Sexually Dimorphic Faciometrics in Humans From Early Adulthood to Late Middle Age: Dynamic, Declining, and Differentiated. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 15:1474704917730640. [PMID: 28901197 PMCID: PMC10480910 DOI: 10.1177/1474704917730640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Faciometrics have widely been used in contemporary studies on gender-related behavioral traits, for example, perceived and actual aggression, co-operation and trustworthiness, prejudicial beliefs, unethical behavior, and achievement drive, as well as, but to a lesser degree, in nonhuman primates. For the large part, these studies have focused primarily on "student-aged" populations with little empirical scrutiny regarding the efficacy of applying these measures with older participants. This study therefore investigated sexual dimorphism across four age-groups (20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s) in 444 participants (225 men). The expected sexual dimorphism was seen in the youngest age group in three of the four indices. The facial width to height ratio, however, although most commonly used empirically, was not found to be significantly different between men and women, consistent with more recent literature. Importantly, as age increased, sexual dimorphism decreased, but this was not consistent across all measures of it. Rather, it is evident that differing measures of sexual dimorphism follow distinct developmental trajectories. The only single marker which remained significantly different across all age-groups was cheekbone prominence. Sexual dimorphic faciometrics are therefore dynamic, declining, and differentiated through adulthood. Consequently, it is concluded that care should be taken in using faciometrics in studies involving older populations and that more research is needed to understand the impact of these distinct faciometric trajectories in gender- and masculinity-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Robertson
- Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara E. Kingsley
- Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gina C. Ford
- Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
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29
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Hallengren E, Almgren P, Rosvall M, Östling G, Persson M, Bergmann A, Struck J, Engström G, Hedblad B, Melander O. Fasting levels of growth hormone are associated with carotid intima media thickness but are not affected by fluvastatin treatment. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017; 17:125. [PMID: 28511669 PMCID: PMC5434616 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growth hormone (GH) has been linked to cardiovascular disease but the exact mechanism of this association is still unclear. We here test if the fasting levels of GH are cross-sectionally associated with carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and whether treatment with fluvastatin affects the fasting level of GH. Methods We examined the association between GH and IMT in 4425 individuals (aged 46–68 years) included in the baseline examination (1991–1994) of the Malmö Diet and Cancer cardiovascular cohort (MDC-CC). From that cohort we then studied 472 individuals (aged 50-70 years) who also participated (1994–1999) in the β-Blocker Cholesterol-Lowering Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS), a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, single-center clinical trial. Using multivariate linear regression models we related the change in GH-levels at 12 months compared with baseline to treatment with 40 mg fluvastatin once daily. Results In MDC-CC fasting values of GH exhibited a positive cross-sectional relation to the IMT at the carotid bulb independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors (p = 0.002). In a gender-stratified analysis the correlation were significant for males (p = 0.005), but not for females (p = 0.09). Treatment with fluvastatin was associated with a minor reduction in the fasting levels of hs-GH in males (p = 0.05) and a minor rise in the same levels among females (p = 0.05). Conclusions We here demonstrate that higher fasting levels of GH are associated with thicker IMT in the carotid bulb in males. Treatment with fluvastatin for 12 months only had a minor, and probably not clinically relevant, effect on the fasting levels of hs-GH. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12872-017-0563-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hallengren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. .,Department of Internal Medicine, SUS, Skåne University Hospital, Inga Marie Nilssons gata 36, SE 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria Rosvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gerd Östling
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margaretha Persson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- SphingoTec GmbH, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany.,Waltraut Bergmann Foundation, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | | | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bo Hedblad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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30
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van Esdonk MJ, Burggraaf J, van der Graaf PH, Stevens J. A two-step deconvolution-analysis-informed population pharmacodynamic modeling approach for drugs targeting pulsatile endogenous compounds. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2017; 44:389-400. [PMID: 28497294 PMCID: PMC5514197 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-017-9526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacodynamic modeling of pulsatile endogenous compounds (e.g. growth hormone [GH]) is currently limited to the identification of a low number of pulses. Commonly used pharmacodynamic models are not able to capture the complexity of pulsatile secretion and therefore non-compartmental analyses are performed to extract summary statistics (mean, AUC, Cmax). The aim of this study was to develop a new quantification method that deals with highly variable pulsatile data by using a deconvolution-analysis-informed population pharmacodynamic modeling approach. Pulse frequency and pulse times were obtained by deconvolution analysis of 24 h GH profiles. The estimated pulse times then informed a non-linear mixed effects population pharmacodynamic model in NONMEM V7.3. The population parameter estimates were used to perform simulations that show agonistic and antagonistic drug effects on the secretion of GH. Additionally, a clinical trial simulation shows the application of this method in the quantification of a hypothetical drug effect that inhibits GH secretion. The GH profiles were modeled using a turnover compartment in which the baseline secretion, kout, pulse secretion width, amount at time point 0 and pulse amplitude were estimated as population parameters. Population parameters were estimated with low relative standard errors (ranging from 2 to 5%). Total body water (%) was identified as a covariate for pulse amplitude, baseline secretion and the pulse secretion width following a power relationship. Simulations visualized multiple gradients of a hypothetical drug that influenced the endogenous secretion of GH. The established model was able to fit and quantify the highly variable individual 24 h GH profiles over time. This pharmacodynamic model can be used to quantify drug effects that target other endogenous pulsatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel J van Esdonk
