Lipid profiles in adolescents with and without asthma: Korea National Health and nutrition examination survey data

Are higher levels of lipid profile parameters associated with increased chances of uncontrolled asthma among adults?

BACKGROUND

Studies on the relationship between asthma and various parameters of fasting lipid profile have reported conflicting results. In this study, we intend to explore this association between asthma and its level of control with fasting serum lipid profile further.

METHODS

In our observational prospective cohort study, we studied 107 known asthmatic patients presenting in large tertiary care centre of North India. Fasting serum samples for lipid profile reports of all patients were collected. Patients were divided into controlled and uncontrolled asthma groups on the basis of clinical symptoms and spirometric findings. We evaluated the statistical difference and significance for various lipid profile parameters in between two groups using an independent t-test.

RESULTS

On comparing the fasting lipid profile of 38 patients with uncontrolled asthma and 69 patients with controlled asthma, we found that serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (TC: HDL) were significantly higher among patients with uncontrolled asthma. On statistical analysis, their P values were 0.03 and 0.047, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Serum levels of LDL and ratio of TC: HDL were higher in patients with uncontrolled asthma.

Not Only Metabolic Complications of Childhood Obesity

The increasing incidence of obesity in the pediatric population requires attention to its serious complications. It turns out that in addition to typical, well-known metabolic complications, obesity as a systemic disease carries the risk of equally serious, although less obvious, non-metabolic complications, such as cardiovascular diseases, polycystic ovary syndrome, chronic kidney disease, asthma, thyroid dysfunction, immunologic and dermatologic conditions, and mental health problems. They can affect almost all systems of the young body and also leave their mark in adulthood. In addition, obesity also contributes to the exacerbation of existing childhood diseases. As a result, children suffering from obesity may have a reduced quality of life, both physically and mentally, and their life expectancy may be shortened. It also turns out that, in the case of obese pregnant girls, the complications of obesity may also affect their unborn children. Therefore, it is extremely important to take all necessary actions to prevent the growing epidemic of obesity in the pediatric population, as well as to treat existing complications of obesity and detect them at an early stage. In summary, physicians treating a child with a systemic disease such as obesity must adopt a holistic approach to treatment.

Causal relationship between PCSK9 inhibitor and autoimmune diseases: a drug target Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

In addition to decreasing the level of cholesterol, proprotein convertase subtilis kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor has pleiotropic effects, including immune regulation. However, the impact of PCSK9 on autoimmune diseases is controversial. Therefore, we used drug target Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the effect of PCSK9 inhibitor on different autoimmune diseases.

METHODS

We collected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PCSK9 from published genome-wide association studies statistics and conducted drug target MR analysis to detect the causal relationship between PCSK9 inhibitor and the risk of autoimmune diseases. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-assisted enzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitor, the drug target of statin, was used to compare the effect with that of PCSK9 inhibitor. With the risk of coronary heart disease as a positive control, primary outcomes included the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), myasthenia gravis (MG), multiple sclerosis (MS), asthma, Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and type 1 diabetes (T1D).

RESULTS

PCSK9 inhibitor significantly reduced the risk of SLE (OR [95%CI] = 0.47 [0.30 to 0.76], p = 1.74 × 10-3) but increased the risk of asthma (OR [95%CI] = 1.15 [1.03 to 1.29], p = 1.68 × 10-2) and CD (OR [95%CI] = 1.38 [1.05 to 1.83], p = 2.28 × 10-2). In contrast, HMGCR inhibitor increased the risk of RA (OR [95%CI] = 1.58 [1.19 to 2.11], p = 1.67 × 10-3), asthma (OR [95%CI] = 1.21 [1.04 to 1.40], p = 1.17 × 10-2), and CD (OR [95%CI] = 1.60 [1.08 to 2.39], p = 2.04 × 10-2).

CONCLUSIONS

PCSK9 inhibitor significantly reduced the risk of SLE but increased the risk of asthma and CD. In contrast, HMGCR inhibitor may be a risk factor for RA, asthma, and CD.

