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El-Demerdash AS, Orady RM, Matter AA, Ebrahem AF. An Alternative Approach Using Nano-garlic Emulsion and its Synergy with Antibiotics for Controlling Biofilm-Producing Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in Chicken. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:632-644. [PMID: 38034905 PMCID: PMC10682320 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface-growing antibiotic-resistant pathogenic Salmonella is emerging as a global health challenge due to its high economic loss in the poultry industry. Their pathogenesis, increasing antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation make them challenging to treat with traditional therapy. The identification of antimicrobial herbal ingredients may provide valuable solutions to solve this problem. Therefore, our aim is to evaluate the potency of nano garlic as the alternative of choice against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella isolates using disc diffusion and microdilution assays. Then, checkerboard titration in trays was applied, and FIC was measured to identify the type of interaction between the two antimicrobials. A disc diffusion assay revealed that neomycin was the drug of choice. The range of nano garlic MIC was 12.5-25 μg/ml, while the neomycin MIC range was 32-64 μg/ml. The FIC index established a synergistic association between the two tested drugs in 85% of isolates. An experimental model was used including nano garlic and neomycin alone and in combination against Salmonella infection. The combination therapy significantly improved body productivity and inhibited biofilm formation by more than 50% down regulating the CsgBAD, motB, and sipA operons, which are responsible for curli fimbriae production and biofilm formation in Salmonella serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza S. El-Demerdash
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig, 44516 Egypt
| | - Rania M. Orady
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Matter
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Amera F. Ebrahem
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Gamasa, Egypt
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2
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Zhu C, Li J, Liu Y, Jin F, Wang Z, Tong Y, Qin J, Fang B. Genomic analysis and characterization of bacteriophage vB_SpuS_NX263 infecting Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Pullorum. Arch Virol 2023; 168:216. [PMID: 37525023 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new Salmonella phage, NX263, was isolated from sewage. This phage could lyse 90.57% (48/53) of the bacterial strains tested and showed good activity over a wide range of temperature (up to 60°C) and pH (5-10). Phylogenetic analysis showed that it should be classified as a member of the genus Skatevirus. The genome of phage NX263 is 46,574 bp in length with a GC content of 45.52%. It contains 89 open reading frames and two tRNA genes. No lysogeny, drug resistance, or virulence-associated genes were identified in the genome sequence, suggesting that this phage could potentially be used to treat Salmonella Pullorum infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering (BAIC-SM), College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, China
| | - Fenhua Jin
- Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd, 527400, Yunfu, China
| | - Zhanxin Wang
- Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, China
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering (BAIC-SM), College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Qin
- Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, China.
| | - Binghu Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Dar MA, Bhat B, Nazir J, Saleem A, Manzoor T, Khan M, Haq Z, Bhat SS, Ahmad SM. Identification of SNPs Related to Salmonella Resistance in Chickens Using RNA-Seq and Integrated Bioinformatics Approach. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1283. [PMID: 37372463 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected between two chicken breeds (Kashmir favorella and broiler) using deep RNA sequencing. This was carried out to comprehend the coding area alterations, which cause variances in the immunological response to Salmonella infection. In the present study, we identified high impact SNPs from both chicken breeds in order to delineate different pathways that mediate disease resistant/susceptibility traits. Samples (liver and spleen) were collected from Salmonella resistant (K. favorella) and susceptible (broiler) chicken breeds. Salmonella resistance and susceptibility were checked by different pathological parameters post infection. To explore possible polymorphisms in genes linked with disease resistance, SNP identification analysis was performed utilizing RNA seq data from nine K. favorella and ten broiler chickens. A total of 1778 (1070 SNPs and 708 INDELs) and 1459 (859 SNPs and 600 INDELs) were found to be specific to K. favorella and broiler, respectively. Based on our results, we conclude that in broiler chickens the enriched pathways mostly included metabolic pathways like fatty acid metabolism, carbon metabolism and amino acid metabolism (Arginine and proline metabolism), while as in K. favorella genes with high impact SNPs were enriched in most of the immune-related pathways like MAPK signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, etc., which could be a possible resistance mechanism against salmonella infection. In K. favorella, protein-protein interaction analysis also shows some important hub nodes, which are important in providing defense against different infectious diseases. Phylogenomic analysis revealed that indigenous poultry breeds (resistant) are clearly separated from commercial breeds (susceptible). These findings will offer fresh perspectives on the genetic diversity in chicken breeds and will aid in the genomic selection of poultry birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashooq Ahmad Dar
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Basharat Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Junaid Nazir
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144402, India
| | - Afnan Saleem
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Tasaduq Manzoor
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Mahak Khan
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Zulfqarul Haq
- Indian Council of Medical Research Project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, F.V.Sc & AH, Shuhama, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Sahar Saleem Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
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Wang Q, Thiam M, Barreto Sánchez AL, Wang Z, Zhang J, Li Q, Wen J, Zhao G. Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Reveals the Hub Genes and Key Pathways Associated with Resistance to Salmonella Enteritidis Colonization in Chicken. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054824. [PMID: 36902251 PMCID: PMC10003191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella negatively impacts the poultry industry and threatens animals' and humans' health. The gastrointestinal microbiota and its metabolites can modulate the host's physiology and immune system. Recent research demonstrated the role of commensal bacteria and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in developing resistance to Salmonella infection and colonization. However, the complex interactions among chicken, Salmonella, host-microbiome, and microbial metabolites remain unelucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to explore these complex interactions by identifying the driver and hub genes highly correlated with factors that confer resistance to Salmonella. Differential gene expression (DEGs) and dynamic developmental genes (DDGs) analyses and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were performed using transcriptome data from the cecum of Salmonella Enteritidis-infected chicken at 7 and 21 days after infection. Furthermore, we identified the driver and hub genes associated with important traits such as the heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, body weight post-infection, bacterial load, propionate and valerate cecal contents, and Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria cecal relative abundance. Among the multiple genes detected in this study, EXFABP, S100A9/12, CEMIP, FKBP5, MAVS, FAM168B, HESX1, EMC6, and others were found as potential candidate gene and transcript (co-) factors for resistance to Salmonella infection. In addition, we found that the PPAR and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) metabolic pathways were also involved in the host's immune response/defense against Salmonella colonization at the earlier and later stage post-infection, respectively. This study provides a valuable resource of transcriptome profiles from chicken cecum at the earlier and later stage post-infection and mechanistic understanding of the complex interactions among chicken, Salmonella, host-microbiome, and associated metabolites.
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Gul H, Habib G, Khan IM, Rahman SU, Khan NM, Wang H, Khan NU, Liu Y. Genetic resilience in chickens against bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1032983. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1032983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome contributes to the uniqueness of an individual breed, and enables distinctive characteristics to be passed from one generation to the next. The allelic heterogeneity of a certain breed results in a different response to a pathogen with different genomic expression. Disease resistance in chicken is a polygenic trait that involves different genes that confer resistance against pathogens. Such resistance also involves major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules, immunoglobulins, cytokines, interleukins, T and B cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, which are involved in host protection. The MHC is associated with antigen presentation, antibody production, and cytokine stimulation, which highlight its role in disease resistance. The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp-1), interferon (IFN), myxovirus-resistance gene, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIP2), and heterophile cells are involved in disease resistance and susceptibility of chicken. Studies related to disease resistance genetics, epigenetics, and quantitative trait loci would enable the identification of resistance markers and the development of disease resistance breeds. Microbial infections are responsible for significant outbreaks and have blighted the poultry industry. Breeding disease-resistant chicken strains may be helpful in tackling pathogens and increasing the current understanding on host genetics in the fight against communicable diseases. Advanced technologies, such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, whole genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, and high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, aid the development of resistant breeds, which would significantly decrease the use of antibiotics and vaccination in poultry. In this review, we aimed to reveal the recent genetic basis of infection and genomic modification that increase resistance against different pathogens in chickens.
