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Liu X, Li Q, Wang Y, Crawford M, Bhupal PK, Gao X, Xie H, Liang D, Cheng YSL, Liu X, Tsai RY. Designing a Mucoadhesive ChemoPatch to Ablate Oral Dysplasia for Cancer Prevention. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201561. [PMID: 35587597 PMCID: PMC9233056 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer has a high mortality rate, and its treatment often causes debilitating complications. More than 90% of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) that may develop from clinically recognizable oral premalignant lesions (OPLs). To eradicate OPLs before they turn into cancers, a non-invasive topical formulation is developed based on a novel combination of synergistically acting oxaliplatin (OXP) and mycophenolate (MPS) embedded in a controlled-release mucoadhesive patch fabricated by computer-aided 3D printing. After multiple rounds of testing and optimization, a v6.4 ChemoPatch is designed, which shows sustained release of OXP and MPS in vitro, minimal side leakage of drugs, an average elastic modulus of 2.38 MPa, and suitable drug stability at 4 °C or below for up to 12 months. In vivo analyses show almost all patches adhere to the dorsal tongue surface for 4 hours, and display a sustained release of OXP and MPS to tongue tissue for 3-4 hours. When applied in the 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced OPL rat model, the OXP-MPS patch significantly ablates dysplastic lesions with no damage to normal epithelial cells and minimal systemic absorption and side effects. This study reports the design of a novel mucoadhesive ChemoPatch as a noninvasive therapy to treat OPLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Liu
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry; Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University; Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Madeleine Crawford
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Parnit K. Bhupal
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiuqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University; Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Huan Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University; Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University; Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Yi-Shing Lisa Cheng
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry; Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry; Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Robert Y.L. Tsai
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Crawford M, Liu X, Cheng YSL, Tsai RY. Nucleostemin upregulation and STAT3 activation as early events in oral epithelial dysplasia progression to squamous cell carcinoma. Neoplasia 2021; 23:1289-1299. [PMID: 34785448 PMCID: PMC8605099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most low-grade oral epithelial dysplasia remains static or regress, but a significant minority of them (4-11%) advances to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) within a few years. To monitor the progression of epithelial dysplasia for early cancer detection, we investigated the expression profiles of nucleostemin (NS) and phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3) in rodent and human samples of dysplasia and OSCCs. In a 4NQO-induced rat oral carcinogenesis model, the number and distribution of NS and p-STAT3-positive cells increased in hyperplastic, dysplastic, and neoplastic lesions compared to normal epithelium. In human samples, the NS signal significantly increased in high-grade dysplasia and poorly differentiated OSCC, whereas p-STAT3 was more ubiquitously expressed than NS and showed increased intensity in high-grade dysplasia and both well and poorly differentiated OSCC. Analyses of human dysplastic samples with longitudinally followed outcomes revealed that cells with prominent nucleolar NS signals were more abundant in low-grade dysplasia that advanced to OSCC in 2 or 3 years than those remaining static for 7-14 years. These results suggest that NS upregulation and STAT3 activation are early events in the progression of low-grade dysplasia to OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Crawford
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 W Holcombe Blvd, Rm 517, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 W Holcombe Blvd, Rm 517, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Shing L Cheng
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
| | - Robert Yl Tsai
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 W Holcombe Blvd, Rm 517, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Melis M, Zhang T, Scognamiglio T, Gudas LJ. Mutations in long-lived epithelial stem cells and their clonal progeny in pre-malignant lesions and in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:1553-1564. [PMID: 32115621 PMCID: PMC7896111 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are the most common cancers of the oral cavity, but the molecular mechanisms driving OSCC carcinogenesis remain unclear. Our group previously established a murine OSCC model based on a 10-week carcinogen [4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO)] treatment. Here we used K14CreERTAM;Rosa26LacZ mice to perform lineage tracing to delineate the mutational profiles in clonal cell populations resulting from single, long-lived epithelial stem cells, here called LacZ+ stem cell clones (LSCCs). Using laser-capture microdissection, we examined mutational changes in LSCCs immediately after the 10-week 4-NQO treatment and >17 weeks after 4-NQO treatment. We found a 1.8-fold ±0.4 (P = 0.009) increase in single-nucleotide variants and insertions/deletions (indels) in tumor compared with pre-neoplastic LSCCs. The percentages of indels and of loss of