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Fan J, Liu X, Guo SW. Hypermethylation of Klotho and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Concomitant with Overexpression of DNA Methyltransferase 1 in Adenomyosis. Reprod Sci 2024:10.1007/s43032-024-01599-4. [PMID: 38816595 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is known to be involved in tissue repair, but its role in adenomyosis remains unclear. This study was tasked to evaluate the expression of Klotho, a well-known aging-suppressing protein, as well as PPARγ and DNMT1 in adenomyotic lesions (AD) in comparison with that of control endometrium (CT). We performed immunohistochemistry analysis of markers of cellular senescence p16 and p21, along with Klotho, PPARγ and DNMT1 in CT and AD samples, followed by the quantification of gene expression of Klotho, PPARγ and DNMT1 in epithelial organoids derived from AD and CT samples and methylation-specific PCR to evaluate promoter methylation status. The effect of forced expression and knockdown of DNMT1 on Klotho and PPARγ expression in ectopic endometrial epithelial cells was evaluated. We found that both p16 and p21 immunoreactivity in AD was significantly higher while that of Klotho and PPARγ was significantly lower than CT samples, which was concomitant with elevated immunoexpression of DNMT1. The results were confirmed by transcriptional analysis using epithelial organoids derived from AD and CT samples. In addition, the promoter regions of both Klotho and PPARγ genes were hypermethylated in AD as compared with CT, and treatment with HDAC and DNMT inhibitors reactivated the expression of both Klotho and PPARγ. Forced expression of DNMT1 resulted in downregulation of both Klotho and PPARγ but its knockdown increased their expression. Thus, overexpression of DNMT1 seems to facilitate the promoter hypermethylation of both Klotho and PPARγ in AD, resulting in their reduced expression that is suggestive of the role of senescence in adenomyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Fan
- Department of General Gynecology, Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xishi Liu
- Department of General Gynecology, Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Sun-Wei Guo
- Research Institute, Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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2
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Shaikh TB, Chandra Y, Andugulapati SB, Sistla R. Vistusertib improves pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by modulating inflammatory/oxidative stress mediators via suppressing the mTOR signalling. Inflamm Res 2024:10.1007/s00011-024-01894-5. [PMID: 38789791 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation and oxidative stress are key factors in the development of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) by promoting the differentiation of fibroblasts through modulating various pathways including Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β and mTOR signalling. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS This study aimed to evaluate the effects and elucidate the mechanisms of vistusertib (VSB) in treating pulmonary inflammation/fibrosis, specifically by targeting the mTOR pathway using various in vitro and in vivo models. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model in macrophages (RAW 264.7), epithelial (BEAS-2B) and endothelial (HMVEC-L) cells revealed that treatment with VSB significantly reduced the IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, and CCL7 expression. TGF-β induced differentiation was also significantly reduced upon VSB treatment in fibrotic cells (LL29 and DHLF). Further, bleomycin-induced inflammation and fibrosis models demonstrated that treatment with VSB significantly ameliorated the severe inflammation, and lung architectural distortion, by reducing the inflammatory markers expression/levels, inflammatory cells and oxidative stress indicators. Further, fibrosis model results exhibited that, VSB treatment significantly reduced the α-SMA, collagen and TGF-β expressions, improved the lung architecture and restored lung functions. CONCLUSION Overall, this study uncovers the anti-inflammatory/anti-fibrotic effects of VSB by modulating the mTOR activation. Although VSB was tested for lung fibrosis, it can be tested for other fibrotic disorders to improve the patient's survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslim B Shaikh
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Yogesh Chandra
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
| | - Sai Balaji Andugulapati
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
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3
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Li D, Zhang X, Song Z, Zhao S, Huang Y, Qian W, Cai X. Advances in common in vitro cellular models of pulmonary fibrosis. Immunol Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 38714318 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The development of in vitro models is essential for a comprehensive understanding and investigation of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) at both cellular and molecular levels. This study presents a literature review and an analysis of various cellular models used in scientific studies, specifically focusing on their applications in elucidating the pathogenesis of PF. Our study highlights the importance of taking a comprehensive approach to studing PF, emphasizing the necessity of considering multiple cell types and organs and integrating diverse analytical perspectives. Notably, primary cells demonstrate remarkable cell growth characteristics and gene expression profiles; however, their limited availability, maintenance challenges, inability for continuous propagation and susceptibility to phenotypic changes over time significantly limit their utility in scientific investigation. By contrast, immortalized cell lines are easily accessible, cultured and continuously propagated, although they may have some phenotypic differences from primary cells. Furthermore, in vitro coculture models offer a more practical and precise method to explore complex interactions among cells, tissues and organs. Consequently, when developing models of PF, researchers should thoroughly assess the advantages, limitations and relevant mechanisms of different cell models to ensure their selection is consistent with the research objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Lung Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziqiong Song
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weibin Qian
- Department of Lung Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinrui Cai
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Li Y, Huang H, Ye X, Zeng B, Huang F, Chen L. A retrospective study of combination therapy with glucocorticoids and pirfenidone for PD-1 inhibitor-related immune pneumonitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37808. [PMID: 38640289 PMCID: PMC11029951 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis (ICIP) is thought to be a self-limiting disease; however, an effective treatment option does not currently exist. This study aimed to determine the clinical efficacy of combination therapy with glucocorticoids and pirfenidone for ICIP related to programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 45 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who developed ICIP following PD-1 inhibitor and albumin-bound paclitaxel or carboplatin treatment at our hospital. The PD-1 inhibitor was discontinued, and glucocorticoids were used alone or in combination with pirfenidone to treat ICIP. The relevant clinical data of these patients were collected and analyzed. Compared with the glucocorticoid alone group, the glucocorticoid-pirfenidone group showed significant improvement in forced vital capacity (FVC), carbon monoxide diffusing capacity [%], peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, and 6-minute walk distance (P < .05). There were benefits with respect to the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire score and the recurrence rate of ICIP, but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (P > .05). Adding pirfenidone to glucocorticoid treatment was shown to be safe and may be more beneficial than glucocorticoids alone for improving pulmonary interstitial lesions, reversing ICIP, and preventing its recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huiqin Huang
- Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xiangli Ye
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bangwei Zeng
- Administration Department of Nosocomial Infection, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Feijian Huang
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Limin Chen
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Guo F, Xu F, Li S, Zhang Y, Lv D, Zheng L, Gan Y, Zhou M, Zhao K, Xu S, Wu B, Deng Z, Fu P. Amifostine ameliorates bleomycin-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis via NAD +/SIRT1/AMPK pathway-mediated effects on mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:68. [PMID: 38245795 PMCID: PMC10799491 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating chronic lung disease characterized by irreversible scarring of the lung parenchyma. Despite various interventions aimed at mitigating several different molecular aspects of the disease, only two drugs with limited clinical efficacy have so far been approved for IPF therapy. OBJECTIVE We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of amifostine, a detoxifying drug clinically used for radiation-caused cytotoxicity, in bleomycin-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS C57BL6/J mice were intratracheally instilled with 3 U/kg of bleomycin. Three doses of amifostine (WR-2721, 200 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally on days 1, 3, and 5 after the bleomycin challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected on day 7 and day 21 for the assessment of lung inflammation, metabolites, and fibrotic injury. Human fibroblasts were treated in vitro with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), followed by amifostine (WR-1065, 1-4 µg/mL) treatment. The effects of TGF-β1 and amifostine on the mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed by live cell imaging of MitoSOX. Cellular metabolism was assessed by the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and the concentrations of various energy-related metabolites as measured by mass spectrum (MS). Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the effect of amifostine on sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and adenosine monophosphate activated kinase (AMPK). RESULTS Three doses of amifostine significantly attenuated lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. Pretreatment and post-treatment of human fibroblast cells with amifostine blocked TGF-β1-induced mitochondrial ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction in human fibroblast cells. Further, treatment of fibroblasts with TGF-β1 shifted energy metabolism away from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and towards glycolysis, as observed by an altered metabolite profile including a decreased ratio of NAD + /NADH and increased lactate concentration. Treatment with amifostine significantly restored energy metabolism and activated SIRT1, which in turn activated AMPK. The activation of AMPK was required to mediate the effects of amifostine on mitochondrial homeostasis and pulmonary fibrosis. This study provides evidence that repurposing of the clinically used drug amifostine may have therapeutic applications for IPF treatment. CONCLUSION Amifostine inhibits bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by restoring mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315041, China
- Central Laboratory of the Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Central Laboratory of the Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shujuan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315041, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315041, China
| | - Dan Lv
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315041, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yongxiong Gan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315041, China
| | - Keyu Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shuling Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, South China Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zaichun Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315041, China.
| | - Panfeng Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315041, China.
- Central Laboratory of the Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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Hadi DD, Marsool MDM, Marsool ADM, Vora N, Al‐Badri SG, Al‐Fatlawi NHK, Abbas Al Wssawi AF, Al‐Ibraheem AMT, Hamza KA, Prajjwal P, Mateen MA, Amir O. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Addressing the current and future therapeutic advances along with the role of Sotatercept in the management of pulmonary hypertension. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1079. [PMID: 38018591 PMCID: PMC10632947 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and debilitating lung disease characterized by irreversible scarring of the lungs. The cause of IPF is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no cure for IPF, and treatment is focused on slowing disease progression and relieving symptoms. AIMS We aimed in this review to investigate and provide the latest insights into IPF management modalities, including the potential of Saracatinibas a substitute for current IPF drugs. We also investigated the therapeutic potential of Sotatercept in addressing pulmonary hypertension associated with IPF. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature review of relevant studies on IPF management. We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of science. RESULTS The two Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for IPF, Pirfenidone, and Nintedanib, have been pivotal in slowing disease progression, yet experimental evidence suggests that Saracatinib surpasses their efficacy. Preclinical trials investigating the potential of Saracatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, have shown to be more effective than current IPF drugs in slowing disease progression in preclinical studies. Also, Sotatercept,a fusion protein, has been shown to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and improve exercise tolerance in patients with PH associated with IPF in clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS The advancements discussed in this review hold the promise of improving the quality of life for IPF patients and enhancing our understanding of this condition. There remains a need for further research to confirm the efficacy and safety of new IPF treatments and to develop more effective strategies for managing exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia D. Hadi
- Department of Internal MedicineAl‐Kindy College of Medicine, University of BaghdadBaghdadIraq
| | | | | | - Neel Vora
- Department Internal MedicineB.J. Medical CollegeAhmedabadIndia
| | - Sajjad G. Al‐Badri
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Baghdad, College of MedicineBaghdadIraq
| | | | | | | | - Khadija A. Hamza
- Department of Internal MedicineAl‐Kindy College of Medicine, University of BaghdadBaghdadIraq
| | - Priyadarshi Prajjwal
- Department of Internal MedicineBharati Vidyapeeth University Medical CollegePuneIndia
| | - Mohammed A. Mateen
- Department of Internal MedicineShadan Institute of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital and Research CenterHyderabadIndia
| | - Omniat Amir
- Department of Internal MedicineAl Manhal AcademyKhartoumSudan
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7
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Velázquez-Enríquez JM, Reyes-Avendaño I, Santos-Álvarez JC, Reyes-Jiménez E, Vásquez-Garzón VR, Baltiérrez-Hoyos R. Identification of Hub Genes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Their Association with Lung Cancer by Bioinformatics Analysis. Adv Respir Med 2023; 91:407-431. [PMID: 37887075 PMCID: PMC10604190 DOI: 10.3390/arm91050032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible disease with a high mortality rate worldwide. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of IPF have not yet been fully described. Moreover, lung cancer is a significant complication of IPF and is associated with increased mortality. Nevertheless, identifying common genes involved in developing IPF and its progression to lung cancer remains an unmet need. The present study aimed to identify hub genes related to the development of IPF by meta-analysis. In addition, we analyzed their expression and their relationship with patients' progression in lung cancer. METHOD Microarray datasets GSE24206, GSE21369, GSE110147, GSE72073, and GSE32539 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Next, we conducted a series of bioinformatics analysis to explore possible hub genes in IPF and evaluated the expression of hub genes in lung cancer and their relationship with the progression of different stages of cancer. RESULTS A total of 1888 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 1105 upregulated and 783 downregulated genes. The 10 hub genes that exhibited a high degree of connectivity from the PPI network were identified. Analysis of the KEGG pathways showed that hub genes correlate with pathways such as the ECM-receptor interaction. Finally, we found that these hub genes are expressed in lung cancer and are associated with the progression of different stages of lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS Based on the integration of GEO microarray datasets, the present study identified DEGs and hub genes that could play an essential role in the pathogenesis of IPF and its association with the development of lung cancer in these patients, which could be considered potential diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Velázquez-Enríquez
- Laboratorio de Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico; (J.M.V.-E.); (I.R.-A.); (J.C.S.-Á.); (E.R.-J.); (V.R.V.-G.)
| | - Itayetzi Reyes-Avendaño
- Laboratorio de Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico; (J.M.V.-E.); (I.R.-A.); (J.C.S.-Á.); (E.R.-J.); (V.R.V.-G.)
| | - Jovito Cesar Santos-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico; (J.M.V.-E.); (I.R.-A.); (J.C.S.-Á.); (E.R.-J.); (V.R.V.-G.)
| | - Edilburga Reyes-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico; (J.M.V.-E.); (I.R.-A.); (J.C.S.-Á.); (E.R.-J.); (V.R.V.-G.)
| | - Verónica Rocío Vásquez-Garzón
- Laboratorio de Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico; (J.M.V.-E.); (I.R.-A.); (J.C.S.-Á.); (E.R.-J.); (V.R.V.-G.)