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Cazals A, Rau A, Estellé J, Bruneau N, Coville JL, Menanteau P, Rossignol MN, Jardet D, Bevilacqua C, Bed’Hom B, Velge P, Calenge F. Comparative analysis of the caecal tonsil transcriptome in two chicken lines experimentally infected with Salmonella Enteritidis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270012. [PMID: 35976909 PMCID: PMC9384989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing Salmonella enterica Enteritidis (SE) carriage in chicken is necessary to ensure human food safety and enhance the economic, social and environmental sustainability of chicken breeding. Salmonella can contaminate poultry products, causing human foodborne disease and economic losses for farmers. Both genetic selection for a decreased carriage and gut microbiota modulation strategies could reduce Salmonella propagation in farms. Two-hundred and twenty animals from the White Leghorn inbred lines N and 61 were raised together on floor, infected by SE at 7 days of age, transferred into isolators to prevent oro-fecal recontamination and euthanized at 12 days post-infection. Caecal content DNA was used to measure individual Salmonella counts (ISC) by droplet digital PCR. A RNA sequencing approach was used to measure gene expression levels in caecal tonsils after infection of 48 chicks with low or high ISC. The analysis between lines identified 7516 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) corresponding to 62 enriched Gene Ontology (GO) Biological Processes (BP) terms. A comparison between low and high carriers allowed us to identify 97 DEGs and 23 enriched GO BP terms within line 61, and 1034 DEGs and 288 enriched GO BP terms within line N. Among these genes, we identified several candidate genes based on their putative functions, including FUT2 or MUC4, which could be involved in the control of SE infection, maybe through interactions with commensal bacteria. Altogether, we were able to identify several genes and pathways associated with differences in SE carriage level. These results are discussed in relation to individual caecal microbiota compositions, obtained for the same animals in a previous study, which may interact with host gene expression levels for the control of the caecal SE load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Cazals
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Rau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, INRAE, Université de Liège, Université de Lille, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Peronne, France
| | - Jordi Estellé
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Bruneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Luc Coville
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Deborah Jardet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claudia Bevilacqua
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bertrand Bed’Hom
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Velge
- UMR ISP, INRAE, Université F. Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Fanny Calenge
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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7
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Transcriptomic Analysis of the Spleen of Different Chicken Breeds Revealed the Differential Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050811. [PMID: 35627196 PMCID: PMC9142047 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) is a foodborne pathogen that adversely affects the health of both animals and humans. Since poultry is a common source and carrier of the disease, controlling ST infection in chickens will have a protective impact on human health. In the current study, Beijing-You (BY) and Cobb chicks (5-day-old specific-pathogen-free) were orally challenged by 2.4 × 1012 CFU ST, spleen transcriptome was conducted 1 day post-infection (DPI) to identify gene markers and pathways related to the immune system. A total of 775 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparisons between BY and Cobb were identified, including 498 upregulated and 277 downregulated genes (fold change ≥2.0, p < 0.05). Several immune response pathways against Salmonella were enriched, including natural killer-cell-mediated-cytotoxicity, cytokine−cytokine receptor interaction, antigen processing and presentation, phagosomes, and intestinal immune network for IgA production, for both BY and Cobb chickens. The BY chicks showed a robust response for clearance of bacterial load, immune response, and robust activation of phagosomes, resulting in ST resistance. These results confirmed that BY breed more resistance to ST challenge and will provide a better understanding of BY and Cobb chickens’ susceptibility and resistance to ST infection at the early stages of host immune response, which could expand the known intricacies of molecular mechanisms in chicken immunological responses against ST. Pathways induced by Salmonella infection may provide a novel approach to developing preventive and curative strategies for ST, and increase inherent resistance in animals through genetic selection.
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Sarfraz M, Nguyen TTT, Wheler C, Köster W, Gerdts V, Dar A. Characterization of Dosage Levels for In Ovo Administration of Innate Immune Stimulants for Prevention of Yolk Sac Infection in Chicks. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050203. [PMID: 35622731 PMCID: PMC9142911 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune stimulants, especially toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and agonists, are the main players in the initiation of innate immunity and have been widely studied as alternatives to antibiotics to control infection. In the present study, we characterized the dosage levels of various innate immune stimulants, including unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine dinucleotide -containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), cyclic polyphosphazene 75B (CPZ75B), avian beta-defensin 2 (ABD2), and combinations of these reagents given in ovo. Data derived from a series of animal experiments demonstrated that the in ovo administration of 10–50 µg CpG ODN/embryo (on embryonic day 18) is an effective formulation for control of yolk sac infection (YSI) due to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) in young chicks. Amongst the different combinations of innate immune stimulants, the in ovo administration of CpG ODN 10 µg in combination with 15 µg of poly I:C was the most effective combination, offering 100% protection from YSI. It is expected that the introduction of these reagents to management practices at the hatchery level may serve as a potential replacement for antibiotics for the reduction of early chick mortality (ECM) due to YSI/colibacillosis.
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Thiam M, Wang Q, Barreto Sánchez AL, Zhang J, Ding J, Wang H, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Wang J, Li Q, Wen J, Zhao G. Heterophil/Lymphocyte Ratio Level Modulates Salmonella Resistance, Cecal Microbiota Composition and Functional Capacity in Infected Chicken. Front Immunol 2022; 13:816689. [PMID: 35493492 PMCID: PMC9047862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.816689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota plays a vital role in ensuring the maintenance of host health through interactions with the immune system. The Heterophil/Lymphocyte (H/L) ratio reflects poultry’s robustness and immune system status. Chickens with low H/L ratio are superior to the chickens with high H/L ratio in survival, immune response, and resistance to Salmonella infection, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to identify microorganisms associated with resistance to Salmonella Enteritidis infection in chickens based on the H/L ratio. The 16S rRNA and metagenomic analysis were conducted to examine microbiome and functional capacity between the 2 groups, and Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) and histopathology were conducted to explore the potential difference between susceptible and resistant groups at 7 and 21 days post-infection (dpi). The microbiome exploration revealed that low H/L ratio chickens, compared to high H/L ratio chickens, displayed a significantly higher abundance of Proteobacteria (Escherichia coli) and Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides plebeius) at 7 and 21 dpi, respectively. Anaerostipes (r = 0.63) and Lachnoclostridium (r = 0.63) were identified as bacterial genus significantly correlated with H/L (P < 0.001). Interestingly, Bacteroides was significantly and positively correlated with bodyweight post-infection (r = 0.72), propionate (r = 0.78) and valerate (r = 0.82) contents, while Salmonella was significantly and negatively correlated with bodyweight post-infection (r = − 0.67), propionate (r = − 0.61) and valerate (r = − 0.65) contents (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the comparative analysis of the functional capacity of cecal microbiota of the chickens with high and low H/L ratio revealed that the chickens with low H/L ratio possess more enriched immune pathways, lower antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors compared to the chickens with high H/L ratio. These results suggest that the chickens with low H/L ratio are more resistant to Salmonella Enteritidis, and it is possible that the commensal Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes are involved in this resistance against Salmonella infection. These findings provide valuable resources for selecting and breeding disease-resistant chickens.
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10
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Velge P, Menanteau P, Chaumeil T, Barilleau E, Trotereau J, Virlogeux-Payant I. Two In Vivo Models to Study Salmonella Asymptomatic Carrier State in Chicks. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2427:249-264. [PMID: 35619039 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1971-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In chicken, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium, the two main serotypes isolated in human infections, can persist in the host organism for many weeks and up to many years without causing any symptoms. This persistence generally occurs after a short systemic infection that may either lead to death of very young birds or develop into cecal asymptomatic persistence, which is often accompanied by a high level of bacterial excretion, facilitating Salmonella transmission to counterparts. Here we describe two models of chick infection. The first model reproduces well the poultry infection in farm flocks. Numerous reinfections and animal-animal recontaminations occur leading to a high level of cecal colonization and fecal excretion in all chicks in the flock, over several weeks. In the second model, these animal reinfections and recontaminations are hampered leading to heterogeneity of infection characterized by the presence of low and super-shedders. This model allows for more mechanistic studies of Salmonella/chicks interactions as animal recontaminations are lowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Velge
- INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282 ISP, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Pierrette Menanteau
- INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282 ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Emilie Barilleau
- INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282 ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jérôme Trotereau
- INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282 ISP, Nouzilly, France
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11
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Foster N, Tang Y, Berchieri A, Geng S, Jiao X, Barrow P. Revisiting Persistent Salmonella Infection and the Carrier State: What Do We Know? Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101299. [PMID: 34684248 PMCID: PMC8537056 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One characteristic of the few Salmonella enterica serovars that produce typhoid-like infections is that disease-free persistent infection can occur for months or years in a small number of individuals post-convalescence. The bacteria continue to be shed intermittently which is a key component of the epidemiology of these infections. Persistent chronic infection occurs despite high levels of circulating specific IgG. We have reviewed the information on the basis for persistence in S. Typhi, S. Dublin, S. Gallinarum, S. Pullorum, S. Abortusovis and also S. Typhimurium in mice as a model of persistence. Persistence appears to occur in macrophages in the spleen and liver with shedding either from the gall bladder and gut or the reproductive tract. The involvement of host genetic background in defining persistence is clear from studies with the mouse but less so with human and poultry infections. There is increasing evidence that the organisms (i) modulate the host response away from the typical Th1-type response normally associated with immune clearance of an acute infection to Th2-type or an anti-inflammatory response, and that (ii) the bacteria modulate transformation of macrophage from M1 to M2 type. The bacterial factors involved in this are not yet fully understood. There are early indications that it might be possible to remodulate the response back towards a Th1 response by using cytokine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Foster
- SRUC Aberdeen Campus, Craibstone Estate, Ferguson Building, Aberdeen AB21 9YA, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Ying Tang
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Univ Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil;
| | - Shizhong Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.G.); (X.J.)
