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Akhmatova NK, Kurbatova EA, Zaytsev AE, Akhmatova EA, Yastrebova NE, Sukhova EV, Yashunsky DV, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Synthetic BSA-conjugated disaccharide related to the Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 capsular polysaccharide increases IL-17A Levels, γδ T cells, and B1 cells in mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1388721. [PMID: 38840926 PMCID: PMC11150546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1388721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The disaccharide (β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside represents a repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3. A conjugate of the disaccharide with BSA (di-BSA conjugate) adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide induced - in contrast to the non-adjuvanted conjugate - IgG1 antibody production and protected mice against S. pneumoniae serotype 3 infection after intraperitoneal prime-boost immunization. Adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted conjugates induced production of Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα); Th2 (IL-5, IL-13); Th17 (IL-17A), Th1/Th17 (IL-22), and Th2/Th17 cytokines (IL-21) after immunization. The concentration of cytokines in mice sera was higher in response to the adjuvanted conjugate, with the highest level of IL-17A production after the prime and boost immunizations. In contrast, the non-adjuvanted conjugate elicited only weak production of IL-17A, which gradually decreased after the second immunization. After boost immunization of mice with the adjuvanted di-BSA conjugate, there was a significant increase in the number of CD45+/CD19+ B cells, TCR+ γδ T cell, CD5+ В1 cells, and activated cells with MHC II+ expression in the spleens of the mice. IL-17A, TCR+ γδ T cells, and CD5+ В1 cells play a crucial role in preventing pneumococcal infection, but can also contribute to autoimmune diseases. Immunization with the adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted di-BSA conjugate did not elicit autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA targeting cell nuclei in mice. Thus, the molecular and cellular markers associated with antibody production and protective activity in response to immunization with the di-BSA conjugate adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide are IL-17A, TCR+ γδ T cells, and CD5+ В1 cells against the background of increasing MHC II+ expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Mice
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
- Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Disaccharides/immunology
- Bacterial Capsules/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Female
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Serogroup
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli K. Akhmatova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Kurbatova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton E. Zaytsev
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elina A. Akhmatova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya E. Yastrebova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Sukhova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V. Yashunsky
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury E. Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Dawood HN, Al-Jumaili AH, Radhi AH, Ikram D, Al-Jabban A. Emerging pneumococcal serotypes in Iraq: scope for improved vaccine development. F1000Res 2023; 12:435. [PMID: 38283903 PMCID: PMC10811421 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132781.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal disease is a global public health concern as it affects the young, aged and the immunocompromised. The development of pneumococcal vaccines and their incorporation in the immunization programs has helped to reduce the global burden of disease. However, serotype replacement and the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes as well as the persistence of a few vaccine serotypes underscores the need for development of new and effective vaccines against such pneumococcal serotypes. In the Middle East, places of religious mass gatherings are a hotspot for disease transmission in addition to the global risk factors. Therefore, the periodic surveillance of pneumococcal serotypes circulating in the region to determine the effectiveness of existing prevention strategies and develop improved vaccines is warranted. Currently, there is a lack of serotype prevalence data for Iraq due to inadequate surveillance in the region. Thus, this review aims to determine the pneumococcal serotypes circulating in Iraq which may help in the development and introduction of improved pneumococcal vaccines in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed H. Radhi
- F.i.c.m.s/ C.M, Center for disease control and prevention, Baghdad, Iraq
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3
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Teske NC, Dyckhoff-Shen S, Beckenbauer P, Bewersdorf JP, Engelen-Lee JY, Hammerschmidt S, Kälin RE, Pfister HW, Brouwer MC, Klein M, Glass R, van de Beek D, Koedel U. Pericytes are protective in experimental pneumococcal meningitis through regulating leukocyte infiltration and blood-brain barrier function. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:267. [PMID: 37978545 PMCID: PMC10655320 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain pericytes participate in the regulation of cerebral blood flow and the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity. Because of their perivascular localization, their receptor repertoire, and their potential ability to respond to inflammatory and infectious stimuli by producing various cytokines and chemokines, these cells are also thought to play an active role in the immune response to brain infections. This assumption is mainly supported by in vitro studies, investigations in in vivo disease models are largely missing. Here, we analysed the role of brain pericytes in pneumococcal meningitis, in vitro and in vivo in two animal models of pneumococcal meningitis. METHODS Primary murine and human pericytes were stimulated with increasing concentrations of different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the presence or absence of Toll-like receptor inhibitors and their cell viability and cytokine production were monitored. To gain insight into the role of pericytes in brain infection in vivo, we performed studies in a zebrafish embryo model of pneumococcal meningitis in which pericytes were pharmacologically depleted. Furthermore, we analyzed the impact of genetically induced pericyte ablation on disease progression, intracranial complications, and brain inflammation in an adult mouse model of this disease. RESULTS Both murine and human pericytes reacted to pneumococcal exposure with the release of selected cytokines. This cytokine release is pneumolysin-dependent, TLR-dependent in murine (but not human) pericytes and can be significantly increased by macrophage-derived IL-1b. Pharmacological depletion of pericytes in zebrafish embryos resulted in increased cerebral edema and mortality due to pneumococcal meningitis. Correspondingly, in an adult mouse meningitis model, a more pronounced blood-brain barrier disruption and leukocyte infiltration, resulting in an unfavorable disease course, was observed following genetic pericyte ablation. The degree of leukocyte infiltration positively correlated with an upregulation of chemokine expression in the brains of pericyte-depleted mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that pericytes play a protective role in pneumococcal meningitis by impeding leukocyte migration and preventing blood-brain barrier breaching. Thus, preserving the integrity of the pericyte population has the potential as a new therapeutic strategy in pneumococcal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Teske
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Paul Beckenbauer
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Joo-Yeon Engelen-Lee
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Roland E Kälin
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Walter Pfister
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Klein
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Glass
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Koedel
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Duke JA, Avci FY. Emerging vaccine strategies against the incessant pneumococcal disease. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:122. [PMID: 37591986 PMCID: PMC10435554 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by infection with the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) has been on a downward trend for decades due to worldwide vaccination programs. Despite the clinical successes observed, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) reports that the continued global burden of S. pneumoniae will be in the millions each year, with a case-fatality rate hovering around 5%. Thus, it is a top priority to continue developing new Spn vaccination strategies to harness immunological insight and increase the magnitude of protection provided. As emphasized by the World Health Organization (WHO), it is also crucial to broaden the implementation of vaccines that are already obtainable in the clinical setting. This review focuses on the immune mechanisms triggered by existing pneumococcal vaccines and provides an overview of the current and upcoming clinical strategies being employed. We highlight the associated challenges of serotype selectivity and using pneumococcal-derived proteins as alternative vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Duke
- Sanofi, Suite 300, 2501 Discovery Drive, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Fikri Y Avci
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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5
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Aguinagalde Salazar L, den Boer MA, Castenmiller SM, Zwarthoff SA, de Haas C, Aerts PC, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, Heck AJR, van Kessel K, Rooijakkers SHM. Promoting Fc-Fc interactions between anti-capsular antibodies provides strong immune protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae. eLife 2023; 12:80669. [PMID: 36947116 PMCID: PMC10032657 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and an important cause of childhood mortality. Despite the introduction of successful vaccines, the global spread of both non-vaccine serotypes and antibiotic-resistant strains reinforces the development of alternative therapies against this pathogen. One possible route is the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that induce killing of bacteria via the immune system. Here, we investigate whether mAbs can be used to induce killing of pneumococcal serotypes for which the current vaccines show unsuccessful protection. Our study demonstrates that when human mAbs against pneumococcal capsule polysaccharides (CPS) have a poor capacity to induce complement activation, a critical process for immune protection against pneumococci, their activity can be strongly improved by hexamerization-enhancing mutations. Our data indicate that anti-capsular antibodies may have a low capacity to form higher-order oligomers (IgG hexamers) that are needed to recruit complement component C1. Indeed, specific point mutations in the IgG-Fc domain that strengthen hexamerization strongly enhance C1 recruitment and downstream complement activation on encapsulated pneumococci. Specifically, hexamerization-enhancing mutations E430G or E345K in CPS6-IgG strongly potentiate complement activation on S. pneumoniae strains that express capsular serotype 6 (CPS6), and the highly invasive serotype 19A strain. Furthermore, these mutations improve complement activation via mAbs recognizing CPS3 and CPS8 strains. Importantly, hexamer-enhancing mutations enable mAbs to induce strong opsonophagocytic killing by human neutrophils. Finally, passive immunization with CPS6-IgG1-E345K protected mice from developing severe pneumonia. Altogether, this work provides an important proof of concept for future optimization of antibody therapies against encapsulated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurits A den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne M Castenmiller
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Seline A Zwarthoff
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Carla de Haas
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Piet C Aerts
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kok van Kessel
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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6
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Murdaca G, Noberasco G, Olobardi D, Ogliastro M, Sibilio R, Sambuceti G, Balzano R, Sticchi L, Icardi G, Orsi A. Systemic sclerosis and vaccinations: a three-year register-based cohort study about vaccination rate and uptake from Liguria referral center, northwest Italy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2025732. [PMID: 35258440 PMCID: PMC8993060 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2025732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with diffused Systemic Sclerosis (dSSc) are more subject to severe respiratory complications with higher rates of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Vaccination represents the most effective means of prevention and care for frail patients, such as SSc patients, preventing infections, reducing mortality and morbidity, and granting a better quality of life. Both vaccinations against seasonal influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae are currently recommended by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) guidelines on vaccination. The aim of this study is to give an updated analysis on S. pneumoniae and seasonal influenza vaccination coverage in a cohort of 91 patients with SSc and to investigate demographic and clinical variables significantly related to vaccine acceptance. The correlation between vaccine administration and other factors was investigated using a binomial logistic regression to evaluate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR). The patients followed up in this study reached higher percentages than the general population, passing the 75% target for both influenza and anti-pneumococcal vaccinations and reaching for influenza vaccine coverage rates of 83.8% for subjects undergoing immunosuppressive therapies and 88.9% for elderly subjects. For the latter group, it is important to emphasize the strong correlation between older age groups and vaccination acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdaca
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Noberasco
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Dario Olobardi
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Matilde Ogliastro
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Raffaella Sibilio
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sambuceti
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Balzano
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Sticchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Hygiene Unit, "Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS", Genova, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Hygiene Unit, "Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS", Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Hygiene Unit, "Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS", Genova, Italy
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7
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Complete Genome Sequences of Nine Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 3 Clonal Complex 180 Strains. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0027522. [PMID: 35638828 PMCID: PMC9302067 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00275-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We announce the complete genomes of nine Streptococcus pneumoniae strains belonging to serotype 3 clonal complex 180 (CC180). The genomes consist of a single circularized contig with an average length of 2.033 Mbp. Pangenome analysis identified 1,762 core genes and 412 accessory genes. These genomes are the basis for future population genomic studies.
