1
|
Pan H, Huan C, Hou Y, Yan P, Yang F, Jiang L, Gao S. Porcine IGFBP3 promotes porcine circovirus type 2 replication via PERK/eIF2α mediated DNA damage. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109897. [PMID: 37922860 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The infection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) triggers activation of the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) pathway and leads to DNA damage. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) may interact with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It remains unclear whether IGFBP3 regulates DNA damage via ER stress to mediate PCV2 replication. In this study, we observed an upregulation of porcine IGFBP3 expression during PCV2 infection, and overexpression of IGFBP3 enhanced the expression of PCV2 Cap protein, PCV2 DNA copy number, and viral titers in PK-15 B6 cells and 3D4/21 cells. Additionally, overexpression of IGFBP3 induced an increase in the DNA damage marker γH2AX by activating the PERK/eIF2α pathway without concomitant activation of ATF4, IRE1α, and ATF6α/GRP78 pathways in PK-15 B6 cells and 3D4/21 cells. Knockdown of IGFBP3 had a reverse effect on PCV2 replication in PK-15 B6 cells and 3D4/21 cells. Furthermore, treatment with etoposide enhanced PCV2 replication while KU57788 decreased it. GSK2606414 and salubrinal limited both DNA damage and viral replication. Therefore, our findings suggest that porcine IGFBP3 promotes PCV2 replication through the PERK/eIF2α pathway-mediated induction of DNA damage in PK-15 B6 cells and 3D4/21 cells. Our study provides a basis for exploring novel antiviral strategies via the extensive understanding of the relationships between host cellular proteins and viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haochun Pan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changchao Huan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yutong Hou
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luyao Jiang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu T, Deng LS, Jian ZJ, Xu L, Li FQ, Lai SY, Ai YR, Zhu L, Xu ZW. First report on identification and genomic analysis of a novel porcine circovirus (porcine circovirus 4) in cats. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1258484. [PMID: 37808320 PMCID: PMC10556453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is an emerging circovirus, which has been detected in domestic pigs across various provinces in China and Korea. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether cats are susceptible to PCV4. For this purpose, we collected 116 cat samples from animal hospitals in Sichuan Province, China, between 2021 and 2022. Using a SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assay, we detected PCV4 in 5 out of the 116 clinical samples, indicating a positive rate of 4.31% (5/116) and confirming the presence of PCV4 in cats from Sichuan Province, China. Moreover, we successfully sequenced and analyzed the complete genome of one PCV4 strain (SCGA-Cat) along with 60 reference sequences deposited in the GenBank database. SCGA-Cat exhibited high nucleotide homology (98.2-99.0%) with PCV4 strains from other species, including dogs, pigs, dairy cows, and fur animals. Notably, the SCGA-Cat strain from cats clustered closely with a PCV4 strain derived from a pig collected in Fujian Province, China. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report on the molecular detection of PCV4 in cats worldwide, which prompted us to understand the genetic diversity and cross-species transmission of the ongoing PCV4 cases. However, further investigations are needed to explore the association between PCV4 infection and clinical syndromes in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Shuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng-Qin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Ru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maity HK, Samanta K, Deb R, Gupta VK. Revisiting Porcine Circovirus Infection: Recent Insights and Its Significance in the Piggery Sector. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1308. [PMID: 37631876 PMCID: PMC10457769 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV), a member of the Circoviridae family within the genus Circovirus, poses a significant economic risk to the global swine industry. PCV2, which has nine identified genotypes (a-i), has emerged as the predominant genotype worldwide, particularly PCV2d. PCV2 has been commonly found in both domestic pigs and wild boars, and sporadically in non-porcine animals. The virus spreads among swine populations through horizontal and vertical transmission routes. Despite the availability of commercial vaccines for controlling porcine circovirus infections and associated diseases, the continuous genotypic shifts from a to b, and subsequently from b to d, have maintained PCV2 as a significant pathogen with substantial economic implications. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of the biology, genetic variation, distribution, and preventive strategies concerning porcine circoviruses and their associated diseases in swine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemanta Kumar Maity
- Department of Avian Science, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Kartik Samanta