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.G.); (X.J.)
| | - Paul Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK;
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12
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Sreekantapuram S, Berens C, Barth SA, Methner U, Berndt A. Interaction of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Enteritidis with peripheral leucocytes of hens with different laying performance. Vet Res 2021; 52:123. [PMID: 34563266 PMCID: PMC8467188 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovars Enteritidis (SE) and Gallinarum (SG) cause different diseases in chickens. However, both are able to reach the blood stream where heterophils and monocytes are potentially able to phagocytose and kill the pathogens. Using an ex vivo chicken whole blood infection model, we compared the complex interactions of the differentially host-adapted SE and SG with immune cells in blood samples of two White Leghorn chicken lines showing different laying performance (WLA: high producer; R11: low producer). In order to examine the dynamic interaction between peripheral blood leucocytes and the Salmonella serovars, we performed flow cytometric analyses and survival assays measuring (i) leucocyte numbers, (ii) pathogen association with immune cells, (iii) Salmonella viability and (iv) immune gene transcription in infected whole blood over a four-hour co-culture period. Inoculation of blood from the two chicken lines with Salmonella led primarily to an interaction of the bacteria with monocytes, followed by heterophils and thrombocytes. We found higher proportions of monocytes associated with SE than with SG. In blood samples of high producing chickens, a decrease in the numbers of both heterophils and Salmonella was observed. The Salmonella challenge induced transcription of interleukin-8 (IL-8) which was more pronounced in SG- than SE-inoculated blood of R11. In conclusion, the stronger interaction of monocytes with SE than SG and the better survivability of Salmonella in blood of low-producer chickens shows that the host-pathogen interaction and the strength of the immune defence depend on both the Salmonella serovar and the chicken line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravya Sreekantapuram
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie A Barth
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Methner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Angela Berndt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany.
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Saleh MS, Khalil MH, Iraqi MM, Camarda A. Crossbreeding impacts on caecal bacterial count and antibody titres in chickens. Br Poult Sci 2021; 63:150-153. [PMID: 34402351 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1966755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. A crossbreeding experiment was conducted using 20 sires and 120 dams from each Fayoumi (F) and Rhode Island Red (R) breeds. The F1 chicks of ½F½R and their reciprocal ½R½F crosses were used to estimate direct, maternal and heterotic effects.2. The caecal bacterial counts of Salmonella typhimurium and Enterococcus faecium and the IgA, IgG and IgM antibody titres were determined. Chicks of each genetic group (120 birds) were divided into three groups (40 birds per group) and chicks of the first group were assigned as the control group, while the second group was inoculated with S. typhimurium and E. faecium at 7 and 10 d of age (106 cfu/chick) and the third was inoculated with S. typhimurium at 10 d of age (106 cfu/chick).3. The generalised least square procedure was used to estimate cross-breeding effects. The S. typhimurium counts in the R breed was highly significant, followed by ½F½R cross, ½R½F cross, and F breed. The differences among genetic groups in E. faecium counts and caecal pH was not significant. The estimates of IgA, IgG, and IgM antibody titres were highly significant in the F breed, followed by ½R½F cross, ½F½R cross, and the R breed.4. The estimates of direct additive effects were highly significant F breed for the counts of S. typhimurium and antibody titres of IgA, IgG, and IgM. The maternal effects were highly significant F breed for S. typhimurium, E. faecium count, and antibody titres of IgA, IgG, and IgM. Estimates of direct heterosis were significant for S. typhimurium count and IgA antibody titre but not significant for E. faecium count, caecal pH, and antibody titres of IgG and IgM.5. The results showed that the Fayoumi breed could be used in breeding programmes to improve immunity traits against S. typhimurium in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Saleh
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha University, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - M H Khalil
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha University, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - M M Iraqi
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha University, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - A Camarda
- Avian Pathology Section, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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14
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Infection Heterogeneity and Microbiota Differences in Chicks Infected by Salmonella enteritidis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081705. [PMID: 34442784 PMCID: PMC8399513 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the infection heterogeneity and cecal microbiota in chicks infected by S. enteritidis. Forty-eight 8-d-old female Arbor Acres chicks were challenged with S. enteritidis and euthanized 24 h later. The eight chicks with the highest Salmonella tissue loads were assigned to group S (S. enteritidis-susceptible), and the eight chicks with the lowest Salmonella tissue loads were assigned to group R (S. enteritidis-resistant). Chicks in group S showed a higher liver index (p < 0.05), obvious liver lesions, and an decreasing trend for the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (p < 0.10), compared with those in group R. Gene expression of occludin, MUC2, and IL10 was higher, whereas that of iNOS and IL6 was lower (p < 0.05), in chicks of group R relative to those in group S. Separation of the cecal microbial community structure has been found between the two groups. The S. enteritidis-susceptible chicks showed higher abundance of pathogenic bacteria (Fusobacterium and Helicobacter) in their cecal, while Desulfovibrio_piger was enriched in the cecal of S. enteritidis-resistant chicks. In summary, chicks showed heterogeneous responses to S. enteritidis infection. Enhanced intestinal barrier function and cecal microbiota structure, especially a higher abundance of Desulfovibrio_piger, may help chicks resist S. enteritidis invasion.
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15
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Kempf F, Menanteau P, Rychlik I, Kubasová T, Trotereau J, Virlogeux‐Payant I, Schaeffer S, Schouler C, Drumo R, Guitton E, Velge P. Gut microbiota composition before infection determines the Salmonella super- and low-shedder phenotypes in chicken. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1611-1630. [PMID: 32639676 PMCID: PMC7415355 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of infection and extreme shedding patterns are common features of animal infectious diseases. Individual hosts that are super-shedders are key targets for control strategies. Nevertheless, the mechanisms associated with the emergence of super-shedders remain largely unknown. During chicken salmonellosis, a high heterogeneity of infection is observed when animal-to-animal cross-contaminations and reinfections are reduced. We hypothesized that unlike super-shedders, low-shedders would be able to block the first Salmonella colonization thanks to a different gut microbiota. The present study demonstrates that (i) axenic and antibiotic-treated chicks are more prone to become super-shedders; (ii) super or low-shedder phenotypes can be acquired through microbiota transfer; (iii) specific gut microbiota taxonomic features determine whether the chicks develop a low- and super-shedder phenotype after Salmonella infection in isolator; (iv) partial protection can be conferred by inoculation of four commensal bacteria prior to Salmonella infection. This study demonstrates the key role plays by gut microbiota composition in the heterogeneity of infection and pave the way for developing predictive biomarkers and protective probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Kempf
- ISPINRAEUniversité François Rabelais de ToursUMR 1282Nouzilly37380France
| | | | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research InstituteHudcova 70Brno621 00Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kubasová
- Veterinary Research InstituteHudcova 70Brno621 00Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Trotereau
- ISPINRAEUniversité François Rabelais de ToursUMR 1282Nouzilly37380France
| | | | - Samantha Schaeffer
- ISPINRAEUniversité François Rabelais de ToursUMR 1282Nouzilly37380France
- Present address:
INSERM Unité 1162Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides HépatiquesParisFrance
| | - Catherine Schouler
- ISPINRAEUniversité François Rabelais de ToursUMR 1282Nouzilly37380France
| | - Rosanna Drumo
- ISPINRAEUniversité François Rabelais de ToursUMR 1282Nouzilly37380France
| | - Edouard Guitton
- Plate‐Forme d'Infectiologie ExpérimentaleINRAENouzilly37380France
| | - Philippe Velge
- ISPINRAEUniversité François Rabelais de ToursUMR 1282Nouzilly37380France
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16
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Zhang LY, Huang MY, Li Y, Chen DZ, Shi X. Association of three beta-defensin gene (AvBD4, AvBD5, AvBD14) polymorphisms with carrier-state susceptibility to salmonella in chickens. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:357-365. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1752913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Y. Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M. Y. Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y. Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Bioengineering, Enshi Polytechnic College, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - D. Z. Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xianwei Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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17
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Wang M, Qazi IH, Wang L, Zhou G, Han H. Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030407. [PMID: 32183199 PMCID: PMC7143636 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens causing morbidity, mortality, and burden of disease in all regions of the world. The introduction of antimicrobial agents and Salmonella-specific phages has been considered as an effective intervention strategy to reduce Salmonella contamination. However, data from the United States, European countries, and low- and middle-income countries indicate that Salmonella cases are still a commonly encountered cause of bacterial foodborne diseases globally. The control programs have not been successful and even led to the emergence of some multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. It is known that the host immune system is able to effectively prevent microbial invasion and eliminate microorganisms. However, Salmonella has evolved mechanisms of resisting host physical barriers and inhibiting subsequent activation of immune response through their virulence factors. There has been a high interest in understanding how Salmonella interacts with the host. Therefore, in the present review, we characterize the functions of Salmonella virulence genes and particularly focus on the mechanisms of immune escape in light of evidence from the emerging mainstream literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Linli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
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18
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Li X, Nie C, Liu Y, Chen Y, Lv X, Wang L, Zhang J, Yang W, Li K, Zheng C, Jia Y, Ning Z, Qu L. The Genetic Architecture of Early Body Temperature and Its Correlation With Salmonella Pullorum Resistance in Three Chicken Breeds. Front Genet 2020; 10:1287. [PMID: 32038701 PMCID: PMC6987447 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
New-born chicks are vulnerable to bacterial infections and not good at regulating body temperature. There is a close relationship between thermal regulation and immunity, however, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Salmonella Pullorum (SP) is a major concern in developing countries and causes significant economic losses in poultry industry. Early body temperature (EBT) has previously shown to be correlated with host immunity and resistance to pullorum disease. In this study, we challenged three independent chick populations (Beijing You, Dwarf and Rhode Island Red) with SP at 4 days of age, and rectal temperature was measured before and after the SP attack from 2 to 7 days of age. Host defense to SP was evaluated by survival and spleen SP carrier status. The results showed that chicks with higher EBT before SP infection tend to have higher resistance to later SP attack in two populations (Dwarf and Beijing You). The association between EBT before SP attack and SP resistance was non-significant in Rohde Island Red population (P = 0.06), but the trend was consistent with the other two populations. We also found low to moderate heritability in all three populations for EBT before and after the SP attack ranging from 0.14 to 0.20. Genome-wide association studies identified several genomic regions and biological pathways determining EBT before SP attack, which provides candidate functional genes of this trait. Our results reveal the genetic determination of EBT, and the relationship between EBT and SP resistance, providing an alternative strategy for improving SP resistant activities in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changsheng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing Municipal General Station of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xueze Lv
