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Panagopoulou M, Karaglani M, Tzitzikou K, Kessari N, Arvanitidis K, Amarantidis K, Drosos GI, Gerou S, Papanas N, Papazoglou D, Baritaki S, Constantinidis TC, Chatzaki E. Mitochondrial Fraction of Circulating Cell-Free DNA as an Indicator of Human Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4199. [PMID: 38673785 PMCID: PMC11050675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) of mitochondrial origin (ccf-mtDNA) consists of a minor fraction of total ccfDNA in blood or in other biological fluids. Aberrant levels of ccf-mtDNA have been observed in many pathologies. Here, we introduce a simple and effective standardized Taqman probe-based dual-qPCR assay for the simultaneous detection and relative quantification of nuclear and mitochondrial fragments of ccfDNA. Three pathologies of major burden, one malignancy (Breast Cancer, BrCa), one inflammatory (Osteoarthritis, OA) and one metabolic (Type 2 Diabetes, T2D), were studied. Higher levels of ccf-mtDNA were detected both in BrCa and T2D in relation to health, but not in OA. In BrCa, hormonal receptor status was associated with ccf-mtDNA levels. Machine learning analysis of ccf-mtDNA datasets was used to build biosignatures of clinical relevance. (A) a three-feature biosignature discriminating between health and BrCa (AUC: 0.887) and a five-feature biosignature for predicting the overall survival of BrCa patients (Concordance Index: 0.756). (B) a five-feature biosignature stratifying among T2D, prediabetes and health (AUC: 0.772); a five-feature biosignature discriminating between T2D and health (AUC: 0.797); and a four-feature biosignature identifying prediabetes from health (AUC: 0.795). (C) a biosignature including total plasma ccfDNA with very high performance in discriminating OA from health (AUC: 0.934). Aberrant ccf-mtDNA levels could have diagnostic/prognostic potential in BrCa and Diabetes, while the developed multiparameter biosignatures can add value to their clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Panagopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece (K.T.)
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, University Research and Innovation Centre, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Makrina Karaglani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece (K.T.)
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, University Research and Innovation Centre, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantina Tzitzikou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece (K.T.)
| | - Nikoleta Kessari
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece (K.T.)
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitidis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece (K.T.)
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, University Research and Innovation Centre, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Amarantidis
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George I. Drosos
- Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Spyros Gerou
- Analysis Biopathological Diagnostic Research Laboratories, 54623 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- Diabetes Centre, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Papazoglou
- Diabetes Centre, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Stavroula Baritaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Theodoros C. Constantinidis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Chatzaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece (K.T.)
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, University Research and Innovation Centre, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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Nguyen J, Win PW, Nagano TS, Shin EH, Newcomb C, Arking DE, Castellani CA. Mitochondrial DNA copy number reduction via in vitro TFAM knockout remodels the nuclear epigenome and transcriptome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577835. [PMID: 38352513 PMCID: PMC10862824 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is associated with several age-related chronic diseases and is a predictor of all-cause mortality. Here, we examine site-specific differential nuclear DNA (nDNA) methylation and differential gene expression resulting from in vitro reduction of mtDNA-CN to uncover shared genes and biological pathways mediating the effect of mtDNA-CN on disease. Epigenome and transcriptome profiles were generated for three independent human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cell lines harbouring a mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) heterozygous knockout generated via CRISPR-Cas9, and matched control lines. We identified 4,242 differentially methylated sites, 228 differentially methylated regions, and 179 differentially expressed genes associated with mtDNA-CN. Integrated analysis uncovered 381 Gene-CpG pairs. GABAA receptor genes and related pathways, the neuroactive ligand receptor interaction pathway, ABCD1/2 gene activity, and cell signalling processes were overrepresented, providing insight into the underlying biological mechanisms facilitating these associations. We also report evidence implicating chromatin state regulatory mechanisms as modulators of mtDNA-CN effect on gene expression. We demonstrate that mitochondrial DNA variation signals to the nuclear DNA epigenome and transcriptome and may lead to nuclear remodelling relevant to development, aging, and complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phyo W. Win
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler Shin Nagano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elly H. Shin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Newcomb
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dan E. Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina A. Castellani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Ceylan D, Arat-Çelik HE, Aksahin IC. Integrating mitoepigenetics into research in mood disorders: a state-of-the-art review. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1338544. [PMID: 38410811 PMCID: PMC10895490 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1338544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, are highly prevalent and stand among the leading causes of disability. Despite the largely elusive nature of the molecular mechanisms underpinning these disorders, two pivotal contributors-mitochondrial dysfunctions and epigenetic alterations-have emerged as significant players in their pathogenesis. This state-of-the-art review aims to present existing data on epigenetic alterations in the mitochondrial genome in mood disorders, laying the groundwork for future research into their pathogenesis. Associations between abnormalities in mitochondrial function and mood disorders have been observed, with evidence pointing to notable changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). These changes encompass variations in copy number and oxidative damage. However, information on additional epigenetic alterations in the mitochondrial genome remains limited. Recent studies have delved into alterations in mtDNA and regulations in the mitochondrial genome, giving rise to the burgeoning field of mitochondrial epigenetics. Mitochondrial epigenetics encompasses three main categories of modifications: mtDNA methylation/hydroxymethylation, modifications of mitochondrial nucleoids, and mitochondrial RNA alterations. The epigenetic modulation of mitochondrial nucleoids, lacking histones, may impact mtDNA function. Additionally, mitochondrial RNAs, including non-coding RNAs, present a complex landscape influencing interactions between the mitochondria and the nucleus. The exploration of mitochondrial epigenetics offers valuable perspectives on how these alterations impact neurodegenerative diseases, presenting an intriguing avenue for research on mood disorders. Investigations into post-translational modifications and the role of mitochondrial non-coding RNAs hold promise to unravel the dynamics of mitoepigenetics in mood disorders, providing crucial insights for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Ceylan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Affective Laboratory, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Izel Cemre Aksahin
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Affective Laboratory, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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4
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Vlasova VV, Shmagel KV. T Lymphocyte Metabolic Features and Techniques to Modulate Them. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1857-1873. [PMID: 38105204 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
T cells demonstrate high degree of complexity and broad range of functions, which distinguish them from other immune cells. Throughout their lifetime, T lymphocytes experience several functional states: quiescence, activation, proliferation, differentiation, performance of effector and regulatory functions, memory formation, and apoptosis. Metabolism supports all functions of T cells, providing lymphocytes with energy, biosynthetic substrates, and signaling molecules. Therefore, T cells usually restructure their metabolism as they transition from one functional state to another. Strong association between the metabolism and T cell functions implies that the immune response can be controlled by manipulating metabolic processes within T lymphocytes. This review aims to highlight the main metabolic adaptations necessary for the T cell function, as well as the recent progress in techniques to modulate metabolic features of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta V Vlasova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 614081, Perm, Russia.