- Department of Avian Science, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao M, Bao S, Xu D, He J, Zhang H, Ji L, Yang S, Wang X, Shen Q, Liu J, Zhang Q, Ma X, Zhang W, Shan T. Virome of wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) captured far from pig farms in Jiangsu province of China reveals novel porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) sequences. Virol J 2023; 20:46. [PMID: 36894948 PMCID: PMC9997004 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has caused great economic losses in the global pig industry. There have been published records of wild rats acting as the reservoirs of PCV2 (only PCV2a and PCV2b), but almost all of which were related to the PCV2-infected swine herds. RESULTS In this study, we carried out the detection, amplification, and characterization of novel PCV2 strains in wild rats that were captured far from pig farms. Nested PCR assay demonstrated that the kidney, heart, lung, liver, pancreas, and large and small intestines of rats were screened positive for PCV2. We subsequently sequenced two full genomes of PCV2 in positive sample pools, designated as js2021-Rt001 and js2021-Rt002. Genome sequence analysis indicated that they had the highest similarity to nucleotide sequences of porcine-origin PCV2 isolates in Vietnam. Phylogenetically, js2021-Rt001 and js2021-Rt002 were a part of the PCV2d genotype cluster, which is a predominant genotype circulating worldwide in recent years. The antibody recognition regions, immunodominant decoy epitope, and heparin sulfate binding motif of the two complete genome sequences coincided with those previously reported. CONCLUSIONS Our research reported the genomic characterization of two novel PCV2 strains (js2021-Rt001 and js2021-Rt002) and provided the first supported evidence that PCV2d could naturally infect wild rats in China. However, whether the newly identified strains have potential for circulating in nature in vertical and horizontal transmission or inter-species jumping between rats and pigs needs further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siwen Bao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Diandian Xu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingxian He
- School of Medicine, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Likai Ji
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shixing Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Shen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Qinghai Institute of Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Qinghai Institute of Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Qinghai Institute of Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang LH, Wang TX, Fu PF, Zhao YY, Li HX, Wang DM, Ma SJ, Chen HY, Zheng LL. First Molecular Detection and Genetic Analysis of a Novel Porcine Circovirus (Porcine Circovirus 4) in Dogs in the World. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0433322. [PMID: 36728419 PMCID: PMC10100769 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04333-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel circovirus species was identified in farmed pigs and designated porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4); it has recently been proved to be pathogenic to piglets. However, little is known about its cross-species transmission, and there is no evidence of PCV4 in dogs. A total of 217 fecal samples were collected from diarrheal dogs in Henan Province, China, and tested for the presence of PCV4 using a real-time PCR assay. Among the 217 samples, the total positivity rate for PCV4 was 5.99% (13/217 samples), with rates of 7.44% and 4.17% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. PCV4 was detected in dogs in 6 of 10 cities, demonstrating that PCV4 could be detected in dogs in Henan Province, China. One PCV4 strain (HN-Dog) was sequenced in this study and shared high levels of identity (97.9% to 99.6%) with reference strains at the genome level. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome sequences of HN-Dog and 42 reference strains showed that the HN-Dog strain was closely related to 3 PCV4 reference strains (from pig, raccoon dog, and fox) but differed genetically from other viruses in the genus Circovirus. Three genotypes, i.e., PCV4a, PCV4b, and PCV4c, were confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences of 42 PCV4 strains, and one amino acid variation in Rep protein (V239L) and three amino acid variations in Cap protein (N27S, R28G, and M212L) were considered conserved genotype-specific molecular markers. In conclusion, the present study is the first to report the discovery of the PCV4 genome in dogs, and the association between PCV4 infection and diarrhea warrants further study. IMPORTANCE This study is the first to report the presence of PCV4 in dogs worldwide, and the first complete genome sequence was obtained from a dog affected with diarrhea. Three genotypes of PCV4 strains (PCV4a, PCV4b, and PCV4c) were determined, as supported by specific amino acid markers (V239L for open reading frame 1 [ORF1] and N27S R28G and M212L for ORF2). These findings help us understand the current status of intestinal infections in pet dogs in Henan Province, China, and also prompted us to accelerate research on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and cross-species transmission of PCV4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Hui Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong-Xuan Wang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Fu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Yi Zhao
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xuan Li
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Lushan Dabei Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Food Co., Ltd., Lushan, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jie Ma