Dyslipidemia Is Associated With Worse Asthma Clinical Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Dyslipidemia has been widely documented to be associated with cardiovascular disease, and recent studies have found an association with asthma prevalence. However, longitudinal studies investigating the relationships between dyslipidemia, asthma phenotypes, and future asthma exacerbations (AEs) are lacking.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationships between dyslipidemia, asthma phenotypes, and AEs.

METHODS

This study used an observational cohort study design with a 12-month follow-up. All subjects underwent serum lipid measurement, and they were then classified into 2 groups: the normal-lipidemia group and the dyslipidemia group. Demographic and clinical information and details regarding pulmonary function and asthma phenotypes at baseline were collected. All patients were followed up regularly to assess AEs. Associations of dyslipidemia with airway obstruction and asthma phenotypes were assessed at baseline, whereas dyslipidemia and AEs were assessed longitudinally.

RESULTS

A total of 477 patients with asthma were consecutively enrolled in this study. At baseline, the dyslipidemia group (n = 218) had a higher proportion of uncontrolled asthma, defined by the 6-item Asthma Control Questionnaire score (≥1.5). Furthermore, dyslipidemia was associated with severe asthma, nonallergic asthma, asthma with fixed airflow limitation, and older adult asthma phenotypes at baseline. In addition, dyslipidemia was associated with increased frequencies of severe AEs and moderate to severe AEs during the 12-month follow-up. In sensitivity analyses, after excluding the patients who were receiving statins, results did not differ significantly from those of the main analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified the clinical relevance of dyslipidemia, which is associated with specific asthma phenotypes and increased AEs, independent of other components of metabolic syndrome. These findings highlight the importance of considering dyslipidemia as an "extrapulmonary trait" in asthma management.

High density lipoprotein-cholesterol is inversely associated with blood eosinophil counts among asthmatic adults in the USA: NHANES 2011-2018

Background

A growing number of research strongly suggest that metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia contribute to the establishment of a pro-inflammatory state in asthma, according to accumulating data. However, the majority of recent research has focused on the association between lipids and asthma in children and adolescents, with contradictory findings. Consequently, we analyzed the relationship between serum lipid and blood eosinophil counts using data from the NHANES in the USA.

Methods

After screening the individuals from the 2011 to 2018 NHANES survey, a total of 2,544 out of 39156 participants were eligible for our study. The potential association was discussed using the linear regression model, XGBoost algorithm model, generalized additive model, and two-piecewise linear regression model. In addition, we ran stratified analysis to identify specific demographics.

Results

After adjusting for covariates, the result indicated that blood eosinophil counts decreased by 45.68 (-68.56, -22.79)/uL for each additional unit of HDL-C (mmol/L). But serum LDL-C, total cholesterol or triglyceride was not correlated with blood eosinophil counts. Furthermore, we used machine learning of the XGBoost model to determine LDL-C, age, BMI, triglyceride, and HDL-C were the five most critical variables in the blood eosinophil counts. The generalized additive model and two-piecewise linear regression model were used to further identify linear relationship between the serum HDL-C and blood eosinophil counts.

Conclusions

Our study elucidated a negative and linear correlation between serum HDL-C and blood eosinophil counts among American asthmatic adults, suggesting that serum HDL-C levels might be associated with the immunological condition of asthmatic adults. There was no correlation between serum LDL-C, total cholesterol, or triglyceride levels and blood eosinophil counts.

A new perspective on cholesterol in pediatric health: association of vitamin D metabolism, respiratory diseases, and mental health problems

Cholesterol, the main structural molecule of cell membranes, is involved in essential functions of the human body. Dyslipidemia is an established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) that is observed even in childhood. To reduce the risk of CVDs in children, several clinical guidelines have been published for the management of pediatric dyslipidemia. However, pediatric dyslipidemia is also associated with several health problems other than CVDs. This article reviews the current data on dyslipidemia-related pediatric health issues. There is strong evidence that low serum vitamin D levels, asthma, and mental health problems may be associated with dyslipidemia in the pediatric population regardless of body mass index. This review also highlights the need for further large-scale population-based studies in the Korean pediatric population to establish effective strategies for promoting children's health.