| | - Konstantin V Shmagel
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 614081, Perm, Russia
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Staneva D, Vasileva B, Podlesniy P, Miloshev G, Georgieva M. Yeast Chromatin Mutants Reveal Altered mtDNA Copy Number and Impaired Mitochondrial Membrane Potential. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030329. [PMID: 36983497 PMCID: PMC10058930 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional, dynamic organelles important for stress response, cell longevity, ageing and death. Although the mitochondrion has its genome, nuclear-encoded proteins are essential in regulating mitochondria biogenesis, morphology, dynamics and function. Moreover, chromatin structure and epigenetic mechanisms govern the accessibility to DNA and control gene transcription, indirectly influencing nucleo-mitochondrial communications. Thus, they exert crucial functions in maintaining proper chromatin structure, cell morphology, gene expression, stress resistance and ageing. Here, we present our studies on the mtDNA copy number in Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromatin mutants and investigate the mitochondrial membrane potential throughout their lifespan. The mutants are arp4 (with a point mutation in the ARP4 gene, coding for actin-related protein 4-Arp4p), hho1Δ (lacking the HHO1 gene, coding for the linker histone H1), and the double mutant arp4 hho1Δ cells with the two mutations. Our findings showed that the three chromatin mutants acquired strain-specific changes in the mtDNA copy number. Furthermore, we detected the disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential in their chronological lifespan. In addition, the expression of nuclear genes responsible for regulating mitochondria biogenesis and turnover was changed. The most pronounced were the alterations found in the double mutant arp4 hho1Δ strain, which appeared as the only petite colony-forming mutant, unable to grow on respiratory substrates and with partial depletion of the mitochondrial genome. The results suggest that in the studied chromatin mutants, hho1Δ, arp4 and arp4 hho1Δ, the nucleus-mitochondria communication was disrupted, leading to impaired mitochondrial function and premature ageing phenotype in these mutants, especially in the double mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dessislava Staneva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Epigenetics and Longevity, Institute of Molecular Biology "RoumenTsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bela Vasileva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Epigenetics and Longevity, Institute of Molecular Biology "RoumenTsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Podlesniy
- CiberNed (Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), 28029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - George Miloshev
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Epigenetics and Longevity, Institute of Molecular Biology "RoumenTsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Georgieva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Epigenetics and Longevity, Institute of Molecular Biology "RoumenTsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Ke C, Cai C, Wang P, Dong F. PRSS1 Mutations Affect Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Radiosensitivity via AKT and Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinases Pathways. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Radioresistance is the leading cause of failed radiation therapy for pancreatic ductal cancer (PDAC). The relevance of the cationic trypsinogen gene (PRSS1) in PDAC radioresistance is unknown, despite its association with tumor responses to therapy in numerous malignancies. Here we
established two PRSS1 point mutation PDAC cell lines: c. 338 T > G and c.410 C > T. Compared to their parental cells, elevated AKT and ERK phosphorylation concentrations were observed in Panc-1 and MIA PaCa-2 c. 338 T > G and c.410 C > T cells with point mutations. The PRSS1 mutation
restored the sensitivity of radioresistant cells to radiation through increased ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis by down regulating p-AKT and p-ERK. Based on these results, we hypothesized that a PRSS1 mutation in PDAC increased cell radiosensitivity by decreasing p-AKT and p-ERK. Our
findings provide a molecular basis for optimizing radiation in patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Ke
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Higher Education Institutions, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou
350005, Fujian, PR China
| | - Chuanshu Cai
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Higher Education Institutions, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou
350005, Fujian, PR China
| | - Peirong Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Higher Education Institutions, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou
350005, Fujian, PR China
| | - Feng Dong
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Higher Education Institutions, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou
350005, Fujian, PR China
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Overexpression of NNMT in Glioma Aggravates Tumor Cell Progression: An Emerging Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143538. [PMID: 35884600 PMCID: PMC9316405 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioma is one of the most common intracranial malignancies and is incurable due to strong aggressiveness and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The lack of effective therapeutic targets is a major problem in current treatment. In the present study, we found that nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a key factor influencing the occurrence and development of glioma. High NNMT expression in glioma is a predictor of short overall survival and poor patient outcome. NNMT knockdown reduced the volume of mice xenograft glioma and the viability of glioma cells. Additionally, overexpression of NNMT epigenetically silenced GAP43 through DNA methylation, histone methylation, and deacetylation modification processes. GAP43 can inhibit the formation of microtubules in tumor and intertumor cell network connections and induce apoptosis through the SIRT1 signaling pathway. Therefore, NNMT could be a potential candidate for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of glioma. Abstract Purpose: Increasing evidence has revealed that nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a key factor influencing the prognosis of tumors. The present study aimed to investigate the role of NNMT in glioma and to elucidate the associated functional mechanisms. Methods: Clinical samples were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting to evaluate NNMT expression in glioma and normal brain tissues. The correlation between NNMT expression and glioma was analyzed using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Additionally, NNMT was knocked down in two types of glioma cells, U87 and U251, to evaluate the invasive ability of these cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate NNMT knockdown in the cells. Furthermore, ELISA was used to determine the balance between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NAD/NADH ratio), which verified the altered methylation patterns in the cells. The glioma xenograft mouse models were used to verify the regulatory role of NNMT, GAP43, and SIRT1. Results: Analysis based on our clinical glioma samples and TCGA database revealed that overexpression of NNMT was associated with poor prognosis of patients. Knockdown of NNMT reduced the invasive ability of glioma cells, and downregulation of its downstream protein GAP43 occurred due to altered cellular methylation caused by NNMT overexpression. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis confirmed that NNMT modulated the NAD-related signaling pathway and showed a negative association between NNMT and SIRT1. Moreover, the regulatory roles of NNMT, GAP43, and SIRT1 were confirmed in glioma xenograft mouse models. Conclusion: Overexpression of NNMT causes abnormal DNA methylation through regulation of the NAD/NADH ratio, which in turn leads to the downregulation of GAP43 and SIRT1, eventually altering the biological behavior of tumor cells.
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Santos JH. Mitochondria signaling to the epigenome: A novel role for an old organelle. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:59-69. [PMID: 33271282 PMCID: PMC8166959 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications influence gene expression programs ultimately dictating physiological outcomes. In the past decades, an increasing body of work has demonstrated that the enzymes that deposit and/or remove epigenetic marks on DNA or histones use metabolites as substrates or co-factors, rendering the epigenome sensitive to metabolic changes. In this context, acetyl-CoA and α-ketoglutarate have been recognized as critical for epigenetics, impinging on histone marks and nuclear DNA methylation patterns. Given that these metabolites are primarily generated in the mitochondria through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), the requirement of proper mitochondrial function for maintenance of the epigenetic landscape seems obvious. Nevertheless, it was not until recently when the epigenomic outcomes of mitochondrial dysfunction were tested, revealing mitochondria's far-reaching impact on epigenetics. This review will focus on data that directly tested the role of mitochondria on the epigenetic landscape, the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction may dysregulate the epigenome and gene expression, and their potential implications to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Hertzog Santos
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park (RTP), NC, USA.
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9
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Mazzocca A, Fais S. New hypotheses for cancer generation and progression. Med Hypotheses 2021; 152:110614. [PMID: 34087614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since Nixon famously declared war on cancer in 1971, trillions of dollars have been spent on cancer research but the life expectancy for most forms of cancer is still poor. There are many reasons for the partial success of cancer translational research. One of these can be the predominance of certain paradigms that potentially narrowed the vision in interpreting cancer. The main paradigm to explain carcinogenesis is based on DNA mutations, which is well interpreted by the somatic mutation theory (SMT). However, a different theory claims that cancer is instead a tissue disease as proposed by the Tissue Organization Field Theory (TOFT). Here, we propose new hypotheses to explain the origin and pathogenesis of cancer. In this perspective, the systemic-evolutionary theory of cancer (SETOC) is discussed as well as how the microenvironment affects the adaptation of transformed cells and the reversion to a unicellular-like or embryo-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mazzocca
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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10
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Grieco JP, Allen ME, Perry JB, Wang Y, Song Y, Rohani A, Compton SLE, Smyth JW, Swami NS, Brown DA, Schmelz EM. Progression-Mediated Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology Promotes Adaptation to Hypoxic Peritoneal Conditions in Serous Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 10:600113. [PMID: 33520711 PMCID: PMC7838066 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.600113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological cancer in women, with a survival rate of less than 30% when the cancer has spread throughout the peritoneal cavity. Aggregation of cancer cells increases their viability and metastatic potential; however, there are limited studies that correlate these functional changes to specific phenotypic alterations. In this study, we investigated changes in mitochondrial morphology and dynamics during malignant transition using our MOSE cell model for progressive serous ovarian cancer. Mitochondrial morphology was changed with increasing malignancy from a filamentous network to single, enlarged organelles due to an imbalance of mitochondrial dynamic proteins (fusion: MFN1/OPA1, fission: DRP1/FIS1). These phenotypic alterations aided the adaptation to hypoxia through the promotion of autophagy and were accompanied by changes in the mitochondrial ultrastructure, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The tumor-initiating cells increased mitochondrial fragmentation after aggregation and exposure to hypoxia that correlated well with our previously observed reduced growth and respiration in spheroids, suggesting that these alterations promote viability in non-permissive conditions. Our identification of such mitochondrial phenotypic changes in malignancy provides a model in which to identify targets for interventions aimed at suppressing metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Grieco
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Mitchell E Allen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Justin B Perry
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Yipei Song
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ali Rohani
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Stephanie L E Compton
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - James W Smyth
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carillion (VTC), Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Eva M Schmelz
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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11
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Grasso C, Eccles DA, Boukalova S, Fabre MS, Dawson RH, Neuzil J, Herst PM, Berridge MV. Mitochondrial DNA Affects the Expression of Nuclear Genes Involved in Immune and Stress Responses in a Breast Cancer Model. Front Physiol 2020; 11:543962. [PMID: 33329014 PMCID: PMC7732479 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.543962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells without mitochondrial (mt) DNA (ρ0 cells) are auxotrophic for uridine, and their growth is supported by pyruvate. While ATP synthesis in ρ0 cells relies on glycolysis, they fail to form tumors unless they acquire mitochondria from stromal cells. Mitochondrial acquisition restores respiration that is essential for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and for mitochondrial ATP production. The physiological processes that underpin intercellular mitochondrial transfer to tumor cells lacking mtDNA and the metabolic remodeling and restored tumorigenic properties of cells that acquire mitochondria are not well understood. Here, we investigated the changes in mitochondrial and nuclear gene expression that accompany mtDNA deletion and acquisition in metastatic murine 4T1 breast cancer cells. Loss of mitochondrial gene expression in 4T1ρ0 cells was restored in cells recovered from subcutaneous tumors that grew from 4T1ρ0 cells following acquisition of mtDNA from host cells. In contrast, the expression of most nuclear genes that encode respiratory complex subunits and mitochondrial ribosomal subunits was not greatly affected by loss of mtDNA, indicating ineffective mitochondria-to-nucleus communication systems for these nuclear genes. Further, analysis of nuclear genes whose expression was compromised in 4T1ρ0 cells showed that immune- and stress-related genes were the most highly differentially expressed, representing over 70% of those with greater than 16-fold higher expression in 4T1 compared with 4T1ρ0 cells. The monocyte recruiting chemokine, Ccl2, and Psmb8, a subunit of the immunoproteasome that generates MHCI-binding peptides, were the most highly differentially expressed. Early monocyte/macrophage recruitment into the tumor mass was compromised in 4T1ρ0 cells but recovered before mtDNA could be detected. Taken together, our results show that mitochondrial acquisition by tumor cells without mtDNA results in bioenergetic remodeling and re-expression of genes involved in immune function and stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Grasso
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David A. Eccles
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stepana Boukalova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | | | | | - Jiri Neuzil
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Patries M. Herst