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gomez-Betancur D, Vargas-Bermudez DS, Giraldo-Ramírez S, Jaime J, Ruiz-Saenz J. Canine circovirus: An emerging or an endemic undiagnosed enteritis virus? Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1150636. [PMID: 37138920 PMCID: PMC10150634 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1150636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine Circovirus (CanineCV) belongs to the family Circoviridae. It is an emerging virus described for the first time in 2011; since then, it has been detected in different countries and can be defined as worldwide distribution virus. CanineCV infects domestic and wild canids and is mainly related to hemorrhagic enteritis in canines. However, it has been identified in fecal samples from apparently healthy animals, where in most cases it is found in coinfection with other viral agents such as the canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV). The estimated prevalence/frequency of CanineCV has been variable in the populations and countries where it has been evaluated, reaching from 1 to 30%, and there are still many concepts to define the epidemiological characteristics of the virus. The molecular characterization and phylo-evolutive analyses that allow to postulate the wild origin and intercontinental distribution of the virus. This review focuses on the importance on continuing research and establish surveillance systems for this emerging virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gomez-Betancur
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Diana S. Vargas-Bermudez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Centro de investigación en Infectología e Inmunología Veterinaria (CI3V), Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sebastian Giraldo-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jairo Jaime
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Centro de investigación en Infectología e Inmunología Veterinaria (CI3V), Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Julian Ruiz-Saenz,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu T, Chen L, Huang BZ, Zhu L, Sun XG, Lai SY, Ai YR, Zhou YC, Xu ZW. The first dog-origin porcine circovirus type 4 complete genomic sequence have high homology with that of pig-derived strains. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1121177. [PMID: 36910182 PMCID: PMC10002969 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1121177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) was discovered in 2019 and then proved to be pathogenic to piglets. Nevertheless, few studies were currently available about PCV4 infection in species other than pigs and there is no information about the prevalence of PCV4 in dogs. Methods: To fill this gap, 264 dog samples were collected from animal hospitals in the Southwest of China from 2021 to 2022 and screened for PCV4. Moreover, the complete genome of one PCV4 strain (SCABTC-Dog2022) were obtained successfully and shared a high identity (97.9-99.0%) with other PCV4 strains derived from pigs, dairy cows, raccoon dogs and foxes. The SCABTC-Dog2022 were analyzed together with 51 reference sequences. Results and Discussion: The detected results showed a low percentage of PCV-4 DNA (1.14%, 3/264), indicating that PCV4 could be identified in dogs in southwest China. Phylogenetic tree showed that SCABTC-Dog2022 strain derived from dog were clustered in a closed relative and geographically coherent branch with other PCV4 strains collected from four provinces (Sichuan, Fujian, Hunan and Inner Mongolia) of China. To our knowledge, it is the first detection of PCV4 in dogs globally. The association between PCV4 status and clinical syndromes in dogs deserves additional investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing-Zhou Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian-Gang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Ru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China.,Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Yan S, Ji Y, Yang Y, Rui P, Ma Z, Qiu HJ, Song T. First Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 4 in Fur Animals in Hebei, China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233325. [PMID: 36496846 PMCID: PMC9737481 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel circovirus called porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) was recently detected in pigs suffering from severe clinical diseases in Hunan province, China. There are few reports on the origin and evolution of PCV4, although some researchers have conducted epidemiological investigations of PCV4 and found that PCV4 is widespread in pigs. Based on the previous study, we detected PCV2 in farmed foxes and raccoon dogs with reproductive failure. To explore whether the PCV4 genome also exists in fur animals, we detected 137 cases admitted from fur animal farms in Hebei China between 2015 and 2020, which were characterized by inappetence, lethargy, depression, abortion, and sterility. The overall infection rate of PCV4 was 23.36% (32/137), including 20.37% (22/108) for raccoon dogs, 18.75% (3/16) for foxes, and 53.85% (7/13) for minks. Finally, five raccoon dog-origin PCV4 strains and one fox-origin PCV4 strain were sequenced in our study, whose nucleotide identities with other representative PCV4 strains varied from 96.5% to 100%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genomes of PCV4 strains indicated a close relationship with those of PCV4 strains identified from pigs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect PCV4 in fur animals. Interestingly, we also identified PCV4 in a mixed farm (feeding pigs and raccoon dogs at the same time). In summary, our findings extend the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of PCV4 and provide new evidence for its cross-species transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Shijie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yuting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yujie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Ping Rui
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zengjun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence: (H.-J.Q.); (T.S.)
