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Arnoni CP, Silva NM, Silva FS, Parreira RM, Vendrame T, Miola MP, Muniz J, Cortez A, Valvasori M, de Araujo EP, Dalmazzo L, Freitas A, Latini F, Castilho L. Genetic diversity of Gerbich alleles in Brazilians reveals an unexpected prevalence of the GE:-2,-3,4 phenotype. Vox Sang 2023; 118:873-880. [PMID: 37551744 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Gerbich (GE) blood group system carries high-frequency antigens and the absence of them leads to rare phenotypes: GE:-2,3,4, GE:-2,-3,4 and GE:-2,-3,-4. Their serological differentiation is limited and misclassification of Gerbich phenotypes may occur, but this can be avoided by molecular characterization. This study aimed to characterize the molecular background responsible for rare Gerbich phenotypes in Brazilian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected eight samples from patients with anti-Ge, six from their relatives and nine samples with normal expression of Gerbich antigens. Serological tests were performed in gel and red blood cells (RBCs) were tested with anti-Ge2 and anti-Ge3. Monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) was performed. Molecular investigation was performed with allele-specific polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. RESULTS Patient plasma samples reacted with all commercial RBCs. Patient RBCs showed negative results with anti-Ge2 and anti-Ge3. Using MMA two of eight antibodies were clinically significant. Exon 3 was not amplified in any of the patient samples and in two samples from relatives, suggesting the presence of GE*01.-03/GE*01.-03. By sequencing, we identified the genetic variability that interferes with the definition of deletion breakpoints, thus two options of genetic structure were suggested to be responsible for the GE:-2,-3,4 phenotype. CONCLUSION This study showed for the first time the genetic diversity of GYPC alleles for carriers of Gerbich-negative phenotypes in a Brazilian population and showed an unexpected prevalence of the GE:-2,-3,4 phenotype. It also demonstrated the importance of using molecular tools to correctly classify Gerbich phenotypes for selection of variants in antigen-matched transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tatiane Vendrame
- Colsan - Associação Beneficente de Coleta de Sangue, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Janaína Muniz
- Hemocentro - São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Afonso Cortez
- Colsan - Associação Beneficente de Coleta de Sangue, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Flavia Latini
- Colsan - Associação Beneficente de Coleta de Sangue, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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De Meulenaere K, Prajapati SK, Villasis E, Cuypers B, Kattenberg JH, Kasian B, Laman M, Robinson LJ, Gamboa D, Laukens K, Rosanas-Urgell A. Band 3–mediated Plasmodium vivax invasion is associated with transcriptional variation in PvTRAg genes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1011692. [PMID: 36250048 PMCID: PMC9563252 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1011692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte invasion process is still poorly understood, with only a few receptor-ligand interactions identified to date. Individuals with the Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO) phenotype have a deletion in the band 3 protein on the surface of erythrocytes, and are reported to have a lower incidence of clinical P. vivax malaria. Based on this observation, band 3 has been put forward as a receptor for P. vivax invasion, although direct proof is still lacking. In this study, we combined functional ex vivo invasion assays and transcriptome sequencing to uncover a band 3–mediated invasion pathway in P. vivax and potential band 3 ligands. Invasion by P. vivax field isolates was 67%-71% lower in SAO reticulocytes compared with non-SAO reticulocytes. Reticulocyte invasion was decreased by 40% and 27%-31% when blocking with an anti-band 3 polyclonal antibody and a PvTRAg38 peptide, respectively. To identify new band 3 receptor candidates, we mRNA-sequenced schizont-stage isolates used in the invasion assays, and observed high transcriptional variability in multigene and invasion-related families. Transcriptomes of isolates with low or high dependency on band 3 for invasion were compared by differential expression analysis, which produced a list of band 3 ligand candidates with high representation of PvTRAg genes. Our ex vivo invasion assays have demonstrated that band 3 is a P. vivax invasion receptor and confirm previous in vitro studies showing binding between PvTRAg38 and band 3, although the lower and variable inhibition levels observed suggest the involvement of other ligands. By coupling transcriptomes and invasion phenotypes from the same isolates, we identified a list of band 3 ligand candidates, of which the overrepresented PvTRAg genes are the most promising for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlijn De Meulenaere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Anna Rosanas-Urgell, ; Katlijn De Meulenaere,
| | - Surendra Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Villasis
- Laboratorio de Malaria, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Bernadine Kasian
- Vector-borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Moses Laman
- Vector-borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Leanne J. Robinson
- Vector-borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Health Security and Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kris Laukens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anna Rosanas-Urgell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Anna Rosanas-Urgell, ; Katlijn De Meulenaere,
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3
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Kattenberg JH, Gumal DL, Ome-Kaius M, Kiniboro B, Philip M, Jally S, Kasian B, Sambale N, Siba PM, Karl S, Barry AE, Felger I, Kazura JW, Mueller I, Robinson LJ. The epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, pre- and post-implementation of national malaria control efforts. Malar J 2020; 19:198. [PMID: 32503607 PMCID: PMC7275396 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decade, national malaria control efforts in Papua New Guinea (PNG) have received renewed support, facilitating nationwide distribution of free long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), as well as improvements in access to parasite-confirmed diagnosis and effective artemisinin-combination therapy in 2011–2012. Methods To study the effects of these intensified control efforts on the epidemiology and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections and investigate risk factors at the individual and household level, two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in the East Sepik Province of PNG; one in 2005, before the scale-up of national campaigns and one in late 2012-early 2013, after 2 rounds of LLIN distribution (2008 and 2011–2012). Differences between studies were investigated using Chi square (χ2), Fischer’s exact tests and Student’s t-test. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to investigate factors associated with infection at the individual and household level. Results The prevalence of P. falciparum and P. vivax in surveyed communities decreased from 55% (2005) to 9% (2013) and 36% to 6%, respectively. The mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) decreased from 1.8 to 1.6 for P. falciparum (p = 0.08) and from 2.2 to 1.4 for P. vivax (p < 0.001). Alongside these reductions, a shift towards a more uniform distribution of infections and illness across age groups was observed but there was greater heterogeneity across the study area and within the study villages. Microscopy positive infections and clinical cases in the household were associated with high rate infection households (> 50% of household members with Plasmodium infection). Conclusion After the scale-up of malaria control interventions in PNG between 2008 and 2012, there was a substantial reduction in P. falciparum and P. vivax infection rates in the studies villages in East Sepik Province. Understanding the extent of local heterogeneity in malaria transmission and the driving factors is critical to identify and implement targeted control strategies to ensure the ongoing success of malaria control in PNG and inform the development of tools required to achieve elimination. In household-based interventions, diagnostics with a sensitivity similar to (expert) microscopy could be used to identify and target high rate households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna H Kattenberg
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 378, Madang, 511, MP, Papua New Guinea.,Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Malariology Unit, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dulcie L Gumal
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 378, Madang, 511, MP, Papua New Guinea.,Disease Elimination Program, Vector-borne Diseases and Tropical Public Health Group, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Maria Ome-Kaius
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 378, Madang, 511, MP, Papua New Guinea.,Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Benson Kiniboro
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 378, Madang, 511, MP, Papua New Guinea
| | - Matthew Philip
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 378, Madang, 511, MP, Papua New Guinea
| | - Shadrach Jally
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 378, Madang, 511, MP, Papua New Guinea
| | - Bernadine Kasian
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 378, Madang, 511, MP, Papua New Guinea
| | - Naomi Sambale
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 378, Madang, 511, MP, Papua New Guinea
| | - Peter M Siba
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 378, Madang, 511, MP, Papua New Guinea
| | - Stephan Karl
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 378, Madang, 511, MP, Papua New Guinea.,Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Alyssa E Barry
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong and Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - James W Kazura
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Malaria Parasites and Hosts Unit, Pasteur Institute, 25-28 rue du Docteur-Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Leanne J Robinson
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 378, Madang, 511, MP, Papua New Guinea. .,Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Disease Elimination Program, Vector-borne Diseases and Tropical Public Health Group, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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Rosetting revisited: a critical look at the evidence for host erythrocyte receptors in Plasmodium falciparum rosetting. Parasitology 2019; 147:1-11. [PMID: 31455446 PMCID: PMC7050047 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major cause of mortality in African children, with no adjunctive treatments currently available to ameliorate the severe clinical forms of the disease. Rosetting, the adhesion of infected erythrocytes (IEs) to uninfected erythrocytes, is a parasite phenotype strongly associated with severe malaria, and hence is a potential therapeutic target. However, the molecular mechanisms of rosetting are complex and involve multiple distinct receptor–ligand interactions, with some similarities to the diverse pathways involved in P. falciparum erythrocyte invasion. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular interactions that lead to rosette formation, with a particular focus on host uninfected erythrocyte receptors including the A and B blood group trisaccharides, complement receptor one, heparan sulphate, glycophorin A and glycophorin C. There is strong evidence supporting blood group A trisaccharides as rosetting receptors, but evidence for other molecules is incomplete and requires further study. It is likely that additional host erythrocyte rosetting receptors remain to be discovered. A rosette-disrupting low anti-coagulant heparin derivative is being investigated as an adjunctive therapy for severe malaria, and further research into the receptor–ligand interactions underlying rosetting may reveal additional therapeutic approaches to reduce the unacceptably high mortality rate of severe malaria.