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Castellani CA, Longchamps RJ, Sumpter JA, Newcomb CE, Lane JA, Grove ML, Bressler J, Brody JA, Floyd JS, Bartz TM, Taylor KD, Wang P, Tin A, Coresh J, Pankow JS, Fornage M, Guallar E, O'Rourke B, Pankratz N, Liu C, Levy D, Sotoodehnia N, Boerwinkle E, Arking DE. Mitochondrial DNA copy number can influence mortality and cardiovascular disease via methylation of nuclear DNA CpGs. Genome Med 2020; 12:84. [PMID: 32988399 PMCID: PMC7523322 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00778-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) has been associated with a variety of aging-related diseases, including all-cause mortality. However, the mechanism by which mtDNA-CN influences disease is not currently understood. One such mechanism may be through regulation of nuclear gene expression via the modification of nuclear DNA (nDNA) methylation. METHODS To investigate this hypothesis, we assessed the relationship between mtDNA-CN and nDNA methylation in 2507 African American (AA) and European American (EA) participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. To validate our findings, we assayed an additional 2528 participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) (N = 533) and Framingham Heart Study (FHS) (N = 1995). We further assessed the effect of experimental modification of mtDNA-CN through knockout of TFAM, a regulator of mtDNA replication, via CRISPR-Cas9. RESULTS Thirty-four independent CpGs were associated with mtDNA-CN at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10- 8). Meta-analysis across all cohorts identified six mtDNA-CN-associated CpGs at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10- 8). Additionally, over half of these CpGs were associated with phenotypes known to be associated with mtDNA-CN, including coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Experimental modification of mtDNA-CN demonstrated that modulation of mtDNA-CN results in changes in nDNA methylation and gene expression of specific CpGs and nearby transcripts. Strikingly, the "neuroactive ligand receptor interaction" KEGG pathway was found to be highly overrepresented in the ARIC cohort (P = 5.24 × 10- 12), as well as the TFAM knockout methylation (P = 4.41 × 10- 4) and expression (P = 4.30 × 10- 4) studies. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that changes in mtDNA-CN influence nDNA methylation at specific loci and result in differential expression of specific genes that may impact human health and disease via altered cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Castellani
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan J Longchamps
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason A Sumpter
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles E Newcomb
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John A Lane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Megan L Grove
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James S Floyd
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Penglong Wang
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adrienne Tin
- Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian O'Rourke
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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13
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Zhou M, Xu H, Zhang D, Si C, Zhou X, Zhao H, Liu Q, Xu B, Zhang A. Decreased PIBF1/IL6/p-STAT3 during the mid-secretory phase inhibits human endometrial stromal cell proliferation and decidualization. J Adv Res 2020; 30:15-25. [PMID: 34026283 PMCID: PMC8132213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PIBF1 levels peaked in the mid-secretory phase of endometrium. PIBF1 expression decreased in the mid-secretory endometrium of RIF patients. PIBF1 regulated HESC proliferation and decidualization via IL6/p-STAT3 signaling. The IL6/p-STAT3, Ki-67, prolactin, and IGFBP1 levels were lower in RIF patients. Low PIBF1 expression may account for poor endometrial receptivity in RIF patients.
Introduction Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is a challenging problem of assisted reproductive technology that arises mainly due to inadequate endometrial receptivity and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Objectives In this study, we conducted the first investigation of the effect of decreased PIBF1 expression in mid-secretory phase on endometrial receptivity in patients with RIF. Methods Microarray assay, reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and in-vitro experiments were conducted. Results The results showed that progesterone-induced blocking factor 1 (PIBF1) expression was highest in the mid-secretory endometrium in control subjects, but was significantly lower in RIF patients. In Ishikawa and human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs), rather than human endometrial epithelial cells, PIBF1 knockdown significantly downregulated cell proliferation and the levels of interleukin 6 (IL6) and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (p-STAT3). Besides, in HESCs, the levels of IL6, p-STAT3, prolactin and insulin-like growth factor binding-protein-1 (IGFBP1) decreased after PIBF1 knockdown during in-vitro decidualization. All these cellular changes could be notably restored by PIBF1 or IL6 overexpression. Consistent with our findings with PIBF1, the levels of IL6, p-STAT3, ki-67, prolactin, and IGFBP1 in the mid-secretory endometrium were notably lower in patients with RIF compared with controls. Conclusion In summary, in the mid-secretory phase, decreased expression of PIBF1, IL6, and p-STAT3 inhibited HESC proliferation and decidualization, which is of theoretical and clinical importance for future research and clinical-treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Zhou
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chenchen Si
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhou
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bufang Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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14
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Abstract
Mitochondria play various important roles in energy production, metabolism, and apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by alterations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can lead to the initiation and progression of cancers and other diseases. These alterations include mutations and copy number variations. Especially, the mutations in D-loop, MT-ND1, and MT-ND5 affect mitochondrial functions and are widely detected in various cancers. Meanwhile, several other mutations have been correlated with muscular and neuronal diseases, especially MT-TL1 is deeply related. These pieces of evidence indicated mtDNA alterations in diseases show potential as a novel therapeutic target. mtDNA repair enzymes are the target for delaying or stalling the mtDNA damage-induced cancer progression and metastasis. Moreover, some mutations reveal a prognosis ability of the drug resistance. Current efforts aim to develop mitochondrial transplantation technique as a direct cure for deregulated mitochondria-associated diseases. This review summarizes the implications of mitochondrial dysfunction in cancers and other pathologies; and discusses the relevance of mitochondria-targeted therapies, along with their contribution as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Ngo Yen Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Jo
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Mazzocca A. The Systemic-Evolutionary Theory of the Origin of Cancer (SETOC): A New Interpretative Model of Cancer as a Complex Biological System. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194885. [PMID: 31581628 PMCID: PMC6801598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Systemic–Evolutionary Theory of Cancer (SETOC) is a recently proposed theory based on two important concepts: (i) Evolution, understood as a process of cooperation and symbiosis (Margulian-like), and (ii) The system, in terms of the integration of the various cellular components, so that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts, as in any complex system. The SETOC posits that cancer is generated by the de-emergence of the “eukaryotic cell system” and by the re-emergence of cellular subsystems such as archaea-like (genetic information) and/or prokaryotic-like (mitochondria) subsystems, featuring uncoordinated behaviors. One of the consequences is a sort of “cellular regression” towards ancestral or atavistic biological functions or behaviors similar to those of protists or unicellular organisms in general. This de-emergence is caused by the progressive breakdown of the endosymbiotic cellular subsystem integration (mainly, information = nucleus and energy = mitochondria) as a consequence of long-term injuries. Known cancer-promoting factors, including inflammation, chronic fibrosis, and chronic degenerative processes, cause prolonged damage that leads to the breakdown or failure of this form of integration/endosymbiosis. In normal cells, the cellular “subsystems” must be fully integrated in order to maintain the differentiated state, and this integration is ensured by a constant energy intake. In contrast, when organ or tissue damage occurs, the constant energy intake declines, leading, over time, to energy shortage, failure of endosymbiosis, and the de-differentiated state observed in dysplasia and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mazzocca
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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16
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Smieszek S, Jia P, Samuels DC, Zhao Z, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Kaur H, Letendre S, Ellis R, Franklin DR, Hulgan T, Kallianpur A, Bush WS. Nuclear-Mitochondrial interactions influence susceptibility to HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. Mitochondrion 2019; 46:247-255. [PMID: 30026132 PMCID: PMC6336535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (NCI) is a term established to capture a wide spectrum of HIV related neurocognitive deficits ranging in severity from asymptomatic to dementia. The genetic underpinnings of this complex phenotype are incompletely understood. Mitochondrial function has long been thought to play a role in neurodegeneration, along with iron metabolism and transport. In this work, we aimed to characterize the interplay of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup and nuclear genetic associations to NCI phenotypes in the CHARTER cohort, encompassing 1025 individuals of European-descent, African-descent, or admixed Hispanic. We first employed a polygenic modeling approach to investigate the global effect of previous marginally associated nuclear SNPs, and to examine how the polygenic effect of these SNPs is influenced by mtDNA haplogroups. We see evidence of a significant interaction between nuclear SNPs en masse and mtDNA haplogroups within European-descent and African-descent individuals. Subsequently, we performed an analysis of each SNP by mtDNA haplogroup, and detected significant interactions between two nuclear SNPs (rs17160128 and rs12460243) and European haplogroups. These findings, which require validation in larger cohorts, indicate a potential new role for nuclear-mitochondrial DNA interactions in susceptibility to NCI and shed light onto the pathophysiology of this neurocognitive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Smieszek
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, and Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - P Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - D C Samuels
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Z Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - J Barnholtz-Sloan
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, and Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - H Kaur
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - S Letendre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - R Ellis
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - D R Franklin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - T Hulgan
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - A Kallianpur
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - W S Bush
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, and Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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17
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Gandhi N, Das GM. Metabolic Reprogramming in Breast Cancer and Its Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020089. [PMID: 30691108 PMCID: PMC6406734 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current standard-of-care (SOC) therapy for breast cancer includes targeted therapies such as endocrine therapy for estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) positive; anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-enriched; and general chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. These therapies frequently fail due to acquired or inherent resistance. Altered metabolism has been recognized as one of the major mechanisms underlying therapeutic resistance. There are several cues that dictate metabolic reprogramming that also account for the tumors’ metabolic plasticity. For metabolic therapy to be efficacious there is a need to understand the metabolic underpinnings of the different subtypes of breast cancer as well as the role the SOC treatments play in targeting the metabolic phenotype. Understanding the mechanism will allow us to identify potential therapeutic vulnerabilities. There are some very interesting questions being tackled by researchers today as they pertain to altered metabolism in breast cancer. What are the metabolic differences between the different subtypes of breast cancer? Do cancer cells have a metabolic pathway preference based on the site and stage of metastasis? How do the cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic cues dictate the metabolic phenotype? How do the nucleus and mitochondria coordinately regulate metabolism? How does sensitivity or resistance to SOC affect metabolic reprogramming and vice-versa? This review addresses these issues along with the latest updates in the field of breast cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Gandhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Genetics & Pharmacology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Gokul M Das
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Genetics & Pharmacology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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18
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Cheriyath V, Kaur J, Davenport A, Khalel A, Chowdhury N, Gaddipati L. G1P3 (IFI6), a mitochondrial localised antiapoptotic protein, promotes metastatic potential of breast cancer cells through mtROS. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:52-64. [PMID: 29899394 PMCID: PMC6035266 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Redox deregulations are ubiquitous in cancer cells. However, the role of mitochondrial redox deregulation in metastasis remains unclear. In breast cancer, upregulation of mitochondrial antiapoptotic protein G1P3 (IFI6) was associated with poor distance metastasis-free survival (DMFS). Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that G1P3-induced mitochondrial redox deregulation confers metastatic potentials in breast cancer cells. METHODS Cell migration and invasion assays; confocal and immunofluorescence microscopy; and Illumina HumanHT-12 BeadChip to assess gene expression. RESULTS Consequent to its localisation on inner-mitochondrial membrane, mtROS were higher in G1P3-expressing cells (MCF-7G1P3). G1P3-overexpressing cells migrated and invaded faster than the vector controls with increased number of filopodia and F-actin bundles (p ≤ 0.05). mtROS suppression with H2O2 scavengers and mitochondrial-specific antioxidants significantly decreased migratory structures and reversed G1P3-induced migration and invasion (p ≤ 0.05). Knocking down G1P3 decreased both migration and migratory structures in MCF-7G1P3 cells. Moreover, gene networks involved in redox regulation, metastasis and actin remodelling were upregulated in MCF-7G1P3 cells. CONCLUSIONS G1P3-induced mtROS have a direct role in migratory structure formation and nuclear gene expression to promote breast cancer cell metastasis. Therefore, interrupting mitochondrial functions of G1P3 may improve clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopalan Cheriyath
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, 75429, USA.