- CONAHCYT-Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico
| | - Rafael Baltiérrez-Hoyos
- Laboratorio de Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico; (J.M.V.-E.); (I.R.-A.); (J.C.S.-Á.); (E.R.-J.); (V.R.V.-G.)
- CONAHCYT-Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico
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Tottoli EM, Benedetti L, Riva F, Chiesa E, Pisani S, Bruni G, Genta I, Conti B, Ceccarelli G, Dorati R. Electrospun Fibers Loaded with Pirfenidone: An Innovative Approach for Scar Modulation in Complex Wounds. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4045. [PMID: 37896289 PMCID: PMC10610295 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars (HTSs) are pathological structures resulting from chronic inflammation during the wound healing process, particularly in complex injuries like burns. The aim of this work is to propose Biofiber PF (biodegradable fiber loaded with Pirfenidone 1.5 w/w), an electrospun advanced dressing, as a solution for HTSs treatment in complex wounds. Biofiber has a 3-day antifibrotic action to modulate the fibrotic process and enhance physiological healing. Its electrospun structure consists of regular well-interconnected Poly-L-lactide-co-poly-ε-caprolactone (PLA-PCL) fibers (size 2.83 ± 0.46 µm) loaded with Pirfenidone (PF, 1.5% w/w), an antifibrotic agent. The textured matrix promotes the exudate balance through mild hydrophobic wettability behavior (109.3 ± 2.3°), and an appropriate equilibrium between the absorbency % (610.2 ± 171.54%) and the moisture vapor transmission rate (0.027 ± 0.036 g/min). Through its finer mechanical properties, Biofiber PF is conformable to the wound area, promoting movement and tissue oxygenation. These features also enhance the excellent elongation (>500%) and tenacity, both in dry and wet conditions. The ancillary antifibrotic action of PF on hypertrophic scar fibroblast (HSF) for 3 days downregulates the cell proliferation over time and modulates the gene expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) at 48-72 h. After 6 days of treatment, a decrement of α-SMA protein levels was detected, proving the potential of biofiber as a valid therapeutic treatment for HTSs in an established wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Maria Tottoli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.T.); (E.C.); (S.P.); (I.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Laura Benedetti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, Human Anatomy Unit, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.B.); (G.C.)
- CHT Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Enrica Chiesa
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.T.); (E.C.); (S.P.); (I.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Silvia Pisani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.T.); (E.C.); (S.P.); (I.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Giovanna Bruni
- Physical-Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Ida Genta
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.T.); (E.C.); (S.P.); (I.G.); (B.C.)
- CHT Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Bice Conti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.T.); (E.C.); (S.P.); (I.G.); (B.C.)
- CHT Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, Human Anatomy Unit, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.B.); (G.C.)
- CHT Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Dorati
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.T.); (E.C.); (S.P.); (I.G.); (B.C.)
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9
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Poolsri W, Noitem R, Jutabha P, Raveesunthornkiat M, Danova A, Chavasiri W, Muanprasat C. Discovery of a chalcone derivative as an anti-fibrotic agent targeting transforming growth factor-β1 signaling: Potential therapy of renal fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115098. [PMID: 37437378 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As a final common pathway of renal injuries, renal fibrosis leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Currently, there is no safe and effective therapy to prevent the progression of renal fibrosis to CKD. Inhibition of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) pathway is proposed as one of the most promising approaches for anti-renal fibrosis therapies. This study aimed to identify novel anti-fibrotic agents using the TGF-β1-induced fibrosis in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC) and characterize their mechanism of action as well as in vivo efficacy. By screening 362 natural product-based compounds for their ability to reduce collagen accumulation assessed by picro-sirius red (PSR) staining in RPTEC cells, a chalcone derivative AD-021 was identified as an anti-fibrotic agent with IC50 of 14.93 μM. AD-021 suppressed TGF-β1-induced collagen production, expression of pro-fibrotic proteins (fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)), and Smad-dependent and Smad-independent signaling pathways via suppression of TGF-β receptor II (TGFβRII) phosphorylation in RPTEC cells. Furthermore, TGF-β1-induced mitochondrial fission in RPTEC cells was ameliorated by AD-021 via mechanisms involving inhibition of Drp1 phosphorylation. In a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis, AD-021 reduced plasma TGF-β1, ameliorated renal fibrosis and improved renal function. Collectively, AD-021 represents a novel class of natural product-based anti-fibrotic agent that has therapeutic potential in the prevention of fibrosis-associated renal disorders including CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanangkan Poolsri
- Program in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Phli, Samut Prakarn, Thailand
| | - Rattikarn Noitem
- Program in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Phli, Samut Prakarn, Thailand
| | - Promsuk Jutabha
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Phli, Samut Prakarn, Thailand
| | | | - Ade Danova
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Organic Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural, 16 Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesa No.10, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Phli, Samut Prakarn, Thailand.
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10
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Nakamura Y, Shimizu Y, Fujimaki-Shiraishi M, Uchida N, Takemasa A, Niho S. A Protective Effect of Pirfenidone in Lung Fibroblast-Endothelial Cell Network via Inhibition of Rho-Kinase Activity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2259. [PMID: 37626755 PMCID: PMC10452915 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a life-threatening disease that has been attributed to several causes. Specifically, vascular injury is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. The effects of the antifibrotic drug pirfenidone on angiogenesis have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pirfenidone in human lung fibroblast-endothelial cell co-culture network formation and to analyze the underlying molecular mechanisms. Human lung fibroblasts were co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells to establish a co-culture network cell sheet. The influence of pirfenidone was evaluated for protective effect on the endothelial network in cell sheets stimulated with transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Results indicated that TGF-β disrupted the network formation. Pirfenidone and Y27632 (Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase [Rho-kinase or ROCK] inhibitor) protected against the TGF-β-induced endothelial network disruption. TGF-β activated Rho-kinase signaling in cells composing the co-culture cell sheet, whereas pirfenidone and Y27632 inhibited these effects. In conclusion, TGF-β-induced Rho-kinase activation and disrupted endothelial network formation. Pirfenidone suppressed TGF-β-induced Rho-kinase activity in cell sheets, thereby enabling vascular endothelial cells networks to be preserved in the cell sheets. These findings suggest that pirfenidone has potential vascular network-preserving effect via inhibiting Rho-kinase activity in vascular injury, which is a precursor to pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuo Shimizu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (Y.N.); (M.F.-S.); (N.U.); (A.T.); (S.N.)
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11
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Meyer FEU, Santos GL, Doan TP, DeGrave AN, Bues B, Lutz S. Pirfenidone affects human cardiac fibroblast proliferation and cell cycle activity in 2D cultures and engineered connective tissues. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:1687-1699. [PMID: 36800014 PMCID: PMC10338590 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The anti-fibrotic drug pirfenidone (PFD) is currently in clinical testing for the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; however, its effects on human cardiac cells have not been fully investigated. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the impact of PFD on human cardiac fibroblasts (CF) in 2D culture as well as in 3D-engineered connective tissues (ECT). We analyzed proliferation by automated cell counting and changes in signaling by immunoblotting. We generated ECT with different geometries to modify the cellular phenotype and investigated the effects of PFD on cell number and viability as well as on cell cycle activity. We further studied its effect on ECT compaction, contraction, stiffening, and strain resistance by ECT imaging, pole deflection analysis, and ultimate tensile testing. Our data demonstrate that PFD inhibits human CF proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 0.43 mg/ml and its anti-mitogenic effect was further corroborated by an inhibition of MEK1/2, ERK1/2, and riboprotein S6 (rpS6) phosphorylation. In ECT, a lower cell cycle activity was found in PFD-treated ECT and fewer cells resided in these ECT after 5 days of culture compared to the control. Moreover, ECT compaction as well as ECT contraction was impaired. Consequently, biomechanical analyses demonstrated that PFD reduced the stiffness of ECT. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the anti-fibrotic action of PFD on human CF is based on its anti-mitogenic effect in 2D cultures and ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Leao Santos
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London, UK
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thao Phuong Doan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Alisa Nicole DeGrave
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bastian Bues
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Lutz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site, Goettingen, Germany.
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12
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Chillappagari S, Guenther A, Mahavadi P. BAG3: An enticing therapeutic target for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Cell Biochem 2023. [PMID: 37450692 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a dreadful and fatal disease of unknown etiology, for which no cure exists. Autophagy, a lysosomal cellular surveillance pathway is insufficiently activated in both alveolar epithelial type II cells and fibroblasts of IPF patient lungs. Fine-tuning this pathway may result in the degradation of the accumulated cargo and influence cell fate. Based on our previous data, we here present our view on modulating autophagy via a unique co-chaperone, namely Bcl2-associated athanogene3 (BAG3) in IPF and discuss about how repurposing drugs that modulate this pathway may emerge as a promising novel therapeutic approach for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashipavan Chillappagari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University (JLU) Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University (JLU) Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- European IPF Network and European IPF Registry, Giessen, Germany
- Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), JLU, Giessen, Germany
- Lung Clinic, Agaplesion Evangelisches Krankenhaus Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Poornima Mahavadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University (JLU) Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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13
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Horan G, Ye Y, Adams M, Parton A, Cedzik D, Tang S, Brown EA, Liu L, Nissel J, Carayannopoulos LN, Gaudy A, Schafer P, Palmisano M, Ramirez-Valle F. Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Antifibrotic Activity of CC-90001 (BMS-986360), a c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Inhibitor, in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2023. [PMID: 37378860 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Approved treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have tolerability concerns and limited efficacy. CC-90001, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor, is under investigation as a therapy for fibrotic diseases. A Phase 1b safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics study of oral CC-90001 (100, 200, or 400 mg) administered once daily for 12 weeks was conducted in patients with pulmonary fibrosis (NCT02510937). Sixteen patients with a mean age of 68 years were studied. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were nausea and headache; all events were of mild or moderate intensity. Pharmacokinetic profiles were similar between the patients in this trial and healthy adults in previous studies. Forced vital capacity increased in the 200- and 400-mg cohorts from baseline to Week 12, and dose-dependent reductions in fibrosis biomarkers were observed. Antifibrotic activity of CC-90001 was also evaluated in vitro in transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-stimulated cells. CC-90001 reduced in vitro profibrotic gene expression in both lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts, supporting a potential direct antifibrotic action of c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibition in either or both cell types. Overall, CC-90001 was generally safe and well tolerated, and treatment was associated with forced vital capacity improvement and reductions in profibrotic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Ye
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mary Adams
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jim Nissel
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
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14
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Madsen SF, Sand JMB, Juhl P, Karsdal M, Thudium CS, Siebuhr AS, Bay-Jensen AC. Fibroblasts are not just fibroblasts: clear differences between dermal and pulmonary fibroblasts' response to fibrotic growth factors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9411. [PMID: 37296166 PMCID: PMC10256773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) hallmark is skin fibrosis, but up to 80% of the patients have fibrotic involvement in the pulmonary system. Antifibrotic drugs which have failed in a general SSc population have now been approved in patients with SSc-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD). This indicates that the fibrotic progression and regulation of fibroblasts likely depend on local factors specific to the tissue type. This study investigated the difference between dermal and pulmonary fibroblasts in a fibrotic setting, mimicking the extracellular matrix. Primary healthy fibroblasts were grown in a crowded environment and stimulated with TGF-β1 and PDGF-AB. The viability, morphology, migration capacity, extracellular matrix formation, and gene expression were assessed: TGF-β1 only increased the viability in the dermal fibroblasts. PDGF-AB increased the migration capacity of dermal fibroblasts while the pulmonary fibroblasts fully migrated. The morphology of the fibroblasts was different without stimulation. TGF-β1 increased the formation of type III collagen in pulmonary fibroblasts, while PDGF-AB increased it in dermal fibroblasts. The gene expression trend of type VI collagen was the opposite after PDGF-AB stimulation. The fibroblasts exhibit different response profiles to TGF-β1 and PDGF-AB; this suggests that drivers of fibrosis are tissue-dependent, which needs to be considered in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Falkenløve Madsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Immunoscience, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.