heterozygosity events were 1.3-fold±0.3 (P = 0.02) and 2.2-fold±0.7 (P = 0.08) higher in pre-neoplastic compared with tumor LSCCs. Mutations in cell adhesion- and development-associated genes occurred in 83% of the tumor LSCCs. Frequently mutated genes in tumor LSCCs were involved in planar cell polarity (Celsr1, Fat4) or development (Notch1). Chromosomal amplifications in 50% of the tumor LSCCs occurred in epidermal growth factor receptor, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and cell adhesion pathways. All pre-neoplastic and tumor LSCCs were characterized by key smoking-associated changes also observed in human OSCC, C>A and G>T. DeconstructSigs analysis identified smoking and head and neck cancer as the most frequent mutational signatures in pre-neoplastic and tumor LSCCs. Thus, this model recapitulates a smoking-associated mutational profile also observed in humans and illustrates the role of LSCCs in early carcinogenesis and OSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Melis
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theresa Scognamiglio
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cornell University Joan and Sanford I Weill Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
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Rossa C, D'Silva NJ. Immune-relevant aspects of murine models of head and neck cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:3973-3988. [PMID: 30696955 PMCID: PMC6533118 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNCs) cause significant mortality and morbidity. There have been few advances in therapeutic management of HNC in the past 4 to 5 decades, which support the need for studies focusing on HNC biology. In recent years, increased recognition of the relevance of the host response in cancer progression has led to novel therapeutic strategies and putative biomarkers of tumor aggressiveness. However, tumor-immune interactions are highly complex and vary with cancer type. Pre-clinical, in vivo models represent an important and necessary step in understanding biological processes involved in development, progression and treatment of HNC. Rodents (mice, rats, hamsters) are the most frequently used animal models in HNC research. The relevance and utility of information generated by studies in murine models is unquestionable, but it is also limited in application to tumor-immune interactions. In this review, we present information regarding the immune-specific characteristics of the murine models most commonly used in HNC research, including immunocompromised and immunocompetent animals. The particular characteristics of xenograft, chemically induced, syngeneic, transgenic, and humanized models are discussed in order to provide context and insight for researchers interested in the in vivo study of tumor-immune interactions in HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rossa
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, UNESP-State University of Sao Paulo, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara - SP, Brazil. .,Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Nisha J D'Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Chen Y, Wang X, Fang J, Song J, Ma D, Luo L, He B, Xia J, Lui VWY, Cheng B, Wang Z. Mesenchymal stem cells participate in oral mucosa carcinogenesis by regulating T cell proliferation. Clin Immunol 2018; 198:46-53. [PMID: 30528889 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidences suggested that Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be involved in tumor formation by modulating of the tumor microenvironment, but it is still unclear the potential of MSCs in the malignant transformation of oral mucosa. Using a chemically-induced oral carcinogenesis model by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), we generated precancerous lesions and cancerous lesions in the oral cavity of rats. Flow cytometric analysis on lesions derived single cell suspension revealed an increase in the proportion of MSCs and a decreased proportion of T cell during oral mucosa malignancy. Moreover, MSCs showed increased immunosuppression capacity on T cell proliferation during mucosa malignancy. At last, we demonstrated that higher frequency of lesions resident MSCs was correlated with more Ki67 expression in the lesion, which indicated higher cellular proliferative status in the lesions. Our study demonstrated that MSCs may play an important role in oral mucosa malignant transformation through regulating T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 56, Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, CN 510000, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 56, Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, CN 510000, China
| | - Juan Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 56, Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, CN 510000, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 56, Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, CN 510000, China
| | - Da Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 56, Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, CN 510000, China
| | - Liqun Luo
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, CN 510275, China
| | - Bailin He
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, CN 510275, China
| | - Juan Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 56, Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, CN 510000, China
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, Area 39, CN 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Bin Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 56, Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, CN 510000, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 56, Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, CN 510000, China.