Association of Dyslipidemia and Respiratory Resistance Assessed by the Forced Oscillation Technique in Asthmatic Children

PURPOSE

This study aimed to evaluate the associations between dyslipidemia and pulmonary function parameters assessed by spirometry and the forced oscillation technique in asthmatic children.

METHODS

Asthmatic children (5-18 years old) had fasting serum lipid profiles including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations, and C-reactive protein (CRP) measured. Pulmonary function tests were assessed by spirometry and the forced oscillation technique (FOT).

RESULTS

One hundred forty-one asthmatic children were enrolled with a mean (SD) age of 11.82 (3.38) years. Eighty-eight (62.4%) children were boys, 64 (45.4%) had dyslipidemia, and 20 (14.2%) were obese. Among the children with dyslipidemia, a high LDL-C concentration (65.6%) was the most common form of dyslipidemia, followed by high TC (57.8%), high TG (35.9%), and low HDL-C concentrations (15.6%). Multivariable analysis showed significant associations between HDL-C concentrations and respiratory resistance at 5 Hz (R₅) and respiratory resistance at 20 Hz (R₂₀), and TC concentrations were modestly associated with reactance at 5 Hz (X₅), the frequency of resonance (Fres), and the area of reactance (ALX). Asthmatic children who had high LDL-C concentrations had a significantly higher expiratory phase R₅, whole breath R₂₀, and expiratory phase R₂₀ than those in children with normal LDL-C concentrations.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests an association of blood cholesterol, especially HDL-C and LDL-C, and respiratory resistance measured by the FOT, irrespective of the obesity status. An intervention for improving LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations may be beneficial on lung function parameters in asthmatic children.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

TCTR20200305005; date of registration: 03-04-2020 (retrospectively registered).

Clustering patterns of metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study in children and adolescents in Kyiv

OBJECTIVE

The aim: to identify subgroups by cluster analysis according parameters: original homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-1 IR), updated computer model of insulin resistance (HOMA-2 IR), β-cell function (%B) and insulin sensitivity (%S) for the prognosis of different variants of metabolic syndrome in children for more individualized treatment selection.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The observational cross-sectional study on 75 children aged from 10 to 17 with metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria was conducted at the Cardiology Department of Children's Clinical Hospital No.6 in Kyiv. HOMA-1 IR was calculated as follows: fasting insulin (µIU/ml) × fasting glucose (mmol/L)/22.5. HOMA-2 IR with %B and %S were calculated according to the computer model in [http://www.dtu.ox.ac.uk]. All biochemical analysis were carried out using Cobas 6000 analyzer and Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland). The statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA 7.0 and Easy R. The hierarchical method Ward was used for cluster analysis according the parameters: HOMA-1 IR, HOMA-2 IR, %B and %S.

RESULTS

Four clusters were identified from the dendrogram, which could predict four variants in the course of metabolic syndrome such that children in cluster 1 would have the worst values of the studied parameters and those in cluster 4 - the best. It was found that HOMA-1 IR was much higher in cluster 1 (6.32 ± 0.66) than in cluster 4 (2.19 ± 0.13). HOMA-2 IR was also much higher in cluster 1 (3.80 ± 0.34) than in cluster 4 (1.31 ± 0.06). By the analysis of variance using Scheffe's multiple comparison method, a statistically significant difference was obtained between the laboratory parameters among the subgroups: HOMA-1 IR (p < 0,001), glucose (p < 0.001), insulin (p < 0,001), HOMA-2 IR (p < 0.001), %B (p < 0.001), %S (p < 0.001), TG ( p = 0.005) and VLDL-C (p = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

A cluster analysis revealed that the first two subgroups of children had the worst insulin resistance and lipid profile parameters. It was found positive correlation between HOMA-1 IR, HOMA-2 IR, %B and %S with lipid metabolism parameters TG and VLDL-C and negative correlation between %B and HDL-C in children with metabolic syndrome (MetS).The risk of getting a high TG result in the blood analysis in children with MetS was significantly dependent with the HOMA-2 IR >2.26.

Asthma and obesity: endotoxin another insult to add to injury?