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15
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Motz KM, Lina IA, Samad I, Murphy MK, Duvvuri M, Davis RJ, Gelbard A, Chung L, Chan-Li Y, Collins S, Powell JD, Elisseeff JH, Horton MR, Hillel AT. Sirolimus-eluting airway stent reduces profibrotic Th17 cells and inhibits laryngotracheal stenosis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e158456. [PMID: 37159282 PMCID: PMC10393235 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is pathologic fibrotic narrowing of the larynx and trachea characterized by hypermetabolic fibroblasts and CD4+ T cell-mediated inflammation. However, the role of CD4+ T cells in promoting LTS fibrosis is unknown. The mTOR signaling pathways have been shown to regulate the T cell phenotype. Here we investigated the influence of mTOR signaling in CD4+ T cells on LTS pathogenesis. In this study, human LTS specimens revealed a higher population of CD4+ T cells expressing the activated isoform of mTOR. In a murine LTS model, targeting mTOR with systemic sirolimus and a sirolimus-eluting airway stent reduced fibrosis and Th17 cells. Selective deletion of mTOR in CD4+ cells reduced Th17 cells and attenuated fibrosis, demonstrating CD4+ T cells' pathologic role in LTS. Multispectral immunofluorescence of human LTS revealed increased Th17 cells. In vitro, Th17 cells increased collagen-1 production by LTS fibroblasts, which was prevented with sirolimus pretreatment of Th17 cells. Collectively, mTOR signaling drove pathologic CD4+ T cell phenotypes in LTS, and targeting mTOR with sirolimus was effective at treating LTS through inhibition of profibrotic Th17 cells. Finally, sirolimus may be delivered locally with a drug-eluting stent, transforming clinical therapy for LTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Motz
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ioan A. Lina
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Idris Samad
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael K. Murphy
- Department of Otolaryngology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Madhavi Duvvuri
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ruth J. Davis
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Gelbard
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Liam Chung
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, and Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Yee Chan-Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samuel Collins
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jennifer H. Elisseeff
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, and Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Maureen R. Horton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander T. Hillel
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Le HT, Mahara A, Nagasaki T, Yamaoka T. Prevention of anastomotic stenosis for decellularized vascular grafts using rapamycin-loaded boronic acid-based hydrogels mimicking the perivascular tissue function. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 147:213324. [PMID: 36796198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induces graft anastomotic stenosis, resulting in graft failure. Herein, we developed a drug-loaded tissue-adhesive hydrogel as artificial perivascular tissue to suppress VSMCs proliferation. Rapamycin (RPM), an anti-stenosis drug, is selected as the drug model. The hydrogel was composed of poly (3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid-co-acrylamide) (BAAm) and polyvinyl alcohol. Since phenylboronic acid reportedly binds to sialic acid of glycoproteins which is distributed on the tissues, the hydrogel is expected to be adherent to the vascular adventitia. Two hydrogels containing 25 or 50 mg/mL of BAAm (BAVA25 and BAVA50, respectively) were prepared. A decellularized vascular graft with a diameter of <2.5 mm was selected as a graft model. Lap-shear test indicates that both hydrogels adhered to the graft adventitia. In vitro release test indicated that 83 and 73 % of RPM in BAVA25 and BAVA50 hydrogels was released after 24 h, respectively. When VSMCs were cultured with RPM-loaded BAVA hydrogels, their proliferation was suppressed at an earlier stage in RPM-loaded BAVA25 hydrogels compared to RPM-loaded BAVA50 hydrogels. An in vivo preliminary test reveals that the graft coated with RPM-loaded BAVA25 hydrogel shows better graft patency for at least 180 d than the graft coated with RPM-loaded BAVA50 hydrogel or without hydrogel. Our results suggest that RPM-loaded BAVA25 hydrogel with tissue adhesive characteristics has potential to improve decellularized vascular graft patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Thi Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Kishibe Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mahara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Kishibe Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Yamaoka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Kishibe Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan.
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Islam MA, Kibria MK, Hossen MB, Reza MS, Tasmia SA, Tuly KF, Mosharof MP, Kabir SR, Kabir MH, Mollah MNH. Bioinformatics-based investigation on the genetic influence between SARS-CoV-2 infections and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) diseases, and drug repurposing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4685. [PMID: 36949176 PMCID: PMC10031699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Some recent studies showed that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) disease might stimulate each other through the shared genes. Therefore, in this study, an attempt was made to explore common genomic biomarkers for SARS-CoV-2 infections and IPF disease highlighting their functions, pathways, regulators and associated drug molecules. At first, we identified 32 statistically significant common differentially expressed genes (cDEGs) between disease (SARS-CoV-2 and IPF) and control samples of RNA-Seq profiles by using a statistical r-package (edgeR). Then we detected 10 cDEGs (CXCR4, TNFAIP3, VCAM1, NLRP3, TNFAIP6, SELE, MX2, IRF4, UBD and CH25H) out of 32 as the common hub genes (cHubGs) by the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The cHubGs regulatory network analysis detected few key TFs-proteins and miRNAs as the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators of cHubGs. The cDEGs-set enrichment analysis identified some crucial SARS-CoV-2 and IPF causing common molecular mechanisms including biological processes, molecular functions, cellular components and signaling pathways. Then, we suggested the cHubGs-guided top-ranked 10 candidate drug molecules (Tegobuvir, Nilotinib, Digoxin, Proscillaridin, Simeprevir, Sorafenib, Torin 2, Rapamycin, Vancomycin and Hesperidin) for the treatment against SARS-CoV-2 infections with IFP diseases as comorbidity. Finally, we investigated the resistance performance of our proposed drug molecules compare to the already published molecules, against the state-of-the-art alternatives publicly available top-ranked independent receptors by molecular docking analysis. Molecular docking results suggested that our proposed drug molecules would be more effective compare to the already published drug molecules. Thus, the findings of this study might be played a vital role for diagnosis and therapies of SARS-CoV-2 infections with IPF disease as comorbidity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ariful Islam
- Bioinformatics Lab(Dry), Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kaderi Kibria
- Bioinformatics Lab(Dry), Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Bayazid Hossen
- Bioinformatics Lab(Dry), Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Selim Reza
- Bioinformatics Lab(Dry), Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Samme Amena Tasmia
- Bioinformatics Lab(Dry), Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Khanis Farhana Tuly
- Bioinformatics Lab(Dry), Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Parvez Mosharof
- Bioinformatics Lab(Dry), Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
- School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Syed Rashel Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hadiul Kabir
- Bioinformatics Lab(Dry), Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nurul Haque Mollah
- Bioinformatics Lab(Dry), Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
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18
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Gul A, Yang F, Xie C, Du W, Mohammadtursun N, Wang B, Le J, Dong J. Pulmonary fibrosis model of mice induced by different administration methods of bleomycin. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:91. [PMID: 36944966 PMCID: PMC10029181 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive disease of the lung. How to build a typical human mimicking animal model has been a challenge. Thus, to reveal the mechanism and to make it useful for IPF clinical treatment, a different type of mice model and inspection methods are used to evaluate which one is applicable for the study of IPF. METHOD 69 Twelve-weeks-old C57BL/6 mice were divided into 3 type groups (n = 7 for each control group, n = 8 for each BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis groups), as intraperitoneal injection, intratracheal administration, and intravenous administration of bleomycin (BLM) to initiate lung fibrosis. Changes of the lung function measured through mice Pulmonary function test (PFT). Morphological changes in mice were observed by PET/CT, Masson and Picro-Sirius staining, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Biochemical changes were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa). RESULTS PET/CT of BLM-receiving mice showed an increase in fibrotic consolidations and an increase in non-aerated lung area in BLM-treated mice compared with that in controls. TGF-b1, TNF-a, IL-6, GM-CSF in BALF and serum. PAI-1, HYP in the lung tissue of mice were significantly different in each BLM groups than those in the controls. The results of Masson staining in mice indicate that the lung tissues of all BLM received groups, the intratracheal groups, the intravenous groups, and the intraperitoneal groups have a higher degree of pulmonary septal thickening and collagen fiber consolidation compare to saline control. Picro-Sirius staining results are consistent with the results of Masson staining. Compared with the saline control group, the ratio of Col 1/Col 3 was significantly increased in each BLM group. TEM results found that in BLM group, type I alveolar epithelial cells were degenerated. Exfoliated endothelial cells were swelling, and type II alveolar epithelial cells were proliferated, the shape of the nucleus was irregular, and some tooth-like protrusions were seen. CONCLUSIONS With three different methods of animal model construction, high dose of each show more compliable, and BLM can successfully induce animal models of pulmonary fibrosis, however, certain differences in the fibrosis formation sites of them three, and tail vein injection of BLM induced PF model is closer to the idiopathic pulmonary interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Gul
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyong Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Xie
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Du
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Nabijan Mohammadtursun
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- College of Xinjiang Uyghur Medicine, Hotan, 848000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Medical College of Hexi University, Zhangye, 734000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Le
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Cellular and Molecular Control of Lipid Metabolism in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Clinical Application of the Lysophosphatidic Acid Pathway. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040548. [PMID: 36831215 PMCID: PMC9954511 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a representative disease that causes fibrosis of the lungs. Its pathogenesis is thought to be characterized by sustained injury to alveolar epithelial cells and the resultant abnormal tissue repair, but it has not been fully elucidated. IPF is currently difficult to cure and is known to follow a chronic progressive course, with the patient's survival period estimated at about three years. The disease occasionally exacerbates acutely, leading to a fatal outcome. In recent years, it has become evident that lipid metabolism is involved in the fibrosis of lungs, and various reports have been made at the cellular level as well as at the organic level. The balance among eicosanoids, sphingolipids, and lipid composition has been reported to be involved in fibrosis, with particularly close attention being paid to a bioactive lipid "lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)" and its pathway. LPA signals are found in a wide variety of cells, including alveolar epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, and have been reported to intensify pulmonary fibrosis via LPA receptors. For instance, in alveolar epithelial cells, LPA signals reportedly induce mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to epithelial damage, or induce the transcription of profibrotic cytokines. Based on these mechanisms, LPA receptor inhibitors and the metabolic enzymes involved in LPA formation are now considered targets for developing novel means of IPF treatment. Advances in basic research on the relationships between fibrosis and lipid metabolism are opening the path to new therapies targeting lipid metabolism in the treatment of IPF.