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Effectiveness of radiotherapy + ozone on tumoral tissue and survival in tongue cancer rat model. Auris Nasus Larynx 2018; 45:128-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Cabrera Ortega AA, Gonçalves VDP, Guimarães MR, Rossa Junior C, Spolidorio LC. Overexpression of Bcl-2, SOCS 1, 3 and Cdh 1, 2 are associated with the early neoplasic changes in modified 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced murine oral cancer model. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 45:573-80. [PMID: 26778638 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to assess histopathological changes and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bcl-2, suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1 and 3, Vimentin, TWIST1, and Cdh 1 and 2 in early stages of experimental oral carcinogenesis process using a shorter period of exposure to 4-nitroquinoline oxide (4-NQO) model. METHODS In this study, 20 rats were divided into control group (n = 10), sacrificed on the first day of the experiment, and experimental group (n = 10) treated with 50 ppm of 4-NQO solution dissolved in drinking water for 8 and 12 weeks. The histological sections were stained with H&E or subjected to immunohistochemistry for detecting PCNA, Bcl-2, SOCS 1 and 3, and STAT 3. Some specimens were used for verification of Vimentin expression, Cdh 1, Cdh 2, and TWIST1 by RT-qPCR. RESULTS At both 8 and 12 weeks, morphological changes occurred mainly in the posterior portion of the tongue and were limited to the epithelial tissue, including moderate to severe dysplasia at 8 weeks, and severe dysplasia with exacerbation of atypical cells at 12 weeks. Expression of SOCS 1 and 3 increased from 8 to 12 weeks (P < 0.05), whereas STAT 3 expression was reduced mainly at 12 weeks (P < 0.05) in comparison with the control group. The expression of all epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers (EMT) was increased after 12 weeks, reaching statistical significance (P < 0.05) for Cdh 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS Together, the results suggested that overexpression of Bcl-2, SOCS 1 and 3, and Cdh 1 and 2 is associated with the early neoplasic changes in modified 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced murine oral cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Alicia Cabrera Ortega
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Vinícius de Paiva Gonçalves
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Morgana Rodrigues Guimarães
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rossa Junior
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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de Paiva Gonçalves V, Ortega AAC, Guimarães MR, Curylofo FA, Junior CR, Ribeiro DA, Spolidorio LC. Chemopreventive Activity of Systemically Administered Curcumin on Oral Cancer in the 4-Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide Model. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:787-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius de Paiva Gonçalves
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery; Araraquara School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo State UNESP; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - Adriana Alicia C. Ortega
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery; Araraquara School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo State UNESP; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - Morgana R. Guimarães
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery; Araraquara School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo State UNESP; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - Fabiana Almeida Curylofo
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery; Araraquara School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo State UNESP; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - Carlos Rossa Junior
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery; Araraquara School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo State UNESP; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences; Federal University of São Paulo UNIFESP; Santos SP Brazil
| | - Luis C. Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology; Araraquara School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo State UNESP; Araraquara SP Brazil
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Noguti J, Alvarenga TA, Marchi P, Oshima CTF, Andersen ML, Ribeiro DA. The influence of sleep restriction on expression of apoptosis regulatory proteins p53, Bcl-2 and Bax following rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:222-8. [PMID: 25169245 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate whether sleep restriction (SR) could affect the mechanisms and pathways' essentials for cancer cells in tongue cancer induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide in Wistar rats. METHODS The animals were distributed into 4 groups of 5 animals each treated with 50 ppm 4 NQO solution through their drinking water for 4 and 12 weeks. The animals were submitted to sleep restriction for 21 days using the modified multiple platform method, which consisted of placing 5 rats in a cage (41 × 34 × 16 cm) containing 10 circular platforms (3.5 cm in diameter) with water 1 cm below the upper surface. The investigations were conducted using immunohistochemistry of p53, Bax and Bcl-2 proteins related to apoptosis and its pathways. RESULTS Although no histopathologic abnormalities were induced in the epithelium after 4 weeks of carcinogen exposure in all groups, in 12 weeks were observed pre-neoplastic lesions. Data analysis revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in 4 weeks group for p53, and for bcl-2. Following 12 weeks of 4NQO administration, we found significant differences between SR and control groups in p53, bax, and bcl-2 immunoexpression. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that sleep restriction exerted alterations in proteins associated with proliferation and apoptosis in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Noguti
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Noguti J, Alvarenga TA, Andersen ML, Tufik S, Oshima CTF, Ribeiro DA. The influence of sleep deprivation on expression of apoptosis regulatory proteins p53, bcl-2 and bax following rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2013; 10:247-53. [PMID: 23946744 PMCID: PMC3731968 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.113360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether paradoxical sleep deprivation could affects the mechanisms and pathways essentials for cancer cells in tongue cancer induced by 4-nitroquinole 1-oxide in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the animals were distributed into 4 groups of 5 animals each treated with 50 ppm 4 nitroquinoline 1 oxide (4 NQO) solution through their drinking water for 4 and 12 weeks. The animals were submitted to paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) for 72 h using the modified multiple platform method, which consisted of placing 5 mice in a cage (41 × 34 × 16 cm) containing 10 circular platforms (3.5 cm in diameter) with water 1 cm below the upper surface. The investigations were conducted using immunohistochemistry of p53, Bax and Bcl-2 proteins related to apoptosis and its pathways. Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test followed by the Dunn's test using SPSS software pack (version 1.0). P value < 0.05 was considered for statistic significance. Results: Although no histopathological abnormalities were induced in the epithelium after 4 weeks of carcinogen exposure in all groups, in 12 weeks were observed pre-neoplasic lesions. Data analysis revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in 4 weeks group for p53 and for bcl-2 and for all immunomarkers after 12 weeks of 4NQO administration. Conclusion: Our results reveal that sleep deprivation exerted alterations in proteins associated with proliferation and apoptosis in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Noguti
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil
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Minicucci E, Ribeiro D, da Silva G, Pardini M, Montovani J, Salvadori D. The role of the TP53 gene during rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:483-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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El-Rouby DH. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the chemopreventive role of lycopene in tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:664-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway following rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 88:176-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Animal models of cancer in the head and neck region. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 2:55-60. [PMID: 19565028 PMCID: PMC2702728 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2009.2.2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models that resemble the cancers of the head and neck region are of paramount importance in studying the carcinogenesis of these diseases. Although several methods for modeling cancer in the head and neck are available, none are fully satisfactory. Subcutaneous xenograft models of cancer in nude mice are often used in preclinical studies. However, these models are problematic in several aspects as they lack the specific interactions that exist between the tumor cells and their native environment. Establishment of tumors at the orthotopic sites restore these distinct patterns of interactions between the tumor and the host organs that are lost or altered when the tumors are established in ectopic sites. With regard to the transgenic model of cancer in the head and neck region, it should be kept in mind that the transgene used to drive the malignant transformation may not be representative of the carcinogenic process found in human tumors. Low penetrance of tumor formation also translates into high cost and time commitment in performing studies with transgenic models. In this review, we will discuss some of the commonly used methods for modeling cancer in the head and neck region including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck as well as thyroid carcinoma.