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Antibody responses to Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding and Erythrocyte binding proteins predict risk of infection and are associated with protection from clinical Malaria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006987. [PMID: 30768655 PMCID: PMC6400399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP) is a key target of naturally acquired immunity. However, region II of PvDBP, which contains the receptor-binding site, is highly polymorphic. The natural acquisition of antibodies to different variants of PvDBP region II (PvDBPII), including the AH, O, P and Sal1 alleles, the central region III-V (PvDBPIII-V), and P. vivax Erythrocyte Binding Protein region II (PvEBPII) and their associations with risk of clinical P. vivax malaria are not well understood. Methodology Total IgG and IgG subclasses 1, 2, and 3 that recognize four alleles of PvDBPII (AH, O, P, and Sal1), PvDBPIII-V and PvEBPII were measured in samples collected from a cohort of 1 to 3 year old Papua New Guinean (PNG) children living in a highly endemic area of PNG. The levels of binding inhibitory antibodies (BIAbs) to PvDBPII (AH, O, and Sal1) were also tested in a subset of children. The association of presence of IgG with age, cumulative exposure (measured as the product of age and malaria infections during follow-up) and prospective risk of clinical malaria were evaluated. Results The increase in antigen-specific total IgG, IgG1, and IgG3 with age and cumulative exposure was only observed for PvDBPII AH and PvEBPII. High levels of total IgG and predominant subclass IgG3 specific for PvDBPII AH were associated with decreased incidence of clinical P. vivax episodes (aIRR = 0.56–0.68, P≤0.001–0.021). High levels of total IgG and IgG1 to PvEBPII correlated strongly with protection against clinical vivax malaria compared with IgGs against all PvDBPII variants (aIRR = 0.38, P<0.001). Antibodies to PvDBPII AH and PvEBPII showed evidence of an additive effect, with a joint protective association of 70%. Conclusion Antibodies to the key parasite invasion ligands PvDBPII and PvEBPII are good correlates of protection against P. vivax malaria in PNG. This further strengthens the rationale for inclusion of PvDBPII in a recombinant subunit vaccine for P. vivax malaria and highlights the need for further functional studies to determine the potential of PvEBPII as a component of a subunit vaccine for P. vivax malaria. Plasmodium vivax is responsible for most malaria infections outside Africa, with 13.8 million vivax malaria cases reported annually worldwide. Antibodies are a key component of the host response to P. vivax infection, and their study can assist in identifying suitable vaccine candidates and serological biomarkers for malaria surveillance. The binding of P. vivax Duffy binding protein region II (PvDBPII) to the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) is critical for P. vivax invasion of reticulocytes. Although the binding residues for DARC are highly conserved across PvDBPII, the parasite displays high sequence diversity in non-binding residues of PvDBPII. Other regions such as PvDBPIII-V are relatively conserved. Recently, sequencing of P. vivax field isolates, identified a homologous erythrocyte-binding protein (PvEBP), which harbors a domain, region II (PvEBPII), that is homologous to PvDBPII. To date, there has been limited investigation into the naturally acquired immunity to both PvDBPIII-V and PvEBPII in human populations. Using a longitudinal cohort study, we have characterized the serological response to PvDBPII, PvDBPIII-V, and PvEBPII among 1–3 years old PNG children and investigated associations with protection against clinical malaria. This study shows that both total IgG and IgG3 to the predominant PvDBPII AH allele in PNG, and total IgG and IgG1 to PvEBPII were associated with protection from P. vivax malaria.
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França CT, Li Wai Suen CSN, Carmagnac A, Lin E, Kiniboro B, Siba P, Schofield L, Mueller I. IgG antibodies to synthetic GPI are biomarkers of immune-status to both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria in young children. Malar J 2017; 16:386. [PMID: 28946883 PMCID: PMC5613389 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Further reduction in malaria prevalence and its eventual elimination would be greatly facilitated by the development of biomarkers of exposure and/or acquired immunity to malaria, as well as the deployment of effective vaccines against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. A better understanding of the acquisition of immunity in naturally-exposed populations is essential for the identification of antigens useful as biomarkers, as well as to inform rational vaccine development. Methods ELISA was used to measure total IgG to a synthetic form of glycosylphosphatidylinositol from P. falciparum (PfGPI) in a cohort of 1–3 years old Papua New Guinea children with well-characterized individual differences in exposure to P. falciparum and P. vivax blood-stage infections. The relationship between IgG levels to PfGPI and measures of recent and past exposure to P. falciparum and P. vivax infections was investigated, as well as the association between antibody levels and prospective risk of clinical malaria over 16 months of follow-up. Results Total IgG levels to PfGPI were low in the young children tested. Antibody levels were higher in the presence of P. falciparum or P. vivax infections, but short-lived. High IgG levels were associated with higher risk of P. falciparum malaria (IRR 1.33–1.66, P = 0.008–0.027), suggesting that they are biomarkers of increased exposure to P. falciparum infections. Given the cross-reactive nature of antibodies to PfGPI, high IgG levels were also associated with reduced risk of P. vivax malaria (IRR 0.65–0.67, P = 0.039–0.044), indicating that these antibodies are also markers of acquired immunity to P. vivax. Conclusions This study highlights that in young children, IgG to PfGPI might be a useful marker of immune-status to both P. falciparum and P. vivax infections, and potentially useful to help malaria control programs to identify populations at-risk. Further functional studies are necessary to confirm the potential of PfGPI as a target for vaccine development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2042-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila T França
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Connie S N Li Wai Suen
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amandine Carmagnac
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Enmoore Lin
- Malaria Immuno-Epidemiology Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Benson Kiniboro
- Malaria Immuno-Epidemiology Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Peter Siba
- Malaria Immuno-Epidemiology Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Louis Schofield
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Malaria Parasites & Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites & Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGLOBAL), Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Gourri E, Denomme GA, Merki Y, Scharberg EA, Vrignaud C, Frey BM, Peyrard T, Gassner C. Genetic background of the rare Yus and Gerbich blood group phenotypes: homologous regions of theGYPCgene contribute to deletion alleles. Br J Haematol 2017; 177:630-640. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Gourri
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Research & Development; Blood Transfusion Service Zürich; Swiss Red Cross (SRC); Zürich-Schlieren Switzerland
| | - Gregory A. Denomme
- Diagnostic Laboratories and Blood Research Institute; Blood Center of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - Yvonne Merki
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Research & Development; Blood Transfusion Service Zürich; Swiss Red Cross (SRC); Zürich-Schlieren Switzerland
| | - Erwin A. Scharberg
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Baden-Baden; German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen; Baden-Baden Germany
| | - Cedric Vrignaud
- Département Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS); Paris France
- Inserm UMR_S1134; Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
| | - Beat M. Frey
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Research & Development; Blood Transfusion Service Zürich; Swiss Red Cross (SRC); Zürich-Schlieren Switzerland
| | - Thierry Peyrard
- Département Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS); Paris France
- Inserm UMR_S1134; Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
| | - Christoph Gassner
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Research & Development; Blood Transfusion Service Zürich; Swiss Red Cross (SRC); Zürich-Schlieren Switzerland
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Satchwell TJ. Erythrocyte invasion receptors for Plasmodium falciparum: new and old. Transfus Med 2016; 26:77-88. [PMID: 26862042 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complex process by which the invasive form of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, the merozoite, attaches to and invades erythrocytes as part of its blood stage life cycle represents a key area of research in the battle to combat malaria. Central to this are efforts to determine the identity of receptors on the host cell surface, their corresponding merozoite-binding proteins and the functional relevance of these binding events as part of the invasion process. This review will provide an updated summary of studies identifying receptor interactions essential for or implicated in P. falciparum merozoite invasion of human erythrocytes, highlighting the recent identification of new receptors using groundbreaking high throughput approaches and with particular focus on the properties and putative involvement of the erythrocyte proteins targeted by these invasion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Satchwell
