1
|
Pajulas A, Zhang J, Kaplan MH. The World according to IL-9. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:7-14. [PMID: 37339404 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the cytokines regulating immune cells, IL-9 has gained considerable attention for its ability to act on multiple cell types as a regulator of beneficial and pathologic immune responses. Yet, it is still not clearly defined how IL-9 impacts immune responses. IL-9 demonstrates a remarkable degree of tissue-specific functionality and has cellular sources that vary by tissue site and the context of the inflammatory milieu. Here, we provide perspective to summarize the biological activities of IL-9 and highlight cell type-specific roles in the immune pathogenesis of diseases. This perspective will be important in defining the diseases where targeting IL-9 as a therapeutic strategy would be beneficial and where it has the potential to complicate clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jilu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hardman CS, Chen YL, Wegrecki M, Ng SW, Murren R, Mangat D, Silva JP, Munro R, Chan WY, O'Dowd V, Doyle C, Mori P, Popplewell A, Rossjohn J, Lightwood D, Ogg GS. CD1a promotes systemic manifestations of skin inflammation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7535. [PMID: 36477177 PMCID: PMC9729296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory skin conditions are increasingly recognised as being associated with systemic inflammation. The mechanisms connecting the cutaneous and systemic disease are not well understood. CD1a is a virtually monomorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule, highly expressed by skin and mucosal Langerhans cells, and presents lipid antigens to T-cells. Here we show an important role for CD1a in linking cutaneous and systemic inflammation in two experimental disease models. In human CD1a transgenic mice, the toll-like receptor (TLR)7 agonist imiquimod induces more pronounced splenomegaly, expansion of the peripheral blood and spleen T cell compartments, and enhanced neutrophil and eosinophil responses compared to the wild-type, accompanied by elevated skin and plasma cytokine levels, including IL-23, IL-1α, IL-1β, MCP-1 and IL-17A. Similar systemic escalation is shown in MC903-induced skin inflammation. The exacerbated inflammation could be counter-acted by CD1a-blocking antibodies, developed and screened in our laboratories. The beneficial effect is epitope dependent, and we further characterise the five best-performing antibodies for their capacity to modulate CD1a-expressing cells and ameliorate CD1a-dependent systemic inflammatory responses. In summary, we show that a therapeutically targetable CD1a-dependent pathway may play a role in the systemic spread of cutaneous inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare S Hardman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Soo Weei Ng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carl Doyle
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | | | | | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shimizu Y, Horigane-Konakai Y, Ishii Y, Sugimoto C, Wakao H. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells repress group 2 innate lymphoid cells in Alternaria alternata-induced model of allergic airway inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1005226. [PMID: 36458017 PMCID: PMC9706205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a blossoming member of the innate-like T cells, play a pivotal role in host defense through engaging the mucosal immunity. Although it has been suggested that MAIT cells are somehow implicated in the allergic airway inflammation mediated by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) such as asthma, the precise role(s) of MAIT cells in such inflammation has remained elusive. To explore the possible roles of MAIT cells in the inflammation, we examined whether MAIT cells suppressed the production of T helper (Th) 2 and inflammatory cytokines from ILC2s, and constrained the proliferation of ILC2s, both of which are prerequisite for airway inflammation. Given that laboratory mice are poor at MAIT cells, a novel mouse line rich in MAIT cells was used. We found that mice rich in MAIT cells showed alleviated airway inflammation as evidenced by reduced infiltration of the immune cells and hyperplasia in goblet cells in the lung concomitant with compromised production of Th2 and inflammatory cytokines, while wild type mice exhibited severe inflammation upon challenge with the fungal extracts. In vitro coculture experiments using purified ILC2s and MAIT cells unrevealed that cytokine-stimulated MAIT cells suppressed ILC2s to produce the cytokines as well as to proliferate most likely via production of IFN-γ. Furthermore, reconstitution of the allergic airway inflammation in the highly immunocompromised mice showed that ILC2-mediated inflammation was alleviated in mice that received MAIT cells along with ILC2s. We concluded that MAIT cells played a crucial role in suppressing the cytokine-producing capacity of ILC2s and ILC2 proliferation, that ultimately led to decrease in the allergic airway inflammation. The results open up a novel therapeutic horizon in ILC2-mediated inflammatory diseases by modulating MAIT cell activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Shimizu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
- Respiratory Endoscopy Center, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yukiko Horigane-Konakai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshii Ishii
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- Host Defense Division, Research Center for Advanced Medical Science, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wakao
- Host Defense Division, Research Center for Advanced Medical Science, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jeong J, Lee HK. The Role of CD4 + T Cells and Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11822. [PMID: 34769255 PMCID: PMC8584410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma, a chronic respiratory disease involving variable airflow limitations, exhibits two phenotypes: eosinophilic and neutrophilic. The asthma phenotype must be considered because the prognosis and drug responsiveness of eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma differ. CD4+ T cells are the main determinant of asthma phenotype. Th2, Th9 and Tfh cells mediate the development of eosinophilic asthma, whereas Th1 and Th17 cells mediate the development of neutrophilic asthma. Elucidating the biological roles of CD4+ T cells is thus essential for developing effective asthma treatments and predicting a patient's prognosis. Commensal bacteria also play a key role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Beneficial bacteria within the host act to suppress asthma, whereas harmful bacteria exacerbate asthma. Recent literature indicates that imbalances between beneficial and harmful bacteria affect the differentiation of CD4+ T cells, leading to the development of asthma. Correcting bacterial imbalances using probiotics reportedly improves asthma symptoms. In this review, we investigate the effects of crosstalk between the microbiota and CD4+ T cells on the development of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Knockout of MicroRNA-155 Ameliorates the Th17/Th9 Immune Response and Promotes Wound Healing. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:954-964. [PMID: 31845227 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
MiRNAs are integral for maintaining immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. In this study, qPCR analyses were performed to determine which miRNAs play an important role in wound healing. Next, an experiment in a model of wound healing was performed, and histology, mRNA expression and T-cell subpopulations in wound tissue were analyzed. The accelerated experiments were performed by local injection of either rIL-17A and/or rIL-9 after wound healing. In vitro, the differentiation of Th17/Th9 in miR-155+/+ or miR-155-/- mice was investigated, and the target genes of miR155 were analyzed. From our findings, miR-155-/- in mice promoted wound healing and weakened T cell-mediated inflammation, especially in IL-17/IL-9, and less severe skin fibrosis developed in the mice. rIL-17A and/or rIL-9 could exacerbate inflammatory injury and delay wound healing. We also demonstrated that miR-155-/- led to a defect in the differentiation of Th17/Th9 in vitro, and this effect of IL-17/IL-9 might be related to the expression of C-maf, which is a target gene of miR155. MiR-155 regulated IL-17/IL-9-related inflammation in wound healing and might be a potential therapeutic target to attenuate the inflammatory response in wound tissue and promote the closure of wound injuries.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhan T, Ma H, Jiang S, Zhong Z, Wang X, Li C, Yu D, Liu L, Xu J, Xia C. Interleukin-9 blockage reduces early hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis during Schistosoma japonicum infection in mice. Immunology 2019; 158:296-303. [PMID: 31436861 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis induced by schistosomes is regulated by a complex network of cytokines. T helper type 9 (Th9) cells are a new type of effector T helper cells, which mainly secrete the specific cytokine interleukin-9 (IL-9). Interleukin-9 has been shown to contribute to liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B and in a mouse model due to carbon tetrachloride. However, the role of IL-9 in schistosomiasis fibrosis remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of IL-9 in schistosomiasis through in vivo and in vitro studies. The in vivo studies found that neutralization of IL-9 reduced liver granulomatous inflammation and collagen deposition around parasite eggs. The in vitro studies found that the treatment of primary hepatic stellate cells with IL-9 induced a significant increase of collagen and α-smooth-muscle actin. Moreover, we also described the dynamics and relevance of IL-9 and IL-4 in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. We found that IL-9 might appear more quickly and at higher levels than IL-4. Hence, our findings indicated that IL-9 might play a role in regulating hepatic fibrosis in early-stage schistosomiasis and become a promising approach for regulating hepatic fibrosis caused by S. japonicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingzheng Zhan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Suqin Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zirong Zhong
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chaoming Xia