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20
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Tanner L, Single AB, Bhongir RKV, Heusel M, Mohanty T, Karlsson CAQ, Pan L, Clausson CM, Bergwik J, Wang K, Andersson CK, Oommen RM, Erjefält JS, Malmström J, Wallner O, Boldogh I, Helleday T, Kalderén C, Egesten A. Small-molecule-mediated OGG1 inhibition attenuates pulmonary inflammation and lung fibrosis in a murine lung fibrosis model. Nat Commun 2023; 14:643. [PMID: 36746968 PMCID: PMC9902543 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are caused by persistent micro-injuries to alveolar epithelial tissues accompanied by aberrant repair processes. IPF is currently treated with pirfenidone and nintedanib, compounds which slow the rate of disease progression but fail to target underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The DNA repair protein 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1 (OGG1) has significant roles in the modulation of inflammation and metabolic syndromes. Currently, no pharmaceutical solutions targeting OGG1 have been utilized in the treatment of IPF. In this study we show Ogg1-targeting siRNA mitigates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in male mice, highlighting OGG1 as a tractable target in lung fibrosis. The small molecule OGG1 inhibitor, TH5487, decreases myofibroblast transition and associated pro-fibrotic gene expressions in fibroblast cells. In addition, TH5487 decreases levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, inflammatory cell infiltration, and lung remodeling in a murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis conducted in male C57BL6/J mice. OGG1 and SMAD7 interact to induce fibroblast proliferation and differentiation and display roles in fibrotic murine and IPF patient lung tissue. Taken together, these data suggest that TH5487 is a potentially clinically relevant treatment for IPF but further study in human trials is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tanner
- Respiratory Medicine, Allergology, & Palliative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - A B Single
- Respiratory Medicine, Allergology, & Palliative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - R K V Bhongir
- Respiratory Medicine, Allergology, & Palliative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Heusel
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - T Mohanty
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - C A Q Karlsson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - L Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - C-M Clausson
- Division of Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Bergwik
- Respiratory Medicine, Allergology, & Palliative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - K Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - C K Andersson
- Respiratory Cell Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences Lund, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - R M Oommen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J S Erjefält
- Division of Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - O Wallner
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - T Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Oxcia AB, Norrbackagatan 70C, SE-113 34, Stockholm, Sweden
- Weston Park Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - C Kalderén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Oxcia AB, Norrbackagatan 70C, SE-113 34, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Egesten
- Respiratory Medicine, Allergology, & Palliative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
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21
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Tu M, Wei T, Jia Y, Wang Y, Wu J. Molecular mechanisms of alveolar epithelial cell senescence and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis 2023; 15:186-203. [PMID: 36794134 PMCID: PMC9922607 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-22-886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive interstitial pneumonia of unknown etiology. An increasing number of studies have reported that the incidence of IPF increases with age. Simultaneously, the number of senescent cells increased in IPF. Epithelial cell senescence, an important component of epithelial cell dysfunction, plays a key role in IPF pathogenesis. This article summarizes the molecular mechanisms associated with alveolar epithelial cell senescence and recent advances in the applications of drugs targeting pulmonary epithelial cell senescence to explore novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Methods All literature published in English on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were electronically searched online using the following keyword combinations: aging, alveolar epithelial cell, cell senescence, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, WNT/β-catenin, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Key Content and Findings We focused on signaling pathways associated with alveolar epithelial cell senescence in IPF, including WNT/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and mTOR signaling pathways. Some of these signaling pathways are involved in alveolar epithelial cell senescence by affecting cell cycle arrest and secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype-associated markers. We also found that changes in lipid metabolism in alveolar epithelial cells can be induced by mitochondrial dysfunction, both of which contribute to cellular senescence and development of IPF. Conclusions Decreasing senescent alveolar epithelial cells may be a promising strategy for the treatment of IPF. Therefore, further investigations into new treatments of IPF by applying inhibitors of relevant signaling pathways, as well as senolytic drugs, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Tu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China;,Peptide and Protein Research and Application Key Laboratory of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China;,Peptide and Protein Research and Application Key Laboratory of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yufang Jia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China;,Peptide and Protein Research and Application Key Laboratory of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China;,Peptide and Protein Research and Application Key Laboratory of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China;,Peptide and Protein Research and Application Key Laboratory of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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22
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Kang JH, Yang MS, Kwon TK, Kim DW, Park CW. Inhaled deep eutectic solvent based-nanoemulsion of pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Control Release 2022; 352:570-585. [PMID: 36341935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pirfenidone (PRF), the first FDA-approved drug to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and formulated as an oral dosage form, has many side effects. To enhance the therapeutic effect, we discovered a high-load nanoemulsion using a novel deep eutectic solvent (DES) and developed an inhalation drug with improved bioavailability. The DES of PRF and N-acetylcysteine were discovered, and their physicochemical properties were evaluated in this study. The mechanism of DES formation was confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR and suggested to involve hydrogen bonding. The DES nanoemulsion in which the nano-sized droplets were dispersed is optimized by mixing the DES and distilled water in a ratio. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study showed that the pulmonary route of administration is superior to that of the oral route, and the DES nanoemulsion is superior to that of the PRF solution in achieving better bioavailability and lung distribution. The therapeutic effect of PRF for IPF could be confirmed through in vivo pharmacodynamics studies, including lung function assessment, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, histology, and micro-computed tomography using the bleomycin-induced IPF rat model. In addition, the pulmonary route administration of PRF is advantageous in reducing the toxicity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Kwan Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Woong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Lanzolla G, Maglionico MN, Comi S, Menconi F, Piaggi P, Posarelli C, Figus M, Marcocci C, Marinò M. Sirolimus as a second-line treatment for Graves' orbitopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:2171-2180. [PMID: 35831587 PMCID: PMC9525329 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A beneficial effect of sirolimus in Graves' orbitopathy (GO) was reported, suggesting a possible use in clinical practice. We conducted an observational, single-centre, no-profit, clinical study to investigate the efficacy of sirolimus as a second-line treatment for moderate-to-severe, active GO compared with methylprednisolone. METHODS Data from consecutive patients given sirolimus (2 mg orally on first day, followed by 0.5 mg/day for 12 weeks) or methylprednisolone [500 mg iv/weekly (6 weeks), 250 mg/weekly (6 weeks)] as a second-line treatment were collected and compared. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE overall GO outcome at 24 weeks, based on a composite evaluation. Secondary objectives at 24 weeks: (1) improvement in quality of life, evaluated using a specific uestionnaire (GO-QoL); (2) reduction in proptosis; (3) reduction in the clinical activity score (CAS); (4) improvement of eye ductions; and (5) reduction in eyelid aperture. RESULTS Data from 30 patients (15 per group) treated between January 15, 2020, and June 15, 2021, were analysed. Proportion of GO responders (primary outcome) at 24 weeks was significantly greater in sirolimus group compared with methylprednisolone group (86.6% vs 26.6%; OR: 17.8; 95% CI from 2.7 to 116.8; P = 0.0026). GO-quality of life (GO-QoL) score was greater in sirolimus group. Proportion of proptosis responders was greater in sirolimus group, as well as proportion of clinical activity score (CAS) responders. No serious adverse events were observed, with no differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS Sirolimus seems to be an effective second-line treatment for GO. Further randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lanzolla
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M N Maglionico
- Ophthalmopathy Unit I, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Comi
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Menconi
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Piaggi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Posarelli
- Ophthalmopathy Unit I, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Figus
- Ophthalmopathy Unit I, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Marcocci
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Marinò
- Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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24
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Targeting fibrosis, mechanisms and cilinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:206. [PMID: 35773269 PMCID: PMC9247101 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive extracellular matrix deposition due to dysregulated wound and connective tissue repair response. Multiple organs can develop fibrosis, including the liver, kidney, heart, and lung. Fibrosis such as liver cirrhosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis caused substantial disease burden. Persistent abnormal activation of myofibroblasts mediated by various signals, such as transforming growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growh factor, has been recongized as a major event in the occurrence and progression of fibrosis. Although the mechanisms driving organ-specific fibrosis have not been fully elucidated, drugs targeting these identified aberrant signals have achieved potent anti-fibrotic efficacy in clinical trials. In this review, we briefly introduce the aetiology and epidemiology of several fibrosis diseases, including liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Then, we summarise the abnormal cells (epithelial cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts) and their interactions in fibrosis. In addition, we also focus on the aberrant signaling pathways and therapeutic targets that regulate myofibroblast activation, extracellular matrix cross-linking, metabolism, and inflammation in fibrosis. Finally, we discuss the anti-fibrotic drugs based on their targets and clinical trials. This review provides reference for further research on fibrosis mechanism, drug development, and clinical trials.
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25
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Alsayed HA, Mohammad HMF, Khalil CM, El-Kherbetawy MK, Elaidy SM. Autophagy modulation by irbesartan mitigates the pulmonary fibrotic alterations in bleomycin challenged rats: Comparative study with rapamycin. Life Sci 2022; 303:120662. [PMID: 35636582 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In pulmonary fibrosis, autophagy handles the maintenance of alveolar epithelial cells, prevents epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and controls collagen turnover. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its translational-dependent proteins are essential regulators of autophagy. Irbesartan (IRB) has earlier ameliorative effects in experimental pulmonary fibrosis. The current study aimed to explore therapeutic autophagy-modulated pulmonary fibrotic changes by IRB versus rapamycin (RAPA) in bleomycin (BLM)-challenged rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single intratracheal BLM dose at day (0), IRB in different doses (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) or RAPA (2.5 mg/kg) was given daily for 14 continuous days. KEY FINDINGS IRB significantly diminished the fibrotic lung scores. Pulmonary levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and hydroxyproline exhibited marked attenuation in IRB (40 mg/kg)-treated rats compared to other treated groups. IRB (40 mg/kg) was not significantly different from RAPA. It downregulated the fibrotic lung phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) levels and augmented lung Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), LC3-I and LC3-II more than IRB (10 and 20 mg/kg)-treated fibrotic groups. SIGNIFICANCE Autophagic effects via the mTOR signalling pathway may play a role in IRB's antifibrotic effects. Consideration of IRB as a therapeutic antifibrotic agent in pulmonary fibrosis needs further experimental and clinical long-term validation, especially in comorbid with primary hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic renal insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer A Alsayed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hala M F Mohammad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt; Central Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Molecular and Cellular Medicine (CEMCM), Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Cherine M Khalil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Samah M Elaidy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt.
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Filidou E, Kandilogiannakis L, Tarapatzi G, Spathakis M, Steiropoulos P, Mikroulis D, Arvanitidis K, Paspaliaris V, Kolios G. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Fibrotic Effect of Immortalized Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Derived Conditioned Medium on Human Lung Myofibroblasts and Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094570. [PMID: 35562961 PMCID: PMC9102072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is caused by progressive lung tissue impairment due to extended chronic fibrosis, and it has no known effective treatment. The use of conditioned media (CM) from an immortalized human adipose mesenchymal stem cell line could be a promising therapeutic strategy, as it can reduce both fibrotic and inflammatory responses. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effect of CM on human pulmonary subepithelial myofibroblasts (hPSM) and on A549 pulmonary epithelial cells, treated with pro-inflammatory or pro-fibrotic mediators. CM inhibited the proinflammatory cytokine-induced mRNA and protein production of various chemokines in both hPSMs and A549 cells. It also downregulated the mRNA expression of IL-1α, but upregulated IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA production in both cell types. CM downregulated the pro-fibrotic-induced mRNA expression of collagen Type III and the migration rate of hPSMs, but upregulated fibronectin mRNA production and the total protein collagen secretion. CM's direct effect on the chemotaxis and cell recruitment of immune-associated cells, and its indirect effect on fibrosis through the significant decrease in the migration capacity of hPSMs, makes it a plausible candidate for further development towards a therapeutic treatment for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Filidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Leonidas Kandilogiannakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Gesthimani Tarapatzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Michail Spathakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Paschalis Steiropoulos
- Department of Pneumonology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Mikroulis
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitidis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Vasilis Paspaliaris
- Vasilis Paspaliaris, Tithon Biotech Inc., 11440 West Bernardo Court, Suite 300, San Diego, CA 92127, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +1-88-8780-2639
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (G.K.)