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No mutations found in exon 2 of gene p16CDKN2A during rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. J Mol Histol 2009; 40:71-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-009-9215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ribeiro DA, Grilli DG, Salvadori DMF. Genomic instability in blood cells is able to predict the oral cancer risk: an experimental study in rats. J Mol Histol 2008; 39:481-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-008-9187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Silva RN, Ribeiro DA, Salvadori DMF, Marques MEA. Placental glutathione S-transferase correlates with cellular proliferation during rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 59:61-8. [PMID: 17596925 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Taking into consideration that glutatione S-transferase (GST) and cellular proliferation play a crucial role during carcinogenesis, the goal of this study was to investigate the expression of placental GST, called GST-P, and proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) by means of immunohistochemistry during rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO). This is a useful model for studying oral squamous cell carcinoma phase by phase. Male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups of 10 animals each and treated with 50 ppm 4NQO solution by drinking water for 4, 12 or 20 weeks. Ten animals were used as negative control. GST-P positive foci were detected in non-neoplastic oral cells at 4 weeks of 4NQO administration. In the same way, GST-P positive cells were detected in pre-neoplastic lesions and squamous cell carcinomas induced after 12 and 20 weeks-treatment, respectively. None of the control animals expressed GST-P positive cells. Regarding cellular proliferation, PCNA positive nuclei were higher at 12 and 20 weeks following 4NQO exposure (p<0.05) when compared to negative control. These results suggest that the expression of GST-P is correlated with cellular proliferation, in which GST-P is associated with risk and progression of oral cancer, whereas PCNA is closely involved during neoplastic conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata N Silva
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Ribeiro DA, Kitakawa D, Domingues MAC, Cabral LAG, Marques MEA, Salvadori DMF. Survivin and inducible nitric oxide synthase production during 4NQO-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis: A possible relationship. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 83:131-7. [PMID: 17428462 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate, by immunohistochemistry, the expression of survivin and inducible nitric oxide synthase during 4NQO-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups of 10 animals each and treated with 50 ppm 4NQO solution through their drinking water for 4, 12, and 20 weeks. Ten animals were used as negative control. Although no histopathological abnormalities were induced in the epithelium after 4 weeks of carcinogen exposure, survivin and iNOS were expresssed (p<0.05) in some cells of the 'normal' oral epithelium. In pre-neoplastic lesions at 12 weeks following carcinogen exposure, the levels of survivin and iNOS were increased (p<0.05) when compared to negative control, being the strongest effect observed to iNOS. In well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma induced after 20 weeks of treatment with 4NQO, survivin and iNOS were expressed in some tumor cells. Lack of immunoreactivity for both markers was observed in the negative control group. Taken together, our results support the belief that expression of survivin and iNOS are early events during malignant transformation and conversion of the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil.
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19
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Kitakawa D, Cabral L, Marques M, Salvadori D, Ribeiro D. Medium-term tongue carcinogenesis assays: A comparative study between 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)-induced rat and dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster carcinogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeas.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Kanojia D, Vaidya MM. 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide induced experimental oral carcinogenesis. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:655-67. [PMID: 16448841 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human oral cancer is the sixth largest group of malignancies worldwide and single largest group of malignancies in the Indian subcontinent. Seventy percent of premalignant cancers appear from premalignant lesions. Only 8-10% of these lesions finally turn into malignancy. The appearance of these premalignant lesions is one distinct feature of human oral cancer. At present there is dearth of biomarkers to identify which of these lesions will turn into malignancy. Regional lymph node metastasis and locoregional recurrence are the major factors responsible for the limited survival of patients with oral cancer. Paucity of early diagnostic and prognostic markers is one of the contributory factors for higher mortality rates. Cancer is a multistep process and because of constrain in availability of human tissues from multiple stages of oral carcinogenesis including normal tissues, animal models are being widely used, aiming for the development of diagnostic and prognostic markers. A number of chemical carcinogens like coal tar, 20 methyl cholanthrene (20MC), 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) have been used in experimental oral carcinogenesis. However, 4NQO is the preferred carcinogen apart from DMBA in the development of experimental oral carcinogenesis. 4NQO is a water soluble carcinogen, which induces tumors predominantly in the oral cavity. It produces all the stages of oral carcinogenesis and several lines of evidences suggest that similar histological as well as molecular changes are observed in the human system. In the present review an attempt has been made to collate the information available on mechanisms of action of 4NQO, studies carried out for the development of biomarkers and chemopreventives agents using 4NQO animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kanojia
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410 208, India