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, 75429, USA
| | - Anne Davenport
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, 75429, USA.,Department of Biology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Ashjan Khalel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, 75429, USA
| | - Nobel Chowdhury
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, 75429, USA
| | - Lalitha Gaddipati
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, 75429, USA
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19
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Choudhury AR, Singh KK. Mitochondrial determinants of cancer health disparities. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:125-146. [PMID: 28487205 PMCID: PMC5673596 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria, which are multi-functional, have been implicated in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis due to metabolic alterations in transformed cells. Mitochondria are involved in the generation of energy, cell growth and differentiation, cellular signaling, cell cycle control, and cell death. To date, the mitochondrial basis of cancer disparities is unknown. The goal of this review is to provide an understanding and a framework of mitochondrial determinants that may contribute to cancer disparities in racially different populations. Due to maternal inheritance and ethnic-based diversity, the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) contributes to inherited racial disparities. In people of African ancestry, several germline, population-specific haplotype variants in mtDNA as well as depletion of mtDNA have been linked to cancer predisposition and cancer disparities. Indeed, depletion of mtDNA and mutations in mtDNA or nuclear genome (nDNA)-encoded mitochondrial proteins lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and promote resistance to apoptosis, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and metastatic disease, all of which can contribute to cancer disparity and tumor aggressiveness related to racial disparities. Ethnic differences at the level of expression or genetic variations in nDNA encoding the mitochondrial proteome, including mitochondria-localized mtDNA replication and repair proteins, miRNA, transcription factors, kinases and phosphatases, and tumor suppressors and oncogenes may underlie susceptibility to high-risk and aggressive cancers found in African population and other ethnicities. The mitochondrial retrograde signaling that alters the expression profile of nuclear genes in response to dysfunctional mitochondria is a mechanism for tumorigenesis. In ethnic populations, differences in mitochondrial function may alter the cross talk between mitochondria and the nucleus at epigenetic and genetic levels, which can also contribute to cancer health disparities. Targeting mitochondrial determinants and mitochondrial retrograde signaling could provide a promising strategy for the development of selective anticancer therapy for dealing with cancer disparities. Further, agents that restore mitochondrial function to optimal levels should permit sensitivity to anticancer agents for the treatment of aggressive tumors that occur in racially diverse populations and hence help in reducing racial disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Departments of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Departments of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Departments of Environmental Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Center for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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20
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Singh B, Modica-Napolitano JS, Singh KK. Defining the momiome: Promiscuous information transfer by mobile mitochondria and the mitochondrial genome. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:1-17. [PMID: 28502611 PMCID: PMC5681893 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are complex intracellular organelles that have long been identified as the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells because of the central role they play in oxidative metabolism. A resurgence of interest in the study of mitochondria during the past decade has revealed that mitochondria also play key roles in cell signaling, proliferation, cell metabolism and cell death, and that genetic and/or metabolic alterations in mitochondria contribute to a number of diseases, including cancer. Mitochondria have been identified as signaling organelles, capable of mediating bidirectional intracellular information transfer: anterograde (from nucleus to mitochondria) and retrograde (from mitochondria to nucleus). More recently, evidence is now building that the role of mitochondria extends to intercellular communication as well, and that the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) and even whole mitochondria are indeed mobile and can mediate information transfer between cells. We define this promiscuous information transfer function of mitochondria and mtDNA as "momiome" to include all mobile functions of mitochondria and the mitochondrial genome. Herein, we review the "momiome" and explore its role in cancer development, progression, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Center for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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21
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Brinker AE, Vivian CJ, Koestler DC, Tsue TT, Jensen RA, Welch DR. Mitochondrial Haplotype Alters Mammary Cancer Tumorigenicity and Metastasis in an Oncogenic Driver-Dependent Manner. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6941-6949. [PMID: 29070615 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using a novel mouse model, a mitochondrial-nuclear exchange model termed MNX, we tested the hypothesis that inherited mitochondrial haplotypes alter primary tumor latency and metastatic efficiency. Male FVB/N-Tg(MMTVneu)202Mul/J (Her2) transgenic mice were bred to female MNX mice having FVB/NJ nuclear DNA with either FVB/NJ, C57BL/6J, or BALB/cJ mtDNA. Pups receiving the C57BL/6J or BALB/cJ mitochondrial genome (i.e., females crossed with Her2 males) showed significantly (P < 0.001) longer tumor latency (262 vs. 293 vs. 225 days), fewer pulmonary metastases (5 vs. 7 vs. 15), and differences in size of lung metastases (1.2 vs. 1.4 vs. 1.0 mm diameter) compared with FVB/NJ mtDNA. Although polyoma virus middle T-driven tumors showed altered primary and metastatic profiles in previous studies, depending upon nuclear and mtDNA haplotype, the magnitude and direction of changes were not the same in the HER2-driven mammary carcinomas. Collectively, these results establish mitochondrial polymorphisms as quantitative trait loci in mammary carcinogenesis, and they implicate distinct interactions between tumor drivers and mitochondria as critical modifiers of tumorigenicity and metastasis. Cancer Res; 77(24); 6941-9. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Brinker
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Heartland Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Carolyn J Vivian
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Heartland Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Devin C Koestler
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,The University Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Trevor T Tsue
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Roy A Jensen
- The University Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas. .,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Heartland Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,The University Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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22
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Carden T, Singh B, Mooga V, Bajpai P, Singh KK. Epigenetic modification of miR-663 controls mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling and tumor progression. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20694-20706. [PMID: 29066618 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.797001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular function requires communication between mitochondria and the nucleus, termed mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. Disruption of this mechanism has been implicated in the development of cancers. Many proteins are known modulators of retrograde signaling, but whether microRNAs (miRNAs) are also involved is unknown. We conducted an miRNA microarray analysis using RNA from a parental cell line, a Rho0 line lacking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and a Rho0 line with restored mtDNA. We found that miR-663 was down-regulated in the mtDNA-depleted Rho0 line. mtDNA restoration reversed this miRNA to parental level, suggesting that miR-663 may be epigenetically regulated by retrograde signaling. By using methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing we demonstrate that miR-663 promoter is epigenetically regulated not only by genetic but also by pharmacological disruption of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Restoration of OXPHOS Complex I inhibitor-induced miR-663 expression by N-acetylcysteine suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in epigenetic regulation of miR-663. We determined that miR-663 regulates the expression of nuclear-encoded respiratory chain subunits involved in Complexes I, II, III, and IV. miR-663 also controlled the expression of the Complexes I (NDUFAF1), II (SDHAF2), III (UQCC2), and IV (SCO1) assembly factors and was required for stability of respiratory supercomplexes. Furthermore, using luciferase assays, we found that miR-663 directly regulates UQCC2. The anti-miR-663 reduced OXPHOS complex activity and increased in vitro cellular proliferation and promoted tumor development in vivo in mice. We also found that increased miR-663 expression in breast tumors consistently correlates with increased patient survival. We provide the first evidence for miRNA controlling retrograde signaling, demonstrating its epigenetic regulation and its role in breast tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Keshav K Singh
- From the Departments of Genetics, .,Pathology, and.,Environmental Health Sciences.,Center for Free Radical Biology.,Center for Aging, and.,UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham and.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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23
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Errichiello E, Venesio T. Mitochondrial DNA variants in colorectal carcinogenesis: Drivers or passengers? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:1905-1914. [PMID: 28393270 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitochondrial DNA alterations have widely been reported in many age-related degenerative diseases and tumors, including colorectal cancer. In the past few years, the discovery of inter-genomic crosstalk between nucleus and mitochondria has reinforced the role of mitochondrial DNA variants in perturbing this essential signaling pathway and thus indirectly targeting nuclear genes involved in tumorigenic and invasive phenotype. FINDINGS Mitochondrial dysfunction is currently considered a crucial hallmark of carcinogenesis as well as a promising target for anticancer therapy. Mitochondrial DNA alterations include point mutations, deletions, inversions, and copy number variations, but numerous studies investigating their pathogenic role in cancer have provided inconsistent evidence. Furthermore, the biological impact of mitochondrial DNA variants may vary tremendously, depending on the proportion of mutant DNA molecules carried by the neoplastic cells (heteroplasmy). CONCLUSIONS In this review, we discuss the role of different type of mitochondrial DNA alterations in colorectal carcinogenesis and, in particular, we revisit the issue of whether they may be considered as causative driver or simply genuine passenger events. The advent of high-throughput techniques as well as the development of genetic and pharmaceutical interventions for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction in colorectal cancer are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Errichiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Starda Provinciale 142, Candiolo, 10060, Turin, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Venesio
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Starda Provinciale 142, Candiolo, 10060, Turin, Italy
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24