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8
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Gutiérrez-Tobar IF, Londoño-Ruiz JP, Mariño-Drews C, Beltrán-Higuera S, Camacho-Moreno G, Leal-Castro AL, Patiño-Niño JA, Álvarez-Olmos MI, Barrero-Barreto R, Espinosa F, Suarez MA, Ramos N, Moreno-Mejia VM, Marín A, Sierra Parada CR, Pescador A, Montañez A. Epidemiological characteristics and serotype distribution of culture-confirmed pediatric pneumococcal pneumonia before and after PCV 10 introduction, a multicenter study in Bogota, Colombia, 2008-2019. Vaccine 2022; 40:2875-2883. [PMID: 35396166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have decreased pneumonia in children. Colombia introduced mass vaccination with PCV10 in 2012. METHODS Cases of pneumococcal pneumonia from 10 hospitals were included. Two periods were compared: pre-PCV10: 2008-2011 and post-PCV10: 2014-2019. The objective was to compare epidemiological and clinical characteristics before and after PCV10 vaccination. RESULTS A total of 370 cases were included. Serotypes 1 (15, 11.2%) and 14 (33, 24.6%) were the most frequent in the pre-PCV10 period, with only 4 (3%) cases of serotype 19A and 1 case (0.7%) serotype 3. From the pre-PCV10 period to the post-PCV10 period, cases of serotypes 1 (6, 3.1%) and 14 (1, 7.8%) decreased, while cases of serotypes 19A (58, 30.2%), serotype 3 (32, 16.7%) and 6A (7, 3.6%) increased (p < 0.001); complicated pneumonia (CP) increased significantly (13.4% to 31.8%) (p < 0.001); hospitalizations increased from 8 (5.5-15) to 12 (7-22) days (p < 0.001); and the frequency of PICU admission increased from 32.8% to 51.6% (p = 0.001). The use of ampicillin-sulbactam (0.7% to 24%) and ceftriaxone/clindamycin (0.7% to 5.7%) increased in the post-PCV10 period. The duration of empirical antibiotic treatment was 7 (4-11) days in the pre-PCV10 period and increased to 10 (6-17) days (p < 0.001) in the post-PCV10 period. Lethality showed a slight nonsignificant increase (7.5% vs. 9.9%; p = 0.57) in the post-PCV10 period. CONCLUSIONS PCV10 significantly decreased cases of serotypes 1 and 14, with an increase in cases of serotypes 19A, 3 and 6A, which were the predominant serotypes and had greater severity (e.g., admission to the PICU, CP and more resistance, with an increase in the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and longer hospitalization) and subsequently included in PCV13. Current data support national and regional evidence on the importance of replacing PCV10 with a higher valence that includes 19A, such as PCV13, with the aim of reducing circulation, particularly of this serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Pablo Londoño-Ruiz
- Red Neumocolombia, Colombia; Clínica Infantil Colsubsidio, Clínica Infantil Santa María del Lago, Colombia; Universidad el Bosque, Colombia
| | | | | | - Germán Camacho-Moreno
- Red Neumocolombia, Colombia; HOMI, Fundación Hospital Pediátrico la Misericordia, Bogotá, Colombia; Hospital Infantil Universitario de San José, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
| | | | | | | | - Rocio Barrero-Barreto
- Red Neumocolombia, Colombia; Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael, Colombia; Unidad de Servicios de Salud Santa Clara, Colombia
| | - Fabio Espinosa
- Red Neumocolombia, Colombia; Hospital Infantil Universitario de San José, Colombia
| | | | - Nicolás Ramos
- Red Neumocolombia, Colombia; COBOS Medical Center, Colombia; Universidad el Bosque, Colombia
| | | | - Alejandra Marín
- Red Neumocolombia, Colombia; Clínica Infantil Colsubsidio, Clínica Infantil Santa María del Lago, Colombia
| | | | - Angela Pescador
- Red Neumocolombia, Colombia; Hospital Militar Central, Colombia
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9
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Müller A, Kleynhans J, de Gouveia L, Meiring S, Cohen C, Hathaway LJ, von Gottberg A. Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes Associated with Death, South Africa, 2012-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:166-179. [PMID: 34932448 PMCID: PMC8714227 DOI: 10.3201/eid2801.210956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide capsule plays a role in disease severity. We assessed the association of serotype with case-fatality ratio (CFR) in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and meningitis in South Africa, 2012-2018 (vaccine era), using multivariable logistic regression by manual backward elimination. The most common serotypes causing IPD were 8 and 19A. In patients <15 years of age, serotypes associated with increased CFR in IPD, compared with serotype 8 and controlling for confounding factors, were 11A, 13, 19F, 15A, and 6A. None of these serotypes were associated with increased CFR in meningitis. Among IPD patients >15 years of age, serotype 15B/C was associated with increased CFR. Among meningitis patients of all ages, serotype 1 was associated with increased CFR. PCV13 serotypes 1, 3, 6A, 19A, and 19F should be monitored, and serotypes 8, 12F, 15A, and 15B/C should be considered for inclusion in vaccines to reduce deaths caused by S. pneumoniae.
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10
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Sundaresan V, Do H, Shrout JD, Bohn PW. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical characterization of bacteria and bacterial systems. Analyst 2021; 147:22-34. [PMID: 34874024 PMCID: PMC8791413 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01954f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbes, such as bacteria, can be described, at one level, as small, self-sustaining chemical factories. Based on the species, strain, and even the environment, bacteria can be useful, neutral or pathogenic to human life, so it is increasingly important that we be able to characterize them at the molecular level with chemical specificity and spatial and temporal resolution in order to understand their behavior. Bacterial metabolism involves a large number of internal and external electron transfer processes, so it is logical that electrochemical techniques have been employed to investigate these bacterial metabolites. In this mini-review, we focus on electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods that have been developed and used specifically to chemically characterize bacteria and their behavior. First, we discuss the latest mechanistic insights and current understanding of microbial electron transfer, including both direct and mediated electron transfer. Second, we summarize progress on approaches to spatiotemporal characterization of secreted factors, including both metabolites and signaling molecules, which can be used to discern how natural or external factors can alter metabolic states of bacterial cells and change either their individual or collective behavior. Finally, we address in situ methods of single-cell characterization, which can uncover how heterogeneity in cell behavior is reflected in the behavior and properties of collections of bacteria, e.g. bacterial communities. Recent advances in (spectro)electrochemical characterization of bacteria have yielded important new insights both at the ensemble and the single-entity levels, which are furthering our understanding of bacterial behavior. These insights, in turn, promise to benefit applications ranging from biosensors to the use of bacteria in bacteria-based bioenergy generation and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Hyein Do
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Joshua D Shrout
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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11
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Müller A, Schramm DB, Kleynhans J, de Gouveia L, Meiring S, Ramette A, von Gottberg A, Hathaway LJ. Cytokine response in cerebrospinal fluid of meningitis patients and outcome associated with pneumococcal serotype. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19920. [PMID: 34620928 PMCID: PMC8497479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes life-threatening meningitis. Its capsular polysaccharide determines the serotype and influences disease severity but the mechanism is largely unknown. Due to evidence of elevated cytokines levels in the meningeal inflammatory response, we measured 41 cytokines/chemokines and growth factors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 57 South African meningitis patients (collected in the period 2018–2019), with confirmed S. pneumoniae serotypes, using a multiplexed bead-based immunoassay. Based on multivariable Bayesian regression, using serotype 10A as a reference and after adjusting for HIV and age, we found IL-6 concentrations significantly lower in patients infected with serotypes 6D (undetectable) and 23A (1601 pg/ml), IL-8 concentrations significantly higher in those infected with 22A (40,459 pg/ml), 7F (32,400 pg/ml) and 15B/C (6845 pg/ml), and TNFα concentration significantly higher in those infected with serotype 18A (33,097 pg/ml). Although a relatively small number of clinical samples were available for this study and 28% of samples could not be assigned to a definitive serotype, our data suggests 15B/C worthy of monitoring during surveillance as it is associated with in-hospital case fatality and not included in the 13-valent polysaccharide conjugate vaccine, PCV13. Our data provides average CSF concentrations of a range of cytokines and growth factors for 18 different serotypes (14, 19F, 3, 6A, 7F, 19A, 8, 9N, 10A, 12F, 15B/C, 22F, 16F, 23A, 31, 18A, 6D, 22A) to serve as a basis for future studies investigating host–pathogen interaction during pneumococcal meningitis. We note that differences in induction of IL-8 between serotypes may be particularly worthy of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Müller
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Diana B Schramm
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for HIV and STI's, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jackie Kleynhans
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Linda de Gouveia
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Susan Meiring
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alban Ramette
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lucy Jane Hathaway
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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12
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Benadji A, Duval X, Danis K, Hoen B, Page B, Béraud G, Vernet-Garnier V, Strady C, Brieu N, Maulin L, Roy C, Ploy MC, Gaillat J, Varon E, Tubiana S. Relationship between serotypes, disease characteristics and 30-day mortality in adults with invasive pneumococcal disease. Infection 2021; 50:223-233. [PMID: 34468953 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. We aimed to identify host and bacterial factors associated with 30-day mortality in 18-year-old patients hospitalized with IPD in France from 2013 to 2015. METHODS This study analyzed data collected from consecutives IPD cases included in two parallel multi-center cohort studies: COMBAT study (280 patients with pneumococcal community-acquired bacterial meningitis) and SIIP study (491 patients with non-meningitis IPD). Factors associated with 30-day mortality were identified using logistic regression. RESULTS Among the 771 enrolled patients (median age 66 years, IQR [52.0-79.7]), 592/767 (77.2%) had at least one chronic disease. Patients with meningitis were younger (60.2 vs 70.9 years; p < 0.001) and had fewer chronic diseases than those with non-meningitis IPD (73.3% vs 79.4%; p = 0.05). Non-vaccine serotypes were more frequent in meningitis patients than in those with other IPD (36.1% vs 23.1%; p < 0.001). The overall 30-day mortality was 16.7% and patients with concurrent meningitis and extra-cerebral IPD had the highest 30-day mortality rate (26.5%). On multivariate analyses, older age, history of malignant solid tumor, meningeal IPD and serotypes previously identified with high mortality potential were independently associated with 30-day mortality. Of the serotypes with high mortality potential, 80% were included in licensed (PCV13 or PPV23) vaccines. CONCLUSION We observed an effect of both host factors and pneumococcal serotypes on 30-day mortality in IPD. This highlights the need for a focused strategy to vaccinate at-risk patients. CLINICAL TRIAL ClinicalTrial. Gov identification number: NCT01730690.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Benadji
- AP-HP, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC 1425, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, 46, Rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Duval
- AP-HP, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC 1425, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, 46, Rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France. .,IAME, INSERM, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Kostas Danis
- Santé Publique France, The French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Bruno Hoen
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, University Hospital Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, 54511, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bernard Page
- AP-HP, Intensive Care Unit, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Guillaume Béraud
- Médecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses, CHU de Poitiers, 86021, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Christophe Strady