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21
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Mognetti B, Di Carlo F, Berta GN. Animal models in oral cancer research. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:448-60. [PMID: 16266822 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biologically and clinically relevant animal models are essential in investigation of the progression of diseases and the elaboration of diagnostic or therapeutic protocols. The several rodent models used for in vivo evaluation for oral cancer employ chemical, transplantation and genetic (knockout and transgenic) induction methods. These models are described together with their advantages and disadvantages. Their optimization and application in future research may improve the early detection and treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mognetti
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biological and Clinical Science, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi, Orbassano (TO), Italy
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22
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Ribeiro DA, Salvadori DMF, Marques MEA. Abnormal expression of bcl-2 and bax in rat tongue mucosa during the development of squamous cell carcinoma induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Int J Exp Pathol 2006; 86:375-81. [PMID: 16309543 PMCID: PMC2517447 DOI: 10.1111/j.0959-9673.2005.00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis is a useful model for studying oral squamous cell carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of bcl-2 and bax during tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4NQO. Male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups of 10 animals each and treated with 50 ppm 4NQO solution through their drinking water for 4, 12 or 20 weeks. Ten animals were used as negative control. Although no histological changes were induced in the epithelium after 4 weeks of carcinogen exposure, bcl-2 and bax were over-expressed (P < 0.01) in all layers of the 'normal' epithelium. The expression levels were the same in all layers of epithelium for both the antibodies used (bcl-2 or bax). In dysplastic lesions at 12 weeks following carcinogen administration, the levels of bcl-2 and bax expression did not increase when compared to negative control with the immunoreactivity for bcl-2 being restricted to the superficial layer of epithelium. In well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma induced after 20 weeks of treatment with 4NQO, bcl-2 was expressed in some cells of tumour islands. On the other hand, immunostaining for bax was widely observed at the tumour nests. The labelling index for bcl-2 and bax showed an increase (P < 0.05) after only 4 weeks of 4NQO administration. In conclusion, our results suggest that abnormalities in the apoptosis pathways are associated with the development of persistent clones of mutated-epithelial cells in the oral mucosa. Bcl-2 and bax expression appears to be associated with a risk factor in the progression of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology, Center for Genotoxins and Carcinogens Evaluation, TOXICAN, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, SP, Brazil.
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23
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Assis GF, Ceolin DS, Marques MEA, Salvadori DMF, Ribeiro DA. Cigarette smoke affects apoptosis in rat tongue mucosa: role of bcl-2 gene family. J Mol Histol 2005; 36:483-9. [PMID: 16733793 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While it has been clearly demonstrated that smoking is the most significant exogenous factor involved in oral carcinogenesis, little is known about the global molecular and cellular changes that occur prior to the appearance of clinically detectable symptoms. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the expressivity of bcl-2, bax and PCNA in the rat tongue mucosa exposed to cigarette smoke by means of immunohistochemistry. A total of twelve male Wistar rats were distributed into 2 groups: negative control and experimental group exposed to cigarette smoke during 75 days. After experimental period, no histopathological changes in the tongue mucosa were detected in the negative control and the experimental group. On the other hand, an overexpression of bcl-2 was detected (p < 0.01) throughout all layers of the epithelium, whereas bax did not show significant differences (p > 0.05). Also, the labeling index for bcl-2 and bax showed an increase 75 days after cigarette exposure (p < 0.01). PCNA-labeling index did not show remarkable changes between groups. Taken together, our results show that bcl-2 is overexpressed in the rat tongue keratinocytes after cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson F Assis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Histology, Bauru School of Dentistry, USP, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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24
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Ribeiro DA, Fávero Salvadori DM, da Silva RN, Ribeiro Darros B, Alencar Marques ME. Genomic instability in non-neoplastic oral mucosa cells can predict risk during 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis. Oral Oncol 2004; 40:910-5. [PMID: 15380169 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis is a useful model for studying oral squamous cell carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of DNA damage induced by 4NQO in oral mucosa cells by the single cell gel (comet) assay. Male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups of 10 animals each and treated with 50 ppm 4NQO solution by drinking water for 4, 12 or 20 weeks. Ten animals were used as negative control. Statistically significant increase of DNA damage was observed in non-neoplastic oral cells at four weeks of 4NQO administration when compared with control (P < 0.05). The level of DNA damage was directly associated with the severity of histological changes. The results suggest that histologically normal tissue is able to harbor genetically unstable cells contributing to the initiation of oral carcinogenesis. Genomic instability appears to be associated with the risk and progression of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Patologia, Núcleo de Avaliação Toxicogenética e Cancerígena, TOXICAN, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr s/n, 18618 000, SP, Brazil.