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Srinivasainagendra V, Sandel MW, Singh B, Sundaresan A, Mooga VP, Bajpai P, Tiwari HK, Singh KK. Migration of mitochondrial DNA in the nuclear genome of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Genome Med 2017; 9:31. [PMID: 28356157 PMCID: PMC5370490 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal adenocarcinomas are characterized by abnormal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and genomic instability, but a molecular interaction between mitochondrial and nuclear genome remains unknown. Here we report the discovery of increased copies of nuclear mtDNA (NUMT) in colorectal adenocarcinomas, which supports link between mtDNA and genomic instability in the nucleus. We name this phenomenon of nuclear occurrence of mitochondrial component as numtogenesis. We provide a description of NUMT abundance and distribution in tumor versus matched blood-derived normal genomes. Methods Whole-genome sequence data were obtained for colon adenocarcinoma and rectum adenocarcinoma patients participating in The Cancer Genome Atlas, via the Cancer Genomics Hub, using the GeneTorrent file acquisition tool. Data were analyzed to determine NUMT proportion and distribution on a genome-wide scale. A NUMT suppressor gene was identified by comparing numtogenesis in other organisms. Results Our study reveals that colorectal adenocarcinoma genomes, on average, contains up to 4.2-fold more somatic NUMTs than matched normal genomes. Women colorectal tumors contained more NUMT than men. NUMT abundance in tumor predicted parallel abundance in blood. NUMT abundance positively correlated with GC content and gene density. Increased numtogenesis was observed with higher mortality. We identified YME1L1, a human homolog of yeast YME1 (yeast mitochondrial DNA escape 1) to be frequently mutated in colorectal tumors. YME1L1 was also mutated in tumors derived from other tissues. We show that inactivation of YME1L1 results in increased transfer of mtDNA in the nuclear genome. Conclusions Our study demonstrates increased somatic transfer of mtDNA in colorectal tumors. Our study also reveals sex-based differences in frequency of NUMT occurrence and that NUMT in blood reflects NUMT in tumors, suggesting NUMT may be used as a biomarker for tumorigenesis. We identify YME1L1 as the first NUMT suppressor gene in human and demonstrate that inactivation of YME1L1 induces migration of mtDNA to the nuclear genome. Our study reveals that numtogenesis plays an important role in the development of cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0420-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodh Srinivasainagendra
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Michael W Sandel
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA.,Present address: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of West Alabama, Livingston, Alabama, USA
| | - Bhupendra Singh
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Aishwarya Sundaresan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Ved P Mooga
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Prachi Bajpai
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Hemant K Tiwari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA.
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Departments of Genetics, Environmental Health, Center for Free Radical Biology, Center for Aging and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA. .,Departments of Pathology, Environmental Health, Center for Free Radical Biology, Center for Aging and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA. .,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA. .,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Kaul Genetics Building, Suite 620, 720 20th St. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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25
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Capitanio D, Vasso M, De Palma S, Fania C, Torretta E, Cammarata FP, Magnaghi V, Procacci P, Gelfi C. Specific protein changes contribute to the differential muscle mass loss during ageing. Proteomics 2016; 16:645-56. [PMID: 26698593 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the skeletal muscle, the ageing process is characterized by a loss of muscle mass and strength, coupled with a decline of mitochondrial function and a decrease of satellite cells. This profile is more pronounced in hindlimb than in forelimb muscles, both in humans and in rodents. Utilizing light and electron microscopy, myosin heavy chain isoform distribution, proteomic analysis by 2D-DIGE, MALDI-TOF MS and quantitative immunoblotting, this study analyzes the protein levels and the nuclear localization of specific molecules, which can contribute to a preferential muscle loss. Our results identify the molecular changes in the hindlimb (gastrocnemius) and forelimb (triceps) muscles during ageing in rats (3- and 22-month-old). Specifically, the oxidative metabolism contributes to tissue homeostasis in triceps, whereas respiratory chain disruption and oxidative-stress-induced damage imbalance the homeostasis in gastrocnemius muscle. High levels of dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase (Dlat) and ATP synthase subunit alpha (Atp5a1) are detected in triceps and gastrocnemius, respectively. Interestingly, in triceps, both molecules are increased in the nucleus in aged rats and are associated to an increased protein acetylation and myoglobin availability. Furthermore, autophagy is retained in triceps whereas an enhanced fusion, decrement of mitophagy and of regenerative potential is observed in aged gastrocnemius muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Capitanio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (MI), Italy
| | - Michele Vasso
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate (MI) - Cefalù (PA), Italy
| | - Sara De Palma
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate (MI) - Cefalù (PA), Italy
| | - Chiara Fania
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (MI), Italy
| | - Enrica Torretta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (MI), Italy
| | - Francesco P Cammarata
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate (MI) - Cefalù (PA), Italy
| | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Procacci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (MI), Italy.,Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate (MI) - Cefalù (PA), Italy
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26
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Wallace L, Mehrabi S, Bacanamwo M, Yao X, Aikhionbare FO. Expression of mitochondrial genes MT-ND1, MT-ND6, MT-CYB, MT-COI, MT-ATP6, and 12S/MT-RNR1 in colorectal adenopolyps. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12465-12475. [PMID: 27333991 PMCID: PMC5661973 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in treatment strategies, colorectal cancer (CRC) still has high mortality rates. Most CRCs develop from adenopolyps via the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. A mechanism for inhibition of this sequence in individuals with a high risk of developing CRC is urgently needed. Differential studies of mitochondrial (mt) gene expressions in the progressive stages of CRC with villous architecture are warranted to reveal early risk assessments and new targets for chemoprevention of the disease. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the relative amount of the transcripts of six mt genes [MT-RNR1, MT-ND1, MT-COI, MT-ATP6, MT-ND6, and MT-CYB (region 648-15887)] which are involved in the normal metabolism of mitochondria. A total of 42 pairs of tissue samples obtained from colorectal adenopolyps, adenocarcinomas, and their corresponding adjacent normal tissues were examined. Additionally, electron transport chain (ETC), complexes I (NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) and III (CoQH2-cytochrome C reductase), and carbonyl protein group contents were analyzed. Results indicate that there were differential expressions of the six mt genes and elevated carbonyl protein contents among the colorectal adenopolyps compared to their paired adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.05). The levels of complexes I and III were higher in tumor tissues relative to adjacent normal tissues. Noticeably, the expression of MT-COI was overexpressed in late colorectal carcinomas among all studied transcripts. Our data suggest that increased expressions in certain mt genes and elevated levels of ROS may potentially play a critical role in the colorectal tumors evolving from adenopolyps to malignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaShanale Wallace
- Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Sharifeh Mehrabi
- Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Methode Bacanamwo
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Felix O. Aikhionbare
- Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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27
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Burton GJ, Yung HW, Murray AJ. Mitochondrial - Endoplasmic reticulum interactions in the trophoblast: Stress and senescence. Placenta 2016; 52:146-155. [PMID: 27091649 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Placental stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of complications of pregnancy, including growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. Initially, attention focused on oxidative stress, but recently mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress have been identified. Complex molecular interactions exist among these different forms of stress, making it unlikely that any occurs in isolation. In part, this is due to close physiological connections between the two organelles principally involved, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mediated through Ca2+ signalling. Here, we review the involvement of the mitochondria-ER unit in the generation of stress within the trophoblast, and consider consequences for obstetric outcome. Mild stress may induce adaptive responses, including upregulation of antioxidant defences and autophagy, while moderate levels may affect stem cell behaviour and reduce cell proliferation, contributing to the growth-restricted phenotype. High levels of stress can stimulate release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-angiogenic factors, increasing the risk of pre-eclampsia. In addition, chronic stress may promote senescence of the trophoblast, which in other cell types leads to a pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Evidence from rodents suggests that a degree of trophoblastic stress develops with increasing gestational age in normal pregnancies. The increase in maternal concentrations of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and reduction in placental growth factor (PlGF) suggest the same may occur in the human, starting around 30 weeks of pregnancy. Placental malperfusion, or co-existing maternal conditions, such as diabetes, will exacerbate that stress. Amelioration of trophoblastic stress should remain a research priority, but will be difficult due to the complexity of the molecular pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - H W Yung
- Centre for Trophoblast Research and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - A J Murray
- Centre for Trophoblast Research and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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28
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Kim SJ, Chung TH. Cold atmospheric plasma jet-generated RONS and their selective effects on normal and carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20332. [PMID: 26838306 PMCID: PMC4738260 DOI: 10.1038/srep20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric helium plasma jets were fabricated and utilized for plasma-cell interactions. The effect of operating parameters and jet design on the generation of specific reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) within cells and cellular response were investigated. It was found that plasma treatment induced the overproduction of RONS in various cancer cell lines selectively. The plasma under a relatively low applied voltage induced the detachment of cells, a reduction in cell viability, and apoptosis, while the plasma under higher applied voltage led to cellular necrosis in our case. To determine whether plasma-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation occurs through interfering with mitochondria-related cellular response, we examined the plasma effects on ROS generation in both parental A549 cells and A549 ρ(0) cells. It was observed that cancer cells were more susceptible to plasma-induced RONS (especially nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2(-)) radicals) than normal cells, and consequently, plasma induced apoptotic cell responses mainly in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ja Kim
- Department of Physics, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - T H Chung
- Department of Physics, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
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29