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27
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Aimo A, Spitaleri G, Nieri D, Tavanti LM, Meschi C, Panichella G, Lupón J, Pistelli F, Carrozzi L, Bayes-Genis A, Emdin M. Pirfenidone for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Beyond. Card Fail Rev 2022; 8:e12. [PMID: 35516794 PMCID: PMC9062707 DOI: 10.15420/cfr.2021.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pirfenidone (PFD) slows the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) by inhibiting the exaggerated fibrotic response and possibly through additional mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory effects. PFD has also been evaluated in other fibrosing lung diseases. Myocardial fibrosis is a common feature of several heart diseases and the progressive deposition of extracellular matrix due to a persistent injury to cardiomyocytes may trigger a vicious cycle that leads to persistent structural and functional alterations of the myocardium. No primarily antifibrotic medications are used to treat patients with heart failure. There is some evidence that PFD has antifibrotic actions in various animal models of cardiac disease and a phase II trial on patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction has yielded positive results. This review summarises the evidence about the possible mechanisms of IPF and modulation by PFD, the main results about IPF or non-IPF interstitial pneumonias and also data about PFD as a potential protective cardiac drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Aimo
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy; Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giosafat Spitaleri
- Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Dari Nieri
- Pulmonary Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Maria Tavanti
- Pulmonary Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Meschi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Josep Lupón
- Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesco Pistelli
- Pulmonary Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Carrozzi
- Pulmonary Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antoni Bayes-Genis
- Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michele Emdin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy; Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
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Estornut C, Milara J, Bayarri MA, Belhadj N, Cortijo J. Targeting Oxidative Stress as a Therapeutic Approach for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:794997. [PMID: 35126133 PMCID: PMC8815729 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.794997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease characterized by an abnormal reepithelialisation, an excessive tissue remodelling and a progressive fibrosis within the alveolar wall that are not due to infection or cancer. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a key molecular process in pulmonary fibrosis development and different components of the redox system are altered in the cellular actors participating in lung fibrosis. To this respect, several activators of the antioxidant machinery and inhibitors of the oxidant species and pathways have been assayed in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models and in different clinical trials. This review discusses the role of oxidative stress in the development and progression of IPF and its underlying mechanisms as well as the evidence of oxidative stress in human IPF. Finally, we analyze the mechanism of action, the efficacy and the current status of different drugs developed to inhibit the oxidative stress as anti-fibrotic therapy in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Estornut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Cristina Estornut, ; Javier Milara,
| | - Javier Milara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Cristina Estornut, ; Javier Milara,
| | - María Amparo Bayarri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nada Belhadj
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Research and Teaching Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
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Mei Q, Liu Z, Zuo H, Yang Z, Qu J. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Update on Pathogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:797292. [PMID: 35126134 PMCID: PMC8807692 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.797292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, lethal fibrotic lung disease that occurs primarily in middle-aged and elderly adults. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. With an increase in life expectancy, the economic burden of IPF is expected to continuously rise in the near future. Although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms underlying IPF remain not known. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of this devastating disease in last decade. The current paradigm assumes that IPF results from sustained or repetitive lung epithelial injury and subsequent activation of fibroblasts and myofibroblast differentiation. Persistent myofibroblast phenotype contributes to excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and aberrant lung repair, leading to tissue scar formation, distortion of the alveolar structure, and irreversible loss of lung function. Treatments of patients with IPF by pirfenidone and nintedanib have shown significant reduction of lung function decline and slowing of disease progression in patients with IPF. However, these drugs do not cure the disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances on the pathogenesis of IPF and highlight the development of novel therapeutic strategies against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jing Qu
- *Correspondence: Zhenhua Yang, ; Jing Qu,
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Wang J, Hu K, Cai X, Yang B, He Q, Wang J, Weng Q. Targeting PI3K/AKT signaling for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:18-32. [PMID: 35127370 PMCID: PMC8799876 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive fibrotic interstitial pneumonia with unknown causes. The incidence rate increases year by year and the prognosis is poor without cure. Recently, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) signaling pathway can be considered as a master regulator for IPF. The contribution of the PI3K/AKT in fibrotic processes is increasingly prominent, with PI3K/AKT inhibitors currently under clinical evaluation in IPF. Therefore, PI3K/AKT represents a critical signaling node during fibrogenesis with potential implications for the development of novel anti-fibrotic strategies. This review epitomizes the progress that is being made in understanding the complex interpretation of the cause of IPF, and demonstrates that PI3K/AKT can directly participate to the greatest extent in the formation of IPF or cooperate with other pathways to promote the development of fibrosis. We further summarize promising PI3K/AKT inhibitors with IPF treatment benefits, including inhibitors in clinical trials and pre-clinical studies and natural products, and discuss how these inhibitors mitigate fibrotic progression to explore possible potential agents, which will help to develop effective treatment strategies for IPF in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kaili Hu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuanyan Cai
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinjie Weng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Liposomes Loaded with Everolimus and Coated with Hyaluronic Acid: A Promising Approach for Lung Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147743. [PMID: 34299359 PMCID: PMC8303794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) and interstitial lung disease associated with collagen tissue diseases (CTD-ILD) are two end-stage lung disorders in which different chronic triggers induce activation of myo-/fibroblasts (LFs). Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be adopted as a potential strategy for CLAD and CTD-ILD, however it exerts important side effects. This study aims to exploit nanomedicine to reduce everolimus side effects encapsulating it inside liposomes targeted against LFs, expressing a high rate of CD44. PEGylated liposomes were modified with high molecular weight hyaluronic acid and loaded with everolimus (PEG-LIP(ev)-HA400kDa). Liposomes were tested by in vitro experiments using LFs derived from broncholveolar lavage (BAL) of patients affected by CLAD and CTD-ILD, and on alveolar macrophages (AM) and lymphocytes isolated, respectively, from BAL and peripheral blood. PEG-LIP-HA400kDa demonstrated to be specific for LFs, but not for CD44-negative cells, and after loading everolimus, PEG-LIP(ev)-HA400kDa were able to arrest cell cycle arrest and to decrease phospho-mTOR level. PEG-LIP(ev)-HA400kDa showed anti-inflammatory effect on immune cells. This study opens the possibility to use everolimus in lung fibrotic diseases, demonstrating that our lipids-based vehicles can vehicle everolimus inside cells exerting the same drug molecular effect, not only in LFs, but also in immune cells.
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Inhibition of Fibrotic Contraction by Sirolimus (Rapamycin) in an Ex Vivo Model of Thyroid Eye Disease. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 37:366-371. [PMID: 33237667 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid eye disease (TED) is characterized by orbital inflammation and complicated by extraocular muscle fibrosis. Treatment with rapamycin/sirolimus has been reported to improve ocular motility and disease manifestations in TED. Whether this resulted from a primary antifibrotic effect on fibroblasts or was secondary to immune-suppression is unclear. METHODS In vitro contractility studies of primary orbital fibroblasts. Cells from patients with TED and controls were treated with rapamycin [mechanistic target of rapamycin an (mTOR) inhibitor] and MHY1485 (an mTOR stimulator) as well as inhibitors upstream in the same signaling cascade (saracatinib and befatinib). RESULTS At concentrations consistent with the therapeutic dosing range in humans, rapamycin/sirolimus significantly reduces fibrosis in orbital fibroblasts from TED patients and controls in vitro. This effect is separate from, and in addition to, its immune suppressive effect. mTOR-driven fibrotic activity is greater in TED-derived fibroblasts and can be blocked also upstream of mTOR by inhibition of src. There was no adverse effect on cell survival. CONCLUSION The authors present evidence for a direct antifibrotic effect of rapamycin/sirolimus in primary orbital fibroblasts. Targeting mTOR signaling presents a further and adjunctive treatment of TED alongside other immune-suppressive agents. By acting downstream of IGF1-R, sirolimus may offer a cost-effective alternative to teprotumumab therapy. Clinical case reports, now supplemented by this in vitro evidence, support the initiation of a clinical trial to treat the fibrotic sequelae of TED with this already-approved agent. Such an "off-the-shelf" therapy is a welcome prospect for TED treatment, particularly one available at a low price.