- Beijing Municipal General Station of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Beijing Municipal General Station of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Beijing Municipal General Station of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Weifang Yang
- Beijing Municipal General Station of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyang Li
- Beijing Municipal General Station of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanwei Zheng
- Breeding Department, Beinongda Technology Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxiong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghua Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lujiang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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19
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20
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A genome-wide association study explores the genetic determinism of host resistance to Salmonella pullorum infection in chickens. Genet Sel Evol 2019; 51:51. [PMID: 31533607 PMCID: PMC6751821 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-019-0492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella infection is a serious concern in poultry farming because of its impact on both economic loss and human health. Chicks aged 20 days or less are extremely vulnerable to Salmonella pullorum (SP), which causes high mortality. Furthermore, an outbreak of SP infection can result in a considerable number of carriers that become potential transmitters, thus, threatening fellow chickens and offspring. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to detect potential genomic loci and candidate genes associated with two disease-related traits: death and carrier state. Methods In total, 818 birds were phenotyped for death and carrier state traits through a SP challenge experiment, and genotyped by using a 600 K high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. A GWAS using a single-marker linear mixed model was performed with the GEMMA software. RNA-sequencing on spleen samples was carried out for further identification of candidate genes. Results We detected a region that was located between 33.48 and 34.03 Mb on chicken chromosome 4 and was significantly associated with death, with the most significant SNP (rs314483802) accounting for 11.73% of the phenotypic variation. Two candidate genes, FBXW7 and LRBA, were identified as the most promising genes involved in resistance to SP. The expression levels of FBXW7 and LRBA were significantly downregulated after SP infection, which suggests that they may have a role in controlling SP infections. Two other significant loci and related genes (TRAF3 and gga-mir-489) were associated with carrier state, which indicates a different polygenic determinism compared with that of death. In addition, genomic inbreeding coefficients showed no correlation with resistance to SP within each breed in our study. Conclusions The results of this GWAS with a carefully organized Salmonella challenge experiment represent an important milestone in understanding the genetics of infectious disease resistance, offer a theoretical basis for breeding SP-resistant chicken lines using marker-assisted selection, and provide new information for salmonellosis research in humans and other animals.
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21
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Zampiga M, Flees J, Meluzzi A, Dridi S, Sirri F. Application of omics technologies for a deeper insight into quali-quantitative production traits in broiler chickens: A review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:61. [PMID: 30214720 PMCID: PMC6130060 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry is continuously facing substantial and different challenges such as the increasing cost of feed ingredients, the European Union's ban of antibiotic as growth promoters, the antimicrobial resistance and the high incidence of muscle myopathies and breast meat abnormalities. In the last decade, there has been an extraordinary development of many genomic techniques able to describe global variation of genes, proteins and metabolites expression level. Proper application of these cutting-edge omics technologies (mainly transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) paves the possibility to understand much useful information about the biological processes and pathways behind different complex traits of chickens. The current review aimed to highlight some important knowledge achieved through the application of omics technologies and proteo-genomics data in the field of feed efficiency, nutrition, meat quality and disease resistance in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zampiga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via del Florio, 2, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
| | - Joshua Flees
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Adele Meluzzi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via del Florio, 2, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via del Florio, 2, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
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22
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Menanteau P, Kempf F, Trotereau J, Virlogeux-Payant I, Gitton E, Dalifard J, Gabriel I, Rychlik I, Velge P. Role of systemic infection, cross contaminations and super-shedders in Salmonella carrier state in chicken. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3246-3260. [PMID: 29921019 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carriage of Salmonella is often associated with a high level of bacterial excretion and generally occurs after a short systemic infection. However, we do not know whether this systemic infection is required or whether the carrier-state corresponds to continuous reinfection or real persistence in caecal tissue. The use of a Salmonella Enteritidis bamB mutant demonstrated that a carrier-state could be obtained in chicken in the absence of systemic infection. The development of a new infection model in isolator showed that a marked decrease in animal reinfection and host-to-host transmission between chicks led to a heterogeneity of S. Enteritidis excretion and colonization contrary to what was observed in cages. This heterogeneity of infection was characterized by the presence of super-shedders, which constantly disseminated Salmonella to the low-shedder chicks, mainly through airborne movements of contaminated dust particles. The presence of super-shedders, in the absence of host-to-host transmission, demonstrated that constant reinfection was not required to induce a carrier-state. Finally, our results suggest that low-shedder chicks do not have a higher capability to destroy Salmonella but instead can block initial Salmonella colonization. This new paradigm opens new avenues to improve understanding of the carrier-state mechanisms and to define new strategies to control Salmonella infections.© 2018 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrette Menanteau
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Florent Kempf
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jérôme Trotereau
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Edouard Gitton
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, INRA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Julie Dalifard
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Velge
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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23
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Li X, Nie C, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Shao P, Zhao Q, Chen Y, Wang D, Li Y, Jiao W, Li L, Qin S, He L, Jia Y, Ning Z, Qu L. Evaluation of genetic resistance to Salmonella Pullorum in three chicken lines. Poult Sci 2018; 97:764-769. [PMID: 29294099 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to diseases varies considerably among populations of the same species and can be ascribed to both genetic and environmental factors. Salmonella Pullorum (SP) is responsible for significant losses in the poultry industry, especially in developing countries. To better understand SP resistance in chicken populations with different genetic backgrounds, we orally challenged 3 chicken lines with SP-a highly selected commercial breed (Rhode Island Red, RIR), a local Chinese chicken (Beijing You, BY), and a synthetic layer line (dwarf, DW)-at 4 d of age. Two traits related to SP resistance, survival, and bacterial carriage in the spleen were evaluated after infection. Survival rates were recorded up to 40 d of age when all chickens still alive were killed to verify the presence of SP in the spleen to determine carrier state. Mortalities for RIR, BY, and DW chicks were 25.1%, 8.3%, and 22.7%, respectively, and the corresponding carrier-states in the spleens were 17.9%, 0.6%, and 15.8%. Survival and carrier-state heritabilities were estimated using an animal threshold model. Survival heritability was 0.197, 0.091, and 0.167 in RIR, BY, and DW populations, respectively, and the heritabilities of carrier state for DW and RIR were 0.32 and 0.16, respectively. This is the first time that the heritability of the SP carrier state has been evaluated in chickens. Our study provides experimental evidence that chickens with various genetic background exhibited significantly different SP-resistant activities and heritabilities. These results may be useful for selecting lines with better disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Nie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zebin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Shao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Qingna Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing Municipal General Station of Animal Science, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dehe Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Jiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Lixia Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Sudi Qin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Li He
- National Center of Preservation & Utilization of Genetic Resources of Animal, National Animal Husbandry Service, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yaxiong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Ning
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Lujiang Qu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Psifidi A, Russell KM, Matika O, Sánchez-Molano E, Wigley P, Fulton JE, Stevens MP, Fife MS. The Genomic Architecture of Fowl Typhoid Resistance in Commercial Layers. Front Genet 2018; 9:519. [PMID: 30510562 PMCID: PMC6252313 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum causes devastating outbreaks of fowl typhoid across the globe, especially in developing countries. With the use of antimicrobial agents being reduced due to legislation and the absence of licensed vaccines in some parts of the world, an attractive complementary control strategy is to breed chickens for increased resistance to Salmonella. The potential for genetic control of salmonellosis has been demonstrated by experimental challenge of inbred populations. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance have been identified in many genomic regions. A major QTL associated with systemic salmonellosis has been identified in a region termed SAL1. In the present study, two outbreaks of fowl typhoid in 2007 and 2012 in the United Kingdom were used to investigate the genetic architecture of Salmonella resistance in commercial laying hens. In the first outbreak 100 resistant and 150 susceptible layers were genotyped using 11 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and 3 microsatellite markers located in the previously identified SAL1 region on chromosome 5. From the second outbreak 100 resistant and 200 susceptible layers, belonging to a different line, were genotyped with a high-density (600 K) genome-wide SNP array. Substantial heritability estimates were obtained in both populations (h 2 = 0.22 and 0.26, for the layers in the first and second outbreak, respectively). Significant associations with three markers on chromosome 5 located close to AKT1 and SIVA1 genes, coding for RAC-alpha serine/threonine protein kinase, and the CD27-binding protein SIVA1, respectively, were identified in the first outbreak. From analysis of the second outbreak, eight genome-wide significant associations with Salmonella resistance were identified on chromosomes 1, 6, 7, 11, 23, 24, 26, 28 and several others with suggestive genome-wide significance were found. Pathway and network analysis revealed the presence of many innate immune pathways related to Salmonella resistance. Although, significant associations with SNPs located in the SAL1 locus were not identified by the genome-wide scan for layers from the second outbreak, pathway analysis revealed P13K/AKT signaling as the most significant pathway. In summary, resistance to fowl typhoid is a heritable polygenic trait that could possibly be enhanced through selective breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Androniki Psifidi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom.,Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Kay M Russell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Oswald Matika