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25
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Tang XH, Knudsen B, Bemis D, Tickoo S, Gudas LJ. Oral cavity and esophageal carcinogenesis modeled in carcinogen-treated mice. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:301-13. [PMID: 14734483 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0999-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is one of the most common human neoplasms, and prevention of these carcinomas requires a better understanding of the carcinogenesis process and a model system in which cancer chemoprevention agents can be tested. We have developed a mouse model using the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) in the drinking water to induce tumorigenesis in the mouse oral cavity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 4-NQO was delivered by tongue painting or drinking water to two mouse strains, CBA and C57Bl/6. The incidences of oral cavity carcinogenesis were then compared. In addition, we examined the expression of some of the molecular markers associated with the process of human oral cavity and esophageal carcinogenesis, such as keratin (K) 1, K14, p16, and epidermal growth factor receptor, by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS After treatment with 4-NQO in the drinking water, massive tumors were observed on the tongues of both CBA and C57Bl/6 female mice. Pathological analyses indicated that flat squamous dysplasias, exophytic papillary squamous tumors (papillomas), and invasive squamous cell carcinomas were present. Immunohistochemistry analyses showed that 4-NQO changed the expression patterns of the intermediate filament proteins K14 and K1. K14 was expressed in the epithelial suprabasal layers, in addition to the basal layer, in tongues from carcinogen-treated animals. In contrast, control animals expressed K14 only in the basal layer. Moreover, we observed more bromodeoxyuridine staining in the tongue epithelia of 4-NQO-treated mice. Reduced expression of the cell cycle inhibitor, p16, was observed, whereas 4-NQO treatment caused an increase in epidermal growth factor receptor expression in the mouse tongues. Interestingly, similar features of carcinogenesis, including multiple, large (up to 0.5 cm) exophytic papillary squamous tumors and invasive squamous cell carcinomas, increased bromodeoxyuridine staining, and increased K14 expression, were also observed in the esophagi of 4-NQO-treated mice. However, no tumors were observed in the remainder of digestive tract (including the forestomach, intestine, and colon) or in the lungs or livers of 4-NQO-treated mice. These results indicate that this murine 4-NQO-induced oral and esophageal carcinogenesis model simulates many aspects of human oral cavity and esophageal carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The availability of this mouse model should permit analysis of oral cavity and esophageal cancer development in various mutant and transgenic mouse strains. This model will also allow testing of cancer chemopreventive drugs in various transgenic mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Tang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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26
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Tamura I, Sakaki T, Chaqour B, Howard PS, Ikeo T, Macarak EJ. Correlation of P-cadherin and beta-catenin expression and phosphorylation with carcinogenesis in rat tongue cancer induced with 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Oral Oncol 2003; 39:506-14. [PMID: 12747976 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(03)00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques, we have investigated P-cadherin, beta-catenin, c-src and c-met protein expression, and phosphorylation of beta-catenin in a rat model of tongue cancer induced with 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were given either normal drinking water (controls) or 50 ppm 4NQO solution as drinking water for 16 and 20 weeks. This treatment produced dysplasia and well-differentiated squamous cell cancer in rat tongues after 16 and 20 weeks, respectively. In controls, P-cadherin and beta-catenin were expressed only in cell membranes of tongue suprabasal epithelial cells, whereas strong reaction to P-cadherin antibody was observed during carcinogenesis, especially in nests of cancer cells. However, dysplastic and cancer cells expressed beta-catenin not only in cell membranes but also in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. During carcinogenesis, immunohistochemical reaction to phosphotyrosine increased gradually. Reaction to the c-src product was strongest at the dysplastic stage and, to the c-met product, at the cancer stage. In addition, western blotting analysis showed a marked increase in the expression of beta-catenin and phosphotyrosine in dysplastic and cancer cells compared with the controls. Using immunoprecipitation and western blotting techniques, we found that phosphorylated beta-catenin gradually increased during carcinogenesis. These experiments demonstrate that cell-cell adhesion in epithelial cells was reduced by phosphorylation of beta-catenin and that beta-catenin overexpression in nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments during carcinogenesis and the production of the c-met product that is associated with the phosphorylation of beta-catenin in tongue cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Tamura
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan.