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Jiang F, Li S, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Wang T, Liu W. Fluorofenidone attenuates paraquat‑induced pulmonary fibrosis by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:405. [PMID: 33786626 PMCID: PMC8025463 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a widely used herbicide that is severely toxic to humans and animals. Pulmonary fibrosis is a disorder that can result from PQ poisoning. Fluorofenidone (AKF‑PD) is a novel small molecule pyridone drug with a widespread and clear anti‑organ fibrosis effect; however, its mechanism of action on PQ poisoning‑induced pulmonary fibrosis is not clear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effect and underlying mechanism of AKF‑PD on PQ poisoning‑induced pulmonary fibrosis. Human alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiC) and Sprague‑Dawley rats were treated with AKF‑PD in the presence or absence of PQ. Hematoxylin‑eosin and Masson staining were used to observe the morphological changes in lung tissue. Cell Counting Kit‑8 and lactate dehydrogenase assays were used to evaluate the viability of HPAEpiC cells. ELISA was used to detect inflammatory factors and the collagen content. Finally, the effects of AKF‑PD on pulmonary fibrosis, as well as the underlying mechanisms, were evaluated via western blotting, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence analysis. AKF‑PD effectively alleviated PQ‑induced pulmonary fibrosis and reduced the expression of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors. Moreover, AKF‑PD treatment effectively inhibited the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and upregulated autophagy. Overall, these findings suggested that AKF‑PD can alleviate PQ‑induced inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and by upregulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiya Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital Affiliated with Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410004, P.R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Emergency, The First Hospital Affiliated with Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital Affiliated with Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital Affiliated with Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
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Pereira GJDS, Leão AHFF, Erustes AG, Morais IBDM, Vrechi TADM, Zamarioli LDS, Pereira CAS, Marchioro LDO, Sperandio LP, Lins ÍVF, Piacentini M, Fimia GM, Reckziegel P, Smaili SS, Bincoletto C. Pharmacological Modulators of Autophagy as a Potential Strategy for the Treatment of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4067. [PMID: 33920748 PMCID: PMC8071111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of coronaviruses (CoVs) uses the autophagy machinery of host cells to promote their growth and replication; thus, this process stands out as a potential target to combat COVID-19. Considering the different roles of autophagy during viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, in this review, we discuss several clinically used drugs that have effects at different stages of autophagy. Among them, we mention (1) lysosomotropic agents, which can prevent CoVs infection by alkalinizing the acid pH in the endolysosomal system, such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, artemisinins, two-pore channel modulators and imatinib; (2) protease inhibitors that can inhibit the proteolytic cleavage of the spike CoVs protein, which is necessary for viral entry into host cells, such as camostat mesylate, lopinavir, umifenovir and teicoplanin and (3) modulators of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, such as rapamycin, heparin, glucocorticoids, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (IECAs) and cannabidiol. Thus, this review aims to highlight and discuss autophagy-related drugs for COVID-19, from in vitro to in vivo studies. We identified specific compounds that may modulate autophagy and exhibit antiviral properties. We hope that research initiatives and efforts will identify novel or "off-label" drugs that can be used to effectively treat patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, reducing the risk of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo José da Silva Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil; (A.H.F.F.L.); (A.G.E.); (I.B.d.M.M.); (T.A.d.M.V.); (L.d.S.Z.); (C.A.S.P.); (L.d.O.M.); (L.P.S.); (Í.V.F.L.); (P.R.); (S.S.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Anderson Henrique França Figueredo Leão
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil; (A.H.F.F.L.); (A.G.E.); (I.B.d.M.M.); (T.A.d.M.V.); (L.d.S.Z.); (C.A.S.P.); (L.d.O.M.); (L.P.S.); (Í.V.F.L.); (P.R.); (S.S.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Adolfo Garcia Erustes
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil; (A.H.F.F.L.); (A.G.E.); (I.B.d.M.M.); (T.A.d.M.V.); (L.d.S.Z.); (C.A.S.P.); (L.d.O.M.); (L.P.S.); (Í.V.F.L.); (P.R.); (S.S.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Ingrid Beatriz de Melo Morais
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil; (A.H.F.F.L.); (A.G.E.); (I.B.d.M.M.); (T.A.d.M.V.); (L.d.S.Z.); (C.A.S.P.); (L.d.O.M.); (L.P.S.); (Í.V.F.L.); (P.R.); (S.S.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Talita Aparecida de Moraes Vrechi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil; (A.H.F.F.L.); (A.G.E.); (I.B.d.M.M.); (T.A.d.M.V.); (L.d.S.Z.); (C.A.S.P.); (L.d.O.M.); (L.P.S.); (Í.V.F.L.); (P.R.); (S.S.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Lucas dos Santos Zamarioli
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil; (A.H.F.F.L.); (A.G.E.); (I.B.d.M.M.); (T.A.d.M.V.); (L.d.S.Z.); (C.A.S.P.); (L.d.O.M.); (L.P.S.); (Í.V.F.L.); (P.R.); (S.S.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Cássia Arruda Souza Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil; (A.H.F.F.L.); (A.G.E.); (I.B.d.M.M.); (T.A.d.M.V.); (L.d.S.Z.); (C.A.S.P.); (L.d.O.M.); (L.P.S.); (Í.V.F.L.); (P.R.); (S.S.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Laís de Oliveira Marchioro
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil; (A.H.F.F.L.); (A.G.E.); (I.B.d.M.M.); (T.A.d.M.V.); (L.d.S.Z.); (C.A.S.P.); (L.d.O.M.); (L.P.S.); (Í.V.F.L.); (P.R.); (S.S.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Letícia Paulino Sperandio
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil; (A.H.F.F.L.); (A.G.E.); (I.B.d.M.M.); (T.A.d.M.V.); (L.d.S.Z.); (C.A.S.P.); (L.d.O.M.); (L.P.S.); (Í.V.F.L.); (P.R.); (S.S.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Ísis Valeska Freire Lins
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil; (A.H.F.F.L.); (A.G.E.); (I.B.d.M.M.); (T.A.d.M.V.); (L.d.S.Z.); (C.A.S.P.); (L.d.O.M.); (L.P.S.); (Í.V.F.L.); (P.R.); (S.S.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘La Zaro Spallanzani’, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘La Zaro Spallanzani’, 00149 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrícia Reckziegel
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil; (A.H.F.F.L.); (A.G.E.); (I.B.d.M.M.); (T.A.d.M.V.); (L.d.S.Z.); (C.A.S.P.); (L.d.O.M.); (L.P.S.); (Í.V.F.L.); (P.R.); (S.S.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Soraya Soubhi Smaili
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil; (A.H.F.F.L.); (A.G.E.); (I.B.d.M.M.); (T.A.d.M.V.); (L.d.S.Z.); (C.A.S.P.); (L.d.O.M.); (L.P.S.); (Í.V.F.L.); (P.R.); (S.S.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Claudia Bincoletto
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil; (A.H.F.F.L.); (A.G.E.); (I.B.d.M.M.); (T.A.d.M.V.); (L.d.S.Z.); (C.A.S.P.); (L.d.O.M.); (L.P.S.); (Í.V.F.L.); (P.R.); (S.S.S.); (C.B.)
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Merino A, Hoogduijn MJ, Molina-Molina M, Arias-Salgado EG, Korevaar SS, Baan CC, Montes-Worboys A. Membrane particles from mesenchymal stromal cells reduce the expression of fibrotic markers on pulmonary cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248415. [PMID: 33730089 PMCID: PMC7968667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating lung disease with limited treatment options in which the telomere shortening is a strong predictive factor of poor prognosis. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) administration is probed in several experimental induced lung pathologies; however, MSC might stimulate fibrotic processes. A therapy that avoids MSC side effects of transformation would be an alternative to the use of living cells. Membranes particles (MP) are nanovesicles artificially generated from the membranes of MSC containing active enzymes involved in ECM regeneration. We aimed to investigate the anti-fibrotic role of MP derived from MSC in an in vitro model of pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Epithelial cells (A549) and lung fibroblasts, from IPF patients with different telomere length, were co-cultured with MP and TGF-β for 48h and gene expression of major pro-fibrotic markers were analyzed. RESULTS About 90% of both types of cells effectively took up MP without cytotoxic effects. MP decreased the expression of profibrotic proteins such as Col1A1, Fibronectin and PAI-1, in A549 cells. In fibroblasts culture, there was a different response in the inhibitory effect of MP on some pro-fibrotic markers when comparing fibroblast from normal telomere length patients (FN) versus short telomere length (FS), but both types showed an inhibition of Col1A1, Tenascin-c, PAI-1 and MMP-1 gene expression after MP treatment. CONCLUSIONS MP conserve some of the properties attributed to the living MSC. This study shows that MP target lung cells, via which they may have a broad anti-fibrotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Merino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J. Hoogduijn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Molina-Molina
- Unit of Interstitial Lung Diseases, Pulmonary Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES) Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sander S. Korevaar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla C. Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Montes-Worboys
- Unit of Interstitial Lung Diseases, Pulmonary Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Jaffar J, Glaspole I, Symons K, Westall G. Inhibition of NF-κB by ACT001 reduces fibroblast activity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111471. [PMID: 33730605 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibrotic lung disease of unknown etiology and poor prognosis. In IPF, aberrant extracellular matrix production by activated, hyperproliferative fibroblasts drives disease progression but the exact mechanisms by which this occurs remains undefined. The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-ĸB) has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target in IPF and therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ACT001, an NF-ĸB inhibitor, on primary fibroblasts derived from patients with and without IPF. Primary lung fibroblasts derived from eight patients with IPF and eight age-matched non-diseased controls (NDC) were treated with 0-10 µM ACT001 and the effects on fibroblast activity (viability and proliferation, fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, fibronectin expression), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 cytokine release were quantified. ACT001 inhibited fibroblast activity in a concentration-dependent manner in both groups of fibroblasts. ACT001 inhibited IL-6 but not IL-8 production in unstimulated fibroblasts. ACT001 is a water-soluble compound with a stable half-life in plasma, thus making it an attractive candidate for further investigation as a therapeutic in IPF. This study adds to the growing body of literature that demonstrates anti-fibrotic activity of NF-ĸB inhibition in the context of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Jaffar
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; N.M.H.R.C. Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Australia.
| | - Ian Glaspole
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; N.M.H.R.C. Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Australia
| | - Karen Symons
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Glen Westall
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; N.M.H.R.C. Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Australia
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Sun L, Dong H, Zhang W, Wang N, Ni N, Bai X, Liu N. Lipid Peroxidation, GSH Depletion, and SLC7A11 Inhibition Are Common Causes of EMT and Ferroptosis in A549 Cells, but Different in Specific Mechanisms. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 40:172-183. [PMID: 33351681 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Emerging evidence suggested that there are some common causes between ferroptosis and pulmonary fibrosis. The interaction of EMT and ferroptosis and its mechanism were investigated by detecting the expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), E-cadherin, solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and measuring the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH). The cellular morphology and ultrastructure of mitochondria were studied by microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively. The results showed that ferroptosis in A549 cells was induced by Erastin, which decreased the expression levels of E-cadherin (E-Ca), α-SMA, and SLC7A11, accompanied with ROS and MDA increase, as well as GSH decrease. TGF-β1 promoted ultrastructure variation of mitochondria similar to ferroptosis and mesenchymal changes in morphology during EMT of A549 cells, accompanied with reduced GSH content and expression of SLC7A11, as well as ROS and MDA increase. Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) recovered ferroptosis induced by Erastin, but had no effect on the morphological change caused by TGF-β1. Furthermore, Fer-1 reduced ROS and MDA production, and increased SLC7A11 expression in the early subsequently increased GSH. However, the effects of Fer-1 on above indicators were different in time. The expression of GPX4 had no significant change during EMT induced by TGF-β1 and ferroptosis induced by Erastin in A549 cells. It is indicating that Erastin promoted the de-epithelialization of lung epithelial cells, but inhibited the process of myofibroblast differentiation; Fer-1 could partially inhibit EMT induced by TGF-β1, but reverse ferroptosis induced by Erastin. TGF-β1 could delay the ferroptosis, but could not prevent it. Lipid peroxidation, GSH depletion, and SLC7A11 inhibition are common causes of EMT and ferroptosis in A549 cells, but different in specific mechanisms. The exact effects of GPX4 involved in EMT and ferroptosis in A549 cells need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongliang Dong
- Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weiqun Zhang
- Dental Implant Department, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Na Ni
- Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xuelian Bai
- Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Naiguo Liu
- Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, P.R. China