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK
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Abstract
Blood group antigens represent polymorphic traits inherited among individuals and populations. At present, there are 34 recognized human blood groups and hundreds of individual blood group antigens and alleles. Differences in blood group antigen expression can increase or decrease host susceptibility to many infections. Blood groups can play a direct role in infection by serving as receptors and/or coreceptors for microorganisms, parasites, and viruses. In addition, many blood group antigens facilitate intracellular uptake, signal transduction, or adhesion through the organization of membrane microdomains. Several blood groups can modify the innate immune response to infection. Several distinct phenotypes associated with increased host resistance to malaria are overrepresented in populations living in areas where malaria is endemic, as a result of evolutionary pressures. Microorganisms can also stimulate antibodies against blood group antigens, including ABO, T, and Kell. Finally, there is a symbiotic relationship between blood group expression and maturation of the gastrointestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cooling
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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10
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Paquette AM, Harahap A, Laosombat V, Patnode JM, Satyagraha A, Sudoyo H, Thompson MK, Yusoff NM, Wilder JA. The evolutionary origins of Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:153-9. [PMID: 26047685 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO) is a common red blood cell disorder that is maintained as a balanced polymorphism in human populations. In individuals heterozygous for the SAO-causing mutation there are minimal detrimental effects and well-documented protection from severe malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum; however, the SAO-causing mutation is fully lethal in utero when homozygous. The present-day high frequency of SAO in Island Southeast Asia indicates the trait is maintained by strong heterozygote advantage. Our study elucidates the evolutionary origin of SAO by characterizing DNA sequence variation in a 9.5 kilobase region surrounding the causal mutation in the SLC4A1 gene. We find substantial haplotype diversity among SAO chromosomes and estimate the age of the trait to be approximately 10,005 years (95% CI: 4930-23,200 years). This date is far older than any other human malaria-resistance trait examined previously in Southeast Asia, and considerably pre-dates the widespread adoption of agriculture associated with the spread of speakers of Austronesian languages some 4000 years ago. Using a genealogy-based method we find no evidence of historical positive selection acting on SAO (s=0.0, 95% CI: 0.0-0.03), in sharp contrast to the strong present-day selection coefficient (e.g., 0.09) estimated from the frequency of this recessively lethal trait. This discrepancy may be due to a recent increase in malaria-driven selection pressure following the spread of agriculture, with SAO targeted as a standing variant by positive selection in malarial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Paquette
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - A Harahap
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - V Laosombat
- Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkla 90110, Thailand
| | - J M Patnode
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - A Satyagraha
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - H Sudoyo
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - M K Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - N M Yusoff
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - J A Wilder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
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11
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Hernandez-Valladares M, Rihet P, Iraqi FA. Host susceptibility to malaria in human and mice: compatible approaches to identify potential resistant genes. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:1-16. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00044.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence for human genetic factors controlling the outcome of malaria infection, while molecular basis of this genetic control is still poorly understood. Case-control and family-based studies have been carried out to identify genes underlying host susceptibility to malarial infection. Parasitemia and mild malaria have been genetically linked to human chromosomes 5q31-q33 and 6p21.3, and several immune genes located within those regions have been associated with malaria-related phenotypes. Association and linkage studies of resistance to malaria are not easy to carry out in human populations, because of the difficulty in surveying a significant number of families. Murine models have proven to be an excellent genetic tool for studying host response to malaria; their use allowed mapping 14 resistance loci, eight of them controlling parasitic levels and six controlling cerebral malaria. Once quantitative trait loci or genes have been identified, the human ortholog may then be identified. Comparative mapping studies showed that a couple of human and mouse might share similar genetically controlled mechanisms of resistance. In this way, char8, which controls parasitemia, was mapped on chromosome 11; char8 corresponds to human chromosome 5q31-q33 and contains immune genes, such as Il3, Il4, Il5, Il12b, Il13, Irf1, and Csf2. Nevertheless, part of the genetic factors controlling malaria traits might differ in both hosts because of specific host-pathogen interactions. Finally, novel genetic tools including animal models were recently developed and will offer new opportunities for identifying genetic factors underlying host phenotypic response to malaria, which will help in better therapeutic strategies including vaccine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Rihet
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; and
| | - Fuad A. Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Zimmerman PA, Ferreira MU, Howes RE, Mercereau-Puijalon O. Red blood cell polymorphism and susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2013; 81:27-76. [PMID: 23384621 PMCID: PMC3728992 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407826-0.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to Plasmodium vivax blood-stage infection has been widely recognised to result from absence of the Duffy (Fy) blood group from the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) in individuals of African descent. Interestingly, recent studies from different malaria-endemic regions have begun to reveal new perspectives on the association between Duffy gene polymorphism and P. vivax malaria. In Papua New Guinea and the Americas, heterozygous carriers of a Duffy-negative allele are less susceptible to P. vivax infection than Duffy-positive homozygotes. In Brazil, studies show that the Fy(a) antigen, compared to Fy(b), is associated with lower binding to the P. vivax Duffy-binding protein and reduced susceptibility to vivax malaria. Additionally, it is interesting that numerous studies have now shown that P. vivax can infect RBCs and cause clinical disease in Duffy-negative people. This suggests that the relationship between P. vivax and the Duffy antigen is more complex than customarily described. Evidence of P. vivax Duffy-independent red cell invasion indicates that the parasite must be evolving alternative red cell invasion pathways. In this chapter, we review the evidence for P. vivax Duffy-dependent and Duffy-independent red cell invasion. We also consider the influence of further host gene polymorphism associated with malaria endemicity on susceptibility to vivax malaria. The interaction between the parasite and the RBC has significant potential to influence the effectiveness of P. vivax-specific vaccines and drug treatments. Ultimately, the relationships between red cell polymorphisms and P. vivax blood-stage infection will influence our estimates on the population at risk and efforts to eliminate vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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13
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Kazura JW, Siba PM, Betuela I, Mueller I. Research challenges and gaps in malaria knowledge in Papua New Guinea. Acta Trop 2012; 121:274-80. [PMID: 21896268 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Taking into consideration the relative number of people living in Papua New Guinea the burden of malaria in this country is among the highest in Asia and the Pacific region. This article summarizes the research questions and challenges being undertaken by the Southwest Pacific International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research in the context of the epidemiology, transmission and pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax at the present time and the recent past. It is hoped that the research accomplished and local infrastructure strengthened by this effort will help inform regional and national policy with regard to the control and ultimately elimination of malaria in this region of the world.