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique Sánchez-Molano
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wigley
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Fife
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Tohidi R, Javanmard A, Idris I. Immunogenetics applied to control salmonellosis in chicken: a review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1301256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Tohidi
- Department of Animal Science, Torbat-e Jam University of Agriculture, Torbat-e Jam, Iran
| | - Arash Javanmard
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ismail Idris
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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26
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Weerasooriya KMSG, Fernando PS, Liyanagunawardena N, Wijewardena G, Wijemuni MI, Samarakoon SATC. Natural resistance of Sri Lankan village chicken to Salmonella gallinarum infection. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:644-648. [PMID: 28868900 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1376034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. An experiment was conducted to compare the natural resistance of an indigenous breed of local village chickens to Salmonella gallinarum with two commercial breeds: ISA Brown and ISA White layers under experimental conditions. 2. A total of 72 chickens from each of these breeds were randomly distributed to 4 pens to provide equal numbers of two replicate pens maintained as infected and control (uninfected). All chickens in infected groups were inoculated orally with 1 × 108 CFU (1 ml dose) of a field isolate of S. gallinarum, at the age of 8 and 16 weeks given over 5 consecutive days. Growth performance, clinical signs, gross pathological lesions and antibody responses were measured. 3. A significantly higher mortality was observed in the brown layers compared with the white layers, and clinical signs and mortality were absent in village chickens. However, a large number of birds with gross lesions and high antibody titres were detected in village chickens, indicating that birds had the disease subclinically. Commercial breeds had a significantly higher body weight, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency. 4. There was a significantly lower proportion of positive reactors in village chickens in the whole-blood agglutination test (35%) compared to brown (100%) and white (90%) layers even after the second inoculation. Uninfected birds were negative in all groups. The indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed these observations. 5. These results suggest that the indigenous breed had superior natural resistance to S. gallinarum than the commercial breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M S G Weerasooriya
- a Bacteriology Division , Veterinary Research Institute , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
| | - P S Fernando
- a Bacteriology Division , Veterinary Research Institute , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
| | - N Liyanagunawardena
- a Bacteriology Division , Veterinary Research Institute , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
| | - G Wijewardena
- a Bacteriology Division , Veterinary Research Institute , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
| | - M I Wijemuni
- a Bacteriology Division , Veterinary Research Institute , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
| | - S A T C Samarakoon
- a Bacteriology Division , Veterinary Research Institute , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
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27
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Murakami K, Maeda-Mitani E, Onozuka D, Noda T, Sera N, Kimura H, Fujimoto S, Murakami S. Simultaneous oral administration of Salmonella Infantis and S. Typhimurium in chicks. Ir Vet J 2017; 70:27. [PMID: 28875013 PMCID: PMC5579891 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-017-0105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To confirm the hypothesis that Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar (S.) Infantis has higher basic reproductive rates in chicks compared with other Salmonella serovars, 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks (n = 8) were challenged simultaneously with S. Infantis and S. Typhimurium per os. Challenged chicks (Group A) were then housed with non-infected chicks (Group B, n = 4) for 6 days (from 2 to 8 days of age). Group B birds were then housed with other non-infected birds (Group C, n = 4), which were then transferred to cages containing a further group of untreated chicks (Group D, n = 2). A control group consisting of four non-infected chicks was used for comparison. All chickens were humanely sacrificed at 18 days of age, and Salmonella from bowel and liver samples were enumerated. Results Both serovars were isolated from all groups except the control group. S. Typhimurium was isolated at a greater frequency than S. Infantis from the bowel samples of chicks from Groups B, C and D, while no differences in colonisation rates were observed between the two serovars in liver samples from Groups B, C and D. S. Typhimurium, but not S. Infantis, was immunohistochemically detected in the lamina propria of the cecum and rectum in five birds of Group A. Despite the competitive administration, neither of the two serovars completely excluded the other, and no differences were observed in basic reproductive rates between the two serovars. Conclusions These findings, together with data from previous studies, suggest that the initial quantitative domination of S. Infantis in chicken flocks may explain why this serovar is predominant in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Murakami
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011 Japan.,Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Mukaizano 39, Dazaifu, Fukuoka, 818-0135 Japan
| | - Eriko Maeda-Mitani
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Mukaizano 39, Dazaifu, Fukuoka, 818-0135 Japan
| | - Daisuke Onozuka
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Tamie Noda
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Mukaizano 39, Dazaifu, Fukuoka, 818-0135 Japan.,Present address: Kitachikugo Office for Health, Human Services, and Environmental Issues, 1642-1 Aikawa-machi Kurume, Fukuoka, 839-0861 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sera
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Mukaizano 39, Dazaifu, Fukuoka, 818-0135 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011 Japan
| | - Shuji Fujimoto
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034 Japan
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28
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Li P, Fan W, Li Q, Wang J, Liu R, Everaert N, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zheng M, Cui H, Zhao G, Wen J. Splenic microRNA Expression Profiles and Integration Analyses Involved in Host Responses to Salmonella enteritidis Infection in Chickens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:377. [PMID: 28884089 PMCID: PMC5573731 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of miRNAs in regulating genes involved in the host response to Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection, next generation sequencing was applied to explore the altered splenic expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and deregulated genes in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Birds were either infected or not (controls, C) and those challenged with SE were evaluated 24 h later and separated into two groups on the basis of the severity of clinical symptoms and blood load of SE: resistant (R, SE challenged-slight clinical symptoms and <105 cfu / 10 μL), and susceptible (S, SE challenged-severe clinical symptoms and >107 cfu/10 μL). Thirty-two differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified in spleen, including 16 miRNAs between S and C, 13 between R and C, and 13 between S and R. Through integration analysis of DE miRNAs and mRNA, a total of 273 miRNA-target genes were identified. Functional annotation analysis showed that Apoptosis and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and adaptive immune response were significantly enriched (P < 0.05). Interestingly, apoptosis pathway was significantly enriched in S vs. C, while NOD-like receptor pathway was enriched in R vs. C (P < 0.05). Two miRNAs, gga-miR-101-3p and gga-miR-155, in the hub positions of the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network, were identified as candidates potentially associated with SE infection. These 2 miRNAs directly repressed luciferase reporter gene activity via binding to 3'-untranslated regions of immune-related genes IRF4 and LRRC59; over-expressed gga-miR-155 and interference gga-miR-101-3p in chicken HD11 macrophage cells significantly altered expression of their target genes and decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings facilitate better understanding of the mechanisms of host resistance and susceptibility to SE infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of LiègeGembloux, Belgium
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionBeijing, China
| | - Wenlei Fan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Qinghe Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionBeijing, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of LiègeGembloux, Belgium
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionBeijing, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Maiqing Zheng
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Huanxian Cui
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionBeijing, China
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29
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Abdi RD, Mengstie F, Beyi AF, Beyene T, Waktole H, Mammo B, Ayana D, Abunna F. Determination of the sources and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from the poultry industry in Southern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:352. [PMID: 28521744 PMCID: PMC5437651 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopia set an ambitious masterplan to increase chicken meat and egg production from 2015 to 2020. Poultry breeding, multiplication and distribution centers in the country have received executive order to import, amplify and distribute commercial chickens to end users. The biosecurity and the pathogen fauna of the centers have not been evaluated as to whether the centers could implement the mission effectively without any risk. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biosecurity practices and the pathogen prevalence, risk factors and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) using Salmonella as case study. METHODS Routine farm workers of the centers were interviewed about the different management (biosecurity) practices using a checklist. Samples (n = 270) from different sources consisting of chicken's cloacal swab (n = 244), personnel hand swab (n = 9) and bedding (n = 17) were collected from three chicken multiplication centers. Standard bacteriological methods were used for the isolation of Salmonella. Disk diffusion method was used for drug sensitivity testing. RESULTS Antimicrobials were often over prescribed without confirming the cause of ill health and without susceptibility testing. The general biosecurity and flock management practices were substandard. Salmonella was isolated from 45 (16.7%) of the 270 samples. Its prevalence was significantly (p<0.05) associated with location of the multiplication center, 27% at Bonga and 10.6% at Hawassa. Sample type was also significantly (p<0.05) affected in that it was higher in the bedding (35.3%) and personnel hand swabs (33.3%) than in the chicken cloaca (14.8%), which demonstrates the poor biosecurity and personnel hygienic practices in the centers. All of the 45 isolates (100%) exhibited resistance to kanamycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid (97.8%), ampicillin (97.8%), cefoxitin (97.8%), streptomycin (97.8%) tetracycline (97.8%), chloramphenicol (91.3%), ciprofloxacin (31.1%), and gentamicin (0%). Alarmingly, 42 isolates (93.4%) exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) to ≥ 8 drugs and all 45 isolates had resistance to ≥ 3 drugs. The high rate of Salmonella isolation from (i) bedding, (ii) personnel hand swabs (iii) chickens, (iv) presence of more MDR isolates, (v) coupled with poor biosecurity practices in the centers could pose a risk for spreading of pathogens and drug resistant genes to the smallholder chicken producers and the public. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the poultry breeding, multiplication and distribution centers in Ethiopia, as they stand currently, seem to be a source of pathogens and AMR isolates at least for Salmonella. Therefore, strict biosecurity, personnel safety, prudent drug use, regular monitoring and traceability of Salmonella serotypes or genotypes and AMR are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reta Duguma Abdi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia.