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Di Gregorio J, Robuffo I, Spalletta S, Giambuzzi G, De Iuliis V, Toniato E, Martinotti S, Conti P, Flati V. The Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition as a Possible Therapeutic Target in Fibrotic Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:607483. [PMID: 33409282 PMCID: PMC7779530 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.607483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a chronic and progressive disorder characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which leads to scarring and loss of function of the affected organ or tissue. Indeed, the fibrotic process affects a variety of organs and tissues, with specific molecular background. However, two common hallmarks are shared: the crucial role of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and the involvement of the inflammation process, that is essential for initiating the fibrotic degeneration. TGF-β in particular but also other cytokines regulate the most common molecular mechanism at the basis of fibrosis, the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). EMT has been extensively studied, but not yet fully explored as a possible therapeutic target for fibrosis. A deeper understanding of the crosstalk between fibrosis and EMT may represent an opportunity for the development of a broadly effective anti-fibrotic therapy. Here we report the evidences of the relationship between EMT and multi-organ fibrosis, and the possible therapeutic approaches that may be developed by exploiting this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Di Gregorio
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Iole Robuffo
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Section of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sonia Spalletta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, E. Profili Hospital, Fabriano, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Giambuzzi
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Iuliis
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Elena Toniato
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Martinotti
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Pio Conti
- Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Flati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Andugulapati SB, Gourishetti K, Tirunavalli SK, Shaikh TB, Sistla R. Biochanin-A ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-β mediated EMT, myofibroblasts differentiation and collagen deposition in in vitro and in vivo systems. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 78:153298. [PMID: 32781391 PMCID: PMC7395646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive inflammatory disorder driven by a fibrotic cascade of events such as epithelial to mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix production and collagen formation in the lungs in a sequential manner. IPF incidences were raising rapidly across the world. FDA approved pirfenidone and nintedanib (tyrosine kinase inhibitors) are being used as a first-line treatment drugs for IPF, however, neither the quality of life nor survival rates have been improved because of patient noncompliance due to multiple side effects. Thus, the development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting TGF-β mediated cascade of fibrotic events is urgently needed to improve the survival of the patients suffering from devastating disease. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate and validate the anti-fibrotic properties of Biochanin-A (isoflavone) against TGF-β mediated fibrosis in in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo models and to determine the molecular mechanisms that mediate these anti-fibrotic effects. METHODS The therapeutic activity of BCA was determined in in vitro/ex vivo models. Cells were pre-treated with BCA and incubated in presence or absence of recombinant-TGF-β to stimulate the fibrotic cascade of events. Pulmonary fibrosis was developed by intratracheal administration of bleomycin in rats. BCA treatment was given for 14 days from post bleomycin instillation and then various investigations (collagen content, fibrosis gene/protein expression and histopathological changes) were performed to assess the anti-fibrotic activity of BCA. RESULTS In vitro/ex vivo (Primary normal, IPF cell line and primary IPF cells/ Precision cut mouse lung slices) experiments revealed that, BCA treatment significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the expression of TGF-β modulated fibrotic genes/protein expressions (including their functions) which are involved in the cascade of fibrotic events. BCA treatment significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the bleomycin-induced inflammatory cell-infiltration, inflammatory markers expression, collagen deposition and expression of fibrotic markers in lung tissues equivalent or better than pirfenidone treatment. In addition, BCA treatment significantly (p < 0.001) attenuated the TGF-β1/BLM-mediated increase of TGF-β/Smad2/3 phosphorylation and resulted in the reduction of pathological abnormalities in lung tissues determined by histopathology observations. CONCLUSION Collectively, BCA treatment demonstrated the remarkable therapeutic effects on TGF-β/BLM mediated pulmonary fibrosis using IPF cells and rodent models. This current study may offer a novel treatment approach to halt and may be even rescue the devastating lung scarring of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Balaji Andugulapati
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Karthik Gourishetti
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Satya Krishna Tirunavalli
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Taslim Babru Shaikh
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Tai X, Shen Y, Zhao H, Wang Z, Guan W, Kang X, Guo W. [Anti-scarring effect of rapamycin following filtering surgery in rabbit eyes]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1346-1352. [PMID: 32990236 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.09.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of rapamycin on scar formation in rabbit eyes following filtering operation and explore the possible mechanism. METHODS Ninety-six healthy adult rabbits were subjected to trabeculectomy of the left eye and subsequently randomly divided into 4 groups (n=24) for treatment with castor oil (control) or rapamycin (1%, 3%, or 5%) eye drops of the operated eyes 4 times a day. The morphology and function of the filtering blebs of the rabbits were compared at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the operation; at each of the time points, 6 rabbits from each group were euthanized for detection of expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the tissues in the surgical area using immunohistochemistry. Cultured rabbit subconjunctival fibroblasts (RTFSs) were treated with different concentrations of rapamycin (0.06, 0.25, 1, and 4 mg/L) and the cell apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. RESULTS In the first, second and third weeks after the operation, the rate of functional follicle formation was significantly higher in the 3 rapamycin groups than in the control group (P < 0.05), and the number of α- SMA-positive fibroblasts decreased over time in the 3 rapamycin groups. In cultured RTFSs, treatment with rapamycin at different concentrations resulted in increased apoptosis of the cells, and rapamycin above 0.25 mg/L significantly increased the cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin can inhibit hyperplasia of the filtering passage tissue, helps to preserve the functional filtering blebs and prolong their life span, and induces apoptosis of RTFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tai
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Zhaoge Wang
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Wenying Guan
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Wenqi Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010030, China
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Shen L, Yan Q, Chen X. Efficacy of Combination Therapy With Pirfenidone and Low-Dose Cyclophosphamide for Refractory Interstitial Lung Disease Associated With Connective Tissue Disease: A Case-Series of Seven Patients. Arch Rheumatol 2020; 35:180-188. [PMID: 32851366 DOI: 10.46497/archrheumatol.2020.7381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study reports a low dose combination therapy of cyclophosphamide (CYC) and pirfenidone (PFD) and the efficiency and safety of the therapy in refractory connective tissue disease associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) patients. Patients and methods The study included seven CTD-ILD patients (2 males, 5 females; mean age 48.8 years; range, 32 to 63 years) treated between January 2016 and December 2017 in our clinic. At enrolment, all patients had shown no improvement in their symptoms (dyspnea or cough) after at least one month of high dose steroids treatment. Patients who had received adjusted immunosuppressive agents other than steroids or anti-fibrotic medications within the three months before enrolment were excluded. We changed the treatment to a low dose combination of CYC 0.4 g/m2 monthly and PFD 300 mg twice per day and quickly reduced the steroids. All the patients were followed-up for 12 months. Results Two patients had anti-synthetase syndrome, two had Sjögren syndrome, two had scleroderma and one had mixed connective tissue disease. The baseline forced vital capacity (FVC) was 39-81% and the six-minute walk distance (6MWD) was 202 m-324 m. Within 12 months follow-up, the median improvement in the FVC was 13.4% (range, 0-35.9%), the median improvement of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity was 6.3% (range, 1.7-16%) and the median improvement of 6MWD was 52.7% (range, 34.4-86.3%). All the patients were self-sufficient, and their dyspnea, chest high- resolution computed tomography scores, and quality of life improved simultaneously. Exceeding our expectations, no adverse events associated with CYC or PFD were observed during the follow-up period. Conclusion Our study provided preliminary while promising clinical evidence for combination therapy of CYC-PFD for CTD-ILD. A low dose combination of CYC and PFD was unexpectedly well tolerated, with satisfactory effects in refractory CTD-ILD patients. Well-designed controlled studies are needed to further establish the safety and efficacy of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichong Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai China
| | - Qingran Yan
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai China
| | - Xiaoxiang Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai China
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Ruwanpura SM, Thomas BJ, Bardin PG. Pirfenidone: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications in Lung Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:413-422. [PMID: 31967851 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0328tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pirfenidone (PFD) is a pharmacological compound with therapeutic efficacy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. It has been chiefly characterized as an antifibrotic agent, although it was initially developed as an antiinflammatory compound because of its ability to diminish the accumulation of inflammatory cells and cytokines. Despite recent studies that have elucidated key mechanisms, the precise molecular activities of PFD remain incompletely understood. PFD modulates fibrogenic growth factors, thereby attenuating fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, collagen and fibronectin synthesis, and deposition of extracellular matrix. This effect is mediated by suppression of TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1) and other growth factors. Here, we appraise the impact of PFD on TGF-β1 production and its downstream pathways. Accumulating evidence indicates that PFD also downregulates inflammatory pathways and therefore has considerable potential as a viable and innovative antiinflammatory compound. We examine the effects of PFD on inflammatory cells and the production of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in the lung. In this context, recent evidence that PFD can target inflammasome pathways and ensuing lung inflammation is highlighted. Finally, the antioxidant properties of PFD, such as its ability to inhibit redox reactions and regulate oxidative stress-related genes and enzymes, are detailed. In summary, this narrative review examines molecular mechanisms underpinning PFD and its recognized benefits in lung fibrosis. We highlight preclinical data that demonstrate the potential of PFD as a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent and outline areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleela M Ruwanpura
- Monash Lung and Sleep, Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Belinda J Thomas
- Monash Lung and Sleep, Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip G Bardin
- Monash Lung and Sleep, Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Combination Therapy With Polydeoxyribonucleotide and Pirfenidone Alleviates Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Human Lung Epithelial A549 Cells. Int Neurourol J 2020; 24:S56-64. [PMID: 32482058 PMCID: PMC7285703 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2040152.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by its acute onset of symptoms such as bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, severe hypoxemia, and pulmonary edema. Many patients with ARDS survive in the acute phase, but then die from significant lung fibrosis. METHODS The effect of combination therapy with polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) and pirfenidone on ARDS was investigated using human lung epithelial A549 cells. ARDS environment was induced by treatment with lipopolysaccharide and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Enzyme-linked immunoassay for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and hydroxyproline were conducted. Western blot for collagen type I, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 was performed. RESULTS In this study, 8-μg/mL PDRN enhanced cell viability. Combination therapy with PDRN and pirfenidone and pirfenidone monotherapy suppressed expressions of CTGF and hydroxyproline and inhibited expressions of collagen type I and FGF. Combination therapy with PDRN and pirfenidone and PDRN monotherapy suppressed expression of TNF-α and IL-1β. CONCLUSION The combination therapy with PDRN and pirfenidone exerted stronger therapeutic effect against lipopolysaccharide and TGF-β-induced ARDS environment compared to the PDRN monotherapy or pirfenidone monotherapy. The excellent therapeutic effect of combination therapy with PDRN and pirfenidone on ARDS was shown by promoting the rapid anti-inflammatory effect and inhibiting the fibrotic processes.
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Predictive Value of Precision-Cut Kidney Slices as an Ex Vivo Screening Platform for Therapeutics in Human Renal Fibrosis. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050459. [PMID: 32443499 PMCID: PMC7285118 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are a valuable tool in preclinical research. However, limited predictivity of human biological responses in the conventional models has stimulated the search for reliable preclinical tools that show translational robustness. Here, we used precision-cut kidney slices (PCKS) as a model of renal fibrosis and investigated its predictive capacity for screening the effects of anti-fibrotics. Murine and human PCKS were exposed to TGFβ or PDGF pathway inhibitors with established anti-fibrotic efficacy. For each treatment modality, we evaluated whether it affected: (1) culture-induced collagen type I gene expression and interstitial accumulation; (2) expression of markers of TGFβ and PDGF signaling; and (3) expression of inflammatory markers. We summarized the outcomes of published in vivo animal and human studies testing the three inhibitors in renal fibrosis, and drew a parallel to the PCKS data. We showed that the responses of murine PCKS to anti-fibrotics highly corresponded with the known in vivo responses observed in various animal models of renal fibrosis. Moreover, our results suggested that human PCKS can be used to predict drug efficacy in clinical trials. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the PCKS model is a powerful predictive tool for ex vivo screening of putative drugs for renal fibrosis.
