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Chen X, Zhou X, Shi X, Xia X, Zhang Y, Fan D. MAP4 regulates Tctex-1 and promotes the migration of epidermal cells in hypoxia. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1210-1215. [PMID: 30091292 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After acute wound formation, the oxygen supply is reduced, which results in the formation of an acute hypoxic microenvironment; whether this hypoxic microenvironment enhances epidermal cell migration and the underlying regulatory molecular mechanism of this effect are unclear. In this study, HaCaT cells were maintained under hypoxic (1% oxygen) or normoxic conditions. Methods including immunofluorescence staining, wound scratch assays, transwell assays, Western blotting and high- and low-expression lentiviral vector transfection were utilized to observe the changes in cell migration, microtubule dynamics and the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 4 and the light chain protein DYNLT1 (Tctex-1). The possible mechanisms were studied and discussed. The results showed that epidermal cell migration was enhanced during early hypoxia. Further experiments revealed that MAP4 regulates microtubule dynamics and promotes epidermal cell migration through Tctex-1. MAP4 and Tctex-1 play important roles in regulating the migration of epidermal cells under hypoxia. This evidence will provide a basis for further revealing the cellular and molecular mechanisms of local wound hypoxia and for promoting wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohua Shi
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongli Fan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Torres P, Castro M, Reyes M, Torres VA. Histatins, wound healing, and cell migration. Oral Dis 2018; 24:1150-1160. [PMID: 29230909 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Wounds in the oral mucosa heal faster and more efficiently than those in the skin, although the mechanisms underlying these differences are not completely clear. In the last 10 years, a group of salivary peptides, the histatins, has gained attention on behalf of their ability to improve several phases of the wound-healing process. In addition to their roles as anti-microbial agents and in enamel maintenance, histatins elicit other biological effects, namely by promoting the migration of different cell types contained in the oral mucosa and in non-oral tissues. Histatins, and specifically histatin-1, promote cell adhesion and migration in oral keratinocytes, gingival and dermal fibroblasts, non-oral epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. This is particularly relevant, as histatin-1 promotes the re-epithelialization phase and the angiogenic responses by increasing epithelial and endothelial cell migration. Although the molecular mechanisms associated with histatin-dependent cell migration remain poorly understood, recent studies have pointed to the control of signaling endosomes and the balance of small GTPases. This review aimed to update the literature on the effects of histatins in cell migration, with a focus on wound healing. We will also discuss the consequences that this increasing field will have in disease and therapy design.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Torres
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Castro
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Reyes
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - V A Torres
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Tateya I, Tateya T, Lim X, Sohn JH, Bless DM. Cell Production in Injured Vocal Folds: A Rat Study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016; 115:135-43. [PMID: 16514797 DOI: 10.1177/000348940611500210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Fibroblasts are reported to play an important role in producing the extracellular matrix of the vocal fold. However, no reports have focused on how and where these cells are generated in the vocal fold after injury. To reveal the characteristics of vocal fold cell production, we investigated cell proliferation in the acute phase of wound healing. Methods: Using a telescope for guidance, we made an incision in the middle region of the vocal fold tissue in 24 rats and performed immunohistochemical staining for vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine. Results: After injury, epithelialization occurred with a peak at day 1, and fibroblasts proliferated in the lamina propria with a peak at day 3, whereas those in the macula flava did not show any increased proliferation. Conclusions: It is suggested that the fibroblasts in the macula flava have functions different from those of fibroblasts in the lamina propria and that the macula flava does not serve as a cell source for the vocal fold in response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Tateya
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, K4-789 CSC, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Chen X, Zhou X, Mao TC, Shi XH, Fan DL, Zhang YM. Effect of microtubule-associated protein-4 on epidermal cell migration under different oxygen concentrations. J Dermatol 2015; 43:674-81. [PMID: 26602869 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
After skin trauma, regional epidermal cell migration mediates the re-epithelialization of the wound surface, which is an important step for wound healing, yet the underlying molecular regulatory mechanism is unclear. In the current study, HaCaT cells were maintained under different oxygen concentrations (1%, 21%, 40% and 65%). Technologies including immunofluorescence staining, wound scratch, transwell invasion, western blot and low-expression lentiviral vector were utilized to observe the changes in microtubule dynamics and the microtubule-associated protein (MAP)4 expression. MAP4's effect on cell migration under different oxygen concentrations was also studied. The results showed that under hyperoxic (40% and 65%) and hypoxic (1%) conditions, HaCaT cells were able to regulate cell microtubule dynamics by MAP4, thus promoting cell migration. On the other hand, MAP4 silencing through targeted shRNA attenuated HaCaT cell migration under the above oxygen concentrations. These results imply that MAP4 plays an important role in epidermal cell migration under different oxygen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong-Chun Mao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Shi
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Li Fan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Ali N, Hosseini M, Vainio S, Taïeb A, Cario‐André M, Rezvani H. Skin equivalents: skin from reconstructions as models to study skin development and diseases. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:391-403. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Ali
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu Aapistie 5A 90220 Oulu Finland
- Inserm U 1035 33076 Bordeaux France
- Université de Bordeaux 146 rue Léo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux France
| | - M. Hosseini
- Inserm U 1035 33076 Bordeaux France
- Université de Bordeaux 146 rue Léo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux France
| | - S. Vainio
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu Aapistie 5A 90220 Oulu Finland
| | - A. Taïeb
- Inserm U 1035 33076 Bordeaux France
- Université de Bordeaux 146 rue Léo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux France
- Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Rares de la Peau Bordeaux France
- Département de Dermatologie & Dermatologie Pédiatrique CHU de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - M. Cario‐André
- Inserm U 1035 33076 Bordeaux France
- Université de Bordeaux 146 rue Léo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux France
- Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Rares de la Peau Bordeaux France
| | - H.R. Rezvani
- Inserm U 1035 33076 Bordeaux France
- Université de Bordeaux 146 rue Léo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux France
- Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Rares de la Peau Bordeaux France
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Novel naphthochalcone derivative accelerate dermal wound healing through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition of keratinocyte. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:47. [PMID: 26130135 PMCID: PMC4488135 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wound healing is an intricate process whereby the skin repairs itself after injury. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with wound healing and tissue regeneration. Naphthochalcone derivatives have various pharmaceutical properties. We investigated the effect of a novel naphthochalcone derivative, 2-(5-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)naphthalen-1-ol (TDPN), on dermal wound healing in vivo and the migration of keratinocytes in vitro. Result We investigated the effect of TDPN on signaling pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through protein and transcriptional expression. The TDPN treatment accelerated dermal closure about 3 days and remodeling of dermis. We found that treatment with TDPN induced the migration of keratinocytes but not cytotoxicity. TDPN induced the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT. TDPN-treated cells showed loss of adherence protein and showed induction of the transcriptional factor Slug, mesenchymal marker, and fibronectin. Moreover, TDPN treatment induced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), which degrades specific components of the extracellular matrix, thereby providing new substrates that facilitate migration and invasion. MMP expression is considered to be one of the major attributes acquired by cells after EMT. Conclusion We propose that a novel naphthochalcone derivative TDPN is capable of promoting keratinocyte migration via the induction of EMT resulting acceleration of wound closure and matrix remodeling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-015-0141-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Smith PC, Cáceres M, Martínez C, Oyarzún A, Martínez J. Gingival wound healing: an essential response disturbed by aging? J Dent Res 2015; 94:395-402. [PMID: 25527254 PMCID: PMC4814024 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514563750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingival wound healing comprises a series of sequential responses that allow the closure of breaches in the masticatory mucosa. This process is of critical importance to prevent the invasion of microbes or other agents into tissues, avoiding the establishment of a chronic infection. Wound healing may also play an important role during cell and tissue reaction to long-term injury, as it may occur during inflammatory responses and cancer. Recent experimental data have shown that gingival wound healing is severely affected by the aging process. These defects may alter distinct phases of the wound-healing process, including epithelial migration, granulation tissue formation, and tissue remodeling. The cellular and molecular defects that may explain these deficiencies include several biological responses such as an increased inflammatory response, altered integrin signaling, reduced growth factor activity, decreased cell proliferation, diminished angiogenesis, reduced collagen synthesis, augmented collagen remodeling, and deterioration of the proliferative and differentiation potential of stem cells. In this review, we explore the cellular and molecular basis of these defects and their possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Smith
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Cáceres
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Martínez
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Oyarzún
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Martínez
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Switch from αvβ5 to αvβ6 integrin is required for CD9-regulated keratinocyte migration and MMP-9 activation. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4044-52. [PMID: 25265322 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Our previous research found that tetraspanin CD9 is downregulated in migrating epidermis during wound healing, and CD9 downregulation contributes to keratinocyte migration via matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in CD9-regulated keratinocyte migration and MMP-9 activation. In this study, we revealed that the expressions of integrin subunits β5 and β6 were regulated by CD9. Furthermore, CD9 silencing triggered the switch from αvβ5 to αvβ6 integrin in HaCaT keratinocytes and CD9 overexpression reversed the switch. Importantly, integrin αvβ6 functional blocking antibody 10D5 significantly inhibited CD9 silencing-induced keratinocyte migration and MMP-9 activation, suggesting that the switch from αvβ5 to αvβ6 integrin plays a key role in CD9-regulated cell migration and MMP-9 activation in keratinocytes.
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9
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Jiang X, Guo X, Xu X, Teng M, Huang C, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Huang Y. Hypoxia regulates CD9-mediated keratinocyte migration via the P38/MAPK pathway. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6304. [PMID: 25200404 PMCID: PMC4158574 DOI: 10.1038/srep06304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte migration is an early event in the wound healing process. Although we previously found that CD9 downregulation is required for the keratinocyte migration during wound repair, the mechanism of how CD9 expression is regulated remains unclear. Here, we observed the effect of hypoxia (2% O2) on CD9 expression and keratinocyte migration. CD9 expression was downregulated and keratinocyte migration was increased under hypoxic conditions. In addition, CD9 overexpression reversed hypoxia-induced cell migration. We also found that hypoxia activated the p38/MAPK pathway. SB203580, a p38/MAPK inhibitor, increased CD9 expression and inhibited keratinocyte migration under hypoxia, while MKK6 (Glu) overexpression decreased CD9 expression and promoted hypoxic keratinocyte migration. Our results demonstrate that hypoxia regulates CD9 expression and CD9-mediated keratinocyte migration via the p38/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupin Jiang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowei Guo
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Xu
- The No. 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Teng
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chong Huang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongxia Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaping Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuesheng Huang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Bae S, Sun S, Aghaloo T, Oh JE, McKenna CE, Kang MK, Shin KH, Tetradis S, Park NH, Kim RH. Development of oral osteomucosal tissue constructs in vitro and localization of fluorescently-labeled bisphosphonates to hard and soft tissue. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:559-63. [PMID: 24920042 PMCID: PMC4094592 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are anti-resorptive agents commonly used to treat bone-related diseases; however, soft tissue-related side-effects are frequently reported in some BP users, such as oral or gastrointestinal (GI) ulcerations. BPs are stable analogs of pyrophosphate and have high affinity to hydroxyapatite, allowing them to bind to the bone surfaces and exert suppressive effects on osteoclast functions. However, the underlying mechanisms as to how bone-seeking BPs also exert cytotoxic effects on soft tissue remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated the localization of nitrogen-containing BPs (N-BPs) in hard and soft tissue using fluorescently-labeled N-BPs in vitro. We developed osteomucosal tissue constructs in vitro to recapitulate the hard and soft tissue of the oral cavity. A histological examination of the osteomucosal tissue constructs revealed a differentiated epithelium over the bone containing osteocytes and the periosteum, similar to that observed in the rat palatal tissues. Following treatment with the fluorescently-labeled bisphosphonate, AF647-ZOL, the osteomucosal constructs exhibited fluorescent signals, not only in the bone, but also in the epithelium. No fluorescent signals were observed from the control- or ZOL-treated constructs, as expected. Collectively, the data from the present study suggest that N-BPs localize to epithelial tissue and that such a localization and subsequent toxicity of N-BPs may be associated, at least in part, with soft tissue-related side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Bae
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shuting Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tara Aghaloo
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ju-Eun Oh
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mo K Kang
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ki-Hyuk Shin
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - No-Hee Park
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Reuben H Kim
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Dommisch H, Winter J, Götz W, Miesen J, Klein A, Hierse L, Deschner J, Jäger A, Eberhard J, Jepsen S. Effect of growth factors on antimicrobial peptides and pro-inflammatory mediators during wound healing. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:209-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Mulhall HJ, Hughes MP, Kazmi B, Lewis MP, Labeed FH. Epithelial cancer cells exhibit different electrical properties when cultured in 2D and 3D environments. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Shamis Y, Hewitt KJ, Carlson MW, Margvelashvilli M, Dong S, Kuo CK, Daheron L, Egles C, Garlick JA. Fibroblasts derived from human embryonic stem cells direct development and repair of 3D human skin equivalents. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011; 2:10. [PMID: 21338517 PMCID: PMC3092150 DOI: 10.1186/scrt51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pluripotent, human stem cells hold tremendous promise as a source of progenitor and terminally differentiated cells for application in future regenerative therapies. However, such therapies will be dependent upon the development of novel approaches that can best assess tissue outcomes of pluripotent stem cell-derived cells and will be essential to better predict their safety and stability following in vivo transplantation. Methods In this study we used engineered, human skin equivalents (HSEs) as a platform to characterize fibroblasts that have been derived from human embryonic stem (hES) cell. We characterized the phenotype and the secretion profile of two distinct hES-derived cell lines with properties of mesenchymal cells (EDK and H9-MSC) and compared their biological potential upon induction of differentiation to bone and fat and following their incorporation into the stromal compartment of engineered, HSEs. Results While both EDK and H9-MSC cell lines exhibited similar morphology and mesenchymal cell marker expression, they demonstrated distinct functional properties when incorporated into the stromal compartment of HSEs. EDK cells displayed characteristics of dermal fibroblasts that could support epithelial tissue development and enable re-epithelialization of wounds generated using a 3D tissue model of cutaneous wound healing, which was linked to elevated production of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Lentiviral shRNA-mediated knockdown of HGF resulted in a dramatic decrease of HGF secretion from EDK cells that led to a marked reduction in their ability to promote keratinocyte proliferation and re-epithelialization of cutaneous wounds. In contrast, H9-MSCs demonstrated features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) but not those of dermal fibroblasts, as they underwent multilineage differentiation in monolayer culture, but were unable to support epithelial tissue development and repair and produced significantly lower levels of HGF. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that hES-derived cells could be directed to specified and alternative mesenchymal cell fates whose function could be distinguished in engineered HSEs. Characterization of hES-derived mesenchymal cells in 3D, engineered HSEs demonstrates the utility of this tissue platform to predict the functional properties of hES-derived fibroblasts before their therapeutic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shamis