Low-grade inflammation is often an underlying cause of several chronic diseases such as asthma, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Defining the mediators of such chronic low-grade inflammation often appears dependent on which disease is being investigated. However, downstream systemic inflammatory cytokine responses in these diseases often overlap, noting there is no doubt more than one factor at play to heighten the inflammatory response. Furthermore, it is increasingly believed that diet and an altered gut microbiota may play an important role in the pathology of such diverse diseases. More specifically, the inflammatory mediator endotoxin, which is a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the outer membrane cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria and is abundant within the gut microbiota, and may play a direct role alongside inhaled allergens in eliciting an inflammatory response in asthma. Endotoxin has immunogenic effects and is sufficiently microscopic to traverse the gut mucosa and enter the systemic circulation to act as a mediator of chronic low-grade inflammation in disease. Whilst the role of endotoxin has been considered in conditions of obesity, cardiovascular disease and T2DM, endotoxin as an inflammatory trigger in asthma is less well understood. This review has sought to examine the current evidence for the role of endotoxin in asthma, and whether the gut microbiota could be a dietary target to improve disease management. This may expand our understanding of endotoxin as a mediator of further low-grade inflammatory diseases, and how endotoxin may represent yet another insult to add to injury.

Lipid Nutrition in Asthma

Asthma is a heterogeneous pulmonary disease that has constantly increased in prevalence over the past several decades. Primary symptoms include airway constriction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling with additional symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Allergic asthma involves chronic inflammation of the lungs, and the rise in its yearly diagnosis is potentially associated with the increased global consumption of foods similar to the western diet. Thus, there is growing interest into the link between diet and asthma symptoms, with mounting evidence for an important modulatory role for dietary lipids. Lipids can act as biological mediators in both a proinflammatory and proresolution capacity. Fatty acids play key roles in signaling and in the production of mediators in the allergic and inflammatory pathways. The western diet leads to a disproportionate ω-6:ω-3 ratio, with drastically increased ω-6 levels. To counteract this, consumption of fish and fish oil and the use of dietary oils with anti-inflammatory properties such as olive and sesame oil can increase ω-3 and decrease ω-6 levels. Increasing vitamin intake, lowering LDL cholesterol levels, and limiting consumption of oxidized lipids can help reduce the risk of asthma and the exacerbation of asthmatic symptoms. These dietary changes can be achieved by increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, nuts, oily fish, seeds, animal-related foods (eggs, liver), cheeses, grains, oats, and seeds, and decreasing consumption of fried foods (especially fried in reused oils), fast foods, and heavily processed foods.

The YAP/HIF-1α/miR-182/EGR2 axis is implicated in asthma severity through the control of Th17 cell differentiation

BACKGROUND

Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease of the airway, involving reversible airflow limitation and airway remodeling. T helper 17 (Th17) cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. However, there is limited understanding of the signaling pathways controlling Th17 cell differentiation in asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate if the Yes-associated protein (YAP)/hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/microRNA-182 (miR-182)/early growth response 2 (EGR2) axis is involved in mediating Th17 cell differentiation and disease severity in asthma.

METHODS

The study included 29 pediatric patients with asthma, 22 healthy volunteers, ovalbumin-induced murine asthma models, and mouse naive CD4⁺ T cells. The subpopulation of Th17 cells was examined by flow cytometry. The levels of interleukin-17A were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were performed to examine interactions between HIF-1α and miR-182, and between miR-182 and EGR2.

RESULTS

YAP, HIF-1α, and miR-182 were upregulated but EGR2 was downregulated in human and mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the asthma group. Abundant expression of YAP and HIF-1α promoted miR-182 expression and then inhibited EGR2, a target of miR-182, thus enhancing Th17 differentiation and deteriorating asthma and lipid metabolism dysfunction. In addition, in vivo overexpression of EGR2 countered the promoting effect of the YAP/HIF-1α/miR-182 axis on asthma and lipid metabolism dysfunction.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that activation of the YAP/HIF-1α/miR-182/EGR2 axis may promote Th17 cell differentiation, exacerbate asthma development, and aggravate lipid metabolism dysfunction, thus suggesting a potential therapeutic target for asthma.