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Rønnow SR, Dabbagh RQ, Genovese F, Nanthakumar CB, Barrett VJ, Good RB, Brockbank S, Cruwys S, Jessen H, Sorensen GL, Karsdal MA, Leeming DJ, Sand JMB. Prolonged Scar-in-a-Jar: an in vitro screening tool for anti-fibrotic therapies using biomarkers of extracellular matrix synthesis. Respir Res 2020; 21:108. [PMID: 32381012 PMCID: PMC7203825 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rapidly progressing disease with challenging management. To find novel effective therapies, better preclinical models are needed for the screening of anti-fibrotic compounds. Activated fibroblasts drive fibrogenesis and are the main cells responsible for the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, a prolonged Scar-in-a-Jar assay was combined with clinically validated biochemical markers of ECM synthesis to evaluate ECM synthesis over time. To validate the model as a drug screening tool for novel anti-fibrotic compounds, two approved compounds for IPF, nintedanib and pirfenidone, and a compound in development, omipalisib, were tested. METHODS Primary human lung fibroblasts from healthy donors were cultured for 12 days in the presence of ficoll and were stimulated with TGF-β1 with or without treatment with an ALK5/TGF-β1 receptor kinase inhibitor (ALK5i), nintedanib, pirfenidone or the mTOR/PI3K inhibitor omipalisib (GSK2126458). Biomarkers of ECM synthesis were evaluated over time in cell supernatants using ELISAs to assess type I, III, IV, V and VI collagen formation (PRO-C1, PRO-C3, PRO-C4, PRO-C5, PRO-C6), fibronectin (FBN-C) deposition and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. RESULTS TGF-β1 induced synthesis of PRO-C1, PRO-C6 and FBN-C as compared with unstimulated fibroblasts at all timepoints, while PRO-C3 and α-SMA levels were not elevated until day 8. Elevated biomarkers were reduced by suppressing TGF-β1 signalling with ALK5i. Nintedanib and omipalisib were able to reduce all biomarkers induced by TGF-β1 in a concentration dependent manner, while pirfenidone had no effect on α-SMA. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β1 stimulated synthesis of type I, III and VI collagen, fibronectin and α-SMA but not type IV or V collagen. Synthesis was increased over time, although temporal profiles differed, and was modulated pharmacologically by ALK5i, nintedanib, pirfenidone and omipalisib. This prolonged 12-day Scar-in-a-Jar assay utilising biochemical markers of ECM synthesis provides a useful screening tool for novel anti-fibrotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rank Rønnow
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rand Qais Dabbagh
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Federica Genovese
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Vikki J Barrett
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Robert B Good
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Sarah Brockbank
- Innovative Medicines Unit, Grünenthal Innovation, Aachen, Germany
- Present Address: Medicines Discovery Catapult, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, UK
| | - Simon Cruwys
- Innovative Medicines Unit, Grünenthal Innovation, Aachen, Germany
- Present Address: TherapeutAix AG, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henrik Jessen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Asser Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Diana Julie Leeming
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
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Yu DH, Ruan XL, Huang JY, Liu XP, Ma HL, Chen C, Hu WD, Li S. Analysis of the Interaction Network of Hub miRNAs-Hub Genes, Being Involved in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibers and Its Emerging Role in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:302. [PMID: 32300359 PMCID: PMC7142269 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibrotic interstitial lung disease with lesions confined to the lungs. To identify meaningful microRNA (miRNA) and gene modules related to the IPF progression, GSE32537 (RNA-sequencing data) and GSE32538 (miRNA-sequencing data) were downloaded and processed, and then weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to construct gene co-expression networks and miRNA co-expression networks. GSE10667, GSE70866, and GSE27430 were used to make a reasonable validation for the results and evaluate the clinical significance of the genes and the miRNAs. Six hub genes (COL3A1, COL1A2, OGN, COL15A1, ASPN, and MXRA5) and seven hub miRNAs (hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-miR-26a-5p, hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-29c-3p, hsa-let-7c-5p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, and hsa-miR-26b-5p) were clarified and validated. Meanwhile, iteration network of hub miRNAs-hub genes was constructed, and the emerging role of the network being involved in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was also analyzed by several webtools. The expression levels of hub genes were different between normal lung tissues and NSCLC tissues. Six genes (COL3A1, COL1A2, OGN, COL15A1, ASPN, and MXRA5) and three miRNAs (hsa-miR-29c-3p, hsa-let-7c-5p, and hsa-miR-29b-3p) were related to the survival time of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The interaction network of hub miRNAs-hub genes might provide common mechanisms involving in IPF and NSCLC. More importantly, useful clues were provided for clinical treatment of both diseases based on novel molecular advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hu Yu
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Ruan
- Department of Hematology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Yu Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liu
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao-Li Ma
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Dong Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Cui Y, Zhang M, Leng C, Blokzijl T, Jansen BH, Dijkstra G, Faber KN. Pirfenidone Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Collagen I Production of Primary Human Intestinal Fibroblasts. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030775. [PMID: 32235767 PMCID: PMC7140656 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease. So far, there is no safe and effective drug for intestinal fibrosis. Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic compound available for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we explored the anti-proliferative and anti-fibrotic properties of pirfenidone on primary human intestinal fibroblasts (p-hIFs). p-hIFs were cultured in the absence and presence of pirfenidone. Cell proliferation was measured by a real-time cell analyzer (xCELLigence) and BrdU incorporation. Cell motility was monitored by live cell imaging. Cytotoxicity and cell viability were analyzed by Sytox green, Caspase-3 and Water Soluble Tetrazolium Salt-1 (WST-1) assays. Gene expression of fibrosis markers was determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was analyzed by Western blotting and type I collagen protein expression additionally by immunofluorescence microscopy. Pirfenidone dose-dependently inhibited p-hIF proliferation and motility, without inducing cell death. Pirfenidone suppressed mRNA levels of genes that contribute to extracellular matrix production, as well as basal and TGF-β1-induced collagen I protein production, which was associated with inhibition of the rapamycin-sensitive mTOR/p70S6K pathway in p-hIFs. Thus, pirfenidone inhibits the proliferation of intestinal fibroblasts and suppresses collagen I production through the TGF-β1/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway, which might be a novel and safe anti-fibrotic strategy to treat intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (M.Z.); (T.B.); (B.H.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Mengfan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (M.Z.); (T.B.); (B.H.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Changsen Leng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Tjasso Blokzijl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (M.Z.); (T.B.); (B.H.J.); (G.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernadien H. Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (M.Z.); (T.B.); (B.H.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (M.Z.); (T.B.); (B.H.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (M.Z.); (T.B.); (B.H.J.); (G.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-50-3612364
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Fuentes-Mattei E, Bayraktar R, Manshouri T, Silva AM, Ivan C, Gulei D, Fabris L, Soares do Amaral N, Mur P, Perez C, Torres-Claudio E, Dragomir MP, Badillo-Perez A, Knutsen E, Narayanan P, Golfman L, Shimizu M, Zhang X, Zhao W, Ho WT, Estecio MR, Bartholomeusz G, Tomuleasa C, Berindan-Neagoe I, Zweidler-McKay PA, Estrov Z, Zhao ZJ, Verstovsek S, Calin GA, Redis RS. miR-543 regulates the epigenetic landscape of myelofibrosis by targeting TET1 and TET2. JCI Insight 2020; 5:121781. [PMID: 31941838 PMCID: PMC7030823 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelofibrosis (MF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by cytopenia and extramedullary hematopoiesis, resulting in splenomegaly. Multiple pathological mechanisms (e.g., circulating cytokines and genetic alterations, such as JAKV617F mutation) have been implicated in the etiology of MF, but the molecular mechanism causing resistance to JAK2V617F inhibitor therapy remains unknown. Among MF patients who were treated with the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib, we compared noncoding RNA profiles of ruxolitinib therapy responders versus nonresponders and found miR-543 was significantly upregulated in nonresponders. We validated these findings by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. in this same cohort, in 2 additional independent MF patient cohorts from the United States and Romania, and in a JAK2V617F mouse model of MF. Both in vitro and in vivo models were used to determine the underlying molecular mechanism of miR-543 in MF. Here, we demonstrate that miR-543 targets the dioxygenases ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) and 2 (TET2) in patients and in vitro, causing increased levels of global 5-methylcytosine, while decreasing the acetylation of histone 3, STAT3, and tumor protein p53. Mechanistically, we found that activation of STAT3 by JAKs epigenetically controls miR-543 expression via binding the promoter region of miR-543. Furthermore, miR-543 upregulation promotes the expression of genes related to drug metabolism, including CYP3A4, which is involved in ruxolitinib metabolism. Our findings suggest miR-543 as a potentially novel biomarker for the prognosis of MF patients with a high risk of treatment resistance and as a potentially new target for the development of new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Taghi Manshouri
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andreia M. Silva
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S)
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), and
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Diana Gulei
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Functional Genomics, The Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Nayra Soares do Amaral
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, Department of Investigative Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pilar Mur
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Perez
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and
- Mayagüez Campus, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Elizabeth Torres-Claudio
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Mihnea P. Dragomir
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Fundeni Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Leonard Golfman
- Department of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Xinna Zhang
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wanke Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Wanting Tina Ho
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Marcos Roberto Estecio
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis and
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, The Oncology Institute Ion Chiricuta, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Functional Genomics, The Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhizhuang J. Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Srdan Verstovsek
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - George A. Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
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de Brito AA, da Silveira EC, Rigonato-Oliveira NC, Soares SS, Brandao-Rangel MAR, Soares CR, Santos TG, Alves CE, Herculano KZ, Vieira RP, Lino-Dos-Santos-Franco A, Albertini R, Aimbire F, de Oliveira AP. Low-level laser therapy attenuates lung inflammation and airway remodeling in a murine model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Relevance to cytokines secretion from lung structural cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 203:111731. [PMID: 31935633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and chronic inflammatory disease with a poor prognosis and very few available treatment options. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been gaining prominence as a new and effective anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent. Can lung inflammation and the airway remodeling be regulated by LLLT in an experimental model of IPF in C57Bl/6 mice? The present study investigated if laser attenuates cellular migration to the lungs, the airway remodeling as well as pro-fibrotic cytokines secretion from type II pneumocytes and fibroblasts. Mice were irradiated (780 nm and 30 mW) and then euthanized fifteen days after bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Lung inflammation and airway remodeling were evaluated through leukocyte counting in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and analysis of collagen in lung, respectively. Inflammatory cells in blood were also measured. For in vitro assays, bleomycin-activated fibroblasts and type II pneumocytes were irradiated with laser. The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines level in BALF as well as cells supernatant were measured by ELISA, and the TGFβ in lung was evaluated by flow cytometry. Lung histology was used to analyze collagen fibers around the airways. LLLT reduced both migration of inflammatory cells and deposition of collagen fibers in the lungs. In addition, LLLT downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulated the IL-10 secretion from fibroblasts and pneumocytes. Laser therapy greatly reduced total lung TGFβ. Systemically, LLLT also reduced the inflammatory cells counted in blood. There is no statistical difference in inflammatory parameters studied between mice of the basal group and the laser-treated mice. Data obtained indicate that laser effectively attenuates the lung inflammation, and the airway remodeling in experimental pulmonary fibrosis is driven to restore the balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in lung and inhibit the pro-fibrotic cytokines secretion from fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriléia Aparecida de Brito
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine Cristina da Silveira
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Stephanie Souza Soares
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maysa Alves Rodrigues Brandao-Rangel
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Clariana Rodrigues Soares
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tawany Gonçalves Santos
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cintia Estefano Alves
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karine Zanella Herculano
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Paula Vieira
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Sciences of Human Moviment and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lino-Dos-Santos-Franco
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regiane Albertini
- Post-Graduation Program in Sciences of Human Moviment and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil; Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavio Aimbire
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula de Oliveira
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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50
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Vu TN, Chen X, Foda HD, Smaldone GC, Hasaneen NA. Interferon-γ enhances the antifibrotic effects of pirfenidone by attenuating IPF lung fibroblast activation and differentiation. Respir Res 2019; 20:206. [PMID: 31511015 PMCID: PMC6737625 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) pathogenesis involves multiple pathways, and combined antifibrotic therapy is needed for future IPF therapy. Inhaled interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was recently shown to be safe and without systemic effects in patients with IPF. AIM To examine the in vitro effects of individual and combined treatment with IFN-γ and pirfenidone (PFD) on normal and IPF fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix remodeling after TGF-β1 and PDGF-BB stimulation. METHODS IPF and normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) were treated with IFN-γ, PFD or a combination of both drugs in the presence of either TGF-β1 or PDGF-BB. The effects of TGF-β1 and PDGF-BB treatment on cell viability, proliferation, differentiation and migration were examined. The expression of collagen 1, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs) was analyzed using qPCR, Western blotting and gelatin zymography. Total collagen content in conditioned media was also measured using a Sircol assay. RESULTS Compared to that of PFD, the effect of IFN-γ in downregulating normal and IPF lung fibroblast differentiation to myofibroblasts in response to TGF-β1 was more potent. Importantly, the combination of IFN-γ and PFD had a possibly synergistic/additive effect in inhibiting the TGF-β1- and PDGF-BB-induced proliferation, migration and differentiation of normal and IPF lung fibroblasts. Furthermore, both drugs reversed TGF-β1-induced effects on MMP-1, - 2, - 3, - 7, and - 9, while only PFD promoted TIMP-1 and-2 expression and release. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that the antifibrotic effects of IFN-γ and PFD on normal and IPF lung fibroblasts are different and complementary. Combination therapy with inhaled IFN-γ and PFD in IPF is promising and should be further explored in IPF clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuong N Vu
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook Medicine, Health Science Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, HSC T17 Room 040, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8172, USA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook Medicine, Health Science Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, HSC T17 Room 040, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8172, USA
| | - Hussein D Foda
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook Medicine, Health Science Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, HSC T17 Room 040, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8172, USA.,Department of Medicine and Research, VAMC Northport, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Gerald C Smaldone
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook Medicine, Health Science Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, HSC T17 Room 040, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8172, USA
| | - Nadia A Hasaneen
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook Medicine, Health Science Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, HSC T17 Room 040, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8172, USA. .,Department of Medicine and Research, VAMC Northport, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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