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Philley JV, Kannan A, Qin W, Sauter ER, Ikebe M, Hertweck KL, Troyer DA, Semmes OJ, Dasgupta S. Complex-I Alteration and Enhanced Mitochondrial Fusion Are Associated With Prostate Cancer Progression. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1364-74. [PMID: 26530043 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria (mt) encoded respiratory complex-I (RCI) mutations and their pathogenicity remain largely unknown in prostate cancer (PCa). Little is known about the role of mtDNA loss on mt integrity in PCa. We determined mtDNA mutation in human and mice PCa and assessed the impact of mtDNA depletion on mt integrity. We also examined whether the circulating exosomes from PCa patients are transported to mt and carry mtDNA or mt proteins. We have employed next generation sequencing of the whole mt genome in human and Hi-myc PCa. The impact of mtDNA depletion on mt integrity, presence of mtDNA, and protein in sera exosomes was determined. A co-culture of human PCa cells and the circulating exosomes followed by confocal imaging determined co-localization of exosomes and mt. We observed frequent RCI mutations in human and Hi-myc PCa which disrupted corresponding complex protein expression. Depletion of mtDNA in PCa cells influenced mt integrity, increased expression of MFN1, MFN2, PINK1, and decreased expression of MT-TFA. Increased mt fusion and expression of PINK1 and DNM1L were also evident in the Hi-myc tumors. RCI-mtDNA, MFN2, and IMMT proteins were detected in the circulating exosomes of men with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and progressive PCa. Circulating exosomes and mt co-localized in PCa cells. Our study identified new pathogenic RCI mutations in PCa and defined the impact of mtDNA loss on mt integrity. Presence of mtDNA and mt proteins in the circulating exosomes implicated their usefulness for biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie V Philley
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Anbarasu Kannan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Wenyi Qin
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Edward R Sauter
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Mitsuo Ikebe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Kate L Hertweck
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Dean A Troyer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Oliver J Semmes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
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30
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Lee YK, Jee BA, Kwon SM, Yoon YS, Xu WG, Wang HJ, Wang XW, Thorgeirsson SS, Lee JS, Woo HG, Yoon G. Identification of a mitochondrial defect gene signature reveals NUPR1 as a key regulator of liver cancer progression. Hepatology 2015; 62:1174-89. [PMID: 26173068 PMCID: PMC6312643 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many cancer cells require more glycolytic adenosine triphosphate production due to a mitochondrial respiratory defect. However, the roles of mitochondrial defects in cancer development and progression remain unclear. To address the role of transcriptomic regulation by mitochondrial defects in liver cancer cells, we performed gene expression profiling for three different cell models of mitochondrial defects: cells with chemical respiratory inhibition (rotenone, thenoyltrifluoroacetone, antimycin A, and oligomycin), cells with mitochondrial DNA depletion (Rho0), and liver cancer cells harboring mitochondrial defects (SNU354 and SNU423). By comparing gene expression in the three models, we identified 10 common mitochondrial defect-related genes that may be responsible for retrograde signaling from cancer cell mitochondria to the intracellular transcriptome. The concomitant expression of the 10 common mitochondrial defect genes is significantly associated with poor prognostic outcomes in liver cancers, suggesting their functional and clinical relevance. Among the common mitochondrial defect genes, we found that nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1) is one of the key transcription regulators. Knockdown of NUPR1 suppressed liver cancer cell invasion, which was mediated in a Ca(2+) signaling-dependent manner. In addition, by performing an NUPR1-centric network analysis and promoter binding assay, granulin was identified as a key downstream effector of NUPR1. We also report association of the NUPR1-granulin pathway with mitochondrial defect-derived glycolytic activation in human liver cancer. CONCLUSION Mitochondrial respiratory defects and subsequent retrograde signaling, particularly the NUPR1-granulin pathway, play pivotal roles in liver cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Byul A. Jee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - So Mee Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young-Sil Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Wei Guang Xu
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Wang
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Snorri S. Thorgeirsson
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Hypoxia-Related Disease Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Goo Woo
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gyesoon Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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31
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Byun HO, Lee YK, Kim JM, Yoon G. From cell senescence to age-related diseases: differential mechanisms of action of senescence-associated secretory phenotypes. BMB Rep 2015; 48:549-58. [PMID: 26129674 PMCID: PMC4911181 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.10.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a process by which cells enter a state of permanent cell cycle arrest. It is commonly believed to underlie organismal aging and age-associated diseases. However, the mechanism by which cellular senescence contributes to aging and age-associated pathologies remains unclear. Recent studies showed that senescent cells exert detrimental effects on the tissue microenvironment, generating pathological facilitators or aggravators. The most significant environmental effector resulting from senescent cells is the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is constituted by a strikingly increased expression and secretion of diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines. Careful investigation into the components of SASPs and their mechanism of action, may improve our understanding of the pathological backgrounds of age-associated diseases. In this review, we focus on the differential expression of SASP-related genes, in addition to SASP components, during the progress of senescence. We also provide a perspective on the possible action mechanisms of SASP components, and potential contributions of SASP-expressing senescent cells, to age-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ok Byun
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School
| | - Young-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School
| | - Jeong-Min Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine
- College of Natural Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Gyesoon Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School
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32
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Madamba SM, Damri KN, Dejean LM, Peixoto PM. Mitochondrial Ion Channels in Cancer Transformation. Front Oncol 2015; 5:120. [PMID: 26090338 PMCID: PMC4455240 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer transformation involves reprograming of mitochondrial function to avert cell death mechanisms, monopolize energy metabolism, accelerate mitotic proliferation, and promote metastasis. Mitochondrial ion channels have emerged as promising therapeutic targets because of their connection to metabolic and apoptotic functions. This mini review discusses how mitochondrial channels may be associated with cancer transformation and expands on the possible involvement of mitochondrial protein import complexes in pathophysiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Madamba
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin N. Damri
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurent M. Dejean
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Pablo M. Peixoto
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
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33
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The complex crosstalk between mitochondria and the nucleus: What goes in between? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 63:10-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ferreira A, Serafim TL, Sardão VA, Cunha-Oliveira T. Role of mtDNA-related mitoepigenetic phenomena in cancer. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45 Suppl 1:44-9. [PMID: 25524586 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal mitochondrial function has long been associated with the development and the progression of cancer. Multiple defects in the mitochondrial genome have been reported for various cancers, however the often disregarded mitochondrial epigenetic landscape provides an additional source of deregulation that may contribute to carcinogenesis. DESIGN This article reviews the current understanding of mitochondrial epigenetics and how it may relate to cancer progression and development. Relevant studies were found through electronic databases (Web of Science and PubMed). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The remarkably unexplored field of mitochondrial epigenetics has the potential to shed light on several cancer-related mitochondrial abnormalities. More studies using innovative, genome-wide sequencing technologies are highly warranted to assess whether and how altered mtDNA methylation patterns affect cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ferreira
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
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35
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Lu G, Matsuura SE, Barrientos A, Scott WA. HIV-1 infection is blocked at an early stage in cells devoid of mitochondrial DNA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78035. [PMID: 24205077 PMCID: PMC3804459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) exploits various host cellular pathways for efficient infection. Here we report that the absence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in ρ(0) cells markedly attenuates HIV-1 infection. Importantly, reduced infection efficiency in ρ(0) cells is not simply the result of impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) because pharmacological OXPHOS inhibition did not inhibit HIV-1 infection. Analysis of the early steps of virus infection by real-time PCR quantification of stage-specific HIV-1 DNA products in the infected ρ(0) and parental cell line have allowed us to conclude that HIV-1 infection in ρ(0) cells is blocked at the steps that occur after reverse transcription and prior to nuclear import. Additionally, confocal fluorescence microscope analysis showed that the majority of viral complexes containing HIV-1 p24 co-localize with mitochondria in target cells, suggesting an interaction between the two. Collectively, our data strongly indicate that mitochondria play an important role during early stages of HIV-1 infection, probably through direct association with HIV-1 intracellular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofei Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Suzanne E. Matsuura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Walter A. Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Guha M, Avadhani NG. Mitochondrial retrograde signaling at the crossroads of tumor bioenergetics, genetics and epigenetics. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:577-91. [PMID: 24004957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role not only in energy production but also in the integration of metabolic pathways as well as signals for apoptosis and autophagy. It is becoming increasingly apparent that mitochondria in mammalian cells play critical roles in the initiation and propagation of various signaling cascades. In particular, mitochondrial metabolic and respiratory states and status on mitochondrial genetic instability are communicated to the nucleus as an adaptive response through retrograde signaling. Each mammalian cell contains multiple copies of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). A reduction in mtDNA copy number has been reported in various human pathological conditions such as diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, aging and cancer. Reduction in mtDNA copy number disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) resulting in dysfunctional mitochondria. Dysfunctional mitochondria trigger retrograde signaling and communicate their changing metabolic and functional state to the nucleus as an adaptive response resulting in an altered nuclear gene expression profile and altered cell physiology and morphology. In this review, we provide an overview of the various modes of mitochondrial retrograde signaling focusing particularly on the Ca(2+)/Calcineurin mediated retrograde signaling. We discuss the contribution of the key factors of the pathway such as Calcineurin, IGF1 receptor, Akt kinase and HnRNPA2 in the propagation of signaling and their role in modulating genetic and epigenetic changes favoring cellular reprogramming towards tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manti Guha
- Department of Animal Biology and the Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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37