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Piet H van der Graaf
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Certara QSP, Canterbury, UK
| | - Jasper Stevens
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Diazzi C, Brigante G, Ferrannini G, Ansaloni A, Zirilli L, De Santis MC, Zona S, Guaraldi G, Rochira V. Pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion is partially rescued in HIV-infected patients with GH deficiency (GHD) compared to hypopituitary patients. Endocrine 2017; 55:885-898. [PMID: 27730472 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical growth hormone deficiency is prevalent among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, but if this condition is clinically relevant remains challenging. The aim is to prospectively compare the growth hormone deficiency/insulin-like growth factor-1 status of 71 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with impaired growth hormone response to growth hormone releasing hormone + Arginine with that of 65 hypopituitary patients affected by a true growth hormone deficiency secondary to pituitary disease. The main outcomes were: basal serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, growth hormone peak and area under the curve after growth hormone response to growth hormone releasing hormone + Arginine test, body mass index, waist and hip circumference, and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Insulin-like growth factor-1 binding protein 3, basal growth hormone (p < 0.005), growth hormone peak and area under the curve after growth hormone response to growth hormone releasing hormone + Arginine, waist to hip ratio, insulin-like growth factor-1, fasting glucose, insulin, and triglycerides (p < 0.0001) were lower in hypopituitary than human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Total and trunk fat mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry were higher in hypopituitary than in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients (p < 0.0001). In all the patients total body fat was associated with both growth hormone peak and area under the curve at stepwise linear regression analysis. The degree of growth hormone deficiency is more severe in hypopituitary than in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, suggesting that the function of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis is partially rescued in the latter thanks to a preserved pituitary secretory reserve. Data from the current study suggest that human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with peak growth hormone < 9 mg/L may have partial growth hormone deficiency and clinicians should be cautious before prescribing recombinant human growth hormone replacement treatment to patients living with human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Diazzi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Anna Ansaloni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucia Zirilli
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina De Santis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Zona
- HIV Metabolic Clinic, Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Adults and Children, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- HIV Metabolic Clinic, Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Adults and Children, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy.
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32
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Bu P, Le Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Cheng X. Berberine-induced Inactivation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 Signaling Promotes Male-specific Expression of a Bile Acid Uptake Transporter. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4602-4613. [PMID: 28154180 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.757567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (Ntcp/NTCP) is the major uptake transporter of bile salts in mouse and human livers. In certain diseases, including endotoxemia, cholestasis, diabetes, and hepatocarcinoma, Ntcp/NTCP expression is markedly reduced, which interferes with enterohepatic circulation of bile salts, impairing the absorption of lipophilic compounds. Therefore, normal Ntcp/NTCP expression in the liver is physiologically important. Berberine is an herbal medicine used historically to improve liver function and has recently been shown to repress STAT signaling. However, berberine effects on Ntcp/NTCP expression are unknown, prompting use to investigate this possible connection. Our results showed that berberine dose-dependently increased Ntcp expression in male mouse liver and decreased taurocholic acid levels in serum but increased them in the liver. In mouse and human hepatoma cells, berberine induced Ntcp/NTCP mRNA and protein expression and increased cellular uptake of [3H] taurocholate. Mechanistically, berberine decreased nuclear protein levels of phospho-JAK2 and phospho-STAT5, thus disrupting the JAK2-STAT5 signaling. Moreover, berberine stimulated luciferase reporter expression from the mouse Ntcp promoter when one putative STAT5 response element (RE) (-1137 bp) was deleted and from the human NTCP promoter when three putative STAT5REs (-2898, -2164, and -691 bp) were deleted. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that berberine decreased binding of phospho-STAT5 protein to the-2164 and -691 bp STAT5REs in the human NTCP promoter. In summary, berberine-disrupted STAT5 signaling promoted mouse and human Ntcp/NTCP expression, resulting in enhanced bile acid uptake. Therefore, berberine may be a therapeutic candidate compound for maintaining bile acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengli Bu
- From the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and.,Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439 and
| | - Yuan Le
- From the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Yue Zhang
- From the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Youcai Zhang
- the School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Abstract