- Cabinet d'Infectiologie, Clinique Courlancy, Groupe Courlancy-Reims, Reims, France
| | | | - Laurence Maulin
- Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier du Pays d'Aix, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Carine Roy
- AP-HP, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Paris Nord, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Ploy
- Regional Observatories for Pneumococci (Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque), University Hospital Centre Limoges, Limoges, France.,INSERM, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, University of Limoges, U1092, F-87000, Limoges, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Varon
- National Centre for Pneumococci, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Sarah Tubiana
- AP-HP, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC 1425, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, 46, Rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.,IAME, INSERM, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
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13
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Jiang H, Meng Q, Liu X, Chen H, Zhu C, Chen Y. PspA Diversity, Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance of Invasive Pneumococcal Isolates from Paediatric Patients in Shenzhen, China. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:49-58. [PMID: 33469319 PMCID: PMC7810716 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s286187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To determine the phenotypes and genotypes of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), 108 strains were isolated from paediatric patients with invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) in Shenzhen from 2014 to 2018. Methods Serotype profiles were defined by multiplex PCR of the capsule gene. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) classification was performed through pspA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial resistance was examined by broth microdilution. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was determined based on next-generation sequencing data. Results Eighty-one S. pneumoniae of 17 serotypes were finally collected. The coverage of the 13-conjugated polysaccharide vaccine (PCV13) was 88.9%. After the introduction of PCV13, the nonvaccine serotypes were added by serotypes 15b, 16F and 20. Vaccine serotype 3 increased by four serious cases. The pspA family 1 and pspA family 2 are predominant. The multiple drug resistance rate is 91.3%. None of the nonmeningitis isolates were resistant to penicillin, while 98.8% of all the isolates were resistant to erythromycin. Discussion This work characterizes the molecular epidemiology of invasive S. pneumoniae in Shenzhen. Continued surveillance of serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility is necessary to alert antibiotic-resistant nonvaccine serotypes and highly virulent serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfang Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Meng
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunqing Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunsheng Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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14
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Ekinci E, Desmet S, Van Heirstraeten L, Mertens C, Wouters I, Beutels P, Verhaegen J, Malhotra-Kumar S, Theeten H. Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes Carried by Young Children and Their Association With Acute Otitis Media During the Period 2016-2019. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:664083. [PMID: 34291017 PMCID: PMC8286995 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.664083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) is a major cause of acute otitis media (AOM). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) programs have altered pneumococcal serotype epidemiology in disease and carriage. In this study, we used samples collected during a cross-sectional study to examine if the clinical picture of acute otitis media (AOM) in young children exposed to the PCV program in Belgium was related to the carried pneumococcal strains, and if their carriage profile differed from healthy children attending daycare centers. Material/Methods: In three collection periods from February 2016 to May 2018, nasopharyngeal swabs and background characteristics were collected from children aged 6-30 months either presenting at their physician with AOM (AOM-group) or healthy and attending day care (DCC-group). Clinical signs of AOM episodes and treatment schedule were registered by the physicians. Sp was detected, quantified, and characterized using both conventional culture analysis and real-time PCR analysis. Results: Among 3,264 collected samples, overall pneumococcal carriage and density were found at similar rates in both AOM and DCC. As expected non-vaccine serotypes were most frequent: 23B (AOM: 12.3%; DCC: 17.4%), 11A (AOM: 7.5%; DCC: 7.4%) and 15B (AOM: 7.5%; DCC: 7.1%). Serotypes 3, 6C, 7B, 9N, 12F, 17F, and 29 were more often found in AOM than in DCC (p-value < 0.05), whereas 23A and 23B were less often present in AOM (p-value < 0.05). Antibiotic non-susceptibility of Sp strains was similar in both groups. No predictors of AOM severity were identified. Conclusion: In the present study, overall carriage prevalence and density of S. pneumoniae were found similar in young children with AOM and in healthy children attending day-care centers in Belgium. Certain serotypes not currently included in the PCV vaccines were found to be carried more often in children with AOM than in DCC, a finding that might suggest a relationship between these serotypes and AOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Ekinci
- Centre for Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Desmet
- Reference Centre for Pneumococci, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Van Heirstraeten
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Colette Mertens
- Centre for Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ine Wouters
- Centre for Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Verhaegen
- Reference Centre for Pneumococci, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Heidi Theeten
- Centre for Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Kurbatova EA, Akhmatova NK, Zaytsev AE, Akhmatova EA, Egorova NB, Yastrebova NE, Sukhova EV, Yashunsky DV, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Higher Cytokine and Opsonizing Antibody Production Induced by Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)-Conjugated Tetrasaccharide Related to Streptococcus pneumoniae Type 3 Capsular Polysaccharide. Front Immunol 2020; 11:578019. [PMID: 33343566 PMCID: PMC7746847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.578019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated the limited efficacy of S. pneumoniae type 3 capsular polysaccharide (CP) in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against serotype 3 invasive pneumococcal diseases and carriage. Synthetic oligosaccharides (OSs) may provide an alternative to CPs for development of novel conjugated pneumococcal vaccines and diagnostic test systems. A comparative immunological study of di-, tri-, and tetra-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates was performed. All oligosaccharides conjugated with biotin and immobilized on streptavidin-coated plates stimulated production of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFNγ, IL-17A, and TNFα, but not IL-6 and GM-CSF in monocultured mice splenocytes. The tetrasaccharide-biotin conjugate stimulated the highest levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IFNγ, which regulate expression of specific immunoglobulin isotypes. The tetra-BSA conjugate adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide elicited high levels of IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibodies (Abs). Anti-CP-induced Abs could only be measured using the biotinylated tetrasaccharide. The tetrasaccharide ligand possessed the highest binding capacity for anti-OS and antibacterial IgG Abs in immune sera. Sera to the tetra-BSA conjugate promoted greater phagocytosis of bacteria by neutrophils and monocytes than the CRM197-CP-antisera. Sera of mice immunized with the tetra-BSA conjugate exhibited the highest titer of anti-CP IgG1 Abs compared with sera of mice inoculated with the same doses of di- and tri-BSA conjugates. Upon intraperitoneal challenge with lethal doses of S. pneumoniae type 3, the tri- and tetra-BSA conjugates protected mice more significantly than the di-BSA conjugate. Therefore, it may be concluded that the tetrasaccharide ligand is an optimal candidate for development of a semi-synthetic vaccine against S. pneumoniae type 3 and diagnostic test systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Kurbatova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nelli K. Akhmatova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton E. Zaytsev
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elina A. Akhmatova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda B. Egorova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya E. Yastrebova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Sukhova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V. Yashunsky
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury E. Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Bacigalupo A, Metafuni E, Amato V, Marquez Algaba E, Pagano L. Reducing infectious complications after allogeneic stem cell transplant. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:1235-1251. [PMID: 32996342 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1831382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infections remain a significant problem, in patients undergoing an allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) and efforts have been made over the years, to reduce the incidence, morbidity and mortality of infectious complications. AREAS COVERED This manuscript is focused on the epidemiology, risk factors and prevention of infections after allogeneic HSCT. A systematic literature review was performed using the PubMed database, between November 2019 and January 2020, with the following MeSH terms: stem-cell transplantation, infection, fungal, bacterial, viral, prophylaxis, vaccines, prevention. The authors reviewed all the publications, and following a common revision, a summary report was made and results were divided in three sections: bacterial, fungal and viral infections. EXPERT OPINION Different infections occur in the early, intermediate and late post-transplant period, due to distinct risk factors. Improved diagnostic techniques, pre-emtive therapy and better prophylaxis of immunologic complications, have reduced the morbidity and mortality of infections. The role of the gut microbiota is under careful scrutiny and may further help us to identify high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bacigalupo
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli- IRCCS , Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Metafuni
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli- IRCCS , Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Amato
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli- IRCCS , Rome, Italy
| | - Ester Marquez Algaba
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Livio Pagano
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli- IRCCS , Rome, Italy.,Sezione di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore , Rome, Italy
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17
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Therapeutic Activity of Type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsule Degrading Enzyme Pn3Pase. Pharm Res 2020; 37:236. [PMID: 33140159 PMCID: PMC7605875 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) serotype 3 (Spn3) is considered one of the most virulent serotypes with resistance to conventional vaccine and treatment regimens. Pn3Pase is a glycoside hydrolase that we have previously shown to be highly effective in degrading the capsular polysaccharide of type 3 Spn, sensitizing it to host immune clearance. To begin assessing the value and safety of this enzyme for future clinical studies, we investigated the effects of high doses of Pn3Pase on host cells and immune system. Methods We assessed the enzyme’s catalytic activity following administration in mice, and performed septic infection models to determine if prior administration of the enzyme inhibited repeat treatments of Spn3-challenged mice. We assessed immune populations in mouse tissues following administration of the enzyme, and tested Pn3Pase toxicity on other mammalian cell types in vitro. Results Repeated administration of the enzyme in vivo does not prevent efficacy of the enzyme in promoting bacterial clearance following bacterial challenge, with insignificant antibody response generated against the enzyme. Immune homeostasis is maintained following high-dose treatment with Pn3Pase, and no cytotoxic effects were observed against mammalian cells. Conclusions These data indicate that Pn3Pase has potential as a therapy against Spn3. Further development as a drug product could overcome a great hurdle of pneumococcal infections.