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Vande Vannet B. A Critical Appraisal of the Biological Assessment of Materials in Orthodontics with Emphasis on the Differences Between Conventional and 3-D Cell Cultures. Semin Orthod 2010. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Egles C, Huet HA, Dogan F, Cho S, Dong S, Smith A, Knight EB, McLachlan KR, Garlick JA. Integrin-blocking antibodies delay keratinocyte re-epithelialization in a human three-dimensional wound healing model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10528. [PMID: 20502640 PMCID: PMC2873945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha6beta4 integrin plays a significant role in tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis through modulation of growth factor signaling, and is a potentially important therapeutic target. However, alpha6beta4-mediated cell-matrix adhesion is critical in normal keratinocyte attachment, signaling and anchorage to the basement membrane through its interaction with laminin-5, raising potential risks for targeted therapy. Bioengineered Human Skin Equivalent (HSE), which have been shown to mimic their normal and wounded counterparts, have been used here to investigate the consequences of targeting beta4 to establish toxic effects on normal tissue homeostasis and epithelial wound repair. We tested two antibodies directed to different beta4 epitopes, one adhesion-blocking (ASC-8) and one non-adhesion blocking (ASC-3), and determined that these antibodies were appropriately localized to the basal surface of keratinocytes at the basement membrane interface where beta4 is expressed. While normal tissue architecture was not altered, ASC-8 induced a sub-basal split at the basement membrane in non-wounded tissue. In addition, wound closure was significantly inhibited by ASC-8, but not by ASC-3, as the epithelial tongue only covered 40 percent of the wound area at 120 hours post-wounding. These results demonstrate beta4 adhesion-blocking antibodies may have adverse effects on normal tissue, whereas antibodies directed to other epitopes may provide safer alternatives for therapy. Taken together, we conclude that these three-dimensional tissue models provide a biologically relevant platform to identify toxic effects induced by candidate therapeutics, which will allow generation of findings that are more predictive of in vivo responses early in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Egles
- Division of Cancer Biology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Abstract
Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are in vitro tissues in which a fully differentiated, stratified squamous epithelium is grown at an air-liquid interface on a Type I collagen gel harboring human dermal fibroblasts. HSEs now provide experimental human tissue models to study factors that direct re-epithelialization and epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk following wounding. This chapter describes the fabrication of HSEs from human keratinocytes and fibroblasts and how HSEs can be modified to characterize the response of the human epithelium during wound repair. The protocols outlined first describe techniques for the generation of human tissues that closely approximate the architectural features, differentiation, and growth of human skin. This will be followed by a description of a protocol that enables HSEs to be adapted to monitor their response following wounding. These engineered human tissues provide powerful tools to study biological process in tissues that mimic the healing of human skin and of the epithelial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Egles
- Division of Cancer Biology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Graduate School and School of Engineering, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Schneider A, Wang XY, Kaplan DL, Garlick JA, Egles C. Biofunctionalized electrospun silk mats as a topical bioactive dressing for accelerated wound healing. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:2570-8. [PMID: 19162575 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Materials able to deliver topically bioactive molecules represent a new generation of biomaterials. In this article, we describe the use of silk mats, made of electrospun nanoscale silk fibers containing epidermal growth factor (EGF), for the promotion of wound healing processes. In our experiments, we demonstrated that EGF is incorporated into the silk mats and slowly released in a time-dependent manner (25% EGF release in 170h). We tested these materials using a new model of wounded human skin-equivalents displaying the same structure as human skin and able to heal using the same molecular and cellular mechanisms found in vivo. This human three-dimensional model allows us to demonstrate that the biofunctionalized silk mats, when placed on the wounds as a dressing, aid the healing by increasing the time of wound closure by the epidermal tongue by 90%. The preservation of the structure of the mats during the healing period as demonstrated by electronic microscopy, the biological action of the dressing, as well as the biocompatibility of the silk demonstrate that this biomaterial is a new and very promising material for medical applications, especially for patients suffering from chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schneider
- Division of Cancer Biology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, School of Dental Medicine, 55 Kneeland Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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19
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Carlson MW, Alt-Holland A, Egles C, Garlick JA. Three-dimensional tissue models of normal and diseased skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; Chapter 19:Unit 19.9. [PMID: 19085986 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb1909s41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the development of in vitro, human, three-dimensional (3D) tissue models, known as human skin equivalents (HSEs), has furthered understanding of epidermal cell biology and provided novel experimental systems. Signaling pathways that mediate the linkage between growth and differentiation function optimally when cells are spatially organized to display the architectural features seen in vivo, but are uncoupled and lost in two-dimensional culture systems. HSEs consist of a stratified squamous epithelium grown at an air-liquid interface on a collagen matrix populated with dermal fibroblasts. These 3D tissues demonstrate in vivo-like epithelial differentiation and morphology, and rates of cell division, similar to those found in human skin. This unit describes fabrication of HSEs, allowing the generation of human tissues that mimic the morphology, differentiation, and growth of human skin, as well as disease processes of cancer and wound re-epithelialization, providing powerful new tools for the study of diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Carlson
- School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Denatured collagen modulates the phenotype of normal and wounded human skin equivalents. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1830-7. [PMID: 18200055 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are known to play an important role in modulating homeostasis and repair. However, it remains unclear how the composition of the extracellular matrix may regulate the ability of dermal fibroblasts to engage in such cross talk. To address this, we studied how fibroblast phenotype was linked to the behavior of normal and wounded human skin equivalents (HSE) by comparing human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) incorporated into the three-dimensional tissues to those extensively cultivated in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture on denatured collagen (DC) matrix, native collagen, or tissue culture plastic before incorporation into HSEs. We first established that prolonged passage and growth of HDF on DC increased their migratory potential in a 2D monolayer culture. When HDF variants were grown in HSEs, we found that extended passage on DC and incorporation of DC directly into the collagen gel enhanced proliferation of both HDF and basal keratinocytes in HSEs. By adapting HSEs to study wound reepithelialization, we found that the extended passage of HDF on DC accelerated the rate of wound healing by 38%. Thus, extensive ex vivo expansion on DC was able to modify the phenotype of skin fibroblasts by augmenting their reparative properties in skin-like HSEs.