| | - Tao Song
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- Correspondence: (H.-J.Q.); (T.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lan T, Li H, Yang S, Shi M, Han L, Sahu SK, Lu Y, Wang J, Zhou M, Liu H, Huang J, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Wang L, Xu Y, Lin C, Liu H, Hou Z. The chromosome-scale genome of the raccoon dog: Insights into its evolutionary characteristics. iScience 2022; 25:105117. [PMID: 36185367 PMCID: PMC9523411 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Lan
- BGI Life Science Joint Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Haimeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shangchen Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Minhui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Han
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yaxian Lu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiangang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Mengchao Zhou
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Ministry of Education), College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Junxuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yixin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanchun Xu
- BGI Life Science Joint Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Chuyu Lin
- Shenzhen Zhong Nong Jing Yue Biotech Company Limited, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Huan Liu
- BGI Life Science Joint Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Zhijun Hou
- BGI Life Science Joint Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu T, Chen XM, Fu Y, Ai Y, Wang DM, Wei ZY, Li XS, Zheng LL, Chen HY. Cross-species transmission of an emerging porcine circovirus (PCV4): First molecular detection and retrospective investigation in dairy cows. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109528. [PMID: 35944390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4), a novel porcine circovirus identified in pigs, has recently been proved to be pathogenic to piglets. However, little is known about its cross-species transmission, and demonstration of PCV4 in dairy cows is lacking. To explore whether the PCV4 genome exists in dairy cows, 1170 fecal samples were collected from dairy farms in 7 cities in Henan Province of China during 2012-2021, and screened by qPCR for the presence of PCVs (PCV2-PCV4). The detection results showed that the positive rate of PCV4 in dairy cows was 2.22 % (26/1170), but all fecal samples were negative for PCV2 and PCV3. Three full-length and five partial genomes of PCV4 strains were acquired, of which two PCV4 strains (NY2012-DC and XC2013-DC) were achieved from 2012 and 2013, indicating that PCV4 has been circulating in dairy cows in Henan Province of China for at least 10 years. The three PCV4 strains sequenced in this study shared high identity (97.5-99.5 %) with reference strains at the genome level. In phylogenetic analysis, three genotypes (PCV4a, PCV4b and PCV4c) were temporarily confirmed by analyzing 44 strains, and one amino acid variation in Rep (V239L) and three amino acid variations in Cap (N27S, R28G and M212L) were considered as a conserved genotype specific molecular marker. Analyzed from three perspectives (cross-time, cross-species and transboundary), the high nucleotide homology of PCV4 strains indicated the PCV4 evolutionary rate might be slow. Overall, this study was the first to report the detection of PCV4 in dairy cows and conducted a long-term retrospective investigation of PCV4 in Henan Province of China, which has important implications for understanding the genetic diversity and cross-species transmission of the ongoing PCV4 cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Meng Chen
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Fu
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ai
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Lushan Dabei Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Food Co., Ltd., Lushan 467300, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Yong Wei
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Li
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Black-Backed Jackal (Lupulella mesomelas) in Namibia. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050620. [PMID: 35268189 PMCID: PMC8909721 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Circovirus have been identified in several host species. While initially considered host-specific, there is growing evidence of their presence in unexpected hosts. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is no exception, having been reported in animals belonging to different orders, including carnivores. Recently, PCV-2 was detected in domestic pigs, warthogs and antelopes in Namibia. Considering the potential contact between these populations and wild carnivores, the presence of PCV-2 was investigated in 32 black-backed jackals (Lupulella mesomelas) shot between February and July 2021 as part of predator control operations in Namibia. Two lung lymph nodes tested positive for PCV-2 by PCR, confirming the broader-than-expected PCV-2 host tropism and the susceptibility of canids. Sequence analysis demonstrated a close association between the PCV-2s identified in the jackals and PCV-2b strains collected from South African domestic pigs. Although several hypotheses regarding the source of the jackal’s infection are proposed, further studies should be performed to properly assess how PCV-2 is acquired and maintained in the wild and its potential impact on wild and domestic species.
Collapse
|
12
|
Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Augustyniak A, Pomorska-Mól M. Novel Porcine Circoviruses in View of Lessons Learned from Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Epidemiology and Threat to Pigs and Other Species. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020261. [PMID: 35215854 PMCID: PMC8877176 DOI: 10.3390/v14020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) plays a key role in PCV2-associated disease (PCVAD) etiology and has yielded significant losses in the pig husbandry in the last 20 years. However, the impact of two recently described species of porcine circoviruses, PCV3 and PCV4, on the pork industry remains unknown. The presence of PCV3 has been associated with several clinical presentations in pigs. Reproductive failure and multisystemic inflammation have been reported most consistently. The clinical symptoms, anatomopathological changes and interaction with other pathogens during PCV3 infection in pigs indicate that PCV3 might be pathogenic for these animals and can cause economic losses in the swine industry similar to PCV2, which makes PCV3 worth including in the differential list as a cause of clinical disorders in reproductive swine herds. Moreover, subsequent studies indicate interspecies transmission and worldwide spreading of PCV3. To date, research related to PCV3 and PCV4 vaccine design is at early stage, and numerous aspects regarding immune response and virus characteristics remain unknown.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wen L, He K. Genomic Rearrangement and Recombination of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Porcine Circovirus-Like Virus P1 in China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:736366. [PMID: 34988138 PMCID: PMC8720756 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.736366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) belongs to the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, and it has been associated with porcine circovirus (associated) disease (PCVD or PCVAD) in pigs. PCVAD is the generic term for a series of disease syndromes that have caused economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Since the discovery of PCV2 in the late 1990s, the virus has continued to evolve, and novel genotypes have continued to appear. Moreover, there has been recombination between different genotypes of PCV2. This review attempts to illustrate some progress concerning PCV2 in genome rearrangement and genomic recombination with non-PCV2-related nucleic acids, particularly focusing on the porcine circovirus-like virus P1 formed by the recombination of PCV2. The presence of rearranged PCV2 genomes can be demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro, and these subviral molecules ranged from 358 to 1,136 bp. Depending on whether it has the ability to encode a protein, the agents formed by PCV2 recombination can be divided into two categories: porcine circovirus-like viruses and porcine circovirus-like mini agents. We mainly discuss the porcine circovirus-like virus P1 regarding genomic characterization, etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis. Further research needs to be conducted on the pathogenicity of other porcine circovirus-like viruses and porcine circovirus-like mini agents and the effects of their interactions with PCV2, especially for the porcine circovirus-like mini agents that do not have protein-coding functions in the genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Diagnostics, and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Diagnostics, and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Canuti M, Rodrigues B, Bouchard É, Whitney HG, Lang AS, Dufour SC, Verhoeven JT. Distinct epidemiological profiles of porcine circovirus 3 and fox circovirus in Canadian foxes (Vulpes spp.). CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
|
15
|
Tarasova E, Okimoto N, Feng S, Nerukh D, Khayat R, Taiji M. Constant pH molecular dynamics of porcine circovirus 2 capsid protein reveals a mechanism for capsid assembly. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:24617-24626. [PMID: 34726674 PMCID: PMC8705882 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02874j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal regulation of viral capsid assembly ensures the selection of the viral genome for encapsidation. The porcine circovirus 2 is the smallest autonomously replicating pathogenic virus, yet how PCV2 capsid assembly is regulated to occur within the nucleus remains unknown. We report that pure PCV2 capsid proteins, in the absence of nucleic acids, require acidic conditions to assemble into empty capsids in vitro. By employing constant pH replica exchange molecular dynamics, we unveil the atomistic mechanism of pH-dependency for capsid assembly. The results show that an appropriate protonation configuration for a cluster of acidic amino acids is necessary to appropriately position the GH-loop for driving the capsid assembly. We demonstrate that assembly is prohibited at neutral pH because deprotonation of these residues results in their electrostatic repulsion, shifting the GH-loop to a position incompatible with capsid assembly. We propose that encapsulation of nucleic acids overcomes this repulsion to suitably position the GH-loop. Our findings provide the first atomic resolution mechanism of capsid assembly regulation. These findings are useful for the development of therapeutics that inhibit PCV2 self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Tarasova
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Noriaki Okimoto
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- Drug Discovery Molecular Simulation Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Shanshan Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Dmitry Nerukh
- Department of Mathematics, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Reza Khayat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Makoto Taiji
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- Drug Discovery Molecular Simulation Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jain P, Joshi A, Akhtar N, Krishnan S, Kaushik V. An immunoinformatics study: designing multivalent T-cell epitope vaccine against canine circovirus. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:121. [PMID: 34406518 PMCID: PMC8371590 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine circovirus is a deadly pathogen of dogs and causes vasculitis and hemorrhagic enteritis. It causes lethal gastroenteritis in pigs, fox, and dogs. Canine circovirus genome contains two main (and opposite) transcription units which encode two open reading frames (ORFs), a replicase-associated protein (Rep) and the capsid (Cap) protein. The replicase protein and capsid protein consist of 303 amino acids and 270 amino acids respectively. Several immuno-informatics methods such as epitope screening, molecular docking, and molecular-dynamics simulations were used to craft peptide-based vaccine construct against canine circovirus. RESULTS The vaccine construct was designed by joining the selected epitopes with adjuvants by suitable linker. The cloning and expression of the vaccine construct was also performed using in silico methods. Screening of epitopes was conducted by NetMHC server that uses ANN (Artificial neural networking) algorithm. These methods are fast and cost-effective for screening epitopes that can interact with dog leukocyte antigens (DLA) and initiate an immune response. Overall, 5 epitopes, YQHLPPFRF, YIRAKWINW, ALYRRLTLI, HLQGFVNLK, and GTMNFVARR, were selected and used to design a vaccine construct. The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies show that these epitopes can bind with DLA molecules with stability. The codon adaptation and in silico cloning studies show that the vaccine can be expressed by Escherichia coli K12 strain. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the vaccine construct can be useful in preventing the dogs from canine circovirus infections. However, the results need further validation by performing other in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Jain
- Domain of Bioinformatics, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Joshi
- Domain of Bioinformatics, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Nahid Akhtar
- Domain of Bioinformatics, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Domain of Bioinformatics, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Kaushik
- Domain of Bioinformatics, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang S, He Y, Chen X, Kalim U, Wang Y, Yang S, Qi H, Cheng H, Lu X, Wang X, Shen Q, Zhang W. Viral Metagenomics Reveals Diverse Viruses in the Feces Samples of Raccoon Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:693564. [PMID: 34322538 PMCID: PMC8311183 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.693564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Raccoon dogs as an ancient species of Canidae are the host of many viruses, including rabies virus, canine distemper virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and so on. With the development of raccoon dog breeding in recent years, some viruses which infected poultry or pigs were also detected from raccoon dogs. At present, the fecal virome of raccoon dogs has been rarely studied. Using an unbiased viral metagenomic approach, we investigated the fecal virome in raccoon dogs collected from one farm of Jilin Province, China. Many DNA or RNA viruses identified in those fecal samples were mainly from seven families, including Circoviridae, Smacoviridae, Genomoviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, and Hepeviridae. This study increased our understanding of the fecal virome in raccoon dog and provided valuable information for the monitoring, prevention, and treatment of viral diseases of these animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shixing Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yumin He
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ullah Kalim
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shuyu Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haifeng Qi
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Xiang Lu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Quan Shen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tan CY, Lin CN, Ooi PT. What do we know about porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) diagnosis so far?: A review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2915-2935. [PMID: 34110095 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first discovered in 2016, almost concomitantly by two groups of researchers in the United States. The novel case was reported in a group of sows with chronic reproductive problems with clinical presentation alike porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), where metagenomic sequencing revealed a genetically divergent porcine circovirus designated PCV3. The discovery of PCV3 in a PDNS case, which used to be considered as part of PCVAD attributed to PCV2 (porcine circovirus 2), has garnered attention and effort in further research of the novel virus. Just when an infectious molecular DNA clone of PCV3 has been developed and successfully used in an in vivo pathogenicity study, yet another novel PCV strain surfaced, designated PCV4 (porcine circovirus 4). So far, PCV3 has been reported in domestic swine population globally at low to moderate prevalence, from almost all sample types including organ tissues, faecal, semen and colostrum samples. PCV3 has been associated with a myriad of clinical presentations, from PDNS to porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). This review paper summarizes the studies on PCV3 to date, with focus on diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chew Yee Tan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hui A, Altan E, Slovis N, Fletcher C, Deng X, Delwart E. Circovirus in Blood of a Febrile Horse with Hepatitis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050944. [PMID: 34065502 PMCID: PMC8161410 DOI: 10.3390/v13050944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circoviruses infect vertebrates where they can result in a wide range of disease signs or in asymptomatic infections. Using viral metagenomics we analyzed a pool of five sera from four healthy and one sick horse. Sequences from parvovirus-H, equus anellovirus, and distantly related to mammalian circoviruses were recognized. PCR identified the circovirus reads as originating from a pregnant mare with fever and hepatitis. That horse's serum was also positive by real time PCR for equine parvovirus H and negative for the flavivirus equine hepacivirus. The complete circular genome of equine circovirus 1 strain Charaf (EqCV1-Charaf) was completed using PCR and Sanger sequencing. EqCV1 replicase showed 73-74% identity to those of their closest relatives, pig circoviruses 1/2, and elk circovirus. The closest capsid proteins were from the same ungulate circoviruses with 62-63% identity. The overall nucleotide identity of 72% to its closest relative indicates that EqCV1 is a new species in the Circovirus genus, the first reported in genus Equus. Whether EqCV1 alone or in co-infections can result in disease and its prevalence in different equine populations will require further studies now facilitated using EqCV1's genome sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Hui
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (A.H.); (E.A.); (X.D.)