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Varricchi G, Rossi FW, Galdiero MR, Granata F, Criscuolo G, Spadaro G, de Paulis A, Marone G. Physiological Roles of Mast Cells: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2019. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 179:247-261. [PMID: 31137021 DOI: 10.1159/000500088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are immune cells which have a widespread distribution in nearly all tissues. These cells and their mediators are canonically viewed as primary effector cells in allergic disorders. However, in the last years, mast cells have gained recognition for their involvement in several physiological and pathological conditions. They are highly heterogeneous immune cells displaying a constellation of surface receptors and producing a wide spectrum of inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators. These features enable the cells to act as sentinels in harmful situations as well as respond to metabolic and immune changes in their microenvironment. Moreover, they communicate with many immune and nonimmune cells implicated in several immunological responses. Although mast cells contribute to host responses in experimental infections, there is no satisfactory model to study how they contribute to infection outcome in humans. Mast cells modulate physiological and pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, but their role in tumor initiation and development is still controversial. Cardiac mast cells store and release several mediators that can exert multiple effects in the homeostatic control of different cardiometabolic functions. Although mast cells and their mediators have been simplistically associated with detrimental roles in allergic disorders, there is increasing evidence that they can also have homeostatic or protective roles in several pathophysiological processes. These findings may reflect the functional heterogeneity of different subsets of mast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Wanda Rossi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Francescopaolo Granata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Gjada Criscuolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy, .,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy, .,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy, .,Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), CNR, Naples, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Roy S, Awasthi A. ATP Triggers Human Th9 Cell Differentiation via Nitric Oxide-Mediated mTOR-HIF1α Pathway. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1120. [PMID: 31164892 PMCID: PMC6536008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 9 (IL-9)-producing helper T (Th9) cells have a crucial effector function in inducing allergic inflammation, autoimmunity, immunity to extracellular pathogens and anti-tumor immune responses. Although the cytokines that lead to the differentiation of human Th9 cells have been identified, other factors that support the differentiation of Th9 cells have not been identified yet. Here we show that the extracellular ATP (eATP) induces the differentiation of Th9 cells. We further show that eATP induces the production of nitric oxide (NO), which create a feed forward loop in the differentiation of human Th9 cells, as inhibition of purinergic receptor signaling suppressed the generation of human Th9 cells while exogenous NO could rescue generation of Th9 cells even upon inhibition of purinergic receptor signaling. Moreover, we show that ATP promotes mTOR and HIF1α dependent generation of Th9 cells. Our findings thus identify that ATP induced nitric oxide potentiate HIF1α-mediated metabolic pathway that leads to IL-9 induction in Th9 cells. Here we identified that the ATP-NO-mTOR-HIF1α axis is essential for the generation of human Th9 cells and modulation of this axis may lead to therapeutic intervention of Th9-associated disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suyasha Roy
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vieira RDS, Castoldi A, Basso PJ, Hiyane MI, Câmara NOS, Almeida RR. Butyrate Attenuates Lung Inflammation by Negatively Modulating Th9 Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:67. [PMID: 30761137 PMCID: PMC6361737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Th9 cells orchestrate allergic lung inflammation by promoting recruitment and activation of eosinophils and mast cells, and by stimulating epithelial mucus production, which is known to be mainly dependent on IL-9. These cells share developmental pathways with induced regulatory T cells that may determine the generation of one over the other subset. In fact, the FOXP3 transcription factor has been shown to bind il9 locus and repress IL-9 production. The microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) butyrate and propionate have been described as FOXP3 inducers and are known to have anti-inflammatory properties. While SCFAs attenuate lung inflammation by inducing regulatory T cells and suppressing Th2 responses, their effects on Th9 cells have not been addressed yet. Therefore, we hypothesized that SCFAs would have a protective role in lung inflammation by negatively modulating differentiation and function of Th9 cells. Our results demonstrated that butyrate is more effective than propionate in promoting FOXP3 expression and IL-9 repression. In addition, propionate was found to negatively impact in vitro differentiation of IL-13-expressing T cells. Butyrate treatment attenuated lung inflammation and mucus production in OVA-challenged mice, which presented lower frequency of lung-infiltrated Th9 cells and eosinophils. Both Th9 cell adoptive transfer and IL-9 treatment restored lung inflammation in butyrate-treated OVA-challenged mice, indicating that the anti-inflammatory effects of butyrate may rely on suppressing Th9-mediated immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel de Souza Vieira
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Basso
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meire Ioshie Hiyane
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ribeiro Almeida
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (InCor) School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yazdani R, Shapoori S, Rezaeepoor M, Sanaei R, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, Azizi G, Rae W, Aghamohammadi A, Rezaei N. Features and roles of T helper 9 cells and interleukin 9 in immunological diseases. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2019; 47:90-104. [PMID: 29703631 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
T helper 9 (TH9) cells are considered as newly classified helper T cells that have an important role in the regulation of immune responses. Since these cells preferentially produce IL-9, these cells are termed TH9 cells. Recently, the role of TH9 and its signature cytokine (IL-9) has been investigated in a wide range of diseases, including autoimmunity, allergy, infections, cancer and immunodeficiency. Herein, we review the most recent data concerning TH9 cells and IL-9 as well as their roles in disease. These insights suggest that TH9 cells are a future target for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
11
|
Benevides L, Costa RS, Tavares LA, Russo M, Martins GA, da Silva LLP, Arruda LK, Cunha FQ, Carregaro V, Silva JS. B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 controls T H9 cell development, IL-9 production, and allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1119-1130.e3. [PMID: 30096391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcriptional repressor B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) has a key role in terminal differentiation in various T-cell subtypes. However, whether Blimp-1 regulates TH9 differentiation and its role in allergic inflammation are unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the role of Blimp-1 in TH9 differentiation and in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation. METHODS In vitro TH9 differentiation, flow cytometry, ELISA, and real-time PCR were used to investigate the effects of Blimp-1 on TH9 polarization. T cell-specific Blimp-1-deficient mice, a model of allergic airway inflammation, and T-cell adoptive transfer to recombination-activating gene 1 (Rag-1)-/- mice were used to address the role of Blimp-1 in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. RESULTS We found that Blimp-1 regulates TH9 differentiation because deleting Blimp-1 increased IL-9 production in CD4+ T cells in vitro. In addition, we showed that in T cell-specific Blimp-1-deficient mice, deletion of Blimp-1 in T cells worsened airway disease, and this worsening was inhibited by IL-9 neutralization. In asthmatic patients CD4+ T cells in response to TGF-β plus IL-4 increased IL-9 expression and downregulated Blimp-1 expression compared with expression in healthy control subjects. Blimp-1 overexpression in human TH9 cells inhibited IL-9 expression. CONCLUSION Blimp-1 is a pivotal negative regulator of TH9 differentiation and controls allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Benevides
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Renata Sesti Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lucas Alves Tavares
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo
| | - Gislâine A Martins
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute and Department of Medicine and Biomedical Science, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Luis Lamberti P da Silva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - L Karla Arruda
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Fiocruz-Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Platform, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tumes DJ, Papadopoulos M, Endo Y, Onodera A, Hirahara K, Nakayama T. Epigenetic regulation of T-helper cell differentiation, memory, and plasticity in allergic asthma. Immunol Rev 2018; 278:8-19. [PMID: 28658556 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 300 million people currently suffer from asthma, which causes approximately 250 000 deaths a year. Allergen-specific T-helper (Th) cells produce cytokines that induce many of the hallmark features of asthma including airways hyperreactivity, eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and airway remodeling. Cytokine-producing Th subsets including Th1 (IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), Th9 (IL-9), Th17 (IL-17), Th22 (IL-22), and T regulatory (IL-10) cells have all been suggested to play a role in the development of asthma. Th differentiation involves genetic regulation of gene expression through the concerted action of cytokines, transcription factors, and epigenetic regulators. We describe how Th differentiation and plasticity is regulated by epigenetic histone and DNA modifications, with a focus on the regulation of histone methylation by members of the polycomb and trithorax complexes. In addition, we outline environmental influences that could influence epigenetic regulation of Th cells and discuss the potential to regulate Th plasticity and function through drugs targeting the epigenetic machinery. It is also becoming apparent that epigenetic regulation of allergen-specific memory Th cells may be important in the development and persistence of chronic allergies. Finally, we describe how epigenetic modifiers regulate cytokine memory in Th cells and describe recently identified hybrid, plastic, and pathogenic memory Th subsets the context of allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damon J Tumes
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Onodera