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14
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Identification of a specific region of Plasmodium falciparum EBL-1 that binds to host receptor glycophorin B and inhibits merozoite invasion in human red blood cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 183:23-31. [PMID: 22273481 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum invades human erythrocytes through multiple pathways utilizing several ligand-receptor interactions. These interactions are broadly classified in two groups according to their dependency on sialic acid residues. Here, we focus on the sialic acid-dependent pathway by using purified glycophorins and red blood cells (RBCs) to screen a cDNA phage display library derived from P. falciparum FCR3 strain, a sialic acid-dependent strain. This screen identified several parasite proteins including the erythrocyte-binding ligand-1, EBL-1. The phage cDNA insert encoded the 69-amino acid peptide, termed F2i, which is located within the F2 region of the DBL domain, designated here as D2, of EBL-1. Recombinant D2 and F2i polypeptides bound to purified glycophorins and RBCs, and the F2i peptide was found to interfere with binding of D2 domain to its receptor. Both D2 and F2i polypeptides bound to trypsin-treated but not neuraminidase or chymotrypsin-treated erythrocytes, consistent with known glycophorin B resistance to trypsin, and neither the D2 nor F2i polypeptide bound to glycophorin B-deficient erythrocytes. Importantly, purified D2 and F2i polypeptides partially inhibited merozoite reinvasion in human erythrocytes. Our results show that the host erythrocyte receptor glycophorin B directly interacts with the DBL domain of parasite EBL-1, and the core binding site is contained within the 69 amino acid F2i region (residues 601-669) of the DBL domain. Together, these findings suggest that a recombinant F2i peptide with stabilized structure could provide a protective function at blood stage infection and represents a valuable addition to a multi-subunit vaccine against malaria.
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15
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Lin E, Tavul L, Michon P, Richards JS, Dabod E, Beeson JG, King CL, Zimmerman PA, Mueller I. Minimal association of common red blood cell polymorphisms with Plasmodium falciparum infection and uncomplicated malaria in Papua New Guinean school children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83:828-33. [PMID: 20889874 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO), α(+)-thalassemia, and low expression of complement receptor 1 (CR1) have been associated with protection against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In a cohort of children 5-14 years of age the effect of α(+)-thalassemia, SAO (SLC4A1Δ27), CR1 polymorphisms, and Gerbich negativity (GYPCΔex3) on risk of P. falciparum infections and uncomplicated illness were evaluated. The risk of acquiring polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-diagnosed P. falciparum infections was significantly lower for α(+)-thalassemia heterozygotes (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.56) and homozygotes (HR: 0.51) than wild-type children. No such differences were seen in light of microscopy diagnosed infections (P = 0.71) or were α(+)-thalassemia genotypes associated with a reduced risk of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. No significant associations between the risk of P. falciparum infection or illness were observed for any of the other red blood cell polymorphisms (P > 0.2). This suggests that these polymorphisms are not associated with significant protection against P. falciparum blood-stage infection or uncomplicated malaria in school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmoore Lin
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Papua, New Guinea.
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16
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Faik I, de Carvalho EG, Kun JF. Parasite-host interaction in malaria: genetic clues and copy number variation. Genome Med 2009; 1:82. [PMID: 19725943 PMCID: PMC2768989 DOI: 10.1186/gm82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, infections contribute highly to mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. Malaria tropica is one of the major infectious diseases globally and is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Plasmodia have accompanied human beings since the emergence of humankind. Due to its pathogenicity, malaria is a powerful selective force on the human genome. Genetic epidemiology approaches such as family and twin studies, candidate gene studies, and disease-association studies have identified a number of genes that mediate relative protection against the severest forms of the disease. New molecular approaches, including genome-wide association studies, have recently been performed to expand our knowledge on the functional effect of human variation in malaria. For the future, a systematic determination of gene-dosage effects and expression profiles of protective genes might unveil the functional impact of structural alterations in these genes on either side of the host-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Faik
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University Tübingen, Wilhelmstr, 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Wilder JA, Hewett EK, Gansner ME. Molecular evolution of GYPC: evidence for recent structural innovation and positive selection in humans. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26:2679-87. [PMID: 19679754 PMCID: PMC2775107 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GYPC encodes two erythrocyte surface sialoglycoproteins in humans, glycophorin C and glycophorin D (GPC and GPD), via initiation of translation at two start codons on a single transcript. The malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum uses GPC as a means of invasion into the human red blood cell. Here, we examine the molecular evolution of GYPC among the Hominoidea (Greater and Lesser Apes) and also the pattern of polymorphism at the locus in a global human sample. We find an excess of nonsynonymous divergence among species that appears to be caused solely by accelerated evolution of GYPC in the human lineage. Moreover, we find that the ability of GYPC to encode both GPC and GPD is a uniquely human trait, caused by the evolution of the GPC start codon in the human lineage. The pattern of polymorphism among humans is consistent with a hitchhiking event at the locus, suggesting that positive natural selection affected GYPC in the relatively recent past. Because GPC is exploited by P. falciparum for invasion of the red blood cell, we hypothesize that selection for evasion of P. falciparum has caused accelerated evolution of GYPC in humans (relative to other primates) and that this positive selection has continued to act in the recent evolution of our species. These data suggest that malaria has played a powerful role in shaping molecules on the surface of the human red blood cell. In addition, our examination of GYPC reveals a novel mechanism of protein evolution: co-option of untranslated region (UTR) sequence following the formation of a new start codon. In the case of human GYPC, the ancestral protein (GPD) continues to be produced through leaky translation. Because leaky translation is a widespread phenomenon among genes and organisms, we suggest that co-option of UTR sequence may be an important source of protein innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Wilder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, USA.