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Fisseha Mengstie
- Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Bonga Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 101, Bonga, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Takele Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Hika Waktole
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Bedasso Mammo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Dinka Ayana
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Abunna
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Rocha-e-Silva RCD, Cardoso WM, Siqueira AA, Teixeira RSDC, Albuquerque ÁH, Horn RV. EVALUATION OF Salmonella pullorum SHEDDING IN JAPANESE QUAILS (Coturnix coturnix). CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v17i425039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Salmonella Pullorum is a pathogen that infects several species of birds, mainly offspring, and among them, quails. Therefore, this study was performed in order to evaluate the S. Pullorum shedding in experimentally infected Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix) and egg contamination ability. S. Pullorum ATCC lyophilized was inoculated in all birds (60 quails at 160 days). Before the inoculation, rapid slide agglutination test was performed in all birds and individual cloacal swabs were collected randomly. Birds from group A and group B received 0.5mL of inoculum containing 1.5x102 CFU and 7.5 x 108 CFU of S. Pullorum, respectively, directly in the crop. The cloacal swab samples were collected on 3, 6, 9, 16 and 23 days post-inoculation (dpi) and all eggs were collected. Positive cloacal swab samples were initiated at the 3rd dpi. A total of 30 pool of eggs was analyzed, of which 73% positive for S. Pullorum until the 16th dpi. In conclusion, adult Japanese quails are possibly more resistant to the infection by S. Pullorum, but they can shed this pathogen in the environment as well.
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31
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Abudabos AM, Alyemni AH, Dafalla YM, Khan RU. The effect of phytogenic feed additives to substitute in-feed antibiotics on growth traits and blood biochemical parameters in broiler chicks challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24151-24157. [PMID: 27646442 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing concern over the use of antibiotics due to the increased resistance of pathogens in broiler. The present study was designed to find the comparative effect of an antibiotic, and some phytogenic on performance traits, blood biochemical parameters, and antioxidant status during starter phase exposed to Salmonella typhimurium challenge. A total of 560-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to seven treatments (eight replicates). Control (basal diet); T1, infected with Salmonella enterica subsp. typhimurium; T2, infected + avilamycin at the rate of 0.2 g/kg; T3, infected + essential oil of thymol; T4, infected + phytogenic; T5, infected + anti-Salmonella organic acid; and T6, infected + essential oils of thyme, anise, and other components. Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (P < 0.05) high in the T2 and T5 at the end of the first and the second week and similar to T4. During the second week, European production efficiency factor (EPEF) was also significantly (P < 0.05) high in T2, T4 and T5. Blood albumin increased significantly (P < 0.05) in birds of T2 in the first week, while during the second week, blood glucose and triglyceride concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in T5. Blood ALT concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in T6 compared to other treatments in the second week. Total antioxidant capacity (at the end of the second week) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) did not change significantly. From the results of the present study, it was concluded that different feed additives could be substituted with antibiotics in the feed of broiler exposed to S. typhimurium challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaeldein M Abudabos
- Department of Animal production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | - Rifat Ullah Khan
- Department of Animal production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
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32
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Expression and characterization of recombinant chicken mannose binding lectin. Immunobiology 2016; 222:518-528. [PMID: 27817988 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mannose binding lectin (MBL) is a serum collagenous C-type lectin that plays an important role in the innate immune protection against pathogens. Previously, human and mouse studies have demonstrated that MBL binds a broad range of pathogens that results in their neutralization through agglutination, enhanced phagocytosis, and/or complement activation via the lectin pathway. The role of MBL in chicken is not well understood although the MBL concentration in serum seems to correlate with protection against infections. To investigate the role of MBL in chicken further, recombinant chicken MBL (RcMBL) was produced in HeLa R19 cells and purified using mannan affinity chromatography followed by gel filtration. RcMBL was shown to be structurally and functionally similar to native chicken MBL (NcMBL) isolated from serum. RcMBL is expressed as an oligomeric protein (mixture of trimers and oligomerized trimers) with a monomeric mass of 26kDa as determined by mass spectrometry, corresponding to the predicted mass. Glycan array analysis indicated that RcMBL bound most strongly to high-mannose glycans but also glycans with terminal fucose and GlcNac residues. The biological activity of RcMBL was demonstrated via its capacity to agglutinate Salmonella Typhimurium and to inhibit the hemagglutination activity of influenza A virus. The production of a structurally well-characterized and functionally active RcMBL will facilitate detailed studies into the protective role of MBL in innate defense against pathogens in chicken and other avian species.