Measurements of human growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth-factor I (IGF-I) are cornerstones in the diagnosis of acromegaly. Both hormones are also used as biochemical markers in the evaluation of disease activity during treatment. Management of acromegaly is particularly challenging in cases where discordant information is obtained from measurement of GH concentrations following oral glucose load and from measurement of IGF-I. While in some patients biological factors can explain the discrepancy, in many cases issues with the analytical methods seem to be responsible. Assays used by endocrine laboratories to determine concentrations of GH and IGF-I underwent significant changes during the last decades. While generally leading to more sensitive and reproducible methods, these changes also had considerable impact on absolute concentrations measured. This must be reflected by updated decision limits, cut-offs and reference intervals. Since different commercially available assays do not agree very well, method specific interpretation of GH and IGF-I concentrations is required. This complexity in the interpretation of hormone concentrations is not always appropriately reflected in laboratory reports, but also not in clinical guidelines reporting decision limits not related to a specific analytical method. The present review provides an overview about methodological and biological variables affecting the biochemical assessment of acromegaly in diagnosis and follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schilbach
- Clinical Endocrinology and Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian J Strasburger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Laboratory, Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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Gostelow R, Scudder C, Keyte S, Forcada Y, Fowkes RC, Schmid HA, Church DB, Niessen SJM. Pasireotide Long-Acting Release Treatment for Diabetic Cats with Underlying Hypersomatotropism. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:355-364. [PMID: 28145031 PMCID: PMC5354018 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term medical management of hypersomatotropism (HS) in cats has proved unrewarding. Pasireotide, a novel somatostatin analogue, decreases serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and improves insulin sensitivity in cats with HS when administered as a short-acting preparation. OBJECTIVES Assess once-monthly administration of long-acting pasireotide (pasireotide LAR) for treatment of cats with HS. ANIMALS Fourteen cats with HS, diagnosed based on diabetes mellitus, pituitary enlargement, and serum IGF-1 > 1000 ng/mL. METHODS Uncontrolled, prospective cohort study. Cats received pasireotide LAR (6-8 mg/kg SC) once monthly for 6 months. Fructosamine and IGF-1 concentrations, and 12-hour blood glucose curves (BGCs) were assessed at baseline and then monthly. Product of fructosamine concentration and insulin dose was calculated as an indicator of insulin resistance (Insulin Resistance Index). Linear mixed-effects modeling assessed for significant change in fructosamine, IGF-1, mean blood glucose (MBG) of BGCs, insulin dose (U/kg) and Insulin Resistance Index. RESULTS Eight cats completed the trial. Three cats entered diabetic remission. Median IGF-1 (baseline: 1962 ng/mL [range 1051-2000 ng/mL]; month 6: 1253 ng/mL [524-1987 ng/mL]; P < .001) and median Insulin Resistance Index (baseline: 812 μmolU/L kg [173-3565 μmolU/L kg]; month 6: 135 μmolU/L kg [0-443 μmolU/L kg]; P = .001) decreased significantly. No significant change was found in mean fructosamine (baseline: 494 ± 127 μmol/L; month 6: 319 ± 113.3 μmol/L; P = .07) or MBG (baseline: 347.7 ± 111.0 mg/dL; month 6: 319.5 ± 113.3 mg/dL; P = .11), despite a significant decrease in median insulin dose (baseline: 1.5 [0.4-5.2] U/kg; 6 months: 0.3 [0.0-1.4] U/kg; P < .001). Adverse events included diarrhea (n = 11), hypoglycemia (n = 5), and worsening polyphagia (n = 2). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Pasireotide LAR is the first drug to show potential as a long-term management option for cats with HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gostelow
- Diabetic Remission Clinic, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - C Scudder
- Diabetic Remission Clinic, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - S Keyte
- Diabetic Remission Clinic, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Y Forcada
- Diabetic Remission Clinic, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - R C Fowkes
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - H A Schmid
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D B Church
- Diabetic Remission Clinic, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - S J M Niessen
- Diabetic Remission Clinic, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK.,Newcastle Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
Treatment with highly active antiretroviral drugs (HAART) is associated with several endocrine and metabolic comorbidities. Pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion seems to be altered in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and about one-third of patients have biochemical GH deficiency (GHD). We undertake a historical review of the functioning of the GH/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and provide an overview of the main changes of the GH/IGF-1 axis occurring today in patients with HIV. Both spontaneous GH secretion and GH response to provocative stimuli are reduced in patients with HIV infection, especially in those with HIV-related lipodystrophy. The role of fat accumulation on flattened GH secretion is discussed, together with all factors able to potentially interfere with the pituitary secretion of GH. Several factors contribute to the development of GHD, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the genesis of GHD are complex and not yet fully elucidated owing to the difficulty in separating the effects of HIV infection from those of HAART, comorbidities and body changes. An update on the putative mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of altered GH secretion in these patients is provided, together with an overview on the therapeutic strategies targeting the GH/IGF-1 axis to counteract fat redistribution associated with HIV-related lipodystrophy. The clinical significance of GHD in the context of HIV infection is discussed. The administration of tesamorelin, a GH releasing hormone analogue, is effective in reducing visceral fat in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy. This treatment is promising and safer than treatment with high doses of recombinant human growth hormone, which has several side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- HIV Metabolic Clinic, Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Adults and Children, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Gillam MP, Ku CR, Lee YJ, Kim J, Kim SH, Lee SJ, Hwang B, Koo J, Kineman RD, Kiyokawa H, Lee EJ. Somatotroph-Specific Aip-Deficient Mice Display Pretumorigenic Alterations in Cell-Cycle Signaling. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:78-95. [PMID: 29264469 PMCID: PMC5686555 DOI: 10.1210/js.2016-1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with familial isolated pituitary adenoma are predisposed to pituitary adenomas, which in a subset of cases is due to germline inactivating mutations of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor–interacting protein (AIP) gene. Using Cre/lox and Flp/Frt technology, a conditional mouse model was generated to examine the loss of the mouse homolog, Aip, in pituitary somatotrophs. By 40 weeks of age, >80% of somatotroph specific Aip knockout mice develop growth hormone (GH) secreting adenomas. The formation of adenomas results in physiologic effects recapitulating the human syndrome of acromegaly, including increased body size, elevated serum GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels, and glucose intolerance. The pretumorigenic Aip-deficient somatotrophs secrete excess GH and exhibit pathologic hyperplasia associated with cytosolic compartmentalization of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27kip1 and perinuclear accentuation of CDK-4. Following tumor formation, the Aip-deficient somatotrophs display reduced expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 5 with impaired response to octreotide. The delayed tumor emergence, even with loss of both copies of Aip, implies that additional somatic events are required for adenoma formation. These findings suggest that pituitary hyperplasia precedes adenomatous transformation in somatotroph-specific Aip-deficient mice and reveal potential mechanisms involved in the pretumorigenic state that ultimately contribute to transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Gillam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry and
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Yang Jong Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Jean Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | | | - Sue Ji Lee
- Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 03722
| | - Byungjin Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea 03722
| | - JaeHyung Koo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea 42988; and
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center and.,Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Hiroaki Kiyokawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry and.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and
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37
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Potter GDM, Skene DJ, Arendt J, Cade JE, Grant PJ, Hardie LJ. Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Disruption: Causes, Metabolic Consequences, and Countermeasures. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:584-608. [PMID: 27763782 PMCID: PMC5142605 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian (∼24-hour) timing systems pervade all kingdoms of life and temporally optimize behavior and physiology in humans. Relatively recent changes to our environments, such as the introduction of artificial lighting, can disorganize the circadian system, from the level of the molecular clocks that regulate the timing of cellular activities to the level of synchronization between our daily cycles of behavior and the solar day. Sleep/wake cycles are intertwined with the circadian system, and global trends indicate that these, too, are increasingly subject to disruption. A large proportion of the world's population is at increased risk of environmentally driven circadian rhythm and sleep disruption, and a minority of individuals are also genetically predisposed to circadian misalignment and sleep disorders. The consequences of disruption to the circadian system and sleep are profound and include myriad metabolic ramifications, some of which may be compounded by adverse effects on dietary choices. If not addressed, the deleterious effects of such disruption will continue to cause widespread health problems; therefore, implementation of the numerous behavioral and pharmaceutical interventions that can help restore circadian system alignment and enhance sleep will be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D M Potter
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Debra J Skene
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Arendt
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Janet E Cade
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Grant
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J Hardie
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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38
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Liao S, Vickers MH, Evans A, Stanley JL, Baker PN, Perry JK. Comparison of pulsatile vs. continuous administration of human placental growth hormone in female C57BL/6J mice. Endocrine 2016; 54:169-181. [PMID: 27515803 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous growth hormone has different actions depending on the method of administration. However, the effects of different modes of administration of the placental variant of growth hormone on growth, body composition and glucose metabolism have not been investigated. In this study, we examined the effect of pulsatile vs. continuous administration of recombinant variant of growth hormone in a normal mouse model. Female C57BL/6J mice were randomized to receive vehicle or variant of growth hormone (2 or 5 mg/kg per day) by daily subcutaneous injection (pulsatile) or osmotic pump for 6 days. Pulsatile treatment with 2 and 5 mg/kg per day significantly increased body weight. There was also an increase in liver, kidney and spleen weight via pulsatile treatment, whereas continuous treatment did not affect body weight or organ size. Pulsatile treatment with 5 mg/kg per day significantly increased fasting plasma insulin concentration, whereas with continuous treatment, fasting insulin concentration was not significantly different from the vehicle-treated control. However, a dose-dependent increase in fasting insulin concentration and decrease in insulin sensitivity, as assessed by HOMA, was observed with both modes of treatment. At 5 mg/kg per day, hepatic growth hormone receptor expression was increased compared to vehicle-treated animals, by both modes of administration. Pulsatile variant of growth hormone did not alter the plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration, whereas a slight decrease was observed with continuous variant of growth hormone treatment. Neither pulsatile nor continuous treatment affected hepatic insulin-like growth factor-1 mRNA expression. Our findings suggest that pulsatile variant of growth hormone treatment was more effective in stimulating growth but caused marked hyperinsulinemia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutan Liao
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angharad Evans
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L Stanley
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip N Baker
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand.