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18
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Erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum: multiple ligand-receptor interactions and phenotypic switching. Subcell Biochem 2008; 47:46-57. [PMID: 18512340 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78267-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Scott B, Easteal S. A single-step assay for the Gerbich-negative allele of glycophorin C. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2008; 41:1-4. [PMID: 18407531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Gerbich erythrocyte surface protein, glycophorin C (GYPC), can be used by Plasmodium falciparum to invade erythrocytes. The Melanesian Gerbich-negative antigenic condition (Ge(-)) is frequent in some populations where malaria is endemic, suggesting that it protects against malaria. We have determined as precisely as possible the breakpoint of the chromosomal deletion that causes the Ge(-) condition by comparing the partial GYPC sequence of a Papuan Ge(-/-) homozygous individual with known sequences of GYPC. This localisation has allowed us to develop a robust single-step PCR assay suitable for rapid screening of Ge(-). This method is easier to implement than existing methods, can reliably identify heterozygous individuals, and will considerably aid efforts to study the distribution of Ge(-) and its role in protection against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Scott
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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20
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Kasehagen LJ, Mueller I, Kiniboro B, Bockarie MJ, Reeder JC, Kazura JW, Kastens W, McNamara DT, King CH, Whalen CC, Zimmerman PA. Reduced Plasmodium vivax erythrocyte infection in PNG Duffy-negative heterozygotes. PLoS One 2007; 2:e336. [PMID: 17389925 PMCID: PMC1829178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erythrocyte Duffy blood group negativity reaches fixation in African populations where Plasmodium vivax (Pv) is uncommon. While it is known that Duffy-negative individuals are highly resistant to Pv erythrocyte infection, little is known regarding Pv susceptibility among heterozygous carriers of a Duffy-negative allele (+/−). Our limited knowledge of the selective advantages or disadvantages associated with this genotype constrains our understanding of the effect that interventions against Pv may have on the health of people living in malaria-endemic regions. Methods and Findings We conducted cross-sectional malaria prevalence surveys in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where we have previously identified a new Duffy-negative allele among individuals living in a region endemic for all four human malaria parasite species. We evaluated infection status by conventional blood smear light microscopy and semi-quantitative PCR-based strategies. Analysis of a longitudinal cohort constructed from our surveys showed that Duffy heterozygous (+/−) individuals were protected from Pv erythrocyte infection compared to those homozygous for wild-type alleles (+/+) (log-rank tests: LM, p = 0.049; PCR, p = 0.065). Evaluation of Pv parasitemia, determined by semi-quantitative PCR-based methods, was significantly lower in Duffy +/− vs. +/+ individuals (Mann-Whitney U: p = 0.023). Overall, we observed no association between susceptibility to P. falciparum erythrocyte infection and Duffy genotype. Conclusions Our findings provide the first evidence that Duffy-negative heterozygosity reduces erythrocyte susceptibility to Pv infection. As this reduction was not associated with greater susceptibility to Pf malaria, our in vivo observations provide evidence that Pv-targeted control measures can be developed safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurin J. Kasehagen
- Center for Global Health and Disease, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Benson Kiniboro
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Moses J. Bockarie
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - John C. Reeder
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - James W. Kazura
- Center for Global Health and Disease, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Will Kastens
- Center for Global Health and Disease, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David T. McNamara
- Center for Global Health and Disease, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Charles H. King
- Center for Global Health and Disease, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Whalen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Disease, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Naka I, Ohashi J, Patarapotikul J, Hananantachai H, Wilairatana P, Looareesuwan S, Tokunaga K. The genotypes of GYPA and GYPB carrying the MNSs antigens are not associated with cerebral malaria. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:476-479. [PMID: 17372674 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum invades erythrocytes via several routes using different red blood cell receptors that include glycophorin A (GYPA) and glycophorin B (GYPB). GYPA has two codominant alleles, i.e., M and N, that correspond to the M and N antigens, which differ by two amino acids (S1L, G5E); the codominant alleles of GYPB, i.e., S and s, correspond to the S and s antigens, which differ by a single amino acid (T29M). If these antigens influence the efficiency of erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites, the MNSs phenotype may be associated with the severity of malaria. To examine this, the GYPA and GYPB genotypes carrying the MNSs antigens were analyzed in 109 and 203 Thai patients with cerebral malaria and mild malaria, respectively. Neither the genotype nor allele frequencies at each locus were statistically different between the cerebral and mild malaria patients. Thus, we conclude that the MNSs antigens do not reveal the difference in susceptibility to cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Naka
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jun Ohashi
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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22
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Min-Oo G, Fortin A, Pitari G, Tam M, Stevenson MM, Gros P. Complex genetic control of susceptibility to malaria: positional cloning of the Char9 locus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:511-24. [PMID: 17312006 PMCID: PMC2137903 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse strains AcB55 and AcB61 are resistant to malaria by virtue of a mutation in erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PklrI90N). Linkage analysis in [AcB55 × A/J] F2 mice detected a second locus (Char9; logarithm of odds = 4.74) that regulates the blood-stage replication of Plasmodium chabaudi AS independently of Pklr. We characterized the 77 genes of the Char9 locus for tissue-specific expression, strain-specific alterations in gene expression, and polymorphic variants that are possibly associated with differential susceptibility. We identified Vnn1/Vnn3 as the likely candidates responsible for Char9. Vnn3/Vnn1 map within a conserved haplotype block and show expression levels that are strictly cis-regulated by this haplotype. The absence of Vnn messenger RNA expression and lack of pantetheinase protein activity in tissues are associated with susceptibility to malaria and are linked to a complex rearrangement in the Vnn3 promoter region. The A/J strain also carries a unique nonsense mutation that leads to a truncated protein. Vanin genes code for a pantetheinase involved in the production of cysteamine, a key regulator of host responses to inflammatory stimuli. Administration of cystamine in vivo partially corrects susceptibility to malaria in A/J mice, as measured by reduced blood parasitemia and decreased mortality. These studies suggest that pantetheinase is critical for the host response to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundula Min-Oo
- Department of Biochemistry, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal H3G-1Y6, Quebec, Canada
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Loscertales M, Owens S, O'Donnell J, Bunn J, Bosch‐Capblanch X, Brabin BJ. ABO Blood Group Phenotypes and Plasmodium falciparum Malaria: Unlocking a Pivotal Mechanism. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2007; 65:1-50. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(07)65001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Williams TN. Human red blood cell polymorphisms and malaria. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 9:388-94. [PMID: 16815736 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors are a major determinant of child survival in malaria endemic countries. Identifying which genes are involved and how they affect the malaria disease risk potentially offers a powerful mechanism through which to learn more about the host-parasite relationship. The past few years have seen significant progress towards achieving this goal for some of the best-known malaria resistance genes that determine the structure or function of red blood cells: Gerbich blood group antigen negativity; polymorphisms of the complement receptor genes (most notably CR1); Southeast Asian ovalocytosis; pyruvate kinase deficiency; haemoglobin E; the sickle cell trait; and alpha-thalassaemia are all examples. The challenge for the future must be to translate such advances into fresh approaches to the prevention and treatment of malaria.
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25
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Williams TN. Red blood cell defects and malaria. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 149:121-7. [PMID: 16797741 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major cause of childhood death throughout much of the tropical world. As a result, it has exerted a powerful force for the evolutionary selection of genes that confer a survival advantage. Identifying which genes are involved, and how they affect malaria risk, is a potentially useful way of exploring the host-parasite relationship. To date, some of the best-described malaria-protective polymorphisms relate to genes that affect the structure or function of red blood cells (RBC). Recent years have seen significant advances in our understanding of the importance of some of these genes, including glycophorin C (GYPC); complement receptor 1 (CR1); band 3 (SLC4A1); pyruvate kinase (Pklr); and the genes for alpha-(HBA) and beta-globin (HBB). The challenge for the future must be to convert these advances into fresh approaches to the prevention and treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Williams
- Kemri/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya.