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18
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Afshar D, Rafiee F, Kheirandish M, Ohadian Moghadam S, Azarsa M. Autolysin (lytA) recombinant protein: a potential target for developing vaccines against pneumococcal infections. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2020; 9:76-80. [PMID: 32864363 PMCID: PMC7445314 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2020.9.2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase known as lytA, is an immunogenic protein that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is highly conserved among S. pneumoniae strains and is absent among other Streptococcus species. In the present study, the level of antibodies against the lytA recombinant protein was evaluated in healthy individuals' sera. Materials and Methods DNA was extracted from S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 to amplify lytA gene by polymerase chain reaction assay. The lytA amplicon and pET28a vector were separately double digested using Nde-1 and Xho1 restriction enzymes and then ligated together with ligase enzyme. The recombinant plasmid was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 strain and the lytA recombinant protein purified using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. Western blot was carried to detect lytA recombinant protein. Sixty healthy individual's sera (at three age groups: group 1, <2; group 2, 2–40; and group 3, 60–90 years old) were collected and the titers of anti-lytA antibodies were determined. Results The lytA gene was highly expressed in E. coli BL21 host. The recombinant lytA protein was purified and confirmed by western blotting. Tukey test analysis showed that there were no significant differences among the age groups considering the anti-lytA titer of 10. However, at the anti-lytA titer of 60, significant differences were observed between group 1 vs. group 2 (p<0.001); group 1 vs. group 3 (p=0.003), and group 2 vs. group 3 (p=0.024). Conclusion The lytA protein seems to be a highly immunogenic antigen and a potential target for developing vaccines against pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davoud Afshar
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rafiee
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Kheirandish
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Azarsa
- Department of Microbiology, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
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19
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Shen CF, Wang SM, Chi H, Huang YC, Huang LM, Huang YC, Lin HC, Ho YH, Hsiung CA, Liu CC. The potential role of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in reducing acute respiratory inflammation in community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:88. [PMID: 32814590 PMCID: PMC7435222 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) reduces both invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and other pneumococcal infections worldwide. We investigated the impact of stepwise implementation of childhood PCV programs on the prevalence of pneumococcal pneumonia, severity of acute inflammation, and associations between breakthrough pneumonia and pneumococcal serotypes in Taiwan. Methods In total, 983 children diagnosed with community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia were enrolled between January 2010 and December 2015. Results Proportions of pneumococcal vaccinations increased each year in age-stratified groups with PCV7 (32.2%) as the majority, followed by PCV13 (12.2%). The proportion of pneumococcal pneumonia decreased each year in age-stratified groups, especially in 2–5 year group. Serotype 19A is the leading serotype either in vaccinated (6.4%) or unvaccinated patients (5.2%). In particular, vaccinated patients had significantly higher lowest WBC, lower neutrophils, lower lymphocytes and lower CRP values than non-vaccinated patients (p < 0.05). After stratifying patients by breakthrough infection, those with breakthrough pneumococcal infection with vaccine coverage serotypes had more severe pneumonia disease (p < 0.05). Conclusion Systematic childhood pneumococcal vaccination reduced the prevalence of community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia, especially in 2–5 year group. Serotype 19A was the major serotype for all vaccine types in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia and severity of acute inflammatory response was reduced in vaccinated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fen Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138, Sheng Li Road, North Dist, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan.,Taiwan Pediatric Infectious Disease Alliance, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Min Wang
- Taiwan Pediatric Infectious Disease Alliance, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Chi
- Taiwan Pediatric Infectious Disease Alliance, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Children's Hospital, Mackay Medical College, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Huang
- Taiwan Pediatric Infectious Disease Alliance, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Taiwan Pediatric Infectious Disease Alliance, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University and Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- Taiwan Pediatric Infectious Disease Alliance, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chuan Lin
- Taiwan Pediatric Infectious Disease Alliance, Taipei City, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Huai Ho
- Taiwan Pediatric Infectious Disease Alliance, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chao A Hsiung
- Taiwan Pediatric Infectious Disease Alliance, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Township, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138, Sheng Li Road, North Dist, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan. .,Taiwan Pediatric Infectious Disease Alliance, Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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20
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Wantuch PL, Jella S, Duke JA, Mousa JJ, Henrissat B, Glushka J, Avci FY. Characterization of the β-glucuronidase Pn3Pase as the founding member of glycoside hydrolase family GH169. Glycobiology 2020; 31:266-274. [PMID: 32810871 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus sp. 32352 is a soil-dwelling bacterium capable of producing an enzyme, Pn3Pase that degrades the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 (Pn3P). Recent reports on Pn3Pase have demonstrated its initial characterization and potential for protection against highly virulent S. pneumoniae serotype 3 infections. Initial experiments revealed this enzyme functions as an exo-β1,4-glucuronidase cleaving the β(1,4) linkage between glucuronic acid and glucose. However, the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme is still unknown. Here, we report the detailed biochemical analysis of Pn3Pase. Pn3Pase shows no significant sequence similarity to known glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, thus this novel enzyme establishes a new carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) GH family. Site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed two catalytic residues along with truncation mutants defining essential domains for function. Pn3Pase and its mutants were screened for activity, substrate binding and kinetics. Additionally, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis revealed that Pn3Pase acts through a retaining mechanism. This study exhibits Pn3Pase activity at the structural and mechanistic level to establish the new CAZy GH family GH169 belonging to the large GH-A clan. This study will also serve toward generating Pn3Pase derivatives with optimal activity and pharmacokinetics aiding in the use of Pn3Pase as a novel therapeutic approach against type 3 S. pneumoniae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paeton L Wantuch
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Rd, Athens GA 30602, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Rd, Athens GA 30602, USA
| | - Satya Jella
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Rd, Athens GA 30602, USA
| | - Jeremy A Duke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Rd, Athens GA 30602, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Rd, Athens GA 30602, USA
| | - Jarrod J Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Dr Athens, Athens GA 30602, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Dr Athens, Athens GA 30602, USA
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France.,USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Al Jami`ah, Jeddah, 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - John Glushka
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens GA 30602, USA
| | - Fikri Y Avci
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Rd, Athens GA 30602, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Rd, Athens GA 30602, USA
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21
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Murdaca G, Noberasco G, Battaglini A, Vassallo C, Giusti F, Greco M, Schiavi C, Sticchi L, Icardi G, Orsi A. Systemic Sclerosis and Vaccinations: A Register-Based Cohort Study about Seasonal Influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccination Rate and Uptake from Liguria Regional Center, Northwest Italy. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020204. [PMID: 32354027 PMCID: PMC7349884 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is the connective tissue disease with the highest mortality and patients with chronic inflammatory immune-mediated diseases are at high risk of acquiring infections as they are often treated with immunosuppressive or biological drugs. This study, conducted among the patients followed by our clinical immunology, part of the Internal Medicine Department in the Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, northwest Italy, has set itself the primary objective of analyzing the vaccine uptake and the vaccination coverage against both seasonal influenza and S. pneumoniae in a cohort of patients with SSc. We evaluated the influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rate among various subgroups of patients and the source of the recommendation for vaccination. We evaluated the vaccination rate changes between the two years considered in our study. We also calculated a binomial logistic regression between vaccination acceptance and clinical and demographics characteristics of the patients to evaluate the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of each factor on vaccination. The vaccination coverage that resulted was significantly higher than in other similar studies. Age over 65 years old, interstitial lung disease, and ongoing immunosuppressive therapy were significantly related with acceptance to both vaccinations using univariate analyses, but the multivariate logistic regression found a significant correlation only with the age and therapy factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdaca
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Scleroderma Unit, Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.V.); (F.G.); (M.G.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0105554676
| | - Giovanni Noberasco
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.N.); (A.B.); (L.S.); (G.I.); (A.O.)
| | - Alberto Battaglini
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.N.); (A.B.); (L.S.); (G.I.); (A.O.)
| | - Chiara Vassallo
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Scleroderma Unit, Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.V.); (F.G.); (M.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Francesca Giusti
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Scleroderma Unit, Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.V.); (F.G.); (M.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Monica Greco
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Scleroderma Unit, Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.V.); (F.G.); (M.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Chiara Schiavi
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Scleroderma Unit, Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.V.); (F.G.); (M.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Laura Sticchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.N.); (A.B.); (L.S.); (G.I.); (A.O.)
- Hygiene Unit, “Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS”, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.N.); (A.B.); (L.S.); (G.I.); (A.O.)
- Hygiene Unit, “Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS”, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.N.); (A.B.); (L.S.); (G.I.); (A.O.)