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39
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Distribution of growth hormone-responsive cells in the mouse brain. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:341-363. [PMID: 27072946 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) exerts important biological effects primarily related to growth and metabolism. However, the role of GH signaling in the brain is still elusive. To better understand GH functions in the brain, we mapped the distribution of GH-responsive cells and identified the receptors involved in GH central effects. For this purpose, mice received an acute intraperitoneal challenge with specific ligands of the GH receptor (mouse GH), prolactin receptor (prolactin) or both receptors (human GH), and their brains were subsequently processed immunohistochemically to detect the phosphorylated form of STAT5 (pSTAT5). GH induced pSTAT5 immunoreactivity in neurons, but not in astroglial cells of numerous brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, septum and amygdala. The most prominent populations of GH-responsive neurons were located in hypothalamic areas, including several preoptic divisions, and the supraoptic, paraventricular, suprachiasmatic, periventricular, arcuate, ventromedial, dorsomedial, tuberal, posterior and ventral premammillary nuclei. Interestingly, many brainstem structures also exhibited GH-responsive cells. Experiments combining immunohistochemistry for pSTAT5 and in situ hybridization for GH and prolactin receptors revealed that human GH induced pSTAT5 in most, but not all, brain regions through both prolactin and GH receptors. Additionally, males and females exhibited a similar number of GH-responsive cells in forebrain structures known to be sexually dimorphic. In summary, we found GH-responsive cells primarily distributed in brain regions implicated in neurovegetative, emotional/motivational and cognitive functions. Our findings deepen the understanding of GH signaling in the brain and suggest that central GH signaling is likely more ample and complex than formerly recognized.
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40
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Ghafouri-Kesbi F, Notter DR. Sex influence on genetic expressions of early growth in Afshari lambs. Arch Anim Breed 2016. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-59-9-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Very little is known about the genetic aspects of sexual dimorphism of body weight in domestic sheep, and therefore this study was conducted to quantify the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism for early-growth-related traits in Afshari lambs. Traits evaluated included birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), and growth rate (GR) in male and female lambs. Male lambs were 6.6 % heavier at birth, had 14.4 % higher preweaning growth rates and were 16.0 % heavier at weaning compared to female lambs. Levels of sexual-size dimorphism (SSD), expressed as the ratio of male to female means, for BW, WW and GR were 1.07, 1.14 and 1.15, respectively, which indicated low levels of SSD in the traits studied. Fixed effects of year of birth and type of birth interacted with sex effects, with greater variability in birth and weaning weights among years and birth types in male lambs, suggesting greater environmental sensitivity in the males. Bivariate animal models and restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures were used to estimate phenotypic variances and their genetic and non-genetic components in male and female lambs. Estimates of the direct heritability (h2) and additive coefficient of variation (CVA) for BW were higher in males. However, for WW and GR, heritability estimates were higher in females. In contrast, whereas the contribution of maternal permanent environmental effects (c2) to variation of BW was higher in females, for WW and GR higher estimates of c2 were observed in males. Respective genetic and maternal permanent environmental correlations between records on males and females were 0.986 and 0.723 for BW, 0.995 and 0.983 for WW, and 0.995 and 0.966 for GR, indicating possible sexual dimorphism only for maternal effects on BW. Based on an approximate 95 % confidence interval, none of the observed differences in variance components between sexes differed from zero and none of the observed genetic or maternal correlations differed from 1.0, indicating no need or opportunity for sex-specific selection strategies.