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26
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KIMURA MASAKO, SOEMANTRI AUGUSTINUS, SISWANTO JOEDI, ISHIDA TAKAFUMI. Ovalocytosis without band 3 gene 27-bp deletion and malaria infection. ANTHROPOL SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.050802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MASAKO KIMURA
- Unit of Human Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - AUGUSTINUS SOEMANTRI
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University
- Dr. Kariadi Hospital
| | | | - TAKAFUMI ISHIDA
- Unit of Human Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
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27
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Head DJ, Lee ZE, Poole J, Avent ND. Expression of phosphatidylserine (PS) on wild-type and Gerbich variant erythrocytes following glycophorin-C (GPC) ligation. Br J Haematol 2005; 129:130-7. [PMID: 15801965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycophorin-C (GPC) is a 40 kDa glycoprotein expressed on erythrocytes and is a receptor for the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum to invade these cells. A link between GPC binding (ligation) and phosphatidylserine (PS) expression on erythrocytes has been suggested by its appearance on P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Phosphatidylserine expression has also been shown to be a marker of cellular death in a number of biological pathways including some in erythrocytes. Using Annexin V binding, we demonstrated that ligation of GPC with mouse mAb (BRIC-10) induced PS expression on normal erythrocytes. Phosphatidylserine exposure was prevented following tryptic digestion of intact erythrocytes. In addition, GPC variant phenotypes Yus (Delta exon 2) and Gerbich (Delta exon 3), which express a truncated extracellular domain, did not express PS following BRIC-10 binding, whereas PS was exposed on Ls(a) erythrocytes (duplication of exon 3). GPC ligation was also shown to result in a concomitant loss of erythrocyte viability in wild-type erythrocytes after 24 h in vitro. These results identify a potential pathway linking GPC to PS exposure on erythrocytes that may have a role in regulating red cell turnover. Further characterization of this pathway may also identify new targets for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Head
- Genomics Research Institute and Centre for Research in Biomedicine, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay, Bristol, UK
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Kwiatkowski DP. How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:171-92. [PMID: 16001361 PMCID: PMC1224522 DOI: 10.1086/432519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major killer of children worldwide and the strongest known force for evolutionary selection in the recent history of the human genome. The past decade has seen growing evidence of ethnic differences in susceptibility to malaria and of the diverse genetic adaptations to malaria that have arisen in different populations: epidemiological confirmation of the hypotheses that G6PD deficiency, alpha+ thalassemia, and hemoglobin C protect against malaria mortality; the application of novel haplotype-based techniques demonstrating that malaria-protective genes have been subject to recent positive selection; the first genetic linkage maps of resistance to malaria in experimental murine models; and a growing number of reported associations with resistance and susceptibility to human malaria, particularly in genes involved in immunity, inflammation, and cell adhesion. The challenge for the next decade is to build the global epidemiological infrastructure required for statistically robust genomewide association analysis, as a way of discovering novel mechanisms of protective immunity that can be used in the development of an effective malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and University Department of Paediatrics, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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29
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Abstract
The malaria threat to global health is exacerbated by widespread drug resistance in the Plasmodium parasite and its insect vector, and the lack of an efficacious vaccine. Infection with Plasmodium parasites can cause a wide spectrum of pathologies, from a transient mild form of anaemia to a severe and rapidly fatal cerebral disease. Epidemiological studies in humans and experiments in animal models have shown that genetic factors play a key role in the onset, progression, type of disease developed and ultimate outcome of malaria. The protective effect of polymorphic variants in erythrocyte-specific structural proteins or metabolic enzymes against the blood-stage of the disease is one of the clearest illustrations of this genetic modulation, and has suggested co-evolution of the Plasmodium parasite with its human host in areas of endemic disease. Here, we present a brief overview of erythrocyte polymorphisms with biological relevance to malaria pathogenesis, and current work on the mechanism(s) by which these mediate their protective effect. The recent addition of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase to this group of protective genes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundula Min-Oo
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Olsler Promenade, Room 907, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3G 1Y6
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30
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Foote SJ. Can nature's defence against malaria be mimicked by the development of host-directed therapies? THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2004; 4:141-2. [PMID: 15037860 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Gaur D, Mayer DCG, Miller LH. Parasite ligand–host receptor interactions during invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium merozoites. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:1413-29. [PMID: 15582519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria parasites must recognise and invade different cells during their life cycle. The efficiency with which Plasmodium falciparum invades erythrocytes of all ages is an important virulence factor, since the ability of the parasite to reach high levels of parasitemia is often associated with severe pathology and morbidity. The merozoite invasion of erythrocytes is a highly complex, multi-step process that is dependent on a cascade of specific molecular interactions. Although many proteins are known to play an important role in invasion, their functional characteristics remain unclear. Therefore, a complete understanding of the molecular interactions that are the basis of the invasion process is absolutely crucial, not only in improving our knowledge about the basic biology of the malarial parasite, but also for the development of intervention strategies to counter the disease. Here we review the current state of knowledge about the receptor-ligand interactions that mediate merozoite invasion of erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Gaur
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Building Twinbrook III/Room 3E-32D, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA
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32
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Min-Oo G, Fortin A, Tam MF, Gros P, Stevenson MM. Phenotypic expression of pyruvate kinase deficiency and protection against malaria in a mouse model. Genes Immun 2004; 5:168-75. [PMID: 15029238 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant congenic mouse strains AcB55 and AcB61 are extremely resistant to malaria (Plasmodium chabaudi AS) despite the presence of susceptibility alleles at the known Char1/Char2 resistance loci. Resistance in AcB55 and AcB61 is controlled by a locus on chromosome 3 (Char4) shown to be allelic with or tightly linked to a loss-of-function mutation in pyruvate kinase (Pklr). AcB55 and AcB61 show important splenomegaly prior to infection caused by the expansion of the red pulp, and display histological signs of extramedullary erythropoiesis in the liver. Examination of splenic cell populations by flow cytometry demonstrates elevated numbers of TER119-positive erythroid precursor cells (>30% of total spleen cells), while RNA expression studies show elevated expression of erythrocyte-specific transcripts such as globin, transferrin receptor, and Nramp2/Slc11a2 in the spleen of both strains. Hematological profiling in both strains is consistent with the presence of anemia as evidenced by low total erythrocyte counts, decreased hemoglobin, as well as abnormally high numbers of circulating reticulocytes (15-20%). These results strongly suggest that the mutant Pklr allele (Pklr(269A)) of AcB55/61 strains causes hemolytic anemia compensated by constitutive erythropoiesis, which in turn protects the mice against P. chabaudi infection. The possible molecular basis of the Pklr protective effect is discussed and is under current investigation in these two strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Min-Oo
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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33
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Ability of Plasmodium falciparum to invade Southeast Asian ovalocytes varies between parasite lines. Blood 2004; 104:2961-6. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractPlasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the most lethal form of human malaria, uses multiple ligand-receptor interactions to invade host red blood cells (RBCs). We studied the invasion of P falciparum into abnormal RBCs from humans carrying the Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO) trait. One particular parasite line, 3D7-A, invaded these cells efficiently, whereas all other lines studied invaded SAO RBCs to only about 20% of the extent of normal (non-SAO) cells. This result is consistent with the clinical observation that SAO individuals can experience high-density P falciparum infections and provides an explanation for previous discrepant results on invasion of SAO RBCs. Characterization of the invasion phenotype of 3D7-A revealed that efficient invasion of SAO RBCs was paralleled by relatively efficient invasion of normal RBCs treated with either neuraminidase, trypsin, or chymotrypsin and a novel capacity to invade normal RBCs treated sequentially with both neuraminidase and trypsin. Our results suggest that only parasites able to use some particular invasion pathways can invade SAO RBCs efficiently in culture. A similar situation might occur in the field.