| | - Eda Altan
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (A.H.); (E.A.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Nathan Slovis
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40361, USA; (N.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Caitlin Fletcher
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40361, USA; (N.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (A.H.); (E.A.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (A.H.); (E.A.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Peterson NC, Berlin AA. Risk Assessment for Use of a Porcine Circovirus-Contaminated Reagent in a Barrier Maintained Rodent Colony. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:575-579. [PMID: 32605692 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A proposal for the use of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) to develop a mouse model of pulmonary emphysema raised concerns about introducing contaminating porcine viruses into our barrier facility. Porcine Circovirus (PCV) is a known contaminant of vaccines and cell cultures that have been exposed to porcine-derived reagents. Endemic infection of PCV3 in laboratory mice has been reported, and some evidence supports natural PCV infection in wild mice. PPE samples from 2 different vendors tested positive for DNA from both PCV2 and 3. To allow model development with these reagents to proceed, we developed a protocol that would meet scientific objectives, minimize exposure of mice, and provide information on the potential for the virus to spread. Five d after BALB/c mice received intralaryngeal administration of PPE, lungs were harvested and analyzed for evidence of disease. Tissues from other major organs were submitted to test for disseminated PCV2 and 3 DNA. Similarly, tissues (including lungs) from direct contact nude sentinel mice were analyzed for the presence of the virus. To evaluate the possibility of endemic PCV2/3 infection, we also surveyed non-porcine reagent exposed mice on other studies. PCV2 and 3 was not detected in any of the tissues submitted. Although this study provided no evidence of infection and transmission of PCV2/3 from the contaminated PPE sample over the 5 d study, further work is needed to understand the risks and impact of introducing PCV contaminated cells or reagents into barrier maintained rodent colonies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman C Peterson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Research and Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland;,
| | - Aaron A Berlin
- Early Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Opriessnig T, Karuppannan AK, Castro AMMG, Xiao CT. Porcine circoviruses: current status, knowledge gaps and challenges. Virus Res 2020; 286:198044. [PMID: 32502553 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Circoviruses (CV) include some of the smallest viruses known. They were named after their circularly arranged single-stranded DNA genome with a gene encoding a conserved replicase protein on the sense strand. Circoviruses are widely distributed in mammals, fish, avian species and even insects. In pigs, four different CVs have been identified and named with consecutive numbers based on the order of their discovery: Porcine circovirus 1 (PCV1), Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) and most recently Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4). PCVs are ubiquitous in global pig populations and uninfected herds are rarely found. It is generally accepted that PCV1 is non-pathogenic. In contrast, PCV2 is considered an important, economically challenging pathogen on a global scale with comprehensive vaccination schemes in place. The role of PCV3 is still controversial several years after its discovery. Propagation of PCV3 appears to be challenging and only one successful experimental infection model has been published to date. Similarly to PCV2, PCV3 is widespread and found in many pigs regardless of their health history, including high health herds. PCV4 has only recently been discovered and further information on this virus is required to understand its potential impact. This review summarizes current knowledge on CVs in pigs and aims to contrast and compare known facts on PCVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
| | - Anbu K Karuppannan
- Vaccine Research Centre-Viral Vaccines, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | | | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang T, Du Q, Niu Y, Zhang X, Wang Z, Wu X, Yang X, Zhao X, Liu SL, Tong D, Huang Y. Cellular p32 Is a Critical Regulator of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Nuclear Egress. J Virol 2019; 93:e00979-19. [PMID: 31511386 PMCID: PMC6854514 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00979-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circoviruses are the smallest DNA viruses known to infect mammalian and avian species. Although circoviruses are known to be associated with a range of clinical diseases, the details of circovirus DNA release still remain unknown. Here, we identified p32 as a key regulator for porcine circoviral nuclear egress. Upon porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection, p32 was recruited into the nucleus by the viral capsid (Cap) protein; simultaneously, protein kinase C isoform δ (PKC-δ) was phosphorylated at threonine 505 by phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated signaling at the early stage of infection, which was further amplified by Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling at the late infection phase. p32 functioned as an adaptor to recruit phosphorylated PKC-δ and Cap to the nuclear membrane to phosphorylate lamin A/C, resulting in a rearrangement of nuclear lamina and thus facilitating viral nuclear egress. Consistent with these findings, knockout (KO) of p32 in PCV2-infected cells markedly reduced the phosphorylation of PKC-δ and impeded the recruitment of p-PKC-δ and Cap to the nuclear membrane, hence abolishing the phosphorylation of lamin A/C and the rearrangement of nuclear lamina. As a result, p32 depletion profoundly impaired the production of cell-free viruses during PCV2 infection. We further identified the N-terminal 24RRR26 of Cap to be crucial for binding to p32, and mutation of these three arginine residues significantly weakened the replication and pathogenesis of PCV2 in vivo In summary, our findings highlight a critical role of p32 in the activation