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Garo LP, Beynon V, Murugaiyan G. Flow Cytometric Assessment of STAT Molecules in Th9 Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1585:127-140. [PMID: 28477192 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6877-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-9-producing Th9 cells are a novel subset of T helper cells that develop independently of other T helper subsets. Th9 cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma and autoimmunity, while also serving as critical effector T cells in mediating antitumor immune responses. Concomitant presence of TGF-β and IL-4 lead to the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells towards the Th9 phenotype. In addition, several cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-25, and IL-33, further amplify Th9 responses. Negative regulators of Th9 cells include other cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-23, and IL-27. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the analysis of STAT molecules involved in the differentiation of Th9 cells and Th9 inhibition by IL-27.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucien P Garo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vanessa Beynon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gopal Murugaiyan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhan T, Zhang T, Wang Y, Wang X, Lin C, Ma H, Duan Z, Li C, Xu J, Xia C. Dynamics of Th9 cells and their potential role in immunopathogenesis of murine schistosomiasis. Parasit Vectors 2017. [PMID: 28646920 PMCID: PMC5483263 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg and Tfh cells play important roles in schistosomiasis. Th9 cells secrete IL-9 as a signature cytokine and contribute to several classes of inflammatory disease. However, the effects of Th9 cells in schistosomiasis are unknown. We aimed to explore the dynamic changes and potential roles of Th9 cells in the pathogenesis of hepatic egg granulomatous inflammation in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Methods Twenty mice with S. japonicum infection and five normal controls (NC) were used as models. The average areas of egg granulomas were estimated by hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) staining. Hepatic IL-9 and transcription factor PU.1 levels were detected by immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry techniques were used to analyze the proportions of Th9 cells. With the help of ELISA, serum levels of IL-9 were examined. Results The egg granulomas began to form from four weeks after infection and continued to develop. In parallel with the development of egg granulomas, the hepatic levels of IL-9 and PU.1 increased very slowly during the first four weeks post-infection and increased rapidly thereafter. Moreover, the proportions of splenic Th9 cells and levels of serum IL-9 had similar developmental trends with the egg granulomas. Conclusion The proliferation of Th9 cells and levels of IL-9 were significantly higher in S. japonicum-infected mice compared to NC. In addition, dynamic changes of Th9 and IL-9 were synchronous with the developmental trend of hepatic egg granulomatous inflammation, suggesting that Th9 cells might be a new subset in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingzheng Zhan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Department of Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu, 233030, China
| | - Cai Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhongliang Duan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chaoming Xia
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Since the discovery of IL-9 almost three decades back as a growth factor, we have come a long way to understand its pleiotropic functions in the immune system. Despite its many functions, IL-9 still remains as an understudied cytokine. In the last decade, renewed emphasis has been provided to understand the biology of IL-9. Any growth factor or cytokine signals via its cognate receptor to mediate biological functions. In this chapter, we discuss the IL-9 signal transduction in different cell types, which would then exert its distinct functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dijendra Nath Roy
- Department of Bioengineering, National Institute of Technology, NIT-Agartala, Jirania, 799046, Tripura, India
| | - Ritobrata Goswami
- School of Bio Science, Sir JC Bose Laboratory Complex, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Interleukin 9 secreting TH9 cells have been proposed as the latest addition to the family of T helper cell subsets. While a growing body of evidence from animal models points to important roles for these cells in allergic inflammation of the lung, autoinflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, and tumor immunity, their role in skin immunity and skin immunopathology remains poorly defined. Interestingly, studies of T helper cells from healthy humans suggest that TH9 cells are predominantly skin-homing and skin-resident and that they are involved in protection against extracellular pathogens. Thus, TH9 cells have entered the stage as potential mediators of cutaneous pathology. However, under which conditions and by which mechanisms these cells contribute to skin immunity and disease still has to be investigated. Here, we review our current understanding of TH9 cells as skin-tropic T helper cells and their involvement in skin pathology. Further, we discuss open questions with regard to the intricate nature of interleukin 9 producing T helper cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Schlapbach
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Heck S, Nguyen J, Le DD, Bals R, Dinh QT. Pharmacological Therapy of Bronchial Asthma: The Role of Biologicals. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016; 168:241-52. [PMID: 26895179 DOI: 10.1159/000443930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a heterogeneous, complex, chronic inflammatory and obstructive pulmonary disease driven by various pathways to present with different phenotypes. A small proportion of asthmatics (5-10%) suffer from severe asthma with symptoms that cannot be controlled by guideline therapy with high doses of inhaled steroids plus a second controller, such as long-acting β2 agonists (LABA) or leukotriene receptor antagonists, or even systemic steroids. The discovery and characterization of the pathways that drive different asthma phenotypes have opened up new therapeutic avenues for asthma treatment. The approval of the humanized anti-IgE antibody omalizumab for the treatment of severe allergic asthma has paved the way for other cytokine-targeting therapies, particularly those targeting interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-23 and the epithelium-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Knowledge of the molecular basis of asthma phenotypes has helped, and continues to help, the development of novel biologicals that target a diverse array of phenotype-specific molecular targets in patients suffering from severe asthma. This review summarizes potential therapeutic approaches that are likely to show clinical efficacy in the near future, focusing on biologicals as promising novel therapies for severe asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heck
- Department of Experimental Pneumology and Allergology, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hoppenot D, Malakauskas K, Lavinskiene S, Sakalauskas R. p-STAT6, PU.1, and NF-κB are involved in allergen-induced late-phase airway inflammation in asthma patients. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:122. [PMID: 26466682 PMCID: PMC4606997 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous in vitro and animal studies demonstrated that transcription factors p-STAT6 and PU.1 are required to induce interleukin (IL)-9 secretion by T helper (Th) 9 cells. It is believed that n factor-kappaB (NF-κB) plays a role in eosinophil survival. The importance of these transcription factors in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma (AA) in humans is poorly understood. We evaluated p-STAT6 and PU.1 expression in peripheral blood Th9 cells and NF-κB expression in eosinophils during late-phase airway inflammation in AA patients. Methods Nineteen adults with AA and 14 adult healthy individuals (HI) were examined. Peripheral blood collected 24 h before (baseline) and 24 h after bronchial allergen challenge. CD4+ cells and eosinophils were isolated by high-density gradient centrifugation and magnetic separation. The percentage of Th9 cells and apoptotic eosinophils was estimated by flow cytometry. p-STAT6 and PU.1 expression was expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in Th9 cells. NF-κB levels were expressed as MFI in peripheral blood eosinophils. Serum IL-9 and IL-5 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results At baseline, MFI of p-STAT6 and PU.1 in peripheral blood Th9 cells and MFI of NF-κB in eosinophils and, serum IL-5 and IL-9 levels were greater in AA patients (P < 0.05). Decreased eosinophil apoptosis was seen in the AA group compared with HI (P < 0.05). MFI of p-STAT6, PU.1, and NF-κB and serum levels of IL-5 and IL-9 were increased in the AA group 24 h after challenge compared with baseline (P < 0.05). In the AA group, a correlation between serum IL-9 and Th9 cells (r = 0.7, P = 0.001) and MFI of PU.1 (r = 0.6, P = 0.01) 24 h after bronchial allergen challenge was observed. A correlation between Th9 cells and MFI of p-STAT6 (r = 0.45, P = 0.03) as well as MFI of PU.1 (r = 0.5, P = 0.02) 24 h after challenge was only observed in AA patients. A correlation between the MFI of NF-κB and eosinophil apoptosis was observed in AA patients 24 h before (r = −0.46, P = 0.02) and after (r = −0.5, P = 0.02) challenge. Discussions p-STAT6 and PU.1 may be associated with Th9 cells and IL-9 production, whereas NF-κB and IL-5 may be associated with reduced eosinophil apoptosis in allergen-induced late-phase airway inflammation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02214303 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12890-015-0119-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deimante Hoppenot
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Kestutis Malakauskas
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania. .,Laboratory of Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academ, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Simona Lavinskiene
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania. .,Laboratory of Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academ, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Raimundas Sakalauskas
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Monteiro M, Agua-Doce A, Almeida CF, Fonseca-Pereira D, Veiga-Fernandes H, Graca L. IL-9 Expression by Invariant NKT Cells Is Not Imprinted during Thymic Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3463-71. [PMID: 26297763 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cell thymic development can lead to distinct committed effector lineages, namely NKT1, NKT2, and NKT17. However, following identification of IL-9-producing iNKT cells involved in mucosal inflammation, their development remains unaddressed. In this study, we report that although thymic iNKT cells from naive mice do not express IL-9, iNKT cell activation in the presence of TGF-β and IL-4 induces IL-9 secretion in murine and human iNKT cells. Acquisition of IL-9 production was observed in different iNKT subsets defined by CD4, NK1.1, and neuropilin-1, indicating that distinct functional subpopulations are receptive to IL-9 polarization. Transcription factor expression kinetics suggest that regulatory mechanisms of IL-9 expression are shared by iNKT and CD4 T cells, with Irf4 and Batf deficiency deeply affecting IL-9 production. Importantly, adoptive transfer of an enriched IL-9(+) iNKT cell population leads to exacerbated allergic inflammation in the airways upon intranasal immunization with house dust mite, confirming the ability of IL-9-producing iNKT cells to mediate proinflammatory effects in vivo, as previously reported. Taken together, our data show that peripheral iNKT cells retain the capacity of shaping their function in response to environmental cues, namely TGF-β and IL-4, adopting an IL-9-producing NKT cell phenotype able to mediate proinflammatory effects in vivo, namely granulocyte and mast cell recruitment to the lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Monteiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Agua-Doce