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27
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Nagler RM, Kerner H, Laufer D, Ben-Eliezer S, Minkov I, Ben-Itzhak O. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: the prevalence and prognostic roles of p53, Bcl-2, c-erbB-2 and apoptotic rate as related to clinical and pathological characteristics in a retrospective study. Cancer Lett 2002; 186:137-50. [PMID: 12213283 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the clinical characteristics and survival probability rates of 116 patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue. In 55 randomly selected patients these data were correlated with the immunohistological analysis of the tumor and apoptosis-related markers, p53, Bcl-2, c-erbB-2 (Her-2/neu), and to the apoptosis rate assessment by the terminal dUTP nick-end-labeling (TUNEL) method. The overall 5-year survival probability was 55%, which might be the result of the low incidence of smoking and/or alcohol consumption among the patients (21%), the early diagnosis (65% at Stages I-II) and the low histological grades (91% good-moderate). Radiotherapeutic or surgical treatment of the neck did not alter the survival probability achieved by local surgery for Stage I patients, but significantly improved survival for Stage II patients. Independent tumor-related variables which significantly worsened the probability of survival were found. Concomitant non-oral cancer was found to be a poor variable for prognosis prediction. Positive staining of p53, TUNEL (apoptosis rate), c-erbB-2 and Bcl-2 was found in 60, 48, 18 and 15% of the lesions, respectively (P<0.0001). The possible biological significance of these markers in tongue SCC is discussed in relation to the current literature, and an independent role for TUNEL and p53 is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Nagler
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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28
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Okazaki Y, Tanaka Y, Tonogi M, Yamane G. Investigation of environmental factors for diagnosing malignant potential in oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Oncol 2002; 38:562-73. [PMID: 12167434 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(01)00119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted in rats with early tongue carcinoma induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), in order to investigate the early diagnosis of malignant potential of epithelial dysplasia. The rat tongue lesions were classified by their severity into three groups corresponding to early cancer, dysplasia and no change. The grade of epithelial changes was determined according to 13 items of WHO Epithelial Dysplasia Criteria. The expression levels of p53 and Bcl-2 proteins were detected immunohistochemically, and apoptotic cells were detected using the TUNEL method. In addition, a p53 mutation by lesions was detected. The expression ratio of p53 protein was high in dysplasia, and the ratio of Bcl-2 protein was high in early cancer and dysplasia. The TUNEL-positive cells were observed primarily in the granular layers of the no change cells, and their numbers decreased as the cells shifted to the early cancer stage. The p53 mutation was detected using a microdissection method in dysplasia, where it was found in three out of nine lesions. All the mutations in dysplasia detected were on the same codon that was found to be mutated in the early cancer. These results indicate that the association between the p53 mutation and histological changes in carcinogenesis epithelial dysplasia is strong, and that both the identification of p53- and Bcl-2-positive epithelium, and decrease in the TUNEL positive ratio, were useful for the diagnosis of the malignant potential of precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okazaki
- Department of Oral Medicine, Tokyo Dental College 5-11-13 Sugano, Chiba 272-8513, Ichikawa City, Japan.
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