- Hygiene Unit, “Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS”, 16132 Genova, Italy
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22
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Cho SJ, Moon JS, Nikahira K, Yun HS, Harris R, Hong KS, Huang H, Choi AMK, Stout-Delgado H. GLUT1-dependent glycolysis regulates exacerbation of fibrosis via AIM2 inflammasome activation. Thorax 2020; 75:227-236. [PMID: 31822523 PMCID: PMC7063401 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rapidly progressive, fatal lung disease that affects older adults. One of the detrimental natural histories of IPF is acute exacerbation of IPF (AE-IPF), of which bacterial infection is reported to play an important role. However, the mechanism by which bacterial infection modulates the fibrotic response remains unclear. OBJECTIVES Altered glucose metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic lung diseases. We have previously demonstrated that glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1)-dependent glycolysis regulates fibrogenesis in a murine fibrosis model. To expand on these findings, we hypothesised that GLUT1-dependent glycolysis regulates acute exacerbation of lung fibrogenesis during bacterial infection via AIM2 inflammasome activation. RESULTS In our current study, using a murine model of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) infection, we investigated the potential role of GLUT1 on mediating fibrotic responses to an acute exacerbation during bleomycin-induced fibrosis. The results of our current study illustrate that GLUT1 deficiency ameliorates S. pneumoniae-mediated exacerbation of lung fibrosis (wild type (WT)/phosphate buffered saline (PBS), n=3; WT/S. pneumoniae, n=3; WT/Bleomycin, n=5 ; WT/Bleomycin+S. pneumoniae, n=7; LysM-Cre-Glut1fl/f /PBS, n=3; LysM-Cre-Glut1fl/fl /S. pneumoniae, n=3; LysM-Cre-Glut1fl/fl /Bleomycin, n=6; LysM-Cre-Glut1fl/fl /Bleomycin+S. pneumoniae, n=9, p=0.041). Further, the AIM2 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex essential for sensing cytosolic bacterial DNA as a danger signal, is an important regulator of this GLUT1-mediated fibrosis and genetic deficiency of AIM2 reduced bleomycin-induced fibrosis after S. pneumoniae infection (WT/PBS, n=6; WT/Bleomycin+S. pneumoniae, n=15; Aim2-/-/PBS, n=6, Aim2-/-/Bleomycin+S. pneumoniae, n=11, p=0.034). GLUT1 deficiency reduced expression and function of the AIM2 inflammasome, and AIM2-deficient mice showed substantial reduction of lung fibrosis after S. pneumoniae infection. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that GLUT1-dependent glycolysis promotes exacerbation of lung fibrogenesis during S. pneumoniae infection via AIM2 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Cho
- Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jong-Seok Moon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Kiichi Nikahira
- Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Ha Seon Yun
- Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca Harris
- Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Kyung Sook Hong
- Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Huarong Huang
- Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
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23
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Khan A, Hollwedel F, Maus UA, Stocker BL, Timmer MSM. Synthesis of α-Glucosyl Diacylglycerides as potential adjuvants for Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines. Carbohydr Res 2020; 489:107951. [PMID: 32086019 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.107951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
α-Glucosyl diacylglycerols (αGlc-DAGs) play an important role in providing protective immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection through the engagement of the Macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle). Herein, we efficiently synthesised αGlc-DAGs containing C12, C14, C16 and C18 acyl chains in 7 steps and 44-47% overall yields, and demonstrated that Mincle signaling was dependent on lipid length using mMincle and hMincle NFAT-GFP reporter cells. The greatest production of GFP in both cell types was elicited by C14 αGlc-DAG. Accordingly, C14 αGlc-DAG has potential to act as an adjuvant to augment the immune response against S. pneumoniae antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Khan
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, P. O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Femke Hollwedel
- Department of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Lung Research, partner site BREATH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich A Maus
- Department of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Lung Research, partner site BREATH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bridget L Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, P. O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Mattie S M Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, P. O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
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24
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Müller A, Salmen A, Aebi S, de Gouveia L, von Gottberg A, Hathaway LJ. Pneumococcal serotype determines growth and capsule size in human cerebrospinal fluid. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:16. [PMID: 31959125 PMCID: PMC6971925 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-1700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The polysaccharide capsule is a major virulence factor of S. pneumoniae in diseases such as meningitis. While some capsular serotypes are more often found in invasive disease, high case fatality rates are associated with those serotypes more commonly found in asymptomatic colonization. We tested whether growth patterns and capsule size in human cerebrospinal fluid depends on serotype using a clinical isolate of S. pneumoniae and its capsule switch mutants. Results We found that the growth pattern differed markedly from that in culture medium by lacking the exponential and lysis phases. Growth in human cerebrospinal fluid was reduced when strains lost their capsules. When a capsule was present, growth was serotype-specific: high carriage serotypes (6B, 9 V, 19F and 23F) grew better than low carriage serotypes (7F, 14, 15B/C and 18C). Growth correlated with the case-fatality rates of serotypes reported in the literature. Capsule size in human cerebrospinal fluid also depended on serotype. Conclusions We propose that serotype-specific differences in disease severity observed in meningitis patients may, at least in part, be explained by differences in growth and capsule size in human cerebrospinal fluid. This information could be useful to guide future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Müller
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anke Salmen
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne Aebi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Linda de Gouveia
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases: Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases: Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lucy J Hathaway
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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25
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Machado MG, Tavares LP, Souza GVS, Queiroz-Junior CM, Ascenção FR, Lopes ME, Garcia CC, Menezes GB, Perretti M, Russo RC, Teixeira MM, Sousa LP. The Annexin A1/FPR2 pathway controls the inflammatory response and bacterial dissemination in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. FASEB J 2019; 34:2749-2764. [PMID: 31908042 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902172r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia leading to high mortality rates. Inflammation triggered by pneumococcal infection is necessary for bacterial clearance but must be spatially and temporally regulated to prevent further tissue damage and bacterial dissemination. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) mainly acts through Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2) inducing the resolution of inflammation. Here, we have evaluated the role of AnxA1 and FPR2 during pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. For that, AnxA1, Fpr2/3 knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) controls were infected intranasally with S pneumoniae. AnxA1 and Fpr2/3 KO mice were highly susceptible to infection, displaying uncontrolled inflammation, increased bacterial dissemination, and pulmonary dysfunction compared to WT animals. Mechanistically, the absence of AnxA1 resulted in the loss of lung barrier integrity and increased neutrophil activation upon S pneumoniae stimulation. Importantly, treatment of WT or AnxA1 KO-infected mice with Ac2-26 decreased inflammation, lung damage, and bacterial burden in the airways by increasing macrophage phagocytosis. Conversely, Ac2-26 peptide was ineffective to afford protection in Fpr2/3 KO mice during infection. Altogether, these findings show that AnxA1, via FPR2, controls inflammation and bacterial dissemination during pneumococcal pneumonia by promoting host defenses, suggesting AnxA1-based peptides as a novel therapeutic strategy to control pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gomes Machado
- Laboratório de sinalização na inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pádua Tavares
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geovanna V Santos Souza
- Laboratório de sinalização na inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Celso M Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Morfologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando Roque Ascenção
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mateus Eustáquio Lopes
- Departamento de Morfologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Couto Garcia
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Departamento de Morfologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Remo Castro Russo
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Mecânica Pulmonar, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia Pires Sousa
- Laboratório de sinalização na inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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26
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Martinez-Vega R, Jauneikaite E, Thoon KC, Chua HY, Huishi Chua A, Khong WX, Tan BH, Low Guek Hong J, Venkatachalam I, Anantharajah Tambyah P, Hibberd ML, Clarke SC, Ng OT. Risk factor profiles and clinical outcomes for children and adults with pneumococcal infections in Singapore: A need to expand vaccination policy? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220951. [PMID: 31618204 PMCID: PMC6795432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pneumococcal infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the availability of pneumococcal vaccines. The aim of this study was to re-evaluate the clinical syndromes, prognostic factors and outcomes for pneumococcal disease in adults and children in Singapore during the period before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine. We retrospectively analyzed a large cohort of patients admitted to the four main public hospitals in Singapore with S. pneumoniae infection between 1997 and 2013. A total of 889 (64% of all isolates identified in the clinical laboratories) cases were included in the analysis; 561 (63.1%) were adult (≥16 years) cases with a median age of 62 years and 328 (36.9%) were paediatric cases with a median age of 3 years. Bacteraemic pneumonia was the most common syndrome in both groups (69.3% vs. 44.2%), followed by primary bacteraemia without pneumonia (14.3% vs. 13.4%), meningitis (6.4% vs. 7.6%) and non-bacteraemic pneumonia (5.2% vs. 21%). The major serotypes in adults were 3, 4, 6B, 14, 19F and 23F whereas in children they were 14, 6B and 19F, accounting both for nearly half of pneumococcal disease cases. No particular serotype was associated with mortality or severity of the pneumococcal disease. Overall mortality rate was 18.5% in adults and 3% in children. Risk factors for mortality included acute cardiac events in adults, meningitis in children and critical illness and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates in both adults and children. Penicillin resistance was not associated with increased mortality. Our results agree with global reports that the course of pneumococcal disease and its clinical outcome were more severe in adults than in children. The main serotypes causing invasive disease were mostly covered by the vaccines in use. The high mortality rates reflect an urgent need to increase vaccination coverage in both adults and children to tackle this vaccine-preventable infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elita Jauneikaite
- Infectious Diseases, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Koh Cheng Thoon
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Ying Chua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amanda Huishi Chua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Xin Khong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ban Hock Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jenny Low Guek Hong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Martin L. Hibberd
- Infectious Diseases, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stuart C. Clarke
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Oon Tek Ng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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27
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Feldman C, Normark S, Henriques-Normark B, Anderson R. Pathogenesis and prevention of risk of cardiovascular events in patients with pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia. J Intern Med 2019; 285:635-652. [PMID: 30584680 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is now well recognized that cardiovascular events (CVE) occur quite commonly, both in the acute phase and in the long-term, in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CVE have been noted in up to 30% of patients hospitalized with all-cause CAP. One systematic review and meta-analysis of hospitalized patients with all-cause CAP noted that the incidence rates for overall cardiac events were 17.7%, for incident heart failure were 14.1%, for acute coronary syndromes were 5.3% and for incident cardiac arrhythmias were 4.7%. In the case of pneumococcal CAP, almost 20% of patients studied had one or more of these cardiac events. Recent research has provided insights into the pathogenesis of the acute cardiac events occurring in pneumococcal infections. With respect to the former, key involvements of the major pneumococcal protein virulence factor, pneumolysin, are now well documented, whilst systemic platelet-driven neutrophil activation may also contribute. However, events involved in the pathogenesis of the long-term cardiovascular sequelae remain largely unexplored. Emerging evidence suggests that persistent antigenaemia may predispose to the development of a systemic pro-inflammatory/prothrombotic phenotype underpinning the risk of future cardiovascular events. The current manuscript briefly reviews the occurrence of cardiovascular events in patients with all-cause CAP, as well as in pneumococcal and influenza infections. It highlights the close interaction between influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia. It also includes a brief discussion of mechanisms of the acute cardiac events in CAP. However, the primary focus is on the prevalence, pathogenesis and prevention of the longer-term cardiac sequelae of severe pneumococcal disease, particularly in the context of persistent antigenaemia and associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Feldman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKC), Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELCE), Nanyang Technical University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - B Henriques-Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKC), Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELCE), Nanyang Technical University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - R Anderson
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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28
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Sande CJ, Njunge JM, Mwongeli Ngoi J, Mutunga MN, Chege T, Gicheru ET, Gardiner EM, Gwela A, Green CA, Drysdale SB, Berkley JA, Nokes DJ, Pollard AJ. Airway response to respiratory syncytial virus has incidental antibacterial effects. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2218. [PMID: 31101811 PMCID: PMC6525170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RSV infection is typically associated with secondary bacterial infection. We hypothesise that the local airway immune response to RSV has incidental antibacterial effects. Using coordinated proteomics and metagenomics analysis we simultaneously analysed the microbiota and proteomes of the upper airway and determined direct antibacterial activity in airway secretions of RSV-infected children. Here, we report that the airway abundance of Streptococcus was higher in samples collected at the time of RSV infection compared with samples collected one month later. RSV infection is associated with neutrophil influx into the airway and degranulation and is marked by overexpression of proteins with known antibacterial activity including BPI, EPX, MPO and AZU1. Airway secretions of children infected with RSV, have significantly greater antibacterial activity compared to RSV-negative controls. This RSV-associated, neutrophil-mediated antibacterial response in the airway appears to act as a regulatory mechanism that modulates bacterial growth in the airways of RSV-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Sande
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Bofa Rd, Kilifi, - P.O. Box 230 - 80108, Kenya.