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina F Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diogo Fonseca-Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and
| | - Henrique Veiga-Fernandes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Klein M, Brühl TJ, Staudt V, Reuter S, Grebe N, Gerlitzki B, Hoffmann M, Bohn T, Ulges A, Stergiou N, de Graaf J, Löwer M, Taube C, Becker M, Hain T, Dietzen S, Stassen M, Huber M, Lohoff M, Campos Chagas A, Andersen J, Kotál J, Langhansová H, Kopecký J, Schild H, Kotsyfakis M, Schmitt E, Bopp T. Tick Salivary Sialostatin L Represses the Initiation of Immune Responses by Targeting IRF4-Dependent Transcription in Murine Mast Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:621-31. [PMID: 26078269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution of ticks and the vertebrate immune system has led to the development of immunosuppressive molecules that prevent immediate response of skin-resident immune cells to quickly fend off the parasite. In this article, we demonstrate that the tick-derived immunosuppressor sialostatin L restrains IL-9 production by mast cells, whereas degranulation and IL-6 expression are both unaffected. In addition, the expression of IL-1β and IRF4 is strongly reduced in the presence of sialostatin L. Correspondingly, IRF4- or IL-1R-deficient mast cells exhibit a strong impairment in IL-9 production, demonstrating the importance of IRF4 and IL-1 in the regulation of the Il9 locus in mast cells. Furthermore, IRF4 binds to the promoters of Il1b and Il9, suggesting that sialostatin L suppresses mast cell-derived IL-9 preferentially by inhibiting IRF4. In an experimental asthma model, mast cell-specific deficiency in IRF4 or administration of sialostatin L results in a strong reduction in asthma symptoms, demonstrating the immunosuppressive potency of tick-derived molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till-Julius Brühl
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Valérie Staudt
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reuter
- III. Medical Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Grebe
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bastian Gerlitzki
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Toszka Bohn
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Ulges
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Natascha Stergiou
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jos de Graaf
- Translational Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Löwer
- Translational Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Becker
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Hain
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Dietzen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Huber
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrezza Campos Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - John Andersen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Jan Kotál
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and
| | - Helena Langhansová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecký
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michalis Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mortuaire G, Gengler I, Vandenhende-Szymanski C, Delbeke M, Gatault S, Chevalier D, Prin L, Capron M. Immune profile modulation of blood and mucosal eosinophils in nasal polyposis with concomitant asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 114:299-307.e2. [PMID: 25704963 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is frequently associated with asthma. Mucosal eosinophil (EO) infiltrate has been found to correlate with asthma and disease severity but not necessarily in every patient. Other multifactorial immune processes are required to determine disease endotypes and response to treatment. OBJECTIVE To evaluate EO immunomodulation for migration and survival in accordance with inflammatory protein profiles and asthmatic status in CRSwNP. METHODS Ninety-three patients (47 with asthma) with CRSwNP were included. Each patient was staged clinically according to symptom severity and polyp size. Nasal secretions were collected to establish a cytokine profile. The EOs were purified from blood samples and nasal polyps to delineate specific immunophenotypes by flow cytometry and determine in vitro EO survival in relation to asthmatic status. RESULTS The CRSwNP in patients with asthma was characterized by eosinophilia and a high level of interleukin (IL)-5 in nasal secretions. Although EOs exhibited activation profiles after mucosal migration, there was relative down-expression of IL-5 receptor-α (IL-5Rα) on nasal EOs in patients with asthma. The EO culture with IL-5 and IL-9 showed an antiapoptotic effect in patients with asthma through IL-5Rα modulation. CONCLUSION Mucosal eosinophilia seems to be induced by EO nasal trapping through modulation of adhesion receptors. In patients with asthma, EO involvement is enhanced by the antiapoptotic synergistic action of T-helper cell type 2 cytokines on IL-5Rα expression. This study shows for the first time that IL-9 is involved in EO homeostasis in CRSwNP and could explain the low benefit of anti-IL-5 therapy for some patients with asthma and nasal polyposis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Mortuaire
- INSERM U995, Université de Lille, Lille, France; EA 2686, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Lille, France; French Eosinophil Network, University Hospital, Lille, France.
| | - Isabelle Gengler
- INSERM U995, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Claire Vandenhende-Szymanski
- INSERM U995, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Dominique Chevalier
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Lionel Prin
- EA 2686, Université de Lille, Lille, France; French Eosinophil Network, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kara EE, Comerford I, Fenix KA, Bastow CR, Gregor CE, McKenzie DR, McColl SR. Tailored immune responses: novel effector helper T cell subsets in protective immunity. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003905. [PMID: 24586147 PMCID: PMC3930558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of naïve CD4⁺ cells into functionally distinct effector helper T cell subsets, characterised by distinct "cytokine signatures," is a cardinal strategy employed by the mammalian immune system to efficiently deal with the rapidly evolving array of pathogenic microorganisms encountered by the host. Since the T(H)1/T(H)2 paradigm was first described by Mosmann and Coffman, research in the field of helper T cell biology has grown exponentially with seven functionally unique subsets having now been described. In this review, recent insights into the molecular mechanisms that govern differentiation and function of effector helper T cell subsets will be discussed in the context of microbial infections, with a focus on how these different helper T cell subsets orchestrate immune responses tailored to combat the nature of the pathogenic threat encountered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ervin E. Kara
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin A. Fenix
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cameron R. Bastow
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carly E. Gregor
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Duncan R. McKenzie
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shaun R. McColl
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Strober B, Buonanno M, Clark J, Kawabata T, Tan H, Wolk R, Valdez H, Langley R, Harness J, Menter A, Papp K. Effect of tofacitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, on haematological parameters during 12 weeks of psoriasis treatment. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169:992-9. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Strober
- Department of Dermatology; University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Farmington CT 06032 U.S.A
- Probity Medical Research; Waterloo ON Canada
| | | | | | | | - H. Tan
- Pfizer Inc.; Groton CT U.S.A
| | - R. Wolk
- Pfizer Inc.; Groton CT U.S.A
| | | | - R.G. Langley
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Medicine; Dalhousie University; Halifax NS Canada
| | - J. Harness
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Basel Switzerland
| | - A. Menter
- Baylor Psoriasis Research Institute; Dallas TX U.S.A
| | - K. Papp
- Probity Medical Research; Waterloo ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Although much progress has been made in the treatment of lymphomas, the unclear molecular etiology limits its further development. Interleukin-9 (IL-9) was initially described as a growth factor secreted by activated helper T cells type 2 (Th2). Various observations have demonstrated its diverse actions in immune and inflammatory responses. In recent years, a resurgence of interest in IL-9 has been spurred by the expanded identification of its cellular sources and biological targets. Also, the determination of its growth-proliferative and anti-apoptotic activities on multiple transformed cells implies a potential role of this cytokine in tumorigenesis. In this article we review the biologic properties and signal transduction pathways of IL-9, and furthermore discuss its possible role in lymphomagenesis as well as its impact on non-malignant infiltrating cells which are characteristic of the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lv
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Horka H, Staudt V, Klein M, Taube C, Reuter S, Dehzad N, Andersen JF, Kopecky J, Schild H, Kotsyfakis M, Hoffmann M, Gerlitzki B, Stassen M, Bopp T, Schmitt E. The tick salivary protein sialostatin L inhibits the Th9-derived production of the asthma-promoting cytokine IL-9 and is effective in the prevention of experimental asthma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:2669-76. [PMID: 22327077 PMCID: PMC3523721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ticks developed a multitude of different immune evasion strategies to obtain a blood meal. Sialostatin L is an immunosuppressive cysteine protease inhibitor present in the saliva of the hard tick Ixodes scapularis. In this study, we demonstrate that sialostatin L strongly inhibits the production of IL-9 by Th9 cells. Because we could show recently that Th9-derived IL-9 is essentially involved in the induction of asthma symptoms, sialostatin L was used for the treatment of experimental asthma. Application of sialostatin L in a model of experimental asthma almost completely abrogated airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia. Our data suggest that sialostatin L can prevent experimental asthma, most likely by inhibiting the IL-9 production of Th9 cells. Thus, alternative to IL-9 neutralization sialostatin L provides the basis for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to treat asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Horka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Valérie Staudt
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sebastian Reuter