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41
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Hallengren E, Almgren P, Engström G, Persson M, Melander O. Analysis of Low Frequency Protein Truncating Stop-Codon Variants and Fasting Concentration of Growth Hormone. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128348. [PMID: 26086970 PMCID: PMC4472854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic background of Growth Hormone (GH) secretion is not well understood. Mutations giving rise to a stop codon have a high likelihood of affecting protein function. Objectives To analyze likely functional stop codon mutations that are associated with fasting plasma concentration of Growth Hormone. Methods We analyzed stop codon mutations in 5451 individuals in the Malmö Diet and Cancer study by genotyping the Illumina Exome Chip. To enrich for stop codon mutations with likely functional effects on protein function, we focused on those disrupting >80% of the predicted amino acid sequence, which were carried by ≥10 individuals. Such mutations were related to GH concentration, measured with a high sensitivity assay (hs-GH) and, if nominally significant, to GH related phenotypes, using linear regression analysis. Results Two stop codon mutations were associated with the fasting concentration of hs-GH. rs121909305 (NP_005370.1:p.R93*) [Minor Allele Frequency (MAF) = 0.8%] in the Myosin 1A gene (MYO1A) was associated with a 0.36 (95%CI, 0.04 to 0.54; p=0.02) increment of the standardized value of the natural logarithm of hs-GH per 1 minor allele and rs35699176 (NP_067040.1:p.Q100*) in the Zink Finger protein 77 gene (ZNF77) (MAF = 4.8%) was associated with a 0.12 (95%CI, 0.02 to 0.22; p = 0.02) increase of hs-GH. The mutated high hs-GH associated allele of MYO1A was related to lower BMI (β-coefficient, -0.22; p = 0.05), waist (β-coefficient, -0.22; p = 0.04), body fat percentage (β-coefficient, -0.23; p = 0.03) and with higher HDL (β-coefficient, 0.23; p = 0.04). The ZNF77 stop codon was associated with height (β-coefficient, 0.11; p = 0.02) but not with cardiometabolic risk factors. Conclusion We here suggest that a stop codon of MYO1A, disrupting 91% of the predicted amino acid sequence, is associated with higher hs-GH and GH-related traits suggesting that MYO1A is involved in GH metabolism and possibly body fat distribution. However, our results are preliminary and need replication in independent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hallengren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margaretha Persson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Luk HY, Kraemer WJ, Szivak TK, Flanagan SD, Hooper DR, Kupchak BR, Comstock BA, Dunn-Lewis C, Vingren JL, DuPont WH, Hymer WC. Acute resistance exercise stimulates sex-specific dimeric immunoreactive growth hormone responses. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:136-140. [PMID: 25934139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to determine if an acute heavy resistance exercise test (AHRET) would elicit sex-specific responses in circulating growth hormone (GH), with untreated serum and serum treated with a reducing agent to break disulfide-bindings between GH dimers. METHODS 19 untrained participants (nine men and ten women) participated in an acute heavy resistance exercise test using the back squat. Blood samples were drawn before exercise (Pre), immediate post (IP), +15 min (+15), and +30 min (+30) afterwards. Serum samples were chemically reduced using glutathione (GSH). ELISAs were then used to compare immunoreactive GH concentrations in reduced (+GSH) and non-reduced (-GSH) samples. Data were analyzed using a three-way (2 sex × 2 treatment × 4 time) mixed methods ANOVA, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS GSH reduction resulted in increased immunoreactive GH concentrations when compared to non-reduced samples at Pre (1.68 ± 0.33 μg/L vs 1.25 ± 0.25 μg/L), IP (7.69 ± 1.08 μg/L vs 5.76 ± 0.80 μg/L), +15 min (4.39 ± 0.58 μg/L vs 3.24 ± 0.43 μg/L), and +30 min (2.35 ± 0.49 μg/L vs 1.45 ± 0.23 μg/L). Also, women demonstrated greater GH responses compared to men, and this was not affected by reduction. CONCLUSIONS Heavy resistance exercise increases immunoreactive GH dimer concentrations in men and women, with larger increases in women and more sustained response in men. The physiological significance of a sexually dimorphic GH response adds to the growing literature on aggregate GH and may be explained by differences in sex hormones and the structure of the GH cell network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying Luk
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Tunde K Szivak
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David R Hooper
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian R Kupchak
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Brett A Comstock
- Division of Kinesiology and Sport Science, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Courtenay Dunn-Lewis
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - Jakob L Vingren
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - William H DuPont
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wesley C Hymer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Adams JM, Otero-Corchon V, Hammond GL, Veldhuis JD, Qi N, Low MJ. Somatostatin is essential for the sexual dimorphism of GH secretion, corticosteroid-binding globulin production, and corticosterone levels in mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1052-65. [PMID: 25551181 PMCID: PMC4330306 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Distinct male and female patterns of pituitary GH secretion produce sexually differentiated hepatic gene expression profiles, thereby influencing steroid and xenobiotic metabolism. We used a fully automated system to obtain serial nocturnal blood samples every 15 minutes from cannulated wild-type (WT) and somatostatin knockout (Sst-KO) mice to determine the role of SST, the principal inhibitor of GH release, in the generation of sexually dimorphic GH pulsatility. WT males had lower mean and median GH values, less random GH secretory bursts, and longer trough periods between GH pulses than WT females. Each of these parameters was feminized in male Sst-KO mice, whereas female Sst-KO mice had higher GH levels than all other groups, but GH pulsatility was unaffected. We next performed hepatic mRNA profiling with high-density microarrays. Male Sst-KO mice exhibited a globally feminized pattern of GH-dependent mRNA levels, but female Sst-KO mice were largely unaffected. Among the differentially expressed female-predominant genes was Serpina6, which encodes corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). Increased CBG was associated with elevated diurnal peak plasma corticosterone in unstressed WT females and both sexes of Sst-KO mice compared with WT males. Sst-KO mice also had exaggerated ACTH and corticosterone responses to acute restraint stress. However, consistent with their lack of phenotypic signs of excess glucocorticoids, cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of free corticosterone in Sst-KO mice were not elevated. In summary, SST is necessary for the prolonged interpulse troughs that define masculinized pituitary GH secretion. SST also contributes to sexual dimorphism of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis via GH-dependent regulation of hepatic CBG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Adams