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21
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Schneider A, Garlick JA, Egles C. Self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds accelerate wound healing. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1410. [PMID: 18183291 PMCID: PMC2157486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wound repair regenerates skin integrity, but a chronic failure to heal results in compromised tissue function and increased morbidity. To address this, we have used an integrated approach, using nanobiotechnology to augment the rate of wound reepithelialization by combining self-assembling peptide (SAP) nanofiber scaffold and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). This SAP bioscaffold was tested in a bioengineered Human Skin Equivalent (HSE) tissue model that enabled wound reepithelialization to be monitored in a tissue that recapitulates molecular and cellular mechanisms of repair known to occur in human skin. We found that SAP underwent molecular self-assembly to form unique 3D structures that stably covered the surface of the wound, suggesting that this scaffold may serve as a viable wound dressing. We measured the rates of release of EGF from the SAP scaffold and determined that EGF was only released when the scaffold was in direct contact with the HSE. By measuring the length of the epithelial tongue during wound reepithelialization, we found that SAP scaffolds containing EGF accelerated the rate of wound coverage by 5 fold when compared to controls without scaffolds and by 3.5 fold when compared to the scaffold without EGF. In conclusion, our experiments demonstrated that biomaterials composed of a biofunctionalized peptidic scaffold have many properties that are well-suited for the treatment of cutaneous wounds including wound coverage, functionalization with bioactive molecules, localized growth factor release and activation of wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Schneider
- Division of Cancer Biology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Garlick
- Division of Cancer Biology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christophe Egles
- Division of Cancer Biology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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22
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Kobayashi K, Suzuki T, Nomoto Y, Tada Y, Miyake M, Hazama A, Nakamura T, Omori K. Potential of Heterotopic Fibroblasts as Autologous Transplanted Cells for Tracheal Epithelial Regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:2175-84. [PMID: 17539734 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2007.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The tracheal epithelium maintains the health of the respiratory tract through mucociliary clearance and regulation of ion and water balance. When the trachea is surgically removed, artificial grafts have been clinically used by our group to regenerate the trachea. In such cases, the tracheal epithelium needs 2 months for functional regeneration. Previous study has shown that fibroblasts facilitate tracheal epithelial regeneration. In this study, heterotopic fibroblasts originating from the dermis, nasal, and gingival mucosa were cocultured with tracheal epithelial cells to evaluate their potential as autologous transplanted cells for tracheal epithelial regeneration. The epithelia induced by the heterotopic fibroblasts showed differences in structure, cilia development, mucin secretion, and expression of ion and water channels. These results indicated that nasal fibroblasts could not induce mature tracheal epithelium and that dermal fibroblasts induced epidermis-like epithelium. Only the gingival fibroblasts (GFBs) could induce morphologically and functionally normalized tracheal epithelium comparable to the epithelium induced by tracheal fibroblasts. Epithelial cell proliferation and migration were also upregulated by GFBs. These results indicate that GFBs are useful as autologous transplant cells for tracheal epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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23
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Garlick JA. Engineering skin to study human disease--tissue models for cancer biology and wound repair. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 103:207-39. [PMID: 17195465 DOI: 10.1007/b137206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the engineering of three-dimensional tissues known as skin equivalents, that have morphologic and phenotypic properties of human skin, have provided new ways to study human disease processes. This chapter will supply an overview of two such applications--investigations of the incipient development of squamous cell cancer, and studies that have characterized the response of human epithelium during wound repair. Using these novel tools to study cancer biology, it has been shown that cell-cell interactions inherent in three-dimensional tissue architecture can suppress early cancer progression by inducing a state of intraepithelial dormancy. This dormant state can be overcome and cancer progression enabled by altering tissue organization in response to tumor promoters or UV irradiation or by modifying the interaction of tumor cells with extracellular matrix proteins or their adjacent epithelia. By adapting skin equivalent models of human skin to study wound reepithelialization, it has been shown that several key responses, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, growth-factor responsiveness and protease expression, will mimic the response seen in human skin. In this light, these engineered models of human skin provide powerful new tools for studying disease processes in these tissues as they occur in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Garlick
- Division of Cancer Biology and Tissue Engineering Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Pathology, Tufts University, 55 Kneeland Street, Room 116, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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24
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Abstract
During wound healing, cells recreate functional structures to regenerate the injured tissue. Understanding the healing process is essential for the development of new concepts and the design of novel biomimetic approaches for delivery of cells, genes and growth factors to accelerate tissue regeneration. To this end, realistic experimental models and high-throughput diagnostics are necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms of healing and reveal the genetic networks that determine tissue repair versus regeneration. Following a brief overview of the biology of wound healing, this review covers the in vitro and in vivo models that are employed at present to study the healing process. Discussion then covers the application of high-throughput genomic and proteomic technologies in epithelial development, living skin substitutes and wound healing. Finally, this review provides a perspective on novel technologies that should be developed to facilitate the understanding of wound healing complications and the design of therapeutics that target the underlying deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios T Andreadis
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, 908 Furnas Hall, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA.