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34
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Mayer DCG, Mu JB, Kaneko O, Duan J, Su XZ, Miller LH. Polymorphism in the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte-binding ligand JESEBL/EBA-181 alters its receptor specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:2518-23. [PMID: 14983041 PMCID: PMC356982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307318101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite lives within erythrocytes and depends on the binding of parasite ligands to host cell surface receptors for invasion. The most virulent human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, uses multiple ligands, including EBA-175, BAEBL, and JESEBL of the Duffy-binding-like (DBL) family of erythrocyte-binding proteins, for invasion of human erythrocytes. Region II of these parasite ligands is the erythrocyte-binding domain. Previously, we had shown that polymorphism in region II of BAEBL leads to different erythrocyte-binding specificities. We have now identified and characterized the binding specificity of six JESEBL variants. We sequenced region II of JESEBL from 20 P. falciparum clones collected from various parts of the world where malaria is endemic. We observed eight JESEBL variants that contained amino acid polymorphisms at five positions among all clones. Seven of the eight variants could be connected by a single base change that led to an amino acid change. We investigated the functional significance of these polymorphisms by transiently expressing region II from six of JESEBL variants on the surface of Chinese hamster ovary cells. We observed four erythrocyte-binding patterns to enzyme-treated erythrocytes. Thus, P. falciparum DBL ligands JESEBL and BAEBL can recognize multiple receptors on the erythrocyte surface. In contrast to Plasmodium vivax, which has disappeared from West Africa because of the Duffy-negative blood group, P. falciparum may have been successful in endemic areas because it has mutated the ligands of the DBL family to create multiple pathways of invasion, thus making selection of refractory erythrocytes unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Ghislaine Mayer
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Drive, Room 4126, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA
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35
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Patel SS, King CL, Mgone CS, Kazura JW, Zimmerman PA. Glycophorin C (Gerbich antigen blood group) and band 3 polymorphisms in two malaria holoendemic regions of Papua New Guinea. Am J Hematol 2004; 75:1-5. [PMID: 14695625 PMCID: PMC3728820 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.10448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The geographic overlap between the prevalence of erythrocyte polymorphisms and malaria endemicity is thought to be an example of natural selection on human populations. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Gerbich-negative phenotype is caused by an exon 3 deletion in the glycophorin C gene (GYPCDeltaex3) while heterozygosity for a 27-base pair deletion in the SLC4A1 gene (anion exchanger 1 or erythrocyte membrane protein, band 3), SLC4A1Delta27, results in Southeast Asian ovalocytosis. Two geographically and ethnically distinct malaria endemic regions of PNG (the Wosera [East Sepik Province] and Liksul [Madang Province]) were studied to illustrate the distribution of two prominent deletion polymorphisms (GYPCDeltaex3 and SLC4A1Delta27) and to determine if the genetic load associated with SLC4A1Delta27 would constrain independent assortment of GYPCDeltaex3 heterozygous and homozygous genotypes. The frequency of the GYPCDeltaex3 allele was higher in the Wosera (0.463) than Liksul (0.176) (chi(2); P < 0.0001). Conversely, the frequency of the SLC4A1Delta27 allele was higher in Liksul (0.0740) than the Wosera (0.0005) (chi(2); P < 0.0001). No individuals were homozygous for SLC4A1Delta27. In 355 Liksul residents, independent assortment of these two deletion polymorphisms resulted in 14 SLC4A1Delta27 carriers heterozygous for GYPCDeltaex3 and one SLC4A1Delta27 carrier homozygous for GYPCDeltaex3 (Fisher's exact test; P = 0.8040). While homozygosity for SLC4A1Delta27 appears to be nonviable, the GYPCDeltaex3 allele is not lethal when combined with SLC4A1Delta27. Neither mutation was associated with altered susceptibility to asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax infection. While these erythrocyte polymorphisms apparently have no effect on blood-stage malaria infection, their contribution to susceptibility to clinical malaria morbidity requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheral S Patel
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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36
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Zimmerman PA, Patel SS, Maier AG, Bockarie MJ, Kazura JW. Erythrocyte polymorphisms and malaria parasite invasion in Papua New Guinea. Trends Parasitol 2003; 19:250-2. [PMID: 12798081 PMCID: PMC3728993 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(03)00112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum merozoites engage the erythrocyte surface through several receptor (host)-ligand (parasite) interactions during a brief exchange that results in parasite invasion of the red blood cell. Tens of thousands of these events occur during the initial cycle of blood-stage infections but advance towards billions as the parasite becomes visible to microscopists attempting to diagnose the underlying cause of illness in febrile patients. Advancing blood-stage infection leads to massive proportions of erythrocytes that rupture during repetitive cycles of asexual reproduction. As the infection leads to illness, non-immune or semi-immune individuals can suffer from life-threatening consequences of severe malarial anemia that play a leading role in pathogenesis. Through natural selection, some erythrocyte membrane polymorphisms are likely to have reduced the invasion success of the P. falciparum merozoite and increased the fitness of the human host population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, W147D 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-4983, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a patchwork of different ecological zones, inhabited by human populations of exceptional cultural and linguistic diversity. This results in complex variations in vector ecology and malaria epidemiology. Malaria is the main cause of morbidity in many health facilities in lowland areas, but it is absent in much of the highlands. All four human malaria species occur, but endemicity varies widely, with Plasmodium falciparum locally reaching holo-endemic levels that are rarely found outside sub-Saharan Africa. The high frequency of Plasmodium vivax is an important difference to most African situations. PNG is therefore a prime location for studies of interactions between different parasite species, and of the biology of local human genetic adaptation and its implications for malaria morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Müller
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Maprik, EHP 441, Papua New Guinea
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38
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Lobo CA, Rodriguez M, Reid M, Lustigman S. Glycophorin C is the receptor for the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte binding ligand PfEBP-2 (baebl). Blood 2003; 101:4628-31. [PMID: 12576308 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report in this paper that glycophorin C (GPC) is the receptor for PfEBP-2 (baebl, EBA-140), the newly identified erythrocyte binding ligand of Plasmodium falciparum. PfEBP-2 is a member of the Duffy binding-like erythrocyte binding protein (DBL-EBP) family. Although several reports have been published characterizing PfEBP-2, the identity of its erythrocytic receptor was still unknown. Using a combination of enzymatically treated red blood cells (RBCs) and rare, variant RBCs lacking different surface proteins, we have shown that PfEBP-2 does not bind to cells lacking GPC. Additionally, we found that PfEBP-2 binds differentially to variants of GPC lacking exon 2 or exon 3, and determined that the binding domain on GPC is potentially restricted to amino acid residues 14 through 22 within exon 2. Thus PfEBP-2 is involved in a sialic acid-dependent pathway of invasion, which does not involve glycophorin A or glycophorin B and represents a novel route of entry into the RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl-Ann Lobo
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, The Lindsley Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, NY, NY 10021.