Association between elevated serum triglycerides and asthma in patients with obesity: An explorative study

Background: Adults with a high body mass index (BMI) have an increased risk of developing asthma. To explore the impact of increased lipids on the presence of asthma, this study investigated the relationship between lipid levels and inflammatory markers in patients with asthma and controls with obesity. Objective: We hypothesized that higher lipid levels are more prevalent in patients with obesity and asthma. Methods: In this explorative cohort study, 96 patients with asthma and 45 controls were included. All the patients participated in one of three asthma studies; two of these studies included only patients with obesity. An asthma diagnosis was defined by the presence of typical clinical symptoms, reversible airway obstruction (+12% improvement in forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration after bronchodilator), or bronchial hyperreactivity (Histamine PC20 < 8 mg/mL), or a fractional exhaled nitric oxide of > 50 ppb. We compared lipid levels and neutrophils and eosinophils in patients with asthma and the controls with a wide BMI range (17.8-63.8 kg/m²). Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results: Serum triglycerides were statistically significantly higher in patients with obesity and asthma adjusted for BMI, blood eosinophils, and statin use (odds ratio [OR] 2.56 [95% confidence interval, 1.34-4.88]; p = 0.004). Inclusion or exclusion of those who used long-acting β2-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids led to comparable adjusted ORs for blood triglyceride and blood eosinophils levels. Conclusion: Elevated serum triglycerides were associated with the presence of asthma in patients with obesity. This indicated that elevated triglycerides might be a yet unrecognized trait that contributed to the development of asthma. The precise cause and effect of these high triglyceride levels in the patients with asthma and with obesity were not determined in this study.Clinical trial Trial registration NCT03278561, <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov">www.clinicaltrials.gov</ext-link>; NL4262, NL3056, trialregister.nl.

Correlation of Lipid Ratios With the Severity of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Lipids are known to accumulate abnormally in the alveoli and circulate during pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). However, the relationship between lipid ratios and PAP is not clear. In this study, we investigated the lipid ratios in PAP patients and explored the relationships between lipid ratios and the severity of PAP.

Methods: A total of 122 PAP patients were diagnosed and divided the mild- moderate PAP group (n = 61) and the severe PAP group (n = 61) according to the value of disease severity score (DSS). One hundred thirty healthy volunteers were classified as the control group. Routine blood examination and pulmonary function tests were performed and lipid profile were measured.

Results: Compared with the control group, patients with PAP had significantly higher TG, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and non-HDL-C, while lower HDL-C (all P < 0.05). Patients with the severe PAP had higher TC, TG, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and non-HDL-C, while lower HDL-C than patients with the mild- moderate PAP (all P < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that TC/HDL-C (OR = 2.322, 95% CI 1.621–3.713, P = 0.024) and non-HDL-C (OR = 1.797, 95% CI 1.239–3.109, P = 0.036) were all significantly correlated with the severity of PAP after adjustment for other risk factors. The AUC value of TC/HDL-C for predicting the severity of PAP was larger than that of non-HDL-C. The AUROC for TC/HDL-C was 0.741 (0.654–0.828), and the optimal cut-off point for TC/HDL-C was 5.05 (sensitivity: 73.6%, specificity: 68.1%).

Conclusions: Lipid ratios, including TC-HDL-C and non-HDL-C, were independent risk factors for the severity of PAP. TC/HDL-C is a promising biomarker for the severity of PAP.

Lipid Profile and IL-17A in Allergic Rhinitis: Correlation With Disease Severity and Quality of Life

BACKGROUND

Recent data display the possible role of cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-17 and IL-23 as a link between dyslipidemia and atopy; however, the relationship between dyslipidemia, allergic rhinitis (AR), and the underlying mechanisms involved is unclear.

PURPOSE

To measure the lipid profile and IL-17A level in AR patients in comparison to healthy controls, and correlate serum lipid level with the severity of symptoms and quality of life (QoL) of AR patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Peripheral blood samples were collected from AR patients (n=70) and a control group (n=80). Samples were analyzed for serum total IgE by ELISA, serum lipid profile, and IL-17A level by ELISA. Severity of AR symptoms was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) score and the rhinoconjunctivitis QoL questionnaire.