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Xi H, Barredo JC, Merchan JR, Lampidis TJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by 2-deoxyglucose but not glucose starvation activates AMPK through CaMKKβ leading to autophagy. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1463-77. [PMID: 23500541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, a well-conserved cellular self-eating process, has been shown to play a critical role in the pathophysiology of cancer. Previously, we reported that under normal O₂ conditions (21% O₂), the dual glucose metabolism inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) activates a cytoprotective autophagic response in cancer cells mainly through the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress rather than ATP² reduction. However, the pathway(s) by which this occurs was unknown. Here, we find that ER stress induced by 2-DG as well as tunicamycin activates AMPK via Ca²⁺-CaMKKβ leading to stimulation of autophagy. These results suggest a new role for AMPK as a sensor of ER stress. In contrast, we find that although physiologic glucose starvation (GS) leads to ER stress which contributes to autophagy activation, it does so by a different mechanism. In addition to ER stress, GS also stimulates autophagy through lowering ATP and activating the canonical LKB1-AMPK energy sensing pathway as well as through increasing reactive oxygen species resulting in the activation of ERK. Furthermore, under hypoxia we observe that both 2-DG and GS inhibit rather than activate autophagy. This inhibition correlates with dramatically depleted ATP levels, and occurs through reduction of the PI3K III-Beclin1 complex for autophagy initiation, blockage of the conjugation of ATG12 to ATG5 for autophagosome expansion, as well as inhibition of the functional lysosomal compartment for autophagic degradation. Taken together, our data support a model where under normoxia therapeutic (2-DG) and physiologic (GS) glucose restriction differentially activate autophagy, while under hypoxia they similarly inhibit it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Xi
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1550 NW 10th Avenue, Fox Building #406, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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38
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Elstner M, Turnbull DM. Transcriptome analysis in mitochondrial disorders. Brain Res Bull 2012; 88:285-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tang W, Chowdhury AR, Guha M, Huang L, Van Winkle T, Rustgi AK, Avadhani NG. Silencing of IkBβ mRNA causes disruption of mitochondrial retrograde signaling and suppression of tumor growth in vivo. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1762-8. [PMID: 22637744 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies show that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion and attendant activation of retrograde signaling induces tumor progression. We have reported previously that activation of a novel nuclear factor-Kappa B pathway is critical for the propagation of mitochondrial retrograde signaling, which induces both phenotypic and morphological changes in C2C12 myoblasts and A549 lung carcinoma cells. In this study, we investigated the role of stress-induced nuclear factor-Kappa B in tumor progression in xenotransplanted mice. We used a retroviral system for the inducible expression of small interfering RNA against IkBα and IkBβ mRNAs. Expression of small interfering RNA against IkBβ markedly impaired tumor growth and invasive ability of mtDNA-depleted C2C12 myoblasts and also thwarted anchorage-independent growth of the cells. Knockdown of IkBα mRNA, however, did not have any modulatory effect in this cell system. Moreover, expression of small interfering RNA against IkBβ reduced the expression of marker genes for retrograde signaling and tumor growth in xenografts of mtDNA-depleted cells. Our findings demonstrate that IkBβ is a master regulator of mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway and that the retrograde signaling plays a role in tumor growth in vivo. In this regard, IkBβ supports the tumorigenic potential of mtDNA-depleted C2C12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Tang
- Department of Animal Biology and Marie Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,USA
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40
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Minocherhomji S, Tollefsbol TO, Singh KK. Mitochondrial regulation of epigenetics and its role in human diseases. Epigenetics 2012; 7:326-34. [PMID: 22419065 DOI: 10.4161/epi.19547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations induce defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). However, phenotypic effects of these mutations show a large degree of variation depending on the tissue affected. These differences are difficult to reconcile with OXPHOS as the sole pathogenic factor suggesting that additional mechanisms contribute to lack of genotype and clinical phenotype correlationship. An increasing number of studies have identified a possible effect on the epigenetic landscape of the nuclear genome as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. In particular, these studies demonstrate reversible or irreversible changes in genomic DNA methylation profiles of the nuclear genome. Here we review how mitochondria damage checkpoint (mitocheckpoint) induces epigenetic changes in the nucleus. Persistent pathogenic mutations in mtDNA may also lead to epigenetic changes causing genomic instability in the nuclear genome. We propose that "mitocheckpoint" mediated epigenetic and genetic changes may play key roles in phenotypic variation related to mitochondrial diseases or host of human diseases in which mitochondrial defect plays a primary role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheroy Minocherhomji
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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41
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Pellegrino MW, Nargund AM, Haynes CM. Signaling the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:410-6. [PMID: 22445420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are compartmentalized organelles essential for numerous cellular functions including ATP generation, iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, nucleotide and amino acid metabolism as well as apoptosis. To promote biogenesis and proper function, mitochondria have a dedicated repertoire of molecular chaperones to facilitate protein folding and quality control proteases to degrade those proteins that fail to fold correctly. Mitochondrial protein folding is challenged by the complex organelle architecture, the deleterious effects of electron transport chain-generated reactive oxygen species and the mitochondrial genome's susceptibility to acquiring mutations. In response to the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins beyond the organelle's chaperone capacity, cells mount a mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR(mt)). The UPR(mt) is a mitochondria-to-nuclear signal transduction pathway resulting in the induction of mitochondrial protective genes including mitochondrial molecular chaperones and proteases to re-establish protein homeostasis within the mitochondrial protein-folding environment. Here, we review the current understanding of UPR(mt) signal transduction and the impact of the UPR(mt) on diseased cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Import and Quality Control in Mitochondria and Plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Pellegrino
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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42
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Ayyasamy V, Owens KM, Desouki MM, Liang P, Bakin A, Thangaraj K, Buchsbaum DJ, LoBuglio AF, Singh KK. Cellular model of Warburg effect identifies tumor promoting function of UCP2 in breast cancer and its suppression by genipin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24792. [PMID: 21935467 PMCID: PMC3174207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Warburg Effect is characterized by an irreversible injury to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and an increased rate of aerobic glycolysis. In this study, we utilized a breast epithelial cell line lacking mitochondrial DNA (rho0) that exhibits the Warburg Effect associated with breast cancer. We developed a MitoExpress array for rapid analysis of all known nuclear genes encoding the mitochondrial proteome. The gene-expression pattern was compared among a normal breast epithelial cell line, its rho0 derivative, breast cancer cell lines and primary breast tumors. Among several genes, our study revealed that over-expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP2 in rho0 breast epithelial cells reflects gene expression changes in breast cancer cell lines and in primary breast tumors. Furthermore, over-expression of UCP2 was also found in leukemia, ovarian, bladder, esophagus, testicular, colorectal, kidney, pancreatic, lung and prostate tumors. Ectopic expression of UCP2 in MCF7 breast cancer cells led to a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased tumorigenic properties as measured by cell migration, in vitro invasion and anchorage independent growth. Consistent with in vitro studies, we demonstrate that UCP2 over-expression leads to development of tumors in vivo in an orthotopic model of breast cancer. Genipin, a plant derived small molecule, suppressed the UCP2 led tumorigenic properties, which were mediated by decreased reactive oxygen species and down-regulation of UCP2. However, UCP1, 3, 4 and 5 gene expression was unaffected. UCP2 transcription was controlled by SMAD4. Together, these studies suggest a tumor-promoting function of UCP2 in breast cancer. In summary, our studies demonstrate that i) the Warburg Effect is mediated by UCP2; ii) UCP2 is over-expressed in breast and many other cancers; iii) UCP2 promotes tumorigenic properties in vitro and in vivo and iv) genipin suppresses the tumor promoting function of UCP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanniarajan Ayyasamy
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Kjerstin M. Owens
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Mokhtar Desouki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrei Bakin
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Donald J. Buchsbaum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Albert F. LoBuglio
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Keshav K. Singh
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Departments of Genetics, Pathology, Environmental Health, Center for Free Radical Biology, Center for Aging and University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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43
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Gene expression pattern in transmitochondrial cytoplasmic hybrid cells harboring type 2 diabetes-associated mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22116. [PMID: 21765942 PMCID: PMC3135611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased mitochondrial function plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, it was reported that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups confer genetic susceptibility to T2DM in Koreans and Japanese. Particularly, mtDNA haplogroup N9a is associated with a decreased risk of T2DM, whereas haplogroups D5 and F are associated with an increased risk. To examine functional consequences of these haplogroups without being confounded by the heterogeneous nuclear genomic backgrounds of different subjects, we constructed transmitochondrial cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cells harboring each of the three haplogroups (N9a, D5, and F) in a background of a shared nuclear genome. We compared the functional consequences of the three haplogroups using cell-based assays and gene expression microarrays. Cell-based assays did not detect differences in mitochondrial functions among the haplogroups in terms of ATP generation, reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cellular dehydrogenase activity. However, differential expression and clustering analyses of microarray data revealed that the three haplogroups exhibit a distinctive nuclear gene expression pattern that correlates with their susceptibility to T2DM. Pathway analysis of microarray data identified several differentially regulated metabolic pathways. Notably, compared to the T2DM-resistant haplogroup N9a, the T2DM-susceptible haplogroup F showed down-regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and up-regulation of glycolysis. These results suggest that variations in mtDNA can affect the expression of nuclear genes regulating mitochondrial functions or cellular energetics. Given that impaired mitochondrial function caused by T2DM-associated mtDNA haplogroups is compensated by the nuclear genome, we speculate that defective nuclear compensation, under certain circumstances, might lead to the development of T2DM.