- Neuroscience Graduate Program (J.M.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.M.A., V.O.-C., M.J.L.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109; Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences (G.L.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3; Department of Internal Medicine (J.D.V.), Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905; and Department of Internal Medicine (N.Q., M.J.L.), Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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Ruiz ML, Mottino AD, Catania VA, Vore M. Hormonal regulation of hepatic drug biotransformation and transport systems. Compr Physiol 2014; 3:1721-40. [PMID: 24265243 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human body is constantly exposed to many xenobiotics including environmental pollutants, food additives, therapeutic drugs, etc. The liver is considered the primary site for drug metabolism and elimination pathways, consisting in uptake, phase I and II reactions, and efflux processes, usually acting in this same order. Modulation of biotransformation and disposition of drugs of clinical application has important therapeutic and toxicological implications. We here provide a compilation and analysis of relevant, more recent literature reporting hormonal regulation of hepatic drug biotransformation and transport systems. We provide additional information on the effect of hormones that tentatively explain differences between sexes. A brief discussion on discrepancies between experimental models and species, as well as a link between gender-related differences and the hormonal mechanism explaining such differences, is also presented. Finally, we include a comment on the pathophysiological, toxicological, and pharmacological relevance of these regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Ruiz
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Hallengren E, Almgren P, Engström G, Hedblad B, Persson M, Suhr J, Bergmann A, Melander O. Fasting levels of high-sensitivity growth hormone predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: the Malmö Diet and Cancer study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64:1452-60. [PMID: 25277616 PMCID: PMC4180127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both pathological excess and deficiency of growth hormone (GH) are associated with cardiovascular mortality. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to test whether fasting levels of growth hormone measured with a high-sensitivity assay (hs-GH) predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality at the population level. METHODS We studied 4,323 participants (age 46 to 68 years; mean age 58 years; 59% women) of the Swedish, population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer study examined in 1991 to 1994. Using multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, we related baseline levels of fasting hs-GH to incidence of coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 16.2 years, hs-GH (hazard ratio [HR]/SD increment of natural logarithm of fasting hs-GH) was independently associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease (397 events; HR: 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01 to 1.23; p = 0.04), stroke (251 events; HR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.34; p = 0.01), congestive heart failure (107 events; HR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.52; p = 0.02), all-cause mortality (645 events; HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.26; p < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (186 events; HR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.24 to 1.66; p < 0.001). The addition of hs-GH to a model with conventional cardiovascular risk factors significantly reclassified risk, with a category-free net reclassification improvement (>0) of 0.542 (95% CI: 0.205 to 0.840) in cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSIONS Higher values of hs-GH were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hallengren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bo Hedblad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margaretha Persson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Suhr
- ICI Immunochemical Intelligence GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- SphingoTec GmbH, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany; Waltraut Bergmann Foundation, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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Cox KH, Bonthuis PJ, Rissman EF. Mouse model systems to study sex chromosome genes and behavior: relevance to humans. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:405-19. [PMID: 24388960 PMCID: PMC4079771 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sex chromosome genes directly influence sex differences in behavior. The discovery of the Sry gene on the Y chromosome (Gubbay et al., 1990; Koopman et al., 1990) substantiated the sex chromosome mechanistic link to sex differences. Moreover, the pronounced connection between X chromosome gene mutations and mental illness produces a strong sex bias in these diseases. Yet, the dominant explanation for sex differences continues to be the gonadal hormones. Here we review progress made on behavioral differences in mouse models that uncouple sex chromosome complement from gonadal sex. We conclude that many social and cognitive behaviors are modified by sex chromosome complement, and discuss the implications for human research. Future directions need to include identification of the genes involved and interactions with these genes and gonadal hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly H Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Paul J Bonthuis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Emilie F Rissman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States.