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25
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Kobayashi K, Nomoto Y, Suzuki T, Tada Y, Miyake M, Hazama A, Kanemaru S, Nakamura T, Omori K. Effect of Fibroblasts on Tracheal Epithelial Regenerationin vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:2619-28. [PMID: 16995795 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several artificial grafts for covering deficient trachea have been produced through tissue engineering. Recently, our group clinically used an artificial trachea made from collagen sponge for patients with noncircumferential tracheal resection. However, the slowness of epithelial regeneration on the surface of the artificial trachea was confirmed as one particular problem. In this study, we co-cultured tracheal epithelial cells with fibroblasts and examined effects of fibroblasts on epithelial regeneration in vitro. Fibroblasts activated epithelial cell proliferation and migration. In co-culture with fibroblasts, epithelial cells reconstructed pseudostratified epithelium, which was composed of ciliated, goblet, and basal cells. Furthermore, a basement membrane was reconstructed between epithelial cells and fibroblasts, and integrin beta4 was also observed there. Fibroblasts rapidly increased mucin secretion by epithelial cells. These results indicate that stimulatory effects of fibroblasts on epithelial cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation would reduce the time required for covering of epithelial cells on the defect of luminal surface and hasten regeneration of morphologically and functionally normalized epithelium involving the reconstruction of basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
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26
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Dannewitz B, Edrich C, Tomakidi P, Kohl A, Gabbert O, Eickholz P, Steinberg T. Elevated gene expression of MMP-1, MMP-10, and TIMP-1 reveal changes of molecules involved in turn-over of extracellular matrix in cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 325:513-22. [PMID: 16670920 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In humans, pathogenesis in cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced gingival overgrowth (GO) includes the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents, viz., collagen type-1 and type-3 and proteoglycans, in subgingival connective tissue. However, whether this increase is associated with alterations of molecules pivotal for the turn-over of collagens and proteoglycans remains unclear. The present study explores the status of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-1 and MMP-10, which are important for fibrillar collagen and proteoglycan turn-over, and their tissue inhibitor TIMP-1, on their gene expression and protein levels in frozen sections derived from GO and matched normal tissue. In situ hybridization (ISH) revealed elevated levels of MMP-1 gene expression in the connective tissue of GO compared with normal tissue. This elevation also applied to MMP-10 and TIMP-1, the latter exhibiting the strongest gene transcription in the deep connective tissue. These differences detected by ISH were corroborated by quantitative reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction; relative gene expression analysis indicated a 1.9-fold increase for MMP-1, a 2.3-fold increase for MMP-10, and a 4.8-fold increase for TIMP-1. Detection of the protein by indirect immunofluorescence showed that normal gingival tissue was devoid of all three proteins, although they were detectable in GO tissue, with emphasis on TIMP-1. Analysis of our data indicates elevated levels of MMP-1 and-10, and particularly TIMP-1. With respect to TIMP-1, this elevation may in turn lead to alterations in ECM turn-over by abrogating MMP-1 and MMP-10, thereby contributing to ECM accumulation associated with GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Dannewitz
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Shannon DB, McKeown STW, Lundy FT, Irwin CR. Phenotypic differences between oral and skin fibroblasts in wound contraction and growth factor expression. Wound Repair Regen 2006; 14:172-8. [PMID: 16630106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Wounds of the oral mucosa heal in an accelerated fashion with reduced scarring compared with cutaneous wounds. The differences in healing outcome between oral mucosa and skin could be because of phenotypic differences between the respective fibroblast populations. This study compared paired mucosal and dermal fibroblasts in terms of collagen gel contraction, alpha-smooth muscle actin expression (alpha-SMA), and production of the epithelial growth factors: keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF). The effects of transforming growth factor -beta1 and -beta3 on each parameter were also determined. Gel contraction in floating collagen lattices was determined over a 7-day period. alpha-SMA expression by fibroblasts was determined by Western blotting. KGF and HGF expression were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oral fibroblasts induced accelerated collagen gel contraction, yet surprisingly expressed lower levels of alpha-SMA. Oral cells also produced significantly greater levels of both KGF and HGF than their dermal counterparts. Transforming growth factor-beta1 and -beta3, over the concentration range of 0.1-10 ng/mL, had similar effects on cell function, stimulating both gel contraction and alpha-SMA production, but inhibiting KGF and HGF production by both cell types. These data indicate phenotypic differences between oral and dermal fibroblasts that may well contribute to the differences in healing outcome between these two tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane B Shannon
- Oral Science Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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28
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Lee PY, Chesnoy S, Huang L. Electroporatic delivery of TGF-beta1 gene works synergistically with electric therapy to enhance diabetic wound healing in db/db mice. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:791-8. [PMID: 15373787 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) is a therapeutic treatment for wound healing. Electroporation, a type of ES, is a well-established method for gene delivery. We hypothesize that proper conditions can be found with which both electrical and gene therapies can be additively applied to treat diabetic wound healing. For the studies of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) local expression and therapeutic effects, full thickness excisional wound model of db/db mice was used, we measured TGF-beta1 cytokine level at 24 h postwounding and examined wounds histologically. Furthermore, wound closure was evaluated by wound-area measurements at each day for 14 d. We found that syringe electrodes are more effective than the conventional caliper electrodes. Furthermore, diabetic skin was more sensitive to the electroporative damage than the normal skin. The optimal condition for diabetic skin was six pulses of 100 V per cm for 20 ms. Under such condition, the healing rate of electrically treated wound was significantly accelerated. Furthermore, when TGF-beta1 gene was delivered by electric pulses, the healing rate was further enhanced. Five to seven days postapplication of intradermal injection of plasmid TGF-beta1 followed by electroporation, the wound bed showed an increased reepithelialization rate, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis. The data indicates that indeed the electric effect and gene effect work synergistic in the genetically diabetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Yan Lee
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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29
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El Ghalbzouri A, Hensbergen P, Gibbs S, Kempenaar J, van der Schors R, Ponec M. Fibroblasts facilitate re-epithelialization in wounded human skin equivalents. J Transl Med 2004; 84:102-12. [PMID: 14631386 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The re-epithelialization of the wound involves the migration of keratinocytes from the edges of the wound. During this process, keratinocyte migration and proliferation will depend on the interaction of keratinocytes with dermal fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix. The present study aimed to investigate (1) the role of fibroblasts in the re-epithelialization process and on the reconstitution of the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) and (2) differential protein expression during re-epithelialization. For both purposes, three-dimensional human skin equivalents (HSE) were used. A full-thickness wound in HSE was introduced by freezing with liquid nitrogen and a superficial wound by linear incision with a scalpel. The closure of the wound in the absence or presence of exogenous growth factors was followed by monitoring the rate of re-epithelialization and regeneration of the DEJ. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that fibroblasts facilitate wound closure, but they differentially affected the deposition of various basement membrane components. The deposition of laminin 5 at the DEJ was delayed in superficial wounds as compared to the full-thickness wounds. During freeze injury, some basement membrane (BM) components remain associated with the dermal compartment and probably facilitate the BM reconstitution. The re-epithelialization process in full-thickness but not in superficial wounds was accelerated by the presence of keratinocyte growth factor and especially by epidermal growth factor. In addition, we have examined the deposition of various basement membrane components and the differences in protein expression in a laterally expanding epidermis in uninjured HSE. Laminin 5, type IV and VII collagen deposition was decreased in the laterally expanding epidermis, indicating that the presence of these proteins is not required for keratinocyte migration to occur in vitro. Using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we have identified DJ-1, a protein not earlier reported to be differently expressed during the epithelialization process of the skin.