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - James M Njunge
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Bofa Rd, Kilifi, - P.O. Box 230 - 80108, Kenya
| | - Joyce Mwongeli Ngoi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Bofa Rd, Kilifi, - P.O. Box 230 - 80108, Kenya
| | - Martin N Mutunga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Bofa Rd, Kilifi, - P.O. Box 230 - 80108, Kenya
| | - Timothy Chege
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Bofa Rd, Kilifi, - P.O. Box 230 - 80108, Kenya
| | - Elijah T Gicheru
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Bofa Rd, Kilifi, - P.O. Box 230 - 80108, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth M Gardiner
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Bofa Rd, Kilifi, - P.O. Box 230 - 80108, Kenya
| | - Agnes Gwela
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Bofa Rd, Kilifi, - P.O. Box 230 - 80108, Kenya
| | - Christopher A Green
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Simon B Drysdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - James A Berkley
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Bofa Rd, Kilifi, - P.O. Box 230 - 80108, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, - P.O. Box 43640-00100, Kenya
| | - D James Nokes
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Bofa Rd, Kilifi, - P.O. Box 230 - 80108, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
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Serotype distribution of disease-causing Streptococcus pneumoniae in Thailand: A systematic review. Vaccine 2019; 37:3159-3166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Wantuch PL, Avci FY. Invasive pneumococcal disease in relation to vaccine type serotypes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:874-875. [PMID: 30668209 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1564444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1983 the world has been introduced to four vaccines combating disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. However, despite vaccination programs disease caused by S. pneumoniae continues to lead to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Surprisingly, instances of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) are still highly attributed to serotypes found in the current vaccine, such as serotypes 3 and 19A. Conversely, non-conjugate vaccine serotypes, such as 35B, are increasing and of rising interest. The persistence of vaccine type serotypes and the increase in non-conjugate vaccine type serotypes show the need for further research into conjugate vaccine design and the need for novel strategies to combat IPD. Abbreviation: IPD: invasive pneumococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paeton L Wantuch
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Fikri Y Avci
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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31
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Plataki M, Cho SJ, Harris RM, Huang HR, Yun HS, Schiffer KT, Stout-Delgado HW. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aged Macrophages and Lung during Primary Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection is Improved with Pirfenidone. Sci Rep 2019; 9:971. [PMID: 30700745 PMCID: PMC6353918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal infections remain a leading cause of death in older adults, with the most serious cases occurring in persons ≥65 years of age. There is an urgent need to investigate molecular pathways underlying these impairments and devise new therapeutics to modulate innate immunity. The goal of our current study is to understand the impact of chronological aging on mitochondrial function in response to Streptococcus pneumoniae, a causative agent of bacterial pneumonia. Using chronologically aged murine models, our findings demonstrate that decreased ATP production is associated with dysregulated mitochondrial complex expression, enhanced oxidative stress, diminished antioxidant responses, and decreased numbers of healthy mitochondria in aged adult macrophages and lung in response to S. pneumoniae. Pre-treatment of aged macrophages with pirfenidone, an anti-fibrotic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, improved mitochondrial function and decreased cellular oxidative stress responses. In vivo administration of pirfenidone decreased superoxide formation, increased healthy mitochondria number, improved ATP production, and decreased inflammatory cell recruitment and pulmonary oedema in aged mouse lung during infection. Taken together, our data shed light on the susceptibility of older persons to S. pneumoniae and provide a possible therapeutic to improve mitochondrial responses in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Plataki
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soo Jung Cho
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca M Harris
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hua-Rong Huang
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ha Seon Yun
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristen T Schiffer
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heather W Stout-Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Kuronuma K, Takahashi H. Immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccines in comorbid autoimmune and chronic respiratory diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:859-862. [PMID: 30698500 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1564443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media, and bacteremia. The mortality and morbidity of invasive pneumococcal disease are high among adults aged >65 years or those with underlying chronic or immunosuppressive conditions. A recent systematic review showed that patients treated with immunosuppressive agents have impaired immune responses to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine compared with healthy subjects. A more favorable response is observed in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha-blocking agents compared with those treated with other immunosuppressive agents. Low systemic corticosteroid doses do not affect the responses to pneumococcal vaccines. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis receiving immunosuppressive therapy exhibit decreased immunogenicity to pneumococcal vaccines. The effects of T-cell-dependent PCV possibly depend on host memory B cells in some disease conditions. Several immunosuppressive therapy types and disease conditions may affect the responses to pneumococcal vaccines. Immunization should be administered before immunosuppressive medication initiation whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kuronuma
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology , Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology , Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
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33
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Manig A, Ribes S, Diesselberg C, Bunkowski S, Nau R, Schütze S. Age does not influence the disease course in a mouse model of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 meningitis. Immun Ageing 2018; 15:20. [PMID: 30202419 PMCID: PMC6128987 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-018-0129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the causes for the increased mortality of aged patients with bacterial central nervous system (CNS) infections, we compared the course of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) meningitis in aged and young mice. Aged (21.2 ± 3.1 months, n = 40) and young (3.2 ± 0.9 months, n = 42) C57BL/6N and B6/SJL mice were infected by intracerebral injection of 50–70 CFU S. pneumoniae serotype 3 and monitored for 15 days. Aged and young mice did not differ concerning mortality (35% versus 38%), weight loss, development of clinical symptoms, bacterial concentrations in cerebellum and spleen as well as the number of leukocytes infiltrating the CNS. In contrast to results from our geriatric mouse model of Escherichia coli (E. coli) meningitis, where aged mice showed a higher mortality and an impaired elimination of bacteria, we did not find any differences between aged and young mice after intracerebral infection with S. pneumoniae serotype 3. This indicates that the increased susceptibility of aged mice to bacterial CNS infections is pathogen-specific: It appears less prominent in infections caused by hardly phagocytable pathogens with thick capsules like S. pneumoniae serotype 3, where the age-related decline of the phagocytic capacity of microglia and macrophages has a minor influence on the disease course.
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34
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Azarian T, Mitchell PK, Georgieva M, Thompson CM, Ghouila A, Pollard AJ, von Gottberg A, du Plessis M, Antonio M, Kwambana-Adams BA, Clarke SC, Everett D, Cornick J, Sadowy E, Hryniewicz W, Skoczynska A, Moïsi JC, McGee L, Beall B, Metcalf BJ, Breiman RF, Ho PL, Reid R, O’Brien KL, Gladstone RA, Bentley SD, Hanage WP. Global emergence and population dynamics of divergent serotype 3 CC180 pneumococci. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007438. [PMID: 30475919 PMCID: PMC6283594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite inclusion in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Serotype 3 increased in carriage since the implementation of PCV13 in the USA, while invasive disease rates remain unchanged. We investigated the persistence of serotype 3 in carriage and disease, through genomic analyses of a global sample of 301 serotype 3 isolates of the Netherlands3-31 (PMEN31) clone CC180, combined with associated patient data and PCV utilization among countries of isolate collection. We assessed phenotypic variation between dominant clades in capsule charge (zeta potential), capsular polysaccharide shedding, and susceptibility to opsonophagocytic killing, which have previously been associated with carriage duration, invasiveness, and vaccine escape. We identified a recent shift in the CC180 population attributed to a lineage termed Clade II, which was estimated by Bayesian coalescent analysis to have first appeared in 1968 [95% HPD: 1939-1989] and increased in prevalence and effective population size thereafter. Clade II isolates are divergent from the pre-PCV13 serotype 3 population in non-capsular antigenic composition, competence, and antibiotic susceptibility, the last of which resulting from the acquisition of a Tn916-like conjugative transposon. Differences in recombination rates among clades correlated with variations in the ATP-binding subunit of Clp protease, as well as amino acid substitutions in the comCDE operon. Opsonophagocytic killing assays elucidated the low observed efficacy of PCV13 against serotype 3. Variation in PCV13 use among sampled countries was not independently correlated with the CC180 population shift; therefore, genotypic and phenotypic differences in protein antigens and, in particular, antibiotic resistance may have contributed to the increase of Clade II. Our analysis emphasizes the need for routine, representative sampling of isolates from disperse geographic regions, including historically under-sampled areas. We also highlight the value of genomics in resolving antigenic and epidemiological variations within a serotype, which may have implications for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taj Azarian
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick K. Mitchell
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria Georgieva
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Claudette M. Thompson
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amel Ghouila
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mignon du Plessis
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Stuart C. Clarke
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences and Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Everett
- Queens Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Cornick
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ewa Sadowy
- National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Jennifer C. Moïsi
- Pfizer Vaccines, Medical Development, Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Paris, France
| | - Lesley McGee
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bernard Beall
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Metcalf
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Breiman
- Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - PL Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Raymond Reid
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. O’Brien
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Gladstone
- Wellcome Trust, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D. Bentley
- Wellcome Trust, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William P. Hanage
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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35
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Morais V, Dee V, Suárez N. Purification of Capsular Polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Traditional and New Methods. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:145. [PMID: 30370268 PMCID: PMC6194195 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major bacterial disease responsible for many deaths worldwide each year and is particularly dangerous in children under 5 years old and adults over 50. The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) constitutes the outermost layer of the bacterial cell and is the main virulence factor. Regardless of whether pharmaceutical agents are composed of CPS alone or protein-conjugated CPS, CPS purification is essential for the development of vaccines against S. pneumoniae. These vaccines are effective and safe but remain quite expensive. This review describes the methods currently available for CPS purification. Advances in CPS purification methods are aimed at improvements in quality and yield and, above all, process simplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Morais
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valerie Dee
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Norma Suárez
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
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36
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van Aalst M, Langedijk AC, Spijker R, de Bree GJ, Grobusch MP, Goorhuis A. The effect of immunosuppressive agents on immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2018; 36:5832-5845. [PMID: 30122649 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with a weakened immune system due to immunosuppressive treatment are at increased risk of infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although pneumococcal vaccination is highly recommended for those patients, the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination in this population remains largely unknown. Therefore, the objective of this PROSPERO-registered systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of the most commonly prescribed immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine, methotrexate, anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα), or rituximab, on the initial serologic response to pneumococcal vaccination in patients with auto-immune disease. METHODS We included 22 articles comprising 2077 patients, of whom 1623 were treated with immunosuppressive agents, and 454 were controls. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The findings of our systematic review indicate that, in patients treated with immunosuppressive medication and compared to controls, the initial serologic response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) are impaired. Moreover, this impaired response was more profound after PCV than after PPSV. We hypothesize that the immunosuppressive medication mainly compromises the cellular immunity, explaining the more severely reduced response rate to PCV (which induces a T-cell dependent immune response), compared to PPSV. Treatment with TNFα blocking agents was associated with a more favorable response, compared to patients treated with other immunosuppressive medication. Targeted research applying uniform correlates of protection is needed to bridge the knowledge gap in vaccination immunology in this patient group. PROSPERO registration: CRD42017058364.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle van Aalst
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100AZ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annefleur C Langedijk
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100AZ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Spijker
- Medical Library, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Godelieve J de Bree
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100AZ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Pieterbergweg 17, 1105BM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100AZ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Abraham Goorhuis
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100AZ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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37
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Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Renders the Bacterium Vulnerable to Host Defense. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00316-18. [PMID: 29866907 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00316-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a century of investigation, Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major human pathogen, causing a number of diseases, such as pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Like many encapsulated pathogens, the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of S. pneumoniae is a critical component for colonization and virulence in mammalian hosts. This study aimed to evaluate the protective role of a glycoside hydrolase, Pn3Pase, targeting the CPS of type 3 S. pneumoniae, which is one of the most virulent serotypes. We have assessed the ability of Pn3Pase to degrade the capsule on a live type 3 strain. Through in vitro assays, we observed that Pn3Pase treatment increases the bacterium's susceptibility to phagocytosis by macrophages and complement-mediated killing by neutrophils. We have demonstrated that in vivo Pn3Pase treatment reduces nasopharyngeal colonization and protects mice from sepsis caused by type 3 S. pneumoniae Due to the increasing shifts in serotype distribution, the rise in drug-resistant strains, and poor immune responses to vaccine-included serotypes, it is necessary to investigate approaches to combat pneumococcal infections. This study evaluates the interaction of pneumococcal CPS with the host at molecular, cellular, and systemic levels and offers an alternative therapeutic approach for diseases caused by S. pneumoniae through enzymatic hydrolysis of the CPS.