- III-Medical Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nina Dehzad
- III-Medical Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - John F. Andersen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michalis Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bastian Gerlitzki
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9), cloned more than 20 years ago, was initially thought to be a Th2-specific cytokine. This assumption was initially confirmed by functional analyses showing that both IL-9 and Th2 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma, IgE class switch recombination, and resolution of parasitic infections. However, recently it was shown that IL-9-producing CD4(+) T cells represent the discrete T helper subset Th9 cells. Herein, we will review the cytokines and transcription factors known to promote the development of Th9 cells and their potential functional properties in relation to the biological activities of IL-9. In addition, we will discuss how Th9 cells are related to Th2, Th17, and T(reg) cells, as both an alternative source of IL-9 and in view of the fact that plasticity of CD4(+) T cell differentiation is currently a strong matter of debate in immunologic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bahaie NS, Kang BN, Frenzel EM, Hosseinkhani MR, Ge XN, Greenberg Y, Ha SG, Demetriou M, Rao SP, Sriramarao P. N-Glycans differentially regulate eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment during allergic airway inflammation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38231-38241. [PMID: 21911487 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.279554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic airway inflammation, including asthma, is usually characterized by the predominant recruitment of eosinophils. However, neutrophilia is also prominent during severe exacerbations. Cell surface-expressed glycans play a role in leukocyte trafficking and recruitment during inflammation. Here, the involvement of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:α-6-D-mannoside β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (MGAT5)-modified N-glycans in eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment during allergic airway inflammation was investigated. Allergen-challenged Mgat5-deficient (Mgat5(-/-)) mice exhibited significantly attenuated airway eosinophilia and inflammation (decreased Th2 cytokines, mucus production) compared with WT counterparts, attributable to decreased rolling, adhesion, and survival of Mgat5(-/-) eosinophils. Interestingly, allergen-challenged Mgat5(-/-) mice developed airway neutrophilia and increased airway reactivity with persistent elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17A, TNFα, IFNγ)). This increased neutrophil recruitment was also observed in LPS- and thioglycollate (TG)-induced inflammation in Mgat5(-/-) mice. Furthermore, there was significantly increased recruitment of infused Mgat5(-/-) neutrophils compared with WT neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity of TG-exposed WT mice. Mgat5(-/-) neutrophils demonstrated enhanced adhesion to P-selectin as well as increased migration toward keratinocyte-derived chemokine compared with WT neutrophils in vitro along with increased calcium mobilization upon activation and expression of elevated levels of CXCR2, which may contribute to the increased neutrophil recruitment. These data indicate an important role for MGAT5-modified N-glycans in differential regulation of eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment during allergic airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin S Bahaie
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Bit Na Kang
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Elizabeth M Frenzel
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - M Reza Hosseinkhani
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Xiao Na Ge
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Yana Greenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Sung Gil Ha
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Michael Demetriou
- Department of Neurology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Savita P Rao
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - P Sriramarao
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Akdis M, Burgler S, Crameri R, Eiwegger T, Fujita H, Gomez E, Klunker S, Meyer N, O'Mahony L, Palomares O, Rhyner C, Ouaked N, Quaked N, Schaffartzik A, Van De Veen W, Zeller S, Zimmermann M, Akdis CA. Interleukins, from 1 to 37, and interferon-γ: receptors, functions, and roles in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:701-21.e1-70. [PMID: 21377040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advancing our understanding of mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ transplantation, and chronic infections could lead to effective and targeted therapies. Subsets of immune and inflammatory cells interact via ILs and IFNs; reciprocal regulation and counter balance among T(h) and regulatory T cells, as well as subsets of B cells, offer opportunities for immune interventions. Here, we review current knowledge about ILs 1 to 37 and IFN-γ. Our understanding of the effects of ILs has greatly increased since the discoveries of monocyte IL (called IL-1) and lymphocyte IL (called IL-2); more than 40 cytokines are now designated as ILs. Studies of transgenic or knockout mice with altered expression of these cytokines or their receptors and analyses of mutations and polymorphisms in human genes that encode these products have provided important information about IL and IFN functions. We discuss their signaling pathways, cellular sources, targets, roles in immune regulation and cellular networks, roles in allergy and asthma, and roles in defense against infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells act as important regulators of the mammalian adaptive immune response. CD4(+) Th cells were originally characterized as either Th1 or Th2 types, based on the cytokines they produce. Over the past two decades, however, we have attained a much more detailed understanding of CD4(+) T-cell differentiation, functions, and gene expression profiles, which led to the identification of additional types, such as the Th17 and induced regulatory T cells. Recently, researchers have characterized yet another novel and distinct population that exists among these immune-modulatory cells. The 'Th9' cells were first identified as a Th2 subpopulation that produced exceptionally large quantities of the Th2-specific cytokine interleukin 9. However, experimental analysis revealed that Th9 cells had divergent regulatory capabilities and were critically involved in different immune processes. In particular, we now know that Th9 acts as a major contributor to the onset and progression of allergies, especially asthma. Here, we will review the heterogeneity and biology of CD4(+) Th cells and summarize the characteristics known to date of interleukin 9 and Th9 cells to build a framework for better understanding of their roles in disease processes, especially in allergy-induced asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Xing
- Institute of Immunology PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
The other T helper cells in asthma pathogenesis. J Allergy (Cairo) 2010; 2010:519298. [PMID: 20976014 PMCID: PMC2957587 DOI: 10.1155/2010/519298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex phenotype of allergic bronchial asthma involves a variable degree of bronchoobstruction, increased mucus production, and airway remodeling. So far it is suggested that it arises from multiple interactions of infiltrating and structural cells in the context of chronic airway inflammation that is orchestrated by T helper 2 (TH2) cells. By secreting a plethora of typical mediators such as interleukin (IL) 4, IL-5, and IL-13, these cells hold a key position in asthma pathogenesis. However, therapeutic approaches targeting these TH2-type mediators failed to improve asthma symptoms and impressively showed that asthma pathogenesis cannot be reduced by TH2 cell functions. Recently, other T helper cells, that is, TH9 and TH17 cells, have been identified and these cells also contribute to asthma pathogenesis, the processes leading to formation or aggravation of asthma. Furthermore, TH25 cells, TH3 cells, and regulatory T cells have also been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. This paper aims at summarizing recent insights about these new T helper cells in asthma pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Calippe B, Douin-Echinard V, Delpy L, Laffargue M, Lélu K, Krust A, Pipy B, Bayard F, Arnal JF, Guéry JC, Gourdy P. 17Beta-estradiol promotes TLR4-triggered proinflammatory mediator production through direct estrogen receptor alpha signaling in macrophages in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1169-76. [PMID: 20554954 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
17Beta-estradiol (E2) has been shown to promote the expression of inflammatory mediators by LPS-activated tissue resident macrophages through estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) signaling. However, it remained to be determined whether E2 similarly influences macrophages effector functions under inflammatory conditions in vivo, and whether this action of E2 resulted from a direct effect on macrophages. We show in this study that chronic E2 administration to ovariectomized mice significantly increased both cytokine (IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) and inducible NO synthase mRNA abundance in thioglycolate (TGC)-elicited macrophages. The proinflammatory action of E2 was also evidenced at the level of released IL-1beta and IL-6 by ex vivo LPS-activated macrophages. E2 concomitantly inhibited PI3K activity as well as Akt phosphorylation in TGC-elicited macrophages, suggesting that E2 promoted TLR-dependent macrophage activation by alleviating this suppressive signaling pathway. Indeed, this effect was abolished in the presence of the inhibitor wortmannin, demonstrating a key functional link between inhibition of PI3K activity and the E2 action on macrophage functions. Endogenous estrogens levels circulating in ovary-intact mice were sufficient to promote the above described actions. Finally, thanks to a CreLox strategy, targeted disruption of ERalpha gene in macrophages totally abolished the effect of E2 on the expression of inflammatory mediators by both resident and TGC-elicited peritoneal macrophages. In conclusion, we demonstrate that estrogens, through the activation of ERalpha in macrophages in vivo, enhance their ability to produce inflammatory mediators and cytokines upon subsequent TLR activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Calippe