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Abudabos AM, Alyemni AH, Dafalla YM, Khan RU. Effect of organic acid blend and Bacillus subtilis alone or in combination on growth traits, blood biochemical and antioxidant status in broilers exposed to Salmonella typhimurium challenge during the starter phase. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1219665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaeldein M. Abudabos
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Rifat U. Khan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Hu Y, Shan YJ, Zhu CH, Song WT, Xu WJ, Zhu WQ, Zhang SJ, Li HF. Upregulation of NRAMP1 mRNA confirms its role in enhanced host immunity in post-artificial infections of Salmonella enteritidis in chicks. Br Poult Sci 2016; 56:408-15. [PMID: 26181686 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1052371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is reported as the most common food-borne pathogen transmitted through poultry products. The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) is a candidate gene associated with SE-mediated immune response and is related to the phagocytosis of SE. In this study, the classical single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) G2357A in exon 8 of the NRAMP1 gene was detected. The expression of NRAMP1 mRNA was first investigated in heterophil granulocytes and spleen in chicks from two different Chinese native breeds at 1, 3 and 10 d post-infection. In addition, the association with the effect of SE challenge was identified. 2. The G2357A SNP showed no significant association with Salmonella natural infection in birds from two different Chinese native breeds. 3. The upregulation of NRAMP1 mRNA in heterophils and spleen was involved in the response to pathogenic SE colonisation during the acute infection period in chicks. The results suggest that genetics, age, gender and interactions among these factors play important roles in the modulation of NRAMP1 mRNA expression and copy number by SE-mediated immune response in different Chinese chickens. 4. In conclusion, the enhancement of host immunity mediated by the upregulation of NRAMP1 mRNA in heterophil granulocytes and spleen might be more obvious and earlier in the chicks resistant to infections with SE than in susceptible chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hu
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Institute of Poultry Science of Jiangsu Province , Yangzhou , China
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Lee JH. Protection against salmonella typhimurium, salmonella gallinarum, and salmonella enteritidis infection in layer chickens conferred by a live attenuated salmonella typhimurium strain. Immune Netw 2015; 15:27-36. [PMID: 25713506 PMCID: PMC4338265 DOI: 10.4110/in.2015.15.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the protection conferred by a live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) strain against Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), and Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection in layer chickens. Birds were orally primed with the attenuated ST strain at 7 days of age and then boosted at 4 weeks post prime immunization (PPI). Sequential monitoring of plasma IgG and mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) levels revealed that inoculation with ST induced a significant antibody response to antigens against ST, SE, and SG. Moreover, significant lymphoproliferative responses to the 3 Salmonella serovars were observed in the immunized group. We also investigated protection against virulent ST, SE, and SG strain challenge. Upon virulent SG challenge, the immunized group showed significantly reduced mortality compared to the non-immunized group. The reduced persistence of the virulent ST and SE challenge strains in the liver, spleen, and cecal tissues of the immunized group suggests that immunization with the attenuated ST strain may not only protect against ST infection but can also confer cross protection against SE and SG infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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36
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Ulrich-Lynge SL, Dalgaard TS, Norup LR, Song X, Sørensen P, Juul-Madsen HR. Chicken mannose-binding lectin function in relation to antibacterial activity towards Salmonella enterica. Immunobiology 2015; 220:555-63. [PMID: 25623031 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a C-type serum lectin of importance in innate immunity. Low serum concentrations of MBL have been associated with greater susceptibility to infections. In this study, binding of purified chicken MBL (cMBL) to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (S. enterica) serotypes B, C1 and D was investigated by flow cytometry, and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was used for comparison. For S. enterica the C1 serotypes were the only group to exhibit binding to cMBL. Furthermore, functional studies of the role of cMBL in phagocytosis and complement activation were performed. Spiking with cMBL had a dose-dependent effect on the HD11 phagocytic activity of S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Montevideo, and a more pronounced effect in a carbohydrate competitive assay. This cMBL dose dependency of opsonophagocytic activity by HD11 cells was not observed for S. aureus. No difference in complement-dependent bactericidal activity in serum with high or low cMBL concentrations was found for S. Montevideo. On the other hand, serum with high concentrations of cMBL exhibited a greater bactericidal activity to S. aureus than serum with low concentrations of cMBL. The results presented here emphasise that chicken cMBL exhibits functional similarities with its mammalian counterparts, i.e. playing a role in opsonophagocytosis and complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie L Ulrich-Lynge
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Tina S Dalgaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Liselotte R Norup
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Xiaokai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Poul Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Helle R Juul-Madsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Vinkler M, Bainová H, Bryja J. Protein evolution of Toll-like receptors 4, 5 and 7 within Galloanserae birds. Genet Sel Evol 2014; 46:72. [PMID: 25387947 PMCID: PMC4228102 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-014-0072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLR) are essential activators of the innate part of the vertebrate immune system. In this study, we analysed the interspecific variability of three TLR (bacterial-sensing TLR4 and TLR5 and viral-sensing TLR7) within the Galloanserae bird clade, investigated their phylogeny, assessed their structural conservation and estimated site-specific selection pressures. RESULTS Physiochemical properties varied according to the TLR analysed, mainly with regards to the surface electrostatic potential distribution. The predicted ligand-binding features (mainly in TLR4 and TLR5) differed between the avian proteins and their fish and mammalian counterparts, but also varied within the Galloanserae birds. We identified 20 positively selected sites in the three TLR, among which several are topologically close to ligand-binding sites reported for mammalian and fish TLR. We described 26, 28 and 25 evolutionarily non-conservative sites in TLR4, TLR5 and TLR7, respectively. Thirteen of these sites in TLR4, and ten in TLR5 were located in functionally relevant regions. The variability appears to be functionally more conserved for viral-sensing TLR7 than for the bacterial-sensing TLR. Amino-acid positions 268, 270, 343, 383, 444 and 471 in TLR4 and 180, 183, 209, 216, 264, 342 and 379 in TLR5 are key candidates for further functional research. CONCLUSIONS Host-pathogen co-evolution has a major effect on the features of host immune receptors. Our results suggest that avian and mammalian TLR may be differentially adapted to pathogen-derived ligand recognition. We have detected signatures of positive selection even within the Galloanserae lineage. To our knowledge, this is the first study to depict evolutionary pressures on Galloanserae TLR and to estimate the validity of current knowledge on TLR function (based on mammalian and chicken models) for non-model species of this clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Vinkler
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic.
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Kommadath A, Bao H, Arantes AS, Plastow GS, Tuggle CK, Bearson SMD, Guan LL, Stothard P. Gene co-expression network analysis identifies porcine genes associated with variation in Salmonella shedding. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:452. [PMID: 24912583 PMCID: PMC4070558 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a gram-negative bacterium that can colonise the gut of humans and several species of food producing farm animals to cause enteric or septicaemic salmonellosis. While many studies have looked into the host genetic response to Salmonella infection, relatively few have used correlation of shedding traits with gene expression patterns to identify genes whose variable expression among different individuals may be associated with differences in Salmonella clearance and resistance. Here, we aimed to identify porcine genes and gene co-expression networks that differentiate distinct responses to Salmonella challenge with respect to faecal Salmonella shedding. Results Peripheral blood transcriptome profiles from 16 pigs belonging to extremes of the trait of faecal Salmonella shedding counts recorded up to 20 days post-inoculation (low shedders (LS), n = 8; persistent shedders (PS), n = 8) were generated using RNA-sequencing from samples collected just before (day 0) and two days after (day 2) Salmonella inoculation. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of day 0 samples identified four modules of co-expressed genes significantly correlated with Salmonella shedding counts upon future challenge. Two of those modules consisted largely of innate immunity related genes, many of which were significantly up-regulated at day 2 post-inoculation. The connectivity at both days and the mean gene-wise expression levels at day 0 of the genes within these modules were higher in networks constructed using LS samples alone than those using PS alone. Genes within these modules include those previously reported to be involved in Salmonella resistance such as SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1), TLR4, CD14 and CCR1 and those for which an association with Salmonella is novel, for example, SIGLEC5, IGSF6 and TNFSF13B. Conclusions Our analysis integrates gene co-expression network analysis, gene-trait correlations and differential expression to provide new candidate regulators of Salmonella shedding in pigs. The comparatively higher expression (also confirmed in an independent dataset) and the significantly higher connectivity of genes within the Salmonella shedding associated modules in LS compared to PS even before Salmonella challenge may be factors that contribute to the decreased faecal Salmonella shedding observed in LS following challenge. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-452) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Darre M, Kollanoor-Johny A, Venkitanarayanan K, Upadhyaya I. Practical implications of plant-derived antimicrobials in poultry diets for the control of Salmonella Enteritidis. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2014-00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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40
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Milbradt EL, Zamae JR, Araújo Júnior JP, Mazza P, Padovani CR, Carvalho VR, Sanfelice C, Rodrigues DM, Okamoto AS, Andreatti Filho RL. Control of Salmonella Enteritidis in turkeys using organic acids and competitive exclusion product. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:554-63. [PMID: 24797347 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the use of organic acids (OAs) and competitive exclusion (CE) product administered continuously in the feed and transiently in drinking water on the control of Salmonella enterica subspecie enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) prior to slaughter. METHODS AND RESULTS The influence of treatments were evaluated on pH, population of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, concentration of volatile fatty acids and SE colonization in the crop and caecum. The birds were challenged with SE 24 h before being slaughtered, and then, the caeca and crop were removed and subjected to SE counts. Continuous administration of OAs reduced the population of bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family in both crop and caecum, positively influenced the butyric acid concentration and reduced SE colonization in the caecum. The diet supplemented with CE product positively influenced the quantity of LAB in the crop and caecum, elevated the butyric acid concentration and reduced both Enterobacteriaceae quantity and SE colonization in the caecum. There was no effect from administering the treatments via drinking water on the variables measured. CONCLUSIONS Continuous supplementation in feed with OAs and CE product reduced SE colonization of the caeca. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Supplementation of OAs and CE product in diet to turkeys can reduce the SE load, potentially leading to a lower contamination risk of meat during slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Milbradt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hu M, Yang Y, Meng C, Pan Z, Jiao X. Responses of macrophages against Salmonella infection compared with phagocytosis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:778-84. [PMID: 23949781 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To explore the responses of host cell after infection with live Salmonella compared with phagocytosis to dead bacteria, the responses of mouse macrophage after infection with Salmonella enteritidis C50041 and the fixed C50041 (C50041-d) were analyzed. Results indicated that the cytotoxicity induced by C50041 was stronger than C50041-d. Similar changing trends of mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular concentration of calcium ions, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide were found between C50041 and C50041-d infection. But the cell responses against C50041 were earlier and stronger than C50041-d. LC3 expression of macrophage induced by C50041 was lower than C50041-d. C50041 significantly inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin (IL)-6. Whereas intracellular caspase-1 activation and IL-1β release induced by C50041 were stronger than C50041-d, caspase-1 activation and IL-1β release are the innate defense responses of macrophage. Therefore, it will be beneficial to explore the use of this pathway in the control of Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maozhi Hu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
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Selvaraj RK. Avian CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells: properties and therapeutic applications. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:397-402. [PMID: 23665004 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cells that specialize in immune suppression. CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T cells have been characterized as Tregs and extensively studied in mammals. In the absence of a putative FoxP3 ortholog in avians, CD4(+)CD25(+) cells is characterized as Tregs in avians. Avian CD4(+)CD25(+) cells produce high amounts of IL-10, TGF-β, CTLA-4, and LAG-3 mRNA; lack IL-2 mRNA; and suppress T cell proliferation in vitro through both contact-dependent and -independent pathways. Depleting avian CD4(+)CD25(+) cells increases the proliferation of, IL-2 amount, and IFNγ mRNA amount of CD4(+)CD25(-) cells. Avian CD4(+)CD25(+) cells lose their suppressive properties immediately after inflammation and acquire supersuppressive properties once inflammation subsides. Although Treg activity could be beneficial to the host, Tregs simultaneously inhibit host immunity and cause persistent infections of certain pathogens. Therapy targeted toward alleviating Treg mediated immune suppression can improve host immunity against those persistent pathogens and benefit poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh K Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, 44691, United States.