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38
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Oligbu G, Collins S, Sheppard CL, Fry NK, Slack M, Borrow R, Ladhani SN. Childhood Deaths Attributable to Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in England and Wales, 2006-2014. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 65:308-314. [PMID: 28605414 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are highly effective in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), but deaths due to IPD still occur. We aimed to describe children who died of IPD since PCV introduction in England and Wales. Methods Public Health England conducts enhanced IPD surveillance in England and Wales. IPD cases in PCV-eligible children aged <5 years (born since 4 September 2004 and diagnosed between 4 September 2006 and 3 September 2014) were actively followed up by postal questionnaires and, for fatal cases, detailed information was requested prospectively from multiple sources. Results During the 8-year period, there were 3146 IPD cases and 150 IPD-related deaths (case fatality rate, 4.8%). Overall, 132 isolates from fatal cases were serotyped (88%) and 35 distinct serotypes were identified, with no serotype predominance. Most deaths occurred in children aged <1 year (88/150 [59%]) and 1-year-olds (36/150 [24%]). One-third (53/150 [35%]) had a known risk factor for IPD. Clinical presentation varied with age but not by serotypes in the different conjugate vaccines. Meningitis was diagnosed in nearly half the fatal cases (71/150 [47%]). The IPD-related mortality rate declined after 7-valent PCV introduction from 1.25/100000 children in 2006-2007 to 0.60/100000 in 2009-2010, with a further reduction following 13-valent PCV introduction from April 2010 to 0.39/100000 in 2013-2014 (14 deaths; incidence rate ratio, 0.31 [95% confidence interval, .16-.61]; P = .0003), when most deaths were due to nonvaccine serotypes or in neonates. Conclusions Most fatal IPD cases are currently not vaccine-preventable. Additional strategies will be required to reduce childhood pneumococcal deaths in countries with established pneumococcal vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Oligbu
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London
| | | | - Carmen L Sheppard
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norman K Fry
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Slack
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ray Borrow
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Manchester Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
| | - Shamez N Ladhani
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London.,Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department
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39
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Cho SJ, Plataki M, Mitzel D, Lowry G, Rooney K, Stout-Delgado H. Decreased NLRP3 inflammasome expression in aged lung may contribute to increased susceptibility to secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Exp Gerontol 2018; 105:40-46. [PMID: 29203400 PMCID: PMC5869149 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Post-viral pneumococcal pneumonia is a leading morbidity and mortality in older patients (≥65years of age). The goal of our current study is to understand the impact of chronological aging on innate immune responses to a secondary, post viral infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, a causative agent of bacterial pneumonia. Using aged murine models of infection, our findings demonstrate increased morbidity and mortality in aged mice within 48h post-secondary S. pneumoniae infection. Increased susceptibility of aged mice was associated with decreased TLR1, TLR6, and TLR9 mRNA expression and diminished IL1β mRNA expression. Examination of NLRP3 inflammasome expression illustrated decreased NLRP3 mRNA expression and decreased IL1β production in aged lung in response to secondary S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Cho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Plataki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dana Mitzel
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Gena Lowry
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kristen Rooney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Heather Stout-Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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40
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Cho SJ, Rooney K, Choi AMK, Stout-Delgado HW. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in aged macrophages is diminished during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L372-L387. [PMID: 29097427 PMCID: PMC5900358 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00393.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal infections are the eigth leading cause of death in the United States, and it is estimated that older patients (≥65 yr of age) account for the most serious cases. The goal of our current study is to understand the impact of biological aging on innate immune responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae, a causative agent of bacterial pneumonia. With the use of in vitro and in vivo aged murine models, our findings demonstrate that age-enhanced unfolded protein responses (UPRs) contribute to diminished inflammasome assembly and activation during S. pneumoniae infection. Pretreatment of aged mice with endoplasmic reticulum chaperone and the stress-reducing agent tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) decreased mortality in aged hosts that was associated with increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation, improved pathogen clearance, and decreased pneumonitis during infection. Taken together, our data provide new evidence as to why older persons are more susceptible to S. pneumoniae and provide a possible therapeutic target to decrease morbidity and mortality in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Cho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York
| | - Kristen Rooney
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York
| | - Heather W Stout-Delgado
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York
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41
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Ktari S, Jmal I, Mroua M, Maalej S, Ben Ayed NE, Mnif B, Rhimi F, Hammami A. Serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in the south of Tunisia: A five-year study (2012–2016) of pediatric and adult populations. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 65:110-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Coleman FT, Blahna MT, Kamata H, Yamamoto K, Zabinski MC, Kramnik I, Wilson AA, Kotton DN, Quinton LJ, Jones MR, Pelton SI, Mizgerd JP. Capacity of Pneumococci to Activate Macrophage Nuclear Factor κB: Influence on Necroptosis and Pneumonia Severity. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:425-435. [PMID: 28368460 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During pneumococcal pneumonia, antibacterial defense requires the orchestrated expression of innate immunity mediators, initiated by alveolar macrophages and dependent on transcription driven by nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Such immune pressure may select for pneumococci, which avoid or subvert macrophage NF-κB activation. Analyzing pneumococci collected from children in Massachusetts, we found that the activation of macrophage NF-κB by Streptococcus pneumoniae is highly diverse, with a preponderance of low NF-κB activators that associate particularly with complicated pneumonia. Low NF-κB activators cause more severe lung infections in mice, and they drive macrophages toward an alternate and detrimental cell fate of necroptosis. Both outcomes can be reversed by activation of macrophages with pneumococci that are high NF-κB activators. These results suggest that low NF-κB activation is a virulence property of pneumococci and that the appropriate activation of macrophages, including NF-κB, may hold promise as an adjunct therapeutic avenue for pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Kramnik
- Pulmonary Center.,Department of Microbiology.,Deparment of Medicine
| | | | | | - Lee J Quinton
- Pulmonary Center.,Deparment of Medicine.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | | | | | - Joseph P Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center.,Department of Microbiology.,Deparment of Medicine.,Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
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43
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Zurawska JH, Romney MG, Wong H, Wang H, Ayas NT, Hoang LMN, Stefanovic A, Doyle P, Dhingra V, Dodek PM. Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients Who Have Serotype 5 Invasive Pneumococcal Disease. J Intensive Care Med 2017; 35:63-67. [PMID: 28901208 DOI: 10.1177/0885066617728895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) due to serotype 5, which occurred as a local outbreak in 2006 to 2007, is associated with intensive care unit (ICU) admission, hospital mortality, or organ supports in those who are critically ill. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective review of patients who presented with IPD to 2 tertiary hospitals in Vancouver, Canada, from July 2004 to June 2007. We compared patient characteristics, interventions, and outcomes between patients who had serotype 5 and other serotypes using bivariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 149 patients had serotype 5 and 106 had nonserotype 5. Patients with serotype 5 were younger, had lower prevalence of comorbid diseases, and had higher rates of substance use than patients with nonserotype 5. There were no differences in chest tube placement for complications of pneumonia or in ICU admission. Frequency of necrotizing pneumonia and hospital mortality were lower in the serotype 5 group. For the 71 patients with IPD who were admitted to ICU, there was no difference in severity of illness, ICU length of stay, or ICU mortality between the groups. There was also no difference in organ supports except that the serotype 5 group was more likely to receive vasopressors. CONCLUSION Serotype 5 in patients who have IPD is associated with no difference in ICU admission but with increased use of vasopressors and lower hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc G Romney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St Paul's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hubert Wong
- Center for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Najib T Ayas
- Center for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linda M N Hoang
- BC Center for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Stefanovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick Doyle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vinay Dhingra
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter M Dodek
- Center for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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44
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Gardner JG, Bhamidipati DR, Rueda AM, Nguyen DTM, Graviss EA, Musher DM. White Blood Cell Counts, Alcoholism, and Cirrhosis in Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx034. [PMID: 28730156 PMCID: PMC5510456 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An elevated white blood cell (WBC) count is a characteristic finding in pneumococcal pneumonia. Very low WBC counts, occurring in some cases, are often associated with overwhelming pneumonia and have been attributed to alcohol-induced suppression of bone marrow. However, a systematic study of neutropenia, leukocytosis, alcohol ingestion, and cirrhosis in pneumococcal pneumonia has not been previously reported. Methods Using a database of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia at our medical center, we extracted data on WBC counts at admission, differential counts, alcohol ingestion, and cirrhosis, and we related these to 7-day and 30-day mortality. Results White blood cell counts were <6000/mm3 in 49 of 481 patients (10.2%) with pneumococcal pneumonia and >25000/mm3 in 40 (8.3%). Mortality at 7 days was 18.4% and 12.5%, respectively, 5-fold and 3-fold greater in patients with WBC <6000 or >25000 than in those with WBC counts between 6000 and 25000 (P < .001). Increased band forms were not associated with a worse outcome (P = .12). Alcohol use and cirrhosis were not associated with WBC counts <6000 (P = .63 and P = .41, respectively). Conclusions In a large series of cases of pneumococcal pneumonia, WBC counts <6000 or >25000 correlated significantly with increased 7-day mortality. More than 10% band forms was not associated with a poor outcome. Alcohol abuse was not associated with low WBC or increased mortality. Our findings suggest that greater consideration be given to more intense care for patients with bacterial pneumonia who have very high or very low WBC counts at the time of hospital admission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriana M Rueda
- Departments of Medicine and.,Departments of Medical Care Line (Infectious Disease Section), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Duc T M Nguyen
- Departments of Houston Methodist Research Institute, Texas
| | - Edward A Graviss
- Departments of Medicine and.,Departments of Houston Methodist Research Institute, Texas
| | - Daniel M Musher
- Departments of Medicine and.,Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Departments of Medical Care Line (Infectious Disease Section), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas; and
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45