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 858, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Université de Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Haczku A, Panettieri RA. Social stress and asthma: the role of corticosteroid insensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:550-8. [PMID: 20153032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress alters susceptibility to infectious and systemic illnesses and may enhance airway inflammation in asthma by modulating immune cell function through neural and hormonal pathways. Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Release of endogenous glucocorticoids, as a consequence, may play a prominent role in altering the airway immune homeostasis. Despite substantial corticosteroid and catecholamine plasma levels, chronic psychosocial stress evokes asthma exacerbations. Animal studies suggest that social stress induces corticosteroid insensitivity that in part may be a result of impaired glucocorticoid receptor expression and/or function. Such mechanisms likely promote and amplify airway inflammation in response to infections, allergen, or irritant exposure. This review discusses evidence of an altered corticosteroid responsive state as a consequence of chronic psychosocial stress. Elucidation of the mechanisms of stress-induced impairment of glucocorticoid responsiveness and immune homeostasis may identify novel therapeutic targets that could improve asthma management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Haczku
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa 19104-3403, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Milanovic M, Terszowski G, Struck D, Liesenfeld O, Carstanjen D. IFN consensus sequence binding protein (Icsbp) is critical for eosinophil development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5045-53. [PMID: 18802108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
IFN consensus sequence binding protein (Icsbp) (IFN response factor-8) is a hematopoietic transcription factor with dual functions in myelopoiesis and immunity. In this study, we report a novel role of Icsbp in regulating the development of eosinophils. Loss of Icsbp in mice leads to a reduction of eosinophils in different tissues. During parasite infection with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Icsbp-deficient mice fail to mount eosinophilia despite a vigorous IL-5 response. Numbers of phenotypically defined eosinophil progenitors are decreased and those progenitors have, on a per-cell basis, reduced eosinophil differentiation potential. The transcription factor Gata1, crucial for eosinophil development, is reduced expressed in committed eosinophil progenitors in wells as mature eosinophils. These findings identify Icsbp as a novel transcription factor critical for the development of the eosinophil lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Milanovic
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut fuer Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Whalen KA, Legault H, Hang C, Hill A, Kasaian M, Donaldson D, Bensch GW, Bensch G, Baker J, Reddy PS, Wood N, Ramarao MK, Ellis DK, Csimma C, McKee C, Clark JD, Ryan J, Dorner AJ, O'Toole M. In vitro allergen challenge of peripheral blood induces differential gene expression in mononuclear cells of asthmatic patients: inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha overcomes the asthma-associated response. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:1590-605. [PMID: 18665843 PMCID: PMC2613256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing treatments for asthma are not effective in all patients and disease exacerbations are common, highlighting the need for increased understanding of disease mechanisms and novel treatment strategies. The leukotriene pathway including the enzyme responsible for arachidonic acid release from cellular phospholipids, cPLA(2)alpha, is a major contributor to asthmatic responses and an attractive target in asthma therapies. OBJECTIVE The study reported here investigates (a) the differential effects of in vitro exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to allergen between asthma and healthy subjects, and (b) the contribution of cPLA(2)alpha to these differences in gene expression. METHODS In vitro responses of asthma (N=26) and healthy (N=11) subject PBMC samples to allergen stimulation in the presence and absence of cPLA(2)alpha inhibition or 5-lipoxygenase inhibition were compared at the gene expression level using oligonucleotide arrays and at the protein level using ELISA. RESULTS Subject samples within both asthma and healthy groups showed allergen-dependent cytokine production and allergen-dependent gene expression changes, although transcriptional profiling identified 153 genes that were modulated significantly differently by allergen between asthma and healthy subjects. Among these were genes previously associated with asthma, but the majority (about 80%) have not previously been associated with asthma. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptional profiling elucidated novel gene expression differences between the asthmatic and healthy subject samples. Although 5-lipoxygenase inhibition did not significantly affect allergen-modulated gene expression, the inhibition of cPLA(2)alpha activity affected many of the allergen-dependent, asthma-associated gene expression changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Whalen
- Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Forbes EE, Groschwitz K, Abonia JP, Brandt EB, Cohen E, Blanchard C, Ahrens R, Seidu L, McKenzie A, Strait R, Finkelman FD, Foster PS, Matthaei KI, Rothenberg ME, Hogan SP. IL-9- and mast cell-mediated intestinal permeability predisposes to oral antigen hypersensitivity. J Exp Med 2008; 205:897-913. [PMID: 18378796 PMCID: PMC2292227 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous mouse and clinical studies demonstrate a link between Th2 intestinal inflammation and induction of the effector phase of food allergy. However, the mechanism by which sensitization and mast cell responses occurs is largely unknown. We demonstrate that interleukin (IL)-9 has an important role in this process. IL-9-deficient mice fail to develop experimental oral antigen-induced intestinal anaphylaxis, and intestinal IL-9 overexpression induces an intestinal anaphylaxis phenotype (intestinal mastocytosis, intestinal permeability, and intravascular leakage). In addition, intestinal IL-9 overexpression predisposes to oral antigen sensitization, which requires mast cells and increased intestinal permeability. These observations demonstrate a central role for IL-9 and mast cells in experimental intestinal permeability in oral antigen sensitization and suggest that IL-9-mediated mast cell responses have an important role in food allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Forbes
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fawaz LM, Sharif-Askari E, Hajoui O, Soussi-Gounni A, Hamid Q, Mazer BD. Expression of IL-9 receptor alpha chain on human germinal center B cells modulates IgE secretion. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:1208-15. [PMID: 17919707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-9 has been shown to affect the differentiation pathway of different cell types. However, its potential role in the maturation pathway of antigen-driven B-cell differentiation and its functional effects remain unknown. OBJECTIVE To characterize IL-9 receptor alpha chain (IL-9R alpha) expression on human tonsillar B cells at different maturational stages, and to assess its effect on IgE production. METHODS Freshly purified human tonsillar B cells were fractionated into 3 populations: low-density (LD), medium-density, and high-density cells. Expression levels of IL-9R alpha were determined by using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. IL-9R alpha(high)-expressing cells were stimulated with IL-9 in the presence or absence of IL-4, and IgE release was measured by ELISA. RESULTS IL-9R alpha was expressed on human LD tonsillar B cells, with an ability to transduce signals through activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and 5. Although IL-9 was unable to induce IgE secretion by itself, it potentiated IL-4-mediated IgE production from LD cells. Moreover, increased IgE was paralleled by an upregulation of IL-9R alpha and CD27, with the latter a memory B-cell marker implicated in increased IgE secretion. CONCLUSION These results highlight a crucial role for IL-9 in modulating T-cell-dependent B-cell differentiation and establish a new paradigm for understanding the synergistic role of T(H)2 cytokines and their modulatory effect on B-cell maturation and IgE production. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS IL-9 appears to be involved in memory B-cell differentiation and T(H)2-mediated allergic diseases such as asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lama M Fawaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Enblad G, Molin D, Glimelius I, Fischer M, Nilsson G. The Potential Role of Innate Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2007; 21:805-23. [PMID: 17908621 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is our first line of defense against danger signals but in Hodgkin's lymphoma the role seems opposite, favoring malignant development. In this article we describe interactions between Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg cells and the cells of the innate immune system: eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. These cells clearly contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease and to the prognosis. Cytokines and chemokines released from the activated immune cells probably promote tumor cell growth and survival along with angiogenesis. Mast cells and eosinophils seem also to contribute to the fibrosis that is so characteristic for nodular sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Enblad
- Department of Oncology, Radiology, and Clinical Immunology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chen GH, Olszewski MA, McDonald RA, Wells JC, Paine R, Huffnagle GB, Toews GB. Role of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in host defense against pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection during murine allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:1028-40. [PMID: 17322386 PMCID: PMC1864884 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in host defense in a murine model of pulmonary cryptococcosis induced by intratracheal inoculation of Cryptococcus neoformans. Pulmonary C. neoformans infection of C57BL/6 mice is an established model of an allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis. Our objective was to determine whether GM-CSF regulates the pulmonary Th2 immune response in C. neoformans-infected C57BL/6 mice. Long-term pulmonary fungistasis was lost in GM-CSF knockout (GM(-/-)) mice, resulting in increased pulmonary burden of fungi between weeks 3 and 5. GM-CSF was required for the early influx of macrophages and CD4 and CD8 T cells into the lungs but was not required later in the infection. Lack of GM-CSF also resulted in reduced eosinophil recruitment and delayed recruitment of mononuclear cells into the airspace. Macrophages from GM(+/+) mice showed numerous hallmarks of alternatively activated macrophages: higher numbers of intracellular cryptococci, YM1 crystals, and induction of CCL17. These hallmarks are absent in macrophages from GM(-/-) mice. Mucus-producing goblet cells were abundantly present within the bronchial epithelial layer in GM(+/+) mice but not in GM(-/-) mice at week 5 after infection. Production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines was impaired in the absence of GM-CSF, consistent with both reduced C. neoformans clearance and absence of allergic lung pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwo-Hsiao Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Steenwinckel V, Louahed J, Orabona C, Huaux F, Warnier G, McKenzie A, Lison D, Levitt R, Renauld JC. IL-13 mediates in vivo IL-9 activities on lung epithelial cells but not on hematopoietic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3244-51. [PMID: 