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30
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Igarashi M, Irwin CR, Locke M, Mackenzie IC. Construction of large area organotypical cultures of oral mucosa and skin. J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32:422-30. [PMID: 12846789 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.00090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin and oral mucosal keratinocytes grown in vitro usually lose their normal patterns of differentiation, unless grown as organotypical cultures that are constructed by allowing collagen gels containing fibroblasts to contract before they are plated with keratinocytes and raised to the air/medium interface. However, the contraction process tends to produce small irregular cultures. METHODS To generate uniformly differentiating large cultures, we have investigated several aspects of the factors involved in the culture construction. By adjusting the number of fibroblasts used and by plating the matrices with keratinocytes prior to contraction, cultures of up to 72 cm2 were constructed. RESULTS The cultures retained almost the full surface areas of the original matrices and showed uniform patterns of epithelial plating and differentiation. Immunostaining for cytokeratins and integrins indicated restoration of in vitro phenotypes similar to those of the epithelial tissues of origin. CONCLUSIONS These methods successfully generate cultures required for certain types of investigations and tissues that are suitable for clinical use as grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Igarashi
- The Nippon Dental University School of Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
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31
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Geer DJ, Swartz DD, Andreadis ST. Fibrin promotes migration in a three-dimensional in vitro model of wound regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2002; 8:787-98. [PMID: 12459057 DOI: 10.1089/10763270260424141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We developed an in vitro model of wound reepithelialization based on engineered composite skin equivalents of human keratinocytes. Such organotypic cultures are unique in that regulatory mechanisms of cell growth and differentiation can be investigated under conditions mimicking those in vivo. We employed this model system to evaluate fibrin as a substrate for keratinocyte growth and migration after incisional wounding. Our results show that fibrin decreases the length of the lag phase of keratinocyte activation and increases the consistency of the healing response. In addition, the response of these skin equivalents to wounding mimicks that of animal models in terms of the kinetics of reepithelialization, the spatiotemporal distribution of proliferating cells in and around the wound, the unique phenotype exhibited by the cells in the newly formed epidermis, the upregulation of key molecular anchors that initiate cell migration, and the formation of basement membrane during wound closure. Our results suggest that this model can be used to study molecular mechanisms of reepithelialization and evaluate biomaterials as vehicles for controlled delivery of genes and proteins to promote wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Geer
- Bioengineering Laboratory, 908 Furnas Hall, Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
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32
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O'Leary R, Arrowsmith M, Wood EJ. Characterization of the living skin equivalent as a model of cutaneous re-epithelialization. Cell Biochem Funct 2002; 20:129-41. [PMID: 11979509 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The living skin equivalent, a three-dimensional organotypic model, has been widely used to investigate many aspects of cutaneous biology. However, there are relatively few studies assessing how faithfully the skin equivalent reproduces normal skin biology. The skin equivalent was fabricated by seeding human epidermal keratinocytes onto the upper surface of a hydrated collagen lattice populated with human dermal fibroblasts and subsequently raised to the air-liquid interface where keratinocyte stratification and differentiation led to the formation of a tissue which showed many common morphological features to that of normal skin. Histology and immunohistochemical detection of keratinocyte integrins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were used as cytological markers to assess the accuracy of the model during cutaneous re-epithelialization. Analysis of expression of keratinocyte integrins revealed that whilst there were a number of similarities to normal skin, skin equivalent keratinocytes appeared to be 'activated' and hyper-proliferating. Wounding of the skin equivalent, by complete bisection, induced re-epithelialization from both wound edges within 8-12 h, which completely restored the epidermis within 4 days. This migration, like that in vivo, was associated with nascent expression of MMPs and upregulation of certain integrins. However, whilst integrin expression, was similar to in vivo re-epithelialization, there were subtle differences in the level of expression and distribution of certain integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan O'Leary
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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33
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Rubinstein I, Dagar S, Sethi V, Krishnadas A, Onyüksel H. Liposomal VIP potentiates DNA synthesis in cultured oral keratinocytes. Peptides 2001; 22:671-5. [PMID: 11311738 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether association of vasoactive intestinal peptide with sterically stabilized liposomes (VIP on SSL) amplifies DNA synthesis evoked by the peptide in cultured chemically transformed hamster oral keratinocytes (HCPC-1) and, if so, whether this response in mediated, in part, by SSL-induced inactivation of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP; EC 3.4.24.11) and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE; EC 3.4.15.1), two ectoenzymes that modulate HCPC-1 cell growth, in these cells. We found that VIP (10(-9)-10(-6) M) alone elicited a modest, albeit significant, concentration-dependent increase in DNA synthesis in HCPC-1 cells that was maximal after 48-72-h incubation (p < 0.05). VIP on SSL potentiated DNA synthesis in these cells relative to VIP alone. The magnitude of VIP on SSL-induced responses was 1.2-1.6-fold higher than that of VIP alone with maximal effects observed at 10(-9) M and 10(-6) M after 72- and 48-h incubation, respectively. Empty SSL had no significant effects on DNA synthesis. Empty SSL and VIP on SSL had no significant effects on NEP 24.11 and ACE activity in HCPC-1 cells. Collectively, these data indicate that association of VIP with SSL potentiates DNA synthesis in cultured oral keratinocytes relative to VIP alone and that this response is not related to non-specific effects of SSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rubinstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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34
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Rechardt O, Elomaa O, Vaalamo M, Pääkkönen K, Jahkola T, Höök-Nikanne J, Hembry RM, Häkkinen L, Kere J, Saarialho-Kere U. Stromelysin-2 is upregulated during normal wound repair and is induced by cytokines. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:778-87. [PMID: 11069614 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stromelysin-2 is a matrix metalloproteinase that degrades in vitro several protein components relevant to wound repair such as collagens III and IV, gelatin, nidogen, laminin-1, proteoglycans, and elastin. Furthermore, it can activate other matrix metalloproteinases, such as collagenase-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1) and collagenase-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-8), as well as 92 kDa gelatinase. The aim of this study was to determine in a large variety of wounds (normally healing dermal and mucosal wounds, suction blisters, ex vivo cultures, diabetic, decubitus, rheumatic, and venous ulcers) and keratinocyte cultures, which factors contribute to stromelysin-2 expression and how it is induced in relation to other matrix metalloproteinases. Our results show that stromelysin-2 mRNA and protein are upregulated later (at 3 d) than matrix metalloproteinase-1 in normally healing wounds and ex vivo explants, in which stromelysin-2 is invariably expressed by keratinocytes migrating over dermal matrix. The number of keratinocytes expressing stromelysin-2 was greatest in chronic inflamed diabetic and venous ulcers compared with rheumatoid and decubitus ulcers, six of which had no signal. In keratinocyte cultures, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta1 induced stromelysin-2 expression as measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, whereas different matrices did not upregulate the mRNA. Immunostaining demonstrated stromal transforming growth factor-beta1 in contact with the stromelysin-2-positive keratinocytes. Our results suggest that stromelysin-2 expression is important for the normal repair process and is upregulated by cytokines rather than cell-matrix interactions. Stromelysin-2 is most likely to participate in the remodeling of the newly formed basement membrane, and is not overexpressed in retarded wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rechardt