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44
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Erikstein BS, Hagland HR, Nikolaisen J, Kulawiec M, Singh KK, Gjertsen BT, Tronstad KJ. Cellular stress induced by resazurin leads to autophagy and cell death via production of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial impairment. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:574-84. [PMID: 20568117 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial bioenergetics and reactive oxygen species (ROS) often play important roles in cellular stress mechanisms. In this study we investigated how these factors are involved in the stress response triggered by resazurin (Alamar Blue) in cultured cancer cells. Resazurin is a redox reactive compound widely used as reporter agent in assays of cell biology (e.g. cell viability and metabolic activity) due to its colorimetric and fluorimetric properties. In order to investigate resazurin-induced stress mechanisms we employed cells affording different metabolic and regulatory phenotypes. In HL-60 and Jurkat leukemia cells resazurin caused mitochondrial disintegration, respiratory dysfunction, reduced proliferation, and cell death. These effects were preceded by a burst of ROS, especially in HL-60 cells which were also more sensitive and contained autophagic vesicles. Studies in Rho(0) cells (devoid of mitochondrial DNA) indicated that the stress response does not depend on the rates of mitochondrial respiration. The anti-proliferative effect of resazurin was confirmed in native acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) blasts. In conclusion, the data suggest that resazurin triggers cellular ROS production and thereby initiates a stress response leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced proliferation, autophagy, and cell degradation. The ability of cells to tolerate this type of stress may be important in toxicity and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarte S Erikstein
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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45
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Verschoor ML, Wilson LA, Singh G. Mechanisms associated with mitochondrial-generated reactive oxygen species in cancer. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:204-19. [PMID: 20393586 DOI: 10.1139/y09-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondria are unique cellular organelles that contain their own genome and, in conjunction with the nucleus, are able to transcribe and translate genes encoding components of the electron transport chain (ETC). To do so, the mitochondria must communicate with the nucleus via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which are produced as a byproduct of aerobic respiration within the mitochondria. Mitochondrial signaling is proposed to be altered in cancer cells, where the mitochondria are frequently found to harbor mutations within their genome and display altered functional characteristics leading to increased glycolysis. As signaling molecules, ROS oxidize and inhibit MAPK phosphatases resulting in enhanced proliferation and survival, an effect particularly advantageous to cancer cells. In terms of transcriptional regulation, ROS affect the phosphorylation, activation, oxidation, and DNA binding of transcription factors such as AP-1, NF-kappaB, p53, and HIF-1alpha, leading to changes in target gene expression. Increased ROS production by defective cancer cell mitochondria also results in the upregulation of the transcription factor Ets-1, a factor that has been increasingly associated with aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Verschoor
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
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46
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Genetic insights into OXPHOS defect and its role in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1807:620-5. [PMID: 21074512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Warburg proposed that cancer originates from irreversible injury to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (mtOXPHOS), which leads to an increase rate of aerobic glycolysis in most cancers. However, despite several decades of research related to Warburg effect, very little is known about the underlying genetic cause(s) of mtOXPHOS impairment in cancers. Proteins that participate in mtOXPHOS are encoded by both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as well as nuclear DNA. This review describes mutations in mtDNA and reduced mtDNA copy number, which contribute to OXPHOS defects in cancer cells. Maternally inherited mtDNA renders susceptibility to cancer, and mutation in the nuclear encoded genes causes defects in mtOXPHOS system. Mitochondria damage checkpoint (mitocheckpoint) induces epigenomic changes in the nucleus, which can reverse injury to OXPHOS. However, irreversible injury to OXPHOS can lead to persistent mitochondrial dysfunction inducing genetic instability in the nuclear genome. Together, we propose that "mitocheckpoint" led epigenomic and genomic changes must play a key role in reversible and irreversible injury to OXPHOS described by Warburg. These epigenetic and genetic changes underlie the Warburg phenotype, which contributes to the development of cancer.
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47
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Salhab M, Patani N, Jiang W, Mokbel K. High TIMM17A expression is associated with adverse pathological and clinical outcomes in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2010; 19:153-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-010-0228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Guha M, Fang JK, Monks R, Birnbaum MJ, Avadhani NG. Activation of Akt is essential for the propagation of mitochondrial respiratory stress signaling and activation of the transcriptional coactivator heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A2. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:3578-89. [PMID: 20719961 PMCID: PMC2954122 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-03-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article shows that mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction activates a stress signaling that induces Akt1 activation. Akt1 activation occurs through calcineurin-mediated IGF1R/PI3-K pathway. Akt1-mediated phosphorylation of hnRNPA2 is a key requirement for the propagation of stress signaling and activation of nuclear target genes. Mitochondrial respiratory stress (also called mitochondrial retrograde signaling) activates a Ca2+/calcineurin-mediated signal that culminates in transcription activation/repression of a large number of nuclear genes. This signal is propagated through activation of the regulatory proteins NFκB c-Rel/p50, C/EBPδ, CREB, and NFAT. Additionally, the heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A2 (hnRNPA2) functions as a coactivator in up-regulating the transcription of Cathepsin L, RyR1, and Glut-4, the target genes of stress signaling. Activation of IGF1R, which causes a metabolic switch to glycolysis, cell invasiveness, and resistance to apoptosis, is a phenotypic hallmark of C2C12 myoblasts subjected to mitochondrial stress. In this study, we report that mitochondrial stress leads to increased expression, activation, and nuclear localization of Akt1. Mitochondrial respiratory stress also activates Akt1-gene expression, which involves hnRNPA2 as a coactivator, indicating a complex interdependency of these two factors. Using Akt1−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts and Akt1 mRNA-silenced C2C12 cells, we show that Akt1-mediated phosphorylation is crucial for the activation and recruitment of hnRNPA2 to the enhanceosome complex. Akt1 mRNA silencing in mtDNA-depleted cells resulted in reversal of the invasive phenotype, accompanied by sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. These results show that Akt1 is an important regulator of the nuclear transcriptional response to mitochondrial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manti Guha
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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49
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Kaipparettu BA, Ma Y, Wong LJC. Functional effects of cancer mitochondria on energy metabolism and tumorigenesis: utility of transmitochondrial cybrids. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1201:137-46. [PMID: 20649550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Role of calcineurin, hnRNPA2 and Akt in mitochondrial respiratory stress-mediated transcription activation of nuclear gene targets. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:1055-65. [PMID: 20153290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pathophysiological conditions causing mitochondrial dysfunction and altered transmembrane potential (psim) initiate a mitochondrial respiratory stress response, also known as mitochondrial retrograde response, in a variety of mammalian cells. An increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ [Ca2+]c as part of this signaling cascade activates Ca2+ responsive phosphatase, calcineurin (Cn). Activation of IGF1R accompanied by increased glycolysis, invasiveness, and resistance to apoptosis is a phenotypic hallmark of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells subjected to this stress. The signaling is associated with activation and increased nuclear translocation of a number of transcription factors including a novel NFkappaB (cRel:p50) pathway, NFAT, CREB and C/EBPdelta. This culminates in the upregulation of a number of nuclear genes including Cathepsin L, RyR1, Glut4 and Akt1. We observed that stress regulated transcription activation of nuclear genes involves a cooperative interplay between NFkappaB (cRel:p50), C/EBPdelta, CREB, and NFAT. Our results show that the functional synergy of these factors requires the stress-activated heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein, hnRNPA2 as a transcriptional coactivator. We report here that mitochondrial stress leads to induced expression and activation of serine threonine kinase Akt1. Interestingly, we observe that Akt1 phosphorylates hnRNPA2 under mitochondrial stress conditions, which is a crucial step for the recruitment of this coactivator to the stress target promoters and culmination in mitochondrial stress-mediated transcription activation of target genes. We propose that mitochondrial stress plays an important role in tumor progression and emergence of invasive phenotypes.
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