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Binsker U, Kohler TP, Krauel K, Kohler S, Habermeyer J, Schwertz H, Hammerschmidt S. Serotype 3 pneumococci sequester platelet-derived human thrombospondin-1 via the adhesin and immune evasion protein Hic. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5770-5783. [PMID: 28209711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.760504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 strains emerge frequently within clinical isolates of invasive diseases. Bacterial invasion into deeper tissues is associated with colonization and immune evasion mechanisms. Thus, pneumococci express a versatile repertoire of surface proteins sequestering and interacting specifically with components of the human extracellular matrix and serum. Hic, a PspC-like pneumococcal surface protein, possesses vitronectin and factor H binding activity. Here, we show that heterologously expressed Hic domains interact, similar to the classical PspC molecule, with human matricellular thrombospondin-1 (hTSP-1). Binding studies with isolated human thrombospondin-1 and various Hic domains suggest that the interaction between hTSP-1 and Hic differs from binding to vitronectin and factor H. Binding of Hic to hTSP-1 is inhibited by heparin and chondroitin sulfate A, indicating binding to the N-terminal globular domain or type I repeats of hTSP-1. Competitive inhibition experiments with other pneumococcal hTSP-1 adhesins demonstrated that PspC and PspC-like Hic recognize similar domains, whereas PavB and Hic can bind simultaneously to hTSP-1. In conclusion, Hic binds specifically hTSP-1; however, truncation in the N-terminal part of Hic decreases the binding activity, suggesting that the full length of the α-helical regions of Hic is required for an optimal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Binsker
- From the Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany and
| | - Thomas P Kohler
- From the Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany and
| | - Krystin Krauel
- the Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sylvia Kohler
- From the Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany and
| | - Johanna Habermeyer
- From the Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany and
| | - Hansjörg Schwertz
- the Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- From the Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany and
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46
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Brown J, Clark K, Smith C, Hopwood J, Lynard O, Toolan M, Creer D, Barker J, Breen R, Brown T, Cropley I, Lipman M. Variation in C - reactive protein response according to host and mycobacterial characteristics in active tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:265. [PMID: 27287260 PMCID: PMC4901496 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The C - reactive protein (CRP) response is often measured in patients with active tuberculosis (TB) yet little is known about its relationship to clinical features in TB, or whether responses differ between ethnic groups or with different Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) strain types. We report the relationship between baseline serum CRP prior to treatment and disease characteristics in a metropolitan population with TB resident in a low TB incidence region. Methods People treated for TB at four London, UK sites between 2003 and 2014 were assessed and data collected on the following characteristics: baseline CRP level; demographics (ethnicity, gender and age); HIV status; site of TB disease; sputum smear (in pulmonary cases) and culture results. The effect of TB strain-type was also assessed in culture-positive pulmonary cases using VNTR typing data. Results Three thousands two hundred twenty-two patients were included in the analysis of which 72 % had a baseline CRP at or within 4 weeks prior to starting TB treatment. CRP results were significantly higher in culture positive cases compared to culture negative cases: median 49 mg/L (16–103 mg/L) vs 19 mg/L (IQR 5–72 mg/L), p = <0.001. In those with pulmonary disease, smear positive cases had a higher CRP than smear negative cases: 67 mg/L (31–122 mg/L) vs 24 mg/L (7–72 mg/L), p < 0.001. HIV positive cases had higher baseline CRPs than HIV negative cases: 75 mg/L (26–136 mg/L) vs 37 mg/L (10–88 mg/L), p <0.001. Differing sites of disease were associated with differences in baseline CRP: locations that might be expected to have a high mycobacterial load (e.g. pulmonary disease and disseminated disease) had a significantly higher CRP than those such as skin, lymph node or CNS disease, where the mycobacterial load is typically low in HIV negative subjects. In a multivariable log-scale linear regression model adjusting for host characteristics and M.tb strain type, infection with the East African Indian strain was associated with significantly lower baseline-CRP (fold-change in CRP 0.51 (0.34–0.77), p < 0.01). Conclusions Host and mycobacterial factors are strongly associated with baseline CRP response in tuberculosis. This analysis suggests that there are important differences in innate immune response according to ethnicity, Mtb strain type and site of disease. This may reflect differing mycobacterial loads or host immune responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1612-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brown
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. .,UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Kristina Clark
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Colette Smith
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Hopwood
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Oliver Lynard
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael Toolan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dean Creer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jack Barker
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ronan Breen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tim Brown
- National Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Ian Cropley
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Marc Lipman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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Serotype-specific differences in short- and longer-term mortality following invasive pneumococcal disease. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2654-69. [PMID: 27193457 PMCID: PMC4988273 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), caused by infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, has a substantial global burden. There are over 90 known serotypes of S. pneumoniae with a considerable body of evidence supporting serotype-specific mortality rates immediately following IPD. This is the first study to consider the association between serotype and longer-term mortality following IPD. Using enhanced surveillance data from the North East of England we assessed both the short-term (30-day) and longer-term (⩽7 years) independent adjusted associations between individual serotypes and mortality following IPD diagnosis using logistic regression and extended Cox proportional hazards models. Of the 1316 cases included in the analysis, 243 [18·5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 16·4-20·7] died within 30 days of diagnosis. Four serotypes (3, 6A, 9N, 19 F) were significantly associated with overall increased 30-day mortality. Effects were observable only for older adults (⩾60 years). After extension of the window to 12 months and 36 months, one serotype was associated with significantly increased mortality at 12 months (19 F), but no individual serotypes were associated with increased mortality at 36 months. Two serotypes had statistically significant hazard ratios (HR) for longer-term mortality: serotype 1 for reduced mortality (HR 0·51, 95% CI 0·30-0·86) and serotype 9N for increased mortality (HR 2·30, 95% CI 1·29-4·37). The association with serotype 9N was no longer observed after limiting survival analysis to an observation period starting 30 days after diagnosis. This study supports the evidence for associations between serotype and short-term (30-day) mortality following IPD and provides the first evidence for the existence of statistically significant associations between individual serotypes and longer-term variation in mortality following IPD.
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Balaji V, Jayaraman R, Verghese VP, Baliga PR, Kurien T. Pneumococcal serotypes associated with invasive disease in under five children in India & implications for vaccine policy. Indian J Med Res 2016; 142:286-92. [PMID: 26458344 PMCID: PMC4669863 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.166588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality especially in children less than five years, particularly in India. We present data on S.pneumoniae infections in children less than five years age group, with response to its serotype distribution, antibiotic resistance profile and available vaccines expected coverage. METHODS Children aged less than five, who were suspected for invasive pneumococcal disease were included in the study and their sterile body fluids were investigated for the presence of S. pneumoniae. Invasive S. pneumoniae isolates from sterile body fluids were identified by bile solubility and optochin susceptibility test. Pneumococcal serotyping was performed with co-agglutination technique and reconfirmed with multiplex PCR. RESULTS The most common pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive infections in children less than five years of age were 14, 19F, 5, 6A and 6B. Of the 114 S. pneumoniae isolates studied, 110 (96.4%) were non-susceptible to co-trimoxazole and 30 per cent were non-susceptible to erythromycin, 5.2 per cent of the isolates were non-susceptible to penicillin and only 0.8 per cent was non-susceptible to cefotaxime. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that PCV-10 can protect against 64 per cent of serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal infections. Use of PCV-13 in this region can provide increase in protection upto 74.6 per cent against serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal infections. Incorporating PCV-13 in the Universal Immunization Programme may provide incremental protection against IPD serotypes in the southern region of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balaji
- Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, India
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49
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Variation in Inflammatory Response during Pneumococcal Infection Is Influenced by Host-Pathogen Interactions but Associated with Animal Survival. Infect Immun 2016; 84:894-905. [PMID: 26787718 PMCID: PMC4807497 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01057-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial part of innate immune responses but, if imbalanced, can lead to serious clinical conditions or even death. Cytokines regulate inflammation, and studies report their impact on clinical outcome. However, host and pathogen genetic backgrounds influence cytokine production, making it difficult to evaluate which inflammatory profiles (if any) relate to improved prognosis.Streptococcus pneumonia is a common human pathogen associated with asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage. Infrequently, it can lead to a wide range of diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates. Studies show that both pneumococcal serotype and host genetic background affect the development of disease and contribute to variation in inflammatory responses. In this study, we investigated the impact of the host and pneumococcal genetic backgrounds on pulmonary cytokine responses and their relationship to animal survival. Two inbred mouse strains, BALB/c and CBA/Ca, were infected with 10 pneumococcal strains, and the concentrations of six pulmonary cytokines were measured at 6 h and 24 h postinfection. Collected data were analyzed by principal-component analysis to identify whether there is any pattern in the observed cytokine variation. Our results show that host-pneumococcus combination was at the core of observed variation in cytokine responses, yet the resulting cytokine profile discriminated only between survivors and fatalities but not mouse or pneumococcal strains used during infection. Therefore, our results indicate that although alternative inflammatory profiles are generated during pneumococcal infection, a common pattern emerged, which determined the clinical outcome of pneumococcal infections.
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50
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Abachi S, Lee S, Rupasinghe HPV. Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition of Streptococcus Species by Phytochemicals. Molecules 2016; 21:E215. [PMID: 26901172 PMCID: PMC6273676 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review paper summarizes the antibacterial effects of phytochemicals of various medicinal plants against pathogenic and cariogenic streptococcal species. The information suggests that these phytochemicals have potential as alternatives to the classical antibiotics currently used for the treatment of streptococcal infections. The phytochemicals demonstrate direct bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects, such as: (i) prevention of bacterial adherence to mucosal surfaces of the pharynx, skin, and teeth surface; (ii) inhibition of glycolytic enzymes and pH drop; (iii) reduction of biofilm and plaque formation; and (iv) cell surface hydrophobicity. Collectively, findings from numerous studies suggest that phytochemicals could be used as drugs for elimination of infections with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Abachi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS PO Box 550, Canada.
| | - Song Lee
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS PO Box 15000, Canada.
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