17312173 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased IL-9 expression, either systemically or under the control of lung-specific promoter, induces an asthma-like phenotype, including mucus overproduction, mastocytosis, lung eosinophilia, and airway hyperresponsiveness. These activities correlate with increased production of other Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in IL-9 Tg mice. To determine the exact role of IL-13 in this phenotype, mice overexpressing IL-9 were crossed with IL-13-deficient mice. In these animals, IL-9 could still induce mastocytosis and B lymphocyte infiltration of the lungs. Although IL-9-induced eosinophilia in the peritoneal cavity was not diminished in the absence of IL-13, IL-13 was required for IL-9 to increase eotaxin expression and lung eosinophilia. Mucus production and up-regulation of lung epithelial genes upon IL-9 overexpression were completely abolished in the absence of IL-13. Using hemopoietic cell transfer experiments with recipients that overexpressed IL-9 but were deficient in the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R), we could demonstrate that the effect of IL-9 on lung epithelial cells is indirect and could be fully restored by transfer of hemopoietic cells expressing IL-9R. Mucus production by lung epithelial cells was only up-regulated when hemopoietic cells simultaneously expressed functional IL-9R and IL-13 genes, indicating that IL-13 is not a cofactor but a direct mediator of the effect of IL-9 on lung epithelial cells. Taken together, these data indicate that IL-9 can promote asthma through IL-13-independent pathways via expansion of mast cells, eosinophils, and B cells, and through induction of IL-13 production by hemopoietic cells for mucus production and recruitment of eosinophils by lung epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Steenwinckel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Experimental Medicine Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
van den Brûle S, Heymans J, Havaux X, Renauld JC, Lison D, Huaux F, Denis O. Profibrotic effect of IL-9 overexpression in a model of airway remodeling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:202-9. [PMID: 17446528 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0397oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-9 overexpression protects against alveolar fibrosis induced by crystalline silica particles. This cytokine is also involved in allergic asthma. In the present study, we examined the effect of IL-9 overexpression on the subepithelial fibrotic response, a feature of asthmatic remodeling, induced by chronic exposure to Alternaria alternata extract. IL-9-overexpressing mice (Tg5) and their wild-type counterparts (FVB) were intranasally exposed to A. alternata extract or PBS (controls) twice a week during 3 mo. At the end of the allergic challenge, enhanced pause (Penh) measured in response to methacholine and fibrotic parameters, such as collagen and fibronectin lung content, were significantly higher in Tg5 compared with FVB. Staining of lung sections with Masson's Trichrome also showed more collagen fibers in peribronchial areas of treated Tg5 mice. A similar recruitment of inflammatory cells was observed in challenged FVB and Tg5 mice, except for eosinophils, which were significantly more abundant in the lung of Tg5. High serum levels of IgE and IgG1 in both strains indicated that FVB and Tg5 developed a strong type 2 immune response. The concentration of the eosinophil chemoattractant RANTES and the profibrotic mediator connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was higher in the BAL of challenged Tg5 than FVB. These results demonstrate a profibrotic role of IL-9 in an airway remodeling model, possibly involving eosinophils and CTGF. These data also highlight a dual role of IL-9 in lung fibrosis, being anti- or profibrotic depending on the alveolar or airway localization of the process, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sybille van den Brûle
- Unit of Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
McVay LD, Keilbaugh SA, Wong TM, Kierstein S, Shin ME, Lehrke M, Lefterova MI, Shifflett DE, Barnes SL, Cominelli F, Cohn SM, Hecht G, Lazar MA, Haczku A, Wu GD. Absence of bacterially induced RELMbeta reduces injury in the dextran sodium sulfate model of colitis. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2914-23. [PMID: 17024245 PMCID: PMC1590268 DOI: 10.1172/jci28121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the result of a dysregulated immune response to commensal gut bacteria in genetically predisposed individuals, the mechanism(s) by which bacteria lead to the development of IBD are unknown. Interestingly, deletion of intestinal goblet cells protects against intestinal injury, suggesting that this epithelial cell lineage may produce molecules that exacerbate IBD. We previously reported that resistin-like molecule beta (RELMbeta; also known as FIZZ2) is an intestinal goblet cell-specific protein that is induced upon bacterial colonization whereupon it is expressed in the ileum and colon, regions of the gut most often involved in IBD. Herein, we show that disruption of this gene reduces the severity of colitis in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of murine colonic injury. Although RELMbeta does not alter colonic epithelial proliferation or barrier function, we show that recombinant protein activates macrophages to produce TNF-alpha both in vitro and in vivo. RELMbeta expression is also strongly induced in the terminal ileum of the SAMP1/Fc model of IBD. These results suggest a model whereby the loss of epithelial barrier function by DSS results in the activation of the innate mucosal response by RELMbeta located in the lumen, supporting the hypothesis that this protein is a link among goblet cells, commensal bacteria, and the pathogenesis of IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila D. McVay
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sue A. Keilbaugh
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Tracie M.H. Wong
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sonja Kierstein
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Marcus E. Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Martina I. Lefterova
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - D. Edward Shifflett
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sean L. Barnes
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Steven M. Cohn
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gail Hecht
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Lazar
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Angela Haczku
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gary D. Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Devos S, Cormont F, Vrtala S, Hooghe-Peters E, Pirson F, Snick J. Allergen-induced interleukin-9 production in vitro: correlation with atopy in human adults and comparison with interleukin-5 and interleukin-13. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:174-82. [PMID: 16433854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of IL-9 to human atopy is supported by genetic studies. However, IL-9 production in response to allergen in vitro has been reported only in children. OBJECTIVE Study IL-9 induction by allergen in adults, compare it with IL-5 and IL-13 and evaluate its association with atopy. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from control adults and from atopic patients were cultured with various allergens or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and secreted IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS IL-9 was produced in response to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) by PBMC from Der p-hypersensitive adults at levels equivalent to those induced by PHA but with slower kinetics. The induction of IL-9 was allergen specific, reflecting donor RAST profile. In Der p-triggered reactions of non-atopic and atopic subjects, IL-9 showed the highest selectivity for atopics, IL-5 and IL-13 being produced more frequently in non-atopic donors. Significant correlations with specific IgE titres were found for IL-9 with all allergens tested (Der p and two peptides of Bet v 1 birch allergen). For IL-5 and IL-13, they were in the same range for Der p but more variable for birch allergens. Patterns of cytokine production by individual patients in response to allergen reflected these differences: for Der p, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 productions were strongly correlated but for birch IL-5 differed from the latter two. The in vitro production of IL-9 reflected clinical hypersensitivity profiles and was higher in individuals with asthma than in those with disease limited to rhinitis and/or conjunctivitis. CONCLUSIONS Allergen-triggered IL-9 production in vitro is an excellent marker for atopy in adults given its virtual absence in allergen-stimulated PBMC from non-atopic individuals and its correlation with allergen-specific IgE and asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Devos
- Neuroendocrine Immunology, Pharmacology Department, Medical School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Glimelius I, Edström A, Amini RM, Fischer M, Nilsson G, Sundström C, Enblad G, Molin D. IL-9 expression contributes to the cellular composition in Hodgkin lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 2006; 76:278-83. [PMID: 16519698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The presence of numerous mast cells or eosinophils in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) tumours have both been described as negative prognostic factors. One cytokine related to HL is interleukin-9 (IL-9) and it is known to affect both mast cells and eosinophils. The aim of this study was to explore if the expression of IL-9 correlates to the presence of these inflammatory cells in HL tumours. METHODS In 131 HL biopsies, immunostainings for IL-9 and IL-9 receptor (IL-9R) were performed. The same material was previously stained for mast cells and eosinophils. These data were correlated to clinical and survival data from all patients. RESULTS Fifty-three percent of cases were positive for IL-9 and 19% were positive for IL-9R in the cytoplasm of the tumour cells. The IL-9 positive patients had more eosinophils (P = 0.002) and mast cells (P = 0.02) in their tumours, more often a nodular sclerosis histology (P < 0.0001), a higher white-blood-cell count (P = 0.006) and a higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P = 0.003) at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS IL-9 expression is related to the histology, clinical picture and the presence of eosinophils and mast cells in HL. These results indicate that IL-9 is an important part of the cytokine network and inflammatory infiltrate in HL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Glimelius
- Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Haczku A. Role and regulation of lung collectins in allergic airway sensitization. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 110:14-34. [PMID: 16226313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of allergens in atopic patients results in a characteristic inflammatory response while in normal, healthy individuals it elicits no symptoms. The mechanisms by which the pulmonary immune system accomplishes elimination of inhaled particles and suppression of the ensuing inflammatory response are poorly understood. Based on their structural uniqueness, specific localization and functional versatility the hydrophilic surfactant proteins [surfactant protein (SP)-A and SP-D] are important candidate regulators of these processes. Recent studies in our laboratory and others indicated significant changes in levels of these molecules during the asthmatic response in animal models as well as in asthmatic patients. Because of their capability to directly inhibit T-cell activation and T-cell-dependent allergic inflammatory events, SP-A and SP-D may be significant contributors to the local control of T-helper (Th)2-type inflammation in the airways. This review will discuss their relevant structural-functional features and recent evidence supporting the hypothesis that SP-A and SP-D have a role in regulation of allergic airway sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Haczku
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRB II/III #840, Philadelphia, 19104-6061, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Scanlon ST, Milovanova T, Kierstein S, Cao Y, Atochina EN, Tomer Y, Russo SJ, Beers MF, Haczku A. Surfactant protein-A inhibits Aspergillus fumigatus-induced allergic T-cell responses. Respir Res 2005; 6:97. [PMID: 16120217 PMCID: PMC1208955 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pulmonary surfactant protein (SP)-A has potent immunomodulatory activities but its role and regulation during allergic airway inflammation is unknown. METHODS We studied changes in SP-A expression in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using a murine model of single Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) challenge of sensitized animals. RESULTS SP-A protein levels in the BAL fluid showed a rapid, transient decline that reached the lowest values (25% of controls) 12 h after intranasal Af provocation of sensitized mice. Decrease of SP-A was associated with influx of inflammatory cells and increase of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA and protein levels. Since levels of SP-A showed a significant negative correlation with these BAL cytokines (but not with IFN-gamma), we hypothesized that SP-A exerts an inhibitory effect on Th2-type immune responses. To study this hypothesis, we used an in vitro Af-rechallenge model. Af-induced lymphocyte proliferation of cells isolated from sensitized mice was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by addition of purified human SP-A (0.1-10 microg/ml). Flow cytometric studies on Af-stimulated lymphocytes indicated that the numbers of CD4+ (but not CD8+) T cells were significantly increased in the parental population and decreased in the third and fourth generation in the presence of SP-A. Further, addition of SP-A to the tissue culture inhibited Af-induced IL-4 and IL-5 production suggesting that SP-A directly suppressed allergen-stimulated CD4+ T cell function. CONCLUSION We speculate that a transient lack of this lung collectin following allergen exposure of the airways may significantly contribute to the development of a T-cell dependent allergic immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth Thomas Scanlon
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tatyana Milovanova
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sonja Kierstein
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Yang Cao
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Elena N Atochina
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Yaniv Tomer
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Scott J Russo
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael F Beers
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Angela Haczku
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sitkauskiene B, Rådinger M, Bossios A, Johansson AK, Sakalauskas R, Lötvall J. Airway allergen exposure stimulates bone marrow eosinophilia partly via IL-9. Respir Res 2005; 6:33. [PMID: 15823208 PMCID: PMC1090617 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-9 is a Th2-derived cytokine with pleiotropic biological effects, which recently has been proposed as a candidate gene for asthma and allergy. We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of a neutralizing anti-IL-9 antibody in a mouse model of airway eosinophilic inflammation and compared any such effect with anti-IL-5 treatment. Methods OVA-sensitized Balb/c mice were intraperitoneally pretreated with a single dose (100 μg) of an anti-mouse IL-9 monoclonal antibody (clone D9302C12) or its vehicle. A third group was given 50 μg of a monoclonal anti-mouse IL-5 antibody (TRFK-5) or its vehicle. Animals were subsequently exposed to OVA on five days via airways. Newly produced eosinophils were labelled using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). BrdU+ eosinophils and CD34+ cell numbers were examined by immunocytochemistry. After culture and stimulation with OVA or PMA+IC, intracellular staining of IL-9 in bone marrow cells from OVA-exposed animals was measured by Flow Cytometry. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to determine significant differences between groups. Results Anti-IL-9 significantly reduced bone marrow eosinophilia, primarily by decrease of newly produced (BrdU+) and mature eosinophils. Anti-IL-9 treatment also reduced blood neutrophil counts, but did not affect BAL neutrophils. Anti-IL-5 was able to reduce eosinophil numbers in all tissue compartments, as well as BrdU+ eosinophils and CD34+ progenitor cells, and in all instances to a greater extent than anti-IL-9. Also, FACS analysis showed that IL-9 is over-expressed in bone marrow CD4+ cells after allergen exposure. Conclusions Our data shows that a single dose of a neutralizing IL-9 antibody is not sufficient to reduce allergen-induced influx of newly produced cells from bone marrow to airways. However, in response to allergen, bone marrow cells over-express IL-9. This data suggest that IL-9 may participate in the regulation of granulocytopoiesis in allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigita Sitkauskiene
- The Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu 2, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Lab of Pulmonology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu 4, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Madeleine Rådinger
- The Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Apostolos Bossios
- The Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Johansson
- The Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Raimundas Sakalauskas
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu 2, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jan Lötvall
- The Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Arendse B, Van Snick J, Brombacher F. IL-9 Is a Susceptibility Factor inLeishmania majorInfection by Promoting Detrimental Th2/Type 2 Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2205-11. [PMID: 15699153 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-9 is a cytokine produced by Th2 cells, induced during Leishmania major infection. Because the role of IL-9 in leishmaniasis is currently unknown, IL-9-deficient mice were generated by immunization with mouse IL-9 coupled to OVA. This produced strong and long-lasting neutralizing anti-IL-9 Abs in vivo. Anti-IL-9 vaccination showed protective effects, because it enabled L. major-infected nonhealer BALB/c mice to better resist to leishmaniasis with doubling the time span until pathological disease progression occurred. Increased resistance was also demonstrated by moderate footpad swelling and histopathology due to reduced parasite burden compared with sham-immunized BALB/c mice. Mechanistically, IL-9 neutralization in BALB/c mice resulted in a reduction of detrimental Th2/type 2 responses with an observed shift toward protective Th1 immune responses. This led to an alteration from alternative to classical macrophage activation with subsequent enhanced killing effector functions, as demonstrated by increased NO production but reduced arginase 1-mediated macrophage responses. Conclusively, the data show that IL-9 is a susceptible factor in leishmaniasis. They further suggest that IL-9 is able to influence Th dichotomy in leishmaniasis by promoting detrimental Th2/type 2 responses in BALB/c mice. The results extend efforts made to generate autoantibodies capable of regulating biological processes, with IL-9 a potential drug target against leishmaniasis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Immune Sera/administration & dosage
- Immune Sera/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Interleukin-9/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-9/deficiency
- Interleukin-9/immunology
- Interleukin-9/physiology
- Leishmania major/growth & development
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide/toxicity
- Protozoan Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Arendse
- University of Cape Town, Health Science Faculty, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Tsicopoulos A, Shimbara A, de Nadai P, Aldewachi O, Lamblin C, Lassalle P, Walls AF, Sénéchal S, Levitt RC, Darras J, Hamid Q, Wallaert B. Involvement of IL-9 in the bronchial phenotype of patients with nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113:462-9. [PMID: 15007348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal polyposis (NP) is frequently associated with asthma. In this disease, asymptomatic bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is thought to precede the development of asthma. IL-9 and its receptor have been reported as candidate genes for asthma and to be associated with BHR. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of 11-9 to the pathogenesis of BHR in NP by comparing the expression of IL-9 and its receptor in bronchial biopsy specimens from three groups of patients with NP: NP without BHR, NP with asymptomatic BHR, and NP with BHR and asthma. METHODS Bronchial biopsy specimens were examined in terms of cellular infiltration and in terms of expression of IL-9 protein and mRNA as well as of its receptor by using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Patients with NP with asthma as compared with the two other groups exhibited an increased bronchial infiltration of basophils, eosinophils, and T cells that correlated with the asthma score. The two groups of patients with NP with BHR showed an increased expression in IL-9 protein and mRNA as well as an increase in the expression of IL-9R mRNA at the epithelial level. These modifications were inversely correlated with the airway responsiveness to methacholine, producing a 20% fall in FEV1. There was a close association between IL-9+ cells, IL-5 mRNA expression, and eosinophil infiltration that correlated with each other. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest an important role for IL-9 in the pathogenesis of BHR and a causal relation between IL-9 and the development of bronchial eosinophilia in asthma.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Th2 type cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 are important mediators in allergic inflammation. The present review will focus on the role of IL-9 in allergic inflammation. The structure and genomic architecture of IL-9 and its receptor, the source of IL-9 and its regulation as well as its effects on different cell types will be reviewed. Furthermore, the specific role of IL-9 in allergic diseases and the potential therapeutic approach of blocking IL-9 will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Hauber
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|