and recruitment of PKC-δ to phosphorylate lamin A/C and facilitate porcine circoviral nuclear egress, and they certainly help understanding of the mechanism of PCV2 replication.IMPORTANCE Circovirus infections are highly prevalent in mammalian and avian species. Circoviral capsid protein is the only structural protein of the virion that plays an essential role in viral assembly. However, the machinery of circovirus nuclear egress is currently unknown. In this work, we identified p32 as a key regulator of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) nuclear egress that forms a complex with the viral capsid (Cap) protein to enhance protein kinase C isoform δ (PKC-δ) activity; this resulted in a recruitment of phosphorylated PKC-δ to the nuclear membrane, which further phosphorylates lamin A/C to promote the rearrangement of nuclear lamina and facilitate viral nuclear egress. Notably, we found that the N-terminal 24RRR26 of Cap, a highly conserved motif among circovirus species, was required for interacting with p32, and that mutation of this motif markedly impeded PCV2 nuclear egress. These data indicate that p32 is a critical regulator of PCV2 nuclear egress and reveal the importance of this finding in circovirus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yingying Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xingchen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - XueFeng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhai SL, Lu SS, Wei WK, Lv DH, Wen XH, Zhai Q, Chen QL, Sun YW, Xi Y. Reservoirs of Porcine Circoviruses: A Mini Review. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:319. [PMID: 31616677 PMCID: PMC6763682 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV) is one of the smallest known DNA viruses in mammals. At present, PCVs are divided into three species, PCV1, PCV2, and PCV3. PCV1 and PCV2 were found in the 1970s and the 1990s, respectively, whereas PCV3 was discovered recently in 2016. PCV1 does not cause diseases in pigs. However, PCV3, similar to PCV2, is reported to be associated with several swine diseases, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and reproductive failure. PCVs are very common in domestic pigs as well as wild boars. However, PCVs have been occasionally isolated from non-porcine animals, including ruminants (such as cattle, goats, wild chamois, and roe deers), rodents (such as NMRI mice, BALB/c mice, Black C57 mice, ICR mice, Mus musculus, and Rattus rattus), canines (such as dogs, minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs), insects (such as flies, mosquitoes, and ticks), and shellfish. Moreover, PCVs are frequently reported in biological products, including human vaccines, animal vaccines, porcine-derived commercial pepsin products, and many cell lines. PCVs are also abundant in the environment, including water samples and air samples. Interestingly, PCV1 and/or PCV2 antibody or antigen has also been detected in sera, stool samples and respiratory swab samples of human, revealing zoonotic potential of PCVs. Thus, PCVs inhabit many types of reservoirs. In this review, we summarize the reservoirs of PCVs, and this information would be helpful in understanding the natural circulating status and possible cross-species transmission of PCVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Lun Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shou-Sheng Lu
- Guangdong Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dian-Hong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin-Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Wei Sun
- Guangdong Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Xi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun W, Wang W, Xin J, Cao L, Zhuang X, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Qin Y, Du Q, Han Z, Lu H, Zheng M, Jin N. An epidemiological investigation of porcine circovirus 3 infection in dogs in the Guangxi Province from 2015 to 2017, China. Virus Res 2019; 270:197663. [PMID: 31301332 PMCID: PMC7114628 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was the first seroprevalence and genetic investigation of PCV3 in dogs in the Guangxi province, China. This work is the first in the world to obtain the complete genome of dog PCV3. These PCV3 strains from the Guangxi province help to determine that PCV3 from dog origin and pig origin are from different branches.
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is an emerging circovirus species associated with several diseases. The study aimed to investigate the frequency of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) and its coinfection with canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) in dogs in the Guangxi province from 2015 to 2017, China, and to examine the genome diversity of PCV3. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing, 96 of 406 (23.6%)samples were positive for PCV3, 38 out of 406 (9.4%) samples were coinfected with both PCV3 and CPV-2. The CPV-positive rate was significantly higher in the PCV3-positive samples than in the non-PCV3 samples, and the difference was extremely significant (P < 0.01). The complete genome (n=4) and ten capsid genes (n=10) of PCV3 were sequenced. Multiple sequence alignment results showed that these sequences shared 98.5–100% nucleotide similarity with the reference genome sequence and 97.5–100% nucleotide similarity with the reference capsid gene sequence. PCV3 was classified into two different genotypes, according to phylogenetic analysis based on the whole genome. These strains were clustered in PCV3a, showing a close relationship with PCV3-US/SD2016. Surprisingly, we separately analyzed these PCV3 strains from the Guangxi province and found that the dog and pig PCV3 are from different branches. In summary, this was the first seroprevalence and genetic investigation of PCV3 in dogs in the Guangxi province, China, and the first complete genome PCV3 from dogs obtained in the world. The results provide insights into the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this important virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Sun
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jialiang Xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyu Zhuang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhao Qin
- Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixiao Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China.
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.
| |
Collapse
|