RESULTS

Serum lipid profile and level of IL-17A in AR patients were significantly higher in comparison to controls (P < 0.001). Positive correlations were found between total cholesterol (TC) and the severity of AR and QoL. IL-17A was positively correlated with triglyceride (TG) level and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P=0.011, r=0.303; P=0.043, r=0.242, respectively). Additionally, IL-17A was negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (P=0.036, r=-0.251). IL-17A was positively correlated with both age and VAS score with statistical significance (P=0.033, r=0.225; P=0.011, r=0.302, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Dyslipidemia might play a potential role in the severity of AR symptoms and impairment of patients' QoL. Highlighting this association might alert physicians to evaluate the lipid profile in AR patients for timely diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia in an attempt to improve disease control and improve QoL.

Metabolic Dysfunction and Asthma: Current Perspectives

The increasing knowledge of the mechanisms involved in metabolism is shifting the paradigms by which the pathophysiology of many pulmonary diseases is understood. Metabolic dysfunction is recognized in obesity-associated asthma, but other metabolic conditions have been shown to be independently related to asthma. Novel insights have also recently been brought by metabolomics in this filed. The purpose of this review is to discuss current perspectives regarding metabolic dysfunction in asthma, from obesity-related asthma to other metabolic conditions and the role of current pharmacological therapeutic strategies and lifestyle interventions. Obesity is a well-recognized risk factor for asthma across the lifespan, which is generally associated with poorer response to current available treatments, rendering a more severe, refractory disease status. Besides the epidemiological and clinical link, untargeted metabolomics studies have recently supported the obesity-associated asthma phenotype at the molecular level. Not only obesity-related, but also other aspects of metabolic dysregulation can be independently linked to asthma. These include hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension, which need to be taken into account, even in the non-obese patient. Untargeted metabolomics studies have further highlighted several other metabolic pathways that can be altered in asthma, namely regarding oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, and also suggesting the importance of microbiota in asthma pathogenesis. Considering the reduced response to corticosteroids, other pharmacologic treatments have been shown to be effective regardless of body mass index. Non-pharmacologic treatments (namely weight reduction and dietary changes) may bring substantial benefit to the asthmatic patient. Taken together, this evidence points towards the need to improve our knowledge in this filed and, in particular, to address the influence of environmental factors in metabolic dysfunction and asthma development. Personalized medicine is definitely needed to optimize treatment, including a holistic view of the asthmatic patient in order to set accurate pharmacologic therapy together with dietary, physical exercise and lifestyle interventions.

Indicators of metabolic syndrome in normotensive normoglycemic asthmatic patients

BACKGROUND

Pathophysiology of hypertension and bronchial asthma (BA) shares many similarities, especially those related to the metabolic syndrome (MS).

AIM

In this study, the indicators of the MS were evaluated in normoglycemic normotensive asthmatic patients to clarify if the components of the MS can still interact to increase the risk of BA, provided that blood pressure and glucose level are kept within the normal physiological ranges.

METHODS

Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting blood insulin (FBI) levels, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), serum lipid profile, and spirometric measurements were all compared between 120 asthmatic patients and 59 non-asthmatic subjects. Cigarette smoking, pregnancy, age below 20 years or above 40 years, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and other chronic diseases were excluded from all studied groups.

RESULTS

Asthmatic patients demonstrated higher WC (median [25th-75th interquartile]=88.50 [78.00-101.75], FBI [19.98 (11.12-40.14)], and triglyceride (TG) level [109.5 (76.50-134.0)]) compared with non-asthmatic subjects (81.00 [72.00-92.00], 13.78 [8.84-30.24], and 89.00 [64.25-104], P<0.05). QUICKI and MABP were lower in asthmatic patients (0.310 [0.283-0.338] and 86.66 [83.33-93.33]) compared with non-asthmatic subjects (0.320 [0.297-0.353] and 93.33 [83.33-93.33]), (P<0.05). BMI, FBG, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol levels were comparable in the studied groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The present finding gives further evidence for higher WC, FBI, TG level, and insulin resistance in normotensive, normoglycemic asthmatic patients compared to healthy controls.

RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS

The findings of this study suggested that abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance may still be interacting and hence increase the risk of BA in normotensive, normoglycemic subjects.

Allergic asthma aggravated atherosclerosis increases cholesterol biosynthesis and foam cell formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

Several studies have demonstrated that allergic asthma can induce atherosclerosis formation in mice. Moreover, allergic asthma and atherosclerosis have been shown to be strongly associated with dyslipidemia. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of allergic asthma-aggravated atherosclerosis-induced cholesterol metabolism disorder in asthmatic apoE^-/- mice. We found that allergic asthma increased the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) in the liver and CD36 in the aorta during the acute and advanced stages of atherosclerosis, respectively. These results indicate that cholesterol biosynthesis is increased during acute atherosclerosis and cholesterol uptake and foam cell formation is increased during advanced atherosclerosis. Simvastatin administration significantly ameliorated the aortic root lesion size of asthmatic mice and significantly decreased HMGCR and CD36 expression. However, the expression of the low-density lipoprotein receptor and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 was markedly increased, indicating that the beneficial effect of statins in allergic asthma and coronary artery disease was mediated, at least in part, by decreasing cholesterol biosynthesis and foam cell formation. In conclusion, allergic asthma aggravates atherosclerosis by regulating cholesterol metabolism in apoE^-/- mice. Allergic asthma selectively promotes cholesterol biosynthesis in acute atherosclerosis and increases foam cell formation in advanced atherosclerosis.

Semantic integration of clinical laboratory tests from electronic health records for deep phenotyping and biomarker discovery

Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems typically define laboratory test results using the Laboratory Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC) and can transmit them using Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resource (FHIR) standards. LOINC has not yet been semantically integrated with computational resources for phenotype analysis. Here, we provide a method for mapping LOINC-encoded laboratory test results transmitted in FHIR standards to Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms. We annotated the medical implications of 2923 commonly used laboratory tests with HPO terms. Using these annotations, our software assesses laboratory test results and converts each result into an HPO term. We validated our approach with EHR data from 15,681 patients with respiratory complaints and identified known biomarkers for asthma. Finally, we provide a freely available SMART on FHIR application that can be used within EHR systems. Our approach allows readily available laboratory tests in EHR to be reused for deep phenotyping and exploits the hierarchical structure of HPO to integrate distinct tests that have comparable medical interpretations for association studies.

Metabolic Syndrome Biomarkers of World Trade Center Airway Hyperreactivity: A 16-Year Prospective Cohort Study

Airway hyperreactivity (AHR) related to environmental exposure is a significant public health risk worldwide. Similarly, metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), a risk factor for obstructive airway disease (OAD) and systemic inflammation, is a significant contributor to global adverse health. This prospective cohort study followed N = 7486 World Trade Center (WTC)-exposed male firefighters from 11 September 2001 (9/11) until 1 August 2017 and investigated N = 539 with newly developed AHR for clinical biomarkers of MetSyn and compared them to the non-AHR group. Male firefighters with normal lung function and no AHR pre-9/11 who had blood drawn from 9 September 2001–24 July 2002 were assessed. World Trade Center-Airway Hyperreactivity (WTC-AHR) was defined as either a positive bronchodilator response (BDR) or methacholine challenge test (MCT). The electronic medical record (EMR) was queried for their MetSyn characteristics (lipid profile, body mass index (BMI), glucose), and routine clinical biomarkers (such as complete blood counts). We modeled the association of MetSyn characteristics at the first post-9/11 exam with AHR. Those with AHR were significantly more likely to be older, have higher BMIs, have high intensity exposure, and have MetSyn. Smoking history was not associated with WTC-AHR. Those present on the morning of 9/11 had 224% increased risk of developing AHR, and those who arrived in the afternoon of 9/11 had a 75.9% increased risk. Having ≥3 MetSyn parameters increased the risk of WTC-AHR by 65.4%. Co-existing MetSyn and high WTC exposure are predictive of future AHR and suggest that systemic inflammation may be a contributor.