- Departments of Dermatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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35
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Tomakidi P, Schuster G, Breitkreutz D, Kohl A, Ottl P, Komposch G. Organotypic cultures of gingival cells: an epithelial model to assess putative local effects of orthodontic plate and occlusal splint materials under more tissue-like conditions. Biomaterials 2000; 21:1549-59. [PMID: 10885727 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article explores whether organotypic cultures of immortalized gingival keratinocytes constitute a suitable model for assessing the epithelial cell compatibility of two groups of dental resins, each of them representing one group used in orthodontics and temporo-mandibular disorders (TMD) therapy under conditions more closely resembling the actual tissue situation. The resins were tested with the agar diffusion assay (ADA) in conventional monolayer and organotypic cultures. Compared to the control exhibiting a neutral red destaining index of 3, the index of 4 obtained after exposure of monolayers to one soft permanent resin (Durabase) indicated the presence of a non-lytic but physiologically active substance. In contrast, the adaptation of the ADA to organotypic cultures revealed no apparent lesions at the epithelial surface by performing scanning electron microscopy, while histoarchitecture indicated the development of stratified surface epithelia. This was substantiated by undamaged cells in the uppermost cell layers and by the preservation of cell-to-cell contacts. Furthermore, indirect immunofluorescence for Ki-67 and the cytokeratins ck 14 and ck4 revealed that cell proliferation and epithelial structure were maintained, while differentiation was enhanced, possibly increasing epithelial resistance. The results obtained from the organotypic cultures suggest that (i) cell-affecting effects of materials visible in monolayer cultures may not be seen in epithelia resembling that in vivo and that (ii) enhanced differentiation may be associated with increased stability of the epithelial cells. Thus, organotypic cultures of gingival cells constitute a tissue model allowing short-term tissue compatibility studies of dental materials and rendering a potential candidate also for long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tomakidi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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Rubinstein I. Smokeless tobacco potentiates VIP-induced DNA synthesis and inactivates NEP 24.11 in oral keratinocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 278:C391-6. [PMID: 10666035 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.278.2.c391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure of cultured chemically transformed hamster oral keratinocytes (HCPC-1) to an aqueous extract of smokeless tobacco (STE) potentiates DNA synthesis elicited by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), an autocrine neuropeptide, and, if so, whether this response is associated with inactivation of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP 24. 11), an ectoenzyme that cleaves and inactivates VIP very effectively, in these cells. I found that STE and VIP each elicited a modest, albeit significant, increase in DNA synthesis in cultured HCPC-1 cells (P < 0.05). However, incubation of HCPC-1 cells with STE together with VIP evoked a significant, concentration- dependent increase in DNA synthesis that was mediated by VIP receptors. The effects of STE and VIP were synergistic. Maximal response was observed after a 48-h incubation. STE significantly attenuated NEP 24.11 activity in HCPC-1 cells at a time when VIP-induced DNA synthesis was maximal. Collectively, these data indicate that STE potentiates VIP-induced DNA synthesis in cultured oral keratinocytes, and that this response is temporally related to STE-induced inactivation of NEP 24.11 in these cells. I suggest that NEP 24.11 modulates the mitogenic effects of smokeless tobacco in the oral epithelium, in part, by inactivating VIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rubinstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago; and West Side Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Ravanti L, Häkkinen L, Larjava H, Saarialho-Kere U, Foschi M, Han J, Kähäri VM. Transforming growth factor-beta induces collagenase-3 expression by human gingival fibroblasts via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:37292-300. [PMID: 10601295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.52.37292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human collagenase-3 (matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13)) is characterized by exceptionally wide substrate specificity and restricted tissue specific expression. Human skin fibroblasts in culture express MMP-13 only when they are in three-dimensional collagen (Ravanti, L., Heino, J., López-Otín, C., and Kähäri. V.-M. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 2446-2455). Here we show that MMP-13 is expressed by fibroblasts during normal human gingival wound repair. Expression of MMP-13 by human gingival fibroblasts cultured in monolayer or in collagen gel was induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). Treatment of gingival fibroblasts with TGF-beta1 activated two distinct mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs): extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in 15 min and p38 MAPK in 1 and 2 h. Induction of MMP-13 expression by TGF-beta1 was blocked by SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, but not by PD98059, a selective inhibitor of ERK1/2 activation. Adenovirus-mediated expression of dominant negative p38alpha and c-Jun potently inhibited induction of MMP-13 expression in gingival fibroblasts by TGF-beta1. Infection of gingival fibroblasts with adenovirus for constitutively active MEK1 resulted in activation of ERK1/2 and JNK1 and up-regulation of collagenase-1 (MMP-1) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) production but did not induce MMP-13 expression. In addition, activation of p38 MAPK by constitutively active MKK6b or MKK3b was not sufficient to induce MMP-13 expression. These results show that TGF-beta-elicited induction of MMP-13 expression by gingival fibroblasts is dependent on the activity of p38 MAPK and the presence of functional AP-1 dimers. These observations demonstrate a fundamental difference in the regulation of collagenolytic capacity between gingival and dermal fibroblasts and suggest a role for MMP-13 in rapid turnover of collagenous matrix during repair of gingival wounds, which heal with minimal scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ravanti
- Department of Dermatology, Turku University Central Hospital, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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DeCarlo AA, Grenett HE, Harber GJ, Windsor LJ, Bodden MK, Birkedal-Hansen B, Birkedal-Hansen H. Induction of matrix metalloproteinases and a collagen-degrading phenotype in fibroblasts and epithelial cells by secreted Porphyromonas gingivalis proteinase. J Periodontal Res 1998; 33:408-20. [PMID: 9842506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1998.tb02337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is characterized by advancement of a narrow band of epithelium (1-10 cells wide) through the collagenous periodontal ligament in response to bacterial accumulation and infection. A modulating role by epithelial cells in the progression of periodontitis was hypothesized due to the close proximity of the advancing epithelium to both the etiological bacteria and to the collagen fibers of the ligament. We demonstrate that rat mucosal epithelial cells and human fibroblasts are similarly stimulated to degrade a collagen type I cellular substrate by thiol-dependent activity released by the major periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. A purified, extracellular bacterial thiol-proteinase from P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 stimulated mucosal epithelial cells to upregulate expression of collagenase and stromelysin, and to degrade a collagen type I fibril matrix. Stimulation of the epithelial cells with this purified proteinase was associated with morphological changes in the cells and with accumulation of secreted latent procollagenase throughout the culture medium. Release of active collagenase was minimal and collagen degradation by the epithelial cells was discreet and localized subcellularly suggesting the possibility that activation of secreted procollagenase was cell-associated. We conclude that a collagen-degrading phenotype can be stimulated in relatively quiescent mucosal epithelial cells and fibroblasts by the presence of bacterial proteinase. These experiments suggest roles for the P. gingivalis thiol-proteinase and the epithelial cell in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and demonstrate the potential for dysregulation of extracellular matrix remodeling events during healing of other bacterially infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A DeCarlo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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S. Natah S, Hietanen J, Häyrinen-Immonen R, Jungell P, Malmström M, T. Konttinen Y. Expression of Cell Proliferation-associated Nuclear Antigen (Ki-67) in Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers(RAU). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.3353/omp.3.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sudbeck BD, Pilcher BK, Welgus HG, Parks WC. Induction and repression of collagenase-1 by keratinocytes is controlled by distinct components of different extracellular matrix compartments. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:22103-10. [PMID: 9268353 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.35.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In all forms of cutaneous wounds, collagenase-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1)) is invariably expressed by basal keratinocytes migrating over the dermal matrix. We report that native type I collagen mediates induction of MMP-1 by primary human keratinocytes. Collagen-mediated induction of MMP-1 was rapid, being detected 2 h after plating, and was transcriptionally regulated. As demonstrated by in situ hybridization, only migrating keratinocytes expressed MMP-1, suggesting that contact with collagen is not sufficient to induce MMP-1 expression in keratinocytes; the cells must also be migrating. Upon denaturation, type I collagen lost its ability to induce MMP-1 expression but still supported cell adhesion. Other dermal or wound matrix proteins, such as type III collagen, fibrin, and fibronectin, and a mixture of basement membrane proteins did not induce MMP-1 production. In the presence of collagen, laminin-1 inhibited induction of MMP-1 but laminin-5 did not. Taken together, these observations suggest that as basal keratinocytes migrate from the basal lamina onto the dermal matrix contact with native type I collagen induces MMP-1 expression. In addition, our findings suggest that re-establishment of the basement membrane and, in particular, contact with laminin-1 provides a potent signal to down-regulate MMP-1 production as the epithelium is repaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Sudbeck
- Department of Medicine (Dermatology), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Pilcher BK, Gaither-Ganim J, Parks WC, Welgus HG. Cell type-specific inhibition of keratinocyte collagenase-1 expression by basic fibroblast growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor. A common receptor pathway. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:18147-54. [PMID: 9218449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.29.18147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagenase-1 is invariantly expressed by migrating basal keratinocytes in all forms of human skin wounds, and its expression is induced by contact with native type I collagen. However, net differences in enzyme production between acute and chronic wounds may be modulated by soluble factors present within the tissue environment. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2) and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF, FGF-9), which are produced during wound healing, inhibited collagenase-1 expression by keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner. However, KGF was >100-fold more effective than bFGF at inhibiting collagenase-1 expression, suggesting that this differential signaling is transduced via an FGF receptor that binds these ligands with different affinities. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of human keratinocyte mRNA for fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) revealed expression of only FGFR-2 IIIb, the KGF-specific receptor, which also binds bFGF with low affinity, and FGFR-3 IIIb, which does not bind bFGF or KGF. FGFRs that bind bFGF with high affinity were not detected. Our results suggest that bFGF and KGF inhibit collagenase-1 expression through the KGF cell-surface receptor (FGFR-2 IIIb). Because bFGF induces collagenase-1 in most cell types, cell-specific expression of FGFR family members may dictate the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Pilcher
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Wollina U, Huschenbeck J, Knöll B, Sternberg B, Hipler UC. Vasoactive intestinal peptide supports induced migration of human keratinocytes and their colonization of an artificial polyurethane matrix. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1997; 70:29-36. [PMID: 9250579 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(97)00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), (D-Phe2)-VIP, (Lys-Pro-Arg-Tyr)-VIP and the VIP fragment (1-12) on induced migration and colonization in vitro. In confluent keratinocyte cultures "wounded" with a razor blade, the VIP-treated samples disclosed a more rapid migration from the wound margins into the wound bed, starting within the first 4 h. Almost 80% of the wounded area was covered within 24 h. In contrast, VIP-derivatives were not significantly different from controls, covering 10 to 18% of the wounded area (p < 0.02). Colonization has been assessed with an artificial non-toxic polyurethane matrix. In controls, we were able to observe migration of keratinocytes on the matrix within the first 24 h. The cells, however, were not able to migrate further and to survive. After 48 h, VIP-treated cultures showed a complete colonization of the matrix by keratinocytes vs. less than 10% of the total area in controls (p < 0.001). The induction of migration and of colonization was VIP-dose-dependent. The data indicate that induced migration is stimulated by VIP, when the N-terminal ending is intact, but loss of the C-terminus abrogates both migration and colonization. Our investigations have implications for wound healing but also for bioengineering of skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Wollina
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Germany.
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Tomakidi P, Fusenig NE, Kohl A, Komposch G. Histomorphological and biochemical differentiation capacity in organotypic co-cultures of primary gingival cells. J Periodontal Res 1997; 32:388-400. [PMID: 9210093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1997.tb00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To establish a three-dimensional in vitro test system mimicking the physiological situation of the oral cavity, organotypic co-cultures consisting of primary gingival cells on a collagen matrix with fibroblasts were generated. The histomorphological development after 7 and 14 d revealed close similarity with the non-keratinized gingiva epithelium. Furthermore, as epithelial specific markers synthesis and localization of keratins as well as the deposition of basement membrane components were assessed on frozen sections by immunofluorescence and keratin expression by in situ hybridization. Primary keratinocytes in conventional culture strained positive for keratin K14 and the mucosal differentiation-specific keratins K4 and K13, while primary fibroblasts, isolated from the same tissue source, and also some keratinocytes, were positive for vimentin. In organotypic co-cultures the keratinocytes formed a multilayered epithelium within 14 d containing basal cells and flattened cells in the uppermost layers. Comparable to native non-keratinized gingiva keratin 14 gene expression was clearly detectable in the basal cell compartment but showed extending immunolocalization. In addition, particularly at the early stage (7 d), basally located keratinocytes were also vimentin positive. According to morphological differentiation K4 and K13 were detectable in suprabasal position a the RNA and protein level. The major basement membrane constituents collagen type IV and laminin increased with time revealing first an interrupted and later a fully extended staining underneath the basal cells. Maintenance of basal cell function was further demonstrated by cell proliferation (BrdU incorporation) which was initially high (7 d) but declined towards the later stages (14-21 d). The results demonstrate i) that this co-culture system leads to a stratified surface epithelium with morphological and biochemical characteristics of the non-keratinized gingiva epithelium and ii) that a state of physiological tissue balance was reached, thus rendering a suitable model for tissue compatibility studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tomakidi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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