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39
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Abstract
Research into the molecular biology of infectious diseases is mostly associated with well-developed countries. But in the midst of tropical Papua New Guinea, highly sophisticated molecular research has being conducted over years to understand and fight malaria and other tropical diseases. Here, we review such research carried out at the Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research. This Institute has considerably shaped research on molecular epidemiology through its analysis of the diversity and structure of the Plasmodium falciparum population. In addition, research has been conducted on human host factors and, more recently, the molecular analysis of drug resistance and the underlying molecular mechanisms of host-parasite interactions have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Cortés
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, 511 Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
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40
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Duraisingh MT, Triglia T, Ralph SA, Rayner JC, Barnwell JW, McFadden GI, Cowman AF. Phenotypic variation of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite proteins directs receptor targeting for invasion of human erythrocytes. EMBO J 2003; 22:1047-57. [PMID: 12606570 PMCID: PMC150330 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the phylum Apicomplexa parasitize a wide range of eukaryotic host cells. Plasmodium falciparum, responsible for the most virulent form of malaria, invades human erythrocytes using several specific and high affinity ligand-receptor interactions that define invasion pathways. We find that members of the P. falciparum reticulocyte-binding homolog protein family, PfRh2a and PfRh2b, are expressed variantly in different lines. Targeted gene disruption shows that PfRh2b mediates a novel invasion pathway and that it functions independently of other related proteins. Phenotypic variation of the PfRh protein family allows P. falciparum to exploit different patterns of receptors on the erythrocyte surface and thereby respond to polymorphisms in erythrocyte receptors and to evade the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stuart A. Ralph
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3050, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne 3010, Australia and Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, GA 30341, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
M.T.Duraisingh and T.Triglia contributed equally to this work
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3050, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne 3010, Australia and Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, GA 30341, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
M.T.Duraisingh and T.Triglia contributed equally to this work
| | - John W. Barnwell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3050, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne 3010, Australia and Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, GA 30341, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
M.T.Duraisingh and T.Triglia contributed equally to this work
| | - Geoffrey I. McFadden
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3050, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne 3010, Australia and Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, GA 30341, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
M.T.Duraisingh and T.Triglia contributed equally to this work
| | - Alan F. Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3050, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne 3010, Australia and Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, GA 30341, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
M.T.Duraisingh and T.Triglia contributed equally to this work
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Maier AG, Duraisingh MT, Reeder JC, Patel SS, Kazura JW, Zimmerman PA, Cowman AF. Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte invasion through glycophorin C and selection for Gerbich negativity in human populations. Nat Med 2003; 9:87-92. [PMID: 12469115 PMCID: PMC3728825 DOI: 10.1038/nm807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2002] [Accepted: 11/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Geographic overlap between malaria and the occurrence of mutant hemoglobin and erythrocyte surface proteins has indicated that polymorphisms in human genes have been selected by severe malaria. Deletion of exon 3 in the glycophorin C gene (called GYPCDeltaex3 here) has been found in Melanesians; this alteration changes the serologic phenotype of the Gerbich (Ge) blood group system, resulting in Ge negativity. The GYPCDeltaex3 allele reaches a high frequency (46.5%) in coastal areas of Papua New Guinea where malaria is hyperendemic. The Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte-binding antigen 140 (EBA140, also known as BAEBL) binds with high affinity to the surface of human erythrocytes. Here we show that the receptor for EBA140 is glycophorin C (GYPC) and that this interaction mediates a principal P. falciparum invasion pathway into human erythrocytes. EBA140 does not bind to GYPC in Ge-negative erythrocytes, nor can P. falciparum invade such cells using this invasion pathway. This provides compelling evidence that Ge negativity has arisen in Melanesian populations through natural selection by severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Maier
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
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42
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Mayer DCG, Mu JB, Feng X, Su XZ, Miller LH. Polymorphism in a Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte-binding ligand changes its receptor specificity. J Exp Med 2002; 196:1523-8. [PMID: 12461087 PMCID: PMC2194259 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of human erythrocytes by Plasmodium species depends in part on Region II of the Duffy binding-like family of parasite ligands, which includes BA erythrocyte binding ligand (BAEBL) of P. falciparum. In previous studies of BAEBL from two clones, Dd2/Nm from Vietnam and E12 from Papua New Guinea (PNG), it was found that BAEBL bound different erythrocyte receptors. Because of variation in binding specificity, we studied the sequence and erythrocyte binding specificity of Region II of BAEBL in P. falciparum clones from different parts of the world. We observed five nucleotide substitutions leading to five amino acid changes and five polymorphisms in Region II of BAEBL in parasites from both PNG and other parts of the world. We expressed four of the polymorphisms on COS cells and determined their binding to enzyme-treated erythrocytes and to Gerbich-negative erythrocytes. We also performed erythrocyte-binding assay using the native protein from radiolabeled culture supernatant. Both assays demonstrated that each of the four polymorphisms in the parasite ligand, BAEBL, bound to a different receptor on erythrocytes. These results suggest that P. falciparum has evolved multiple invasion pathways dependent on polymorphisms in the BAEBL ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Ghislaine Mayer
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Drive, Building 4 Room B1-41, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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43
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Mehlotra RK, Kasehagen LJ, Baisor M, Lorry K, Kazura JW, Bockarie MJ, Zimmerman PA. Malaria infections are randomly distributed in diverse holoendemic areas of Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002; 67:555-62. [PMID: 12518843 PMCID: PMC3728830 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is holoendemic in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG), and interactions among Plasmodium species may influence prevalence of mixed infections. Previously, field samples from a cross-sectional survey in Dreikikir, East Sepik Province, analyzed by blood smear and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), showed that mixed infections were common and randomly distributed in this malaria endemic region. To evaluate further whether Plasmodium species distribution is random, blood smear- and PCR/sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization-based analyses of cross-sectional survey samples were conducted in 2 additional malaria holoendemic regions of northern PNG. Despite ecologic, species prevalence, and transmission season differences in these new surveys, all 4 Plasmodium species were found to be randomly distributed in each area; random distribution patterns also were observed when study populations were divided into age groups. These findings provide consistent evidence that Plasmodium species infections occur independently of one another in PNG malaria holoendemic sites. This independent occurrence suggests that age-dependent, acquired malaria immunity has limited influence on the distribution pattern of Plasmodium species infections in endemic human populations; infection by 1 human malaria parasite species does not reduce susceptibility to infection by others; and malaria vaccines would exhibit limited protection against blood-stage infection by heterologous Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4983, USA
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44
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Pasvol G. Ovalocytosis in Papua New Guinea. Trends Parasitol 2002; 18:150. [PMID: 11998696 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(02)02277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Malaria is today a disease of poverty and underdeveloped countries. In Africa, mortality remains high because there is limited access to treatment in the villages. We should follow in Pasteur's footsteps by using basic research to develop better tools for the control and cure of malaria. Insight into the complexity of malaria pathogenesis is vital for understanding the disease and will provide a major step towards controlling it. Those of us who work on pathogenesis must widen our approach and think in terms of new tools such as vaccines to reduce disease. The inability of many countries to fund expensive campaigns and antimalarial treatment requires these tools to be highly effective and affordable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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46
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Weatherall DJ, Miller LH, Baruch DI, Marsh K, Doumbo OK, Casals-Pascual C, Roberts DJ. Malaria and the red cell. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2002; 2002:35-57. [PMID: 12446418 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2002.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Because of the breakdown of malaria control programs, the constant emergence of drug resistant parasites, and, possibly, climatic changes malaria poses a major problem for the developing countries. In addition, because of the speed of international travel it is being seen with increasing frequency as an imported disease in non-tropical countries. This update explores recent information about the pathophysiology of the disease, its protean hematological manifestations, and how carrier frequencies for the common hemoglobin disorders have been maintained by relative resistance to the malarial parasite. In Section I, Dr. Louis Miller and colleagues consider recent information about the pathophysiology of malarial infection, including new information about interactions between the malarial parasite and vascular endothelium. In Section II, Dr. David Roberts discusses what is known about the complex interactions between red cell production and destruction that characterize the anemia of malaria, one of the commonest causes of anemia in tropical countries. In Section III, Dr. David Weatherall reviews recent studies on how the high gene frequencies of the thalassemias and hemoglobin variants have been maintained by heterozygote advantage against malaria and how malaria has shaped the genetic structure of human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weatherall
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford
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