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de Geus ED, Vervelde L. Regulation of macrophage and dendritic cell function by pathogens and through immunomodulation in the avian mucosa. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:341-351. [PMID: 23542704 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages (MPh) and dendritic cells (DC) are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system. In chickens, markers to distinguish MPh from DC are lacking, but whether MPh and DC can be distinguished in humans and mice is under debate, despite the availability of numerous markers. Mucosal MPh and DC are strategically located to ingest foreign antigens, suggesting they can rapidly respond to invading pathogens. This review addresses our current understanding of DC and MPh function, the receptors expressed by MPh and DC involved in pathogen recognition, and the responses of DC and MPh against respiratory and intestinal pathogens in the chicken. Furthermore, potential opportunities are described to modulate MPh and DC responses to enhance disease resistance, highlighting modulation through nutraceuticals and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline D de Geus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Cheng HH, Kaiser P, Lamont SJ. Integrated Genomic Approaches to Enhance Genetic Resistance in Chickens. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013; 1:239-60. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H. Cheng
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, East Lansing, Michigan 48823;
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom;
| | - Susan J. Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
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45
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Calenge F, Beaumont C. Toward integrative genomics study of genetic resistance to Salmonella and Campylobacter intestinal colonization in fowl. Front Genet 2012; 3:261. [PMID: 23412643 PMCID: PMC3571208 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni are responsible for most cases of food poisoning in Europe. These bacteria do not cause severe disease symptoms in chicken, but they are easily propagated by symptomless chicken carriers which cannot be easily isolated. This animal tolerance is detrimental to food safety. In this particular case, increasing animal's resistance is not sufficient, since some animals considered as resistant are able to carry bacteria during several weeks without displaying disease symptoms. We review studies aimed at evaluating the resistance of chicken to Salmonella and Campylobacter intestinal colonization, either a few days or several weeks after infection. While studies of the genetic control of Campylobacter colonization are only beginning, mostly due to technical difficulties in infection protocols, genetic studies of Salmonella colonization have been conducted for now more than 20 years. They have initially reported an estimation of the genetic parameters associated with resistance to Salmonella colonization and are now aimed at identifying the genomic regions controlling variation of this trait in experimental lines and commercial populations. With the advent of high-throughput genomics, we are closer than ever to identify the true genes controlling resistance to Enterobacteria colonization in chicken. The comparison of genes involved in early resistance to intestinal colonization with genes controlling resistance to bacteria persistence several weeks after infection (i.e., carrier-state) should soon highlight the differences between the molecular mechanisms underlying those two distinct phenotypes. It will also be highly interesting to compare the genes or genomic regions controlling Campylobacter and Salmonella, in order to evaluate the feasibility of a selection conducted on both bacteria simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Calenge
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie IntégrativeJouy-en-Josas cedex, France
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Glass EJ. The molecular pathways underlying host resistance and tolerance to pathogens. Front Genet 2012; 3:263. [PMID: 23403960 PMCID: PMC3566117 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Breeding livestock that are better able to withstand the onslaught of endemic- and exotic pathogens is high on the wish list of breeders and farmers world-wide. However, the defense systems in both pathogens and their hosts are complex and the degree of genetic variation in resistance and tolerance will depend on the trade-offs that they impose on host fitness as well as their life-histories. The genes and pathways underpinning resistance and tolerance traits may be distinct or intertwined as the outcome of any infection is a result of a balance between collateral damage of host tissues and control of the invading pathogen. Genes and molecular pathways associated with resistance are mainly expressed in the mucosal tract and the innate immune system and control the very early events following pathogen invasion. Resistance genes encode receptors involved in uptake of pathogens, as well as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as the toll-like receptor family as well as molecules involved in strong and rapid inflammatory responses which lead to rapid pathogen clearance, yet do not lead to immunopathology. In contrast tolerance genes and pathways play a role in reducing immunopathology or enhancing the host's ability to protect against pathogen associated toxins. Candidate tolerance genes may include cytosolic PRRs and unidentified sensors of pathogen growth, perturbation of host metabolism and intrinsic danger or damage associated molecules. In addition, genes controlling regulatory pathways, tissue repair and resolution are also tolerance candidates. The identities of distinct genetic loci for resistance and tolerance to infectious pathogens in livestock species remain to be determined. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved and phenotypes associated with resistance and tolerance should ultimately help to improve livestock health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Glass
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
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Qanbari S, Strom TM, Haberer G, Weigend S, Gheyas AA, Turner F, Burt DW, Preisinger R, Gianola D, Simianer H. A high resolution genome-wide scan for significant selective sweeps: an application to pooled sequence data in laying chickens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49525. [PMID: 23209582 PMCID: PMC3510216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In most studies aimed at localizing footprints of past selection, outliers at tails of the empirical distribution of a given test statistic are assumed to reflect locus-specific selective forces. Significance cutoffs are subjectively determined, rather than being related to a clear set of hypotheses. Here, we define an empirical p-value for the summary statistic by means of a permutation method that uses the observed SNP structure in the real data. To illustrate the methodology, we applied our approach to a panel of 2.9 million autosomal SNPs identified from re-sequencing a pool of 15 individuals from a brown egg layer line. We scanned the genome for local reductions in heterozygosity, suggestive of selective sweeps. We also employed a modified sliding window approach that accounts for gaps in the sequence and increases scanning resolution by moving the overlapping windows by steps of one SNP only, and suggest to call this a “creeping window” strategy. The approach confirmed selective sweeps in the region of previously described candidate genes, i.e. TSHR, PRL, PRLHR, INSR, LEPR, IGF1, and NRAMP1 when used as positive controls. The genome scan revealed 82 distinct regions with strong evidence of selection (genome-wide p-value<0.001), including genes known to be associated with eggshell structure and immune system such as CALB1 and GAL cluster, respectively. A substantial proportion of signals was found in poor gene content regions including the most extreme signal on chromosome 1. The observation of multiple signals in a highly selected layer line of chicken is consistent with the hypothesis that egg production is a complex trait controlled by many genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Qanbari
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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Drosophila melanogaster Selection for Survival of Bacillus cereus Infection: Life History Trait Indirect Responses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2012; 2012:935970. [PMID: 23094195 PMCID: PMC3474238 DOI: 10.1155/2012/935970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To study evolved resistance/tolerance in an insect model, we carried out an
experimental evolution study using D. melanogaster and the opportunistic
pathogen B. cereus as the agent of selection. The selected lines evolved a
3.0- to 3.3-log increase in the concentration of spores required for 50% mortality
after 18–24 generations of selection. In the absence of any treatment, selected
lines evolved an increase in egg production and delayed development time. The
latter response could be interpreted as a cost of evolution. Alternatively, delayed
development might have been a target of selection resulting in increased
adult fat body function including production of antimicrobial peptides, and,
incidentally, yolk production for oocytes and eggs. When treated with autoclaved
spores, the egg production difference between selected and control lines was
abolished, and this response was consistent with the hypothesis of a cost of an
induced immune response. Treatment with autoclaved spores also reduced life span
in some cases and elicited early-age mortality in the selected and wound-control
lines both of which were consistent with the hypothesis of a cost associated with
induction of immune responses. In general, assays on egg production yielded key
outcomes including the negative effect of autoclaved spores on egg production.
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Barrow PA, Jones MA, Smith AL, Wigley P. The long view:Salmonella– the last forty years. Avian Pathol 2012; 41:413-20. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.718071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Gopinath S, Carden S, Monack D. Shedding light on Salmonella carriers. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:320-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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