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Abstract
Organisms experience dramatic fluctuations in demands and stresses over the course of the day. In order to maintain biological processes within physiological boundaries, mechanisms have evolved for anticipation of, and adaptation to, these daily fluctuations. Endocrine factors have an integral role in homeostasis. Not only do circulating levels of various endocrine factors oscillate over the 24 h period, but so too does responsiveness of target tissues to these signals or stimuli. Emerging evidence suggests that these daily endocrine oscillations do not occur solely in response to behavioural fluctuations associated with sleep-wake and feeding-fasting cycles, but are orchestrated by an intrinsic timekeeping mechanism known as the circadian clock. Disruption of circadian clocks by genetic and/or environmental factors seems to precipitate numerous common disorders, including the metabolic syndrome and cancer. Collectively, these observations suggest that strategies designed to realign normal circadian rhythmicities hold potential for the treatment of various endocrine-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Gamble
- Division of Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ryan Berry
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Stuart J. Frank
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Martin E. Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Brigante G, Diazzi C, Ansaloni A, Zirilli L, Orlando G, Guaraldi G, Rochira V. Gender differences in GH response to GHRH+ARG in lipodystrophic patients with HIV: a key role for body fat distribution. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170:685-96. [PMID: 24536088 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gender influence on GH secretion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients is poorly known. DESIGN AND METHODS To determine the effect of gender, we compared GH response to GH-releasing hormone plus arginine (GHRH+Arg), and body composition in 103 men and 97 women with HIV and lipodystrophy. The main outcomes were IGF1, basal GH, GH peak and area under the curve (AUC) after GHRH+Arg, body composition, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). RESULTS Men had lower GH peak and AUC than women (P<0.001). Of the study population, 21% of women and 37% of men had biochemical GH deficiency (GHD; GH peak <7.5 μg/l). VAT-to-SAT ratio was higher in men than in women with GHD (P<0.05). Unlike women, VAT, SAT, and trunk fat were greater in men with GHD than in men without GHD. IGF1 was significantly lower in women with GHD than in women without GHD, but not in men. At univariate analysis, BMI, trunk fat mass, VAT, and total adipose tissue were associated with GH peak and AUC in both sexes (P<0.05). BMI was the most significant predictive factor of GH peak, and AUC at multiregression analysis. Overall, abdominal fat had a less pronounced effect on GH in females than in males. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that GH response to GHRH+Arg is significantly lower in HIV-infected males than females, resulting in a higher percentage of GHD in men. Adipose tissue distribution more than fat mass per se seems to account for GH gender differences and for the alteration of GH-IGF1 status in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Brigante
- Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Díaz ME, Miquet JG, Rossi SP, Irene PE, Sotelo AI, Frungieri MB, Turyn D, González L. GH administration patterns differently regulate epidermal growth factor signaling. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:309-23. [PMID: 24623798 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Current GH administration protocols imply frequent s.c. injections, resulting in suboptimal compliance. Therefore, there is interest in developing delivery systems for sustained release of the hormone. However, GH has different actions depending on its continuous or pulsatile plasma concentration pattern. GH levels and circulating concentration patterns could be involved in the regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in liver. Aberrant expression of this receptor and/or its hyperactivation has been associated with the pathogenesis of different types of carcinoma. Considering that one of the adverse effects associated with GH overexpression and chronic use of GH is the increased incidence of malignancies, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of GH plasma concentration patterns on EGFR expression and signaling in livers of mice. For this purpose, GH was administered by s.c. daily injections to produce an intermittent plasma pattern or by osmotic pumps to provoke a continuously elevated GH concentration. Intermittent injections of GH induced upregulation of liver EGFR content, augmented the response to EGF, and the induction of proteins involved in promotion of cell proliferation in female mice. In contrast, continuous GH delivery in male mice was associated with diminished EGFR in liver and decreased EGF-induced signaling and expression of early genes. The results indicate that sustained delivery systems that allow continuous GH plasma patterns would be beneficial in terms of treatment safety with regard to the actions of GH on EGFR signaling and its promitogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Díaz
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ribeiro-Oliveira A, Abrantes MM, Barkan AL. Complex rhythmicity and age dependence of growth hormone secretion are preserved in patients with acromegaly: further evidence for a present hypothalamic control of pituitary somatotropinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2959-66. [PMID: 23640965 PMCID: PMC3701276 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Traditionally, acromegaly is viewed as a disease resulting from GH hypersecretion from an autonomous pituitary somatotropinoma. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that GH secretion in acromegaly is still subjected to normal hypothalamic control, we studied the daily rhythmicity of GH secretion in normal controls and patients with newly diagnosed, untreated acromegaly. DESIGN AND SETTING This was an observational inpatient study in the General Clinical Research Center at the University of Michigan. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS One hundred four normal controls and 67 acromegalic patients were included in the study. INTERVENTION The intervention consisted of frequent blood sampling over 24 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We hypothesized that acromegalic patients would show rhythmicity, sexual dimorphism, and age-related decline of GH secretion similar to normal controls. RESULTS Both normal controls and the patients exhibited 3 major GH waves with the highest values at 12:00 pm, 5:00 pm, and 1:00 am (P < .001 for all). Both controls and patients exhibited a clear appearance of the nocturnal GH waves, irrespective of the gender (P < .001 for all). The amplitude of the maximal (nocturnal) GH secretory wave (1:00 am) as compared with the nadir GH secretion (9:00 am) was clearly different between the 2 groups, with a significantly smaller magnitude in acromegaly (P < .001). A subsequent subanalysis of both groups was performed separately for both genders. Similar to the entire groups, both controls and patients exhibited a clear appearance of the nocturnal GH waves, irrespective of the gender (P < .001 for all). Patients with clearly elevated GH values have shown an age-related decline of GH secretion (r = -0.35, P < .001), similar to controls. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of GH profiles in multiple patients with untreated acromegaly discloses the persistence of the hallmarks of the central control of GH regulation, ie, nictohemeral rhythmicity, sexual dimorphism, and an age-related decline of GH output.
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