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Tibbs-Cortes BW, Rahic-Seggerman FM, Schmitz-Esser S, Boggiatto PM, Olsen S, Putz EJ. Fecal and vaginal microbiota of vaccinated and non-vaccinated pregnant elk challenged with Brucella abortus. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1334858. [PMID: 38352039 PMCID: PMC10861794 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1334858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucella abortus is the causative agent of brucellosis in cattle and in humans, resulting in economic losses in the agricultural sector and representing a major threat to public health. Elk populations in the American Northwest are reservoirs for this bacterium and transmit the agent to domestic cattle herds. One potential strategy to mitigate the transmission of brucellosis by elk is vaccination of elk populations against B. abortus; however, elk appear to be immunologically distinct from cattle in their responses to current vaccination strategies. The differences in host response to B. abortus between cattle and elk could be attributed to differences between the cattle and elk innate and adaptive immune responses. Because species-specific interactions between the host microbiome and the immune system are also known to affect immunity, we sought to investigate interactions between the elk microbiome and B. abortus infection and vaccination. Methods We analyzed the fecal and vaginal microbial communities of B. abortus-vaccinated and unvaccinated elk which were challenged with B. abortus during the periparturient period. Results We observed that the elk fecal and vaginal microbiota are similar to those of other ruminants, and these microbial communities were affected both by time of sampling and by vaccination status. Notably, we observed that taxa representing ruminant reproductive tract pathogens tended to increase in abundance in the elk vaginal microbiome following parturition. Furthermore, many of these taxa differed significantly in abundance depending on vaccination status, indicating that vaccination against B. abortus affects the elk vaginal microbiota with potential implications for animal reproductive health. Discussion This study is the first to analyze the vaginal microbiota of any species of the genus Cervus and is also the first to assess the effects of B. abortus vaccination and challenge on the vaginal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bienvenido W. Tibbs-Cortes
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Faith M. Rahic-Seggerman
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paola M. Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Steven Olsen
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ellie J. Putz
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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Wang Y, Wu A, Xu Z, Zhang H, Li H, Fu S, Liu Y, Cui L, Miao Y, Wang Y, Zhumanov K, Xu Y, Sheng J, Yi J, Chen C. A multi-epitope subunit vaccine based on CU/ZN-SOD, OMP31 and BP26 against Brucella melitensis infection in BALB/C mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111351. [PMID: 38113688 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis, a zoonosis caused by Brucella, is highly detrimental to both humans and animals. Most existing vaccines are live attenuated vaccines with safety flaws for people and animals. Therefore, it is advantageous to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine (MEV) to prevent Brucella infection. To this end, we applied a reverse vaccinology approach. Six cytotoxic T cell (CTL) epitopes, seven T helper cell (HTL) epitopes, and four linear B cell epitopes from CU/ZN-SOD, Omp31, and BP26 were obtained. We linked the CTL, HTL, B-cell epitopes, the appropriate CTB molecular adjuvant, and the universal T helper lymphocyte epitope, PADRE, with linkers AAY, GPPGG, and KK, respectively. This yielded a 412-amino acid MEV construct, which we named MEVcob. The immunogenicity, stability, safety, and feasibility of the construct were evaluated by bioinformatics tools (including the AlphaFold2 prediction tool, the AlphaFold2 tool, NetMHC-I pan 4.0 server, IEDB MHC-I server, ABCpred service, and C-ImmSim server); the physicochemical properties, secondary and tertiary structures, and binding ability of MEVocb to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was analyzed. Then, codon adaptation and computer cloning studies were performed. MEVocb is highly immunogenic in immunostimulation experiments, The proteins translated by these sequences were relatively stable, exhibiting a high antigenic index. Furthermore, mouse experiments confirmed that the MEVocb construct could raise IFN-γ, IgG, IgG2a, IgG1, IL-2, TNF-α levels in mice, indicating that induced a specific humoral and cellular immune response in BALB/c mice. This vaccine induced a statistically significant level of protection in BALB/c mice when challenged with Brucella melitensis 043 in Xinjiang. Briefly, we utilized immunoinformatic tools to design a novel multi-epitope subunit candidate vaccine against Brucella. This vaccine aims to induce host immune responses and confer specific protective effects. The study results offer a theoretical foundation for the development of a novel Brucella subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueli Wang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832000 Shihezi City, Xinjiang, China
| | - Aodi Wu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832000 Shihezi City, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832000 Shihezi City, Xinjiang, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832000 Shihezi City, Xinjiang, China
| | - Honghuan Li
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832000 Shihezi City, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuangshuang Fu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832000 Shihezi City, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832000 Shihezi City, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lijin Cui
- Fujian Biotechnology Co., LTD., 353000 Nanping, Fujian, China
| | - Yuhe Miao
- Fujian Biotechnology Co., LTD., 353000 Nanping, Fujian, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832000 Shihezi City, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kaiat Zhumanov
- Kazakh National Agrarian University, The Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Yimei Xu
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 830000 Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinliang Sheng
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832000 Shihezi City, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jihai Yi
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832000 Shihezi City, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832000 Shihezi City, Xinjiang, China.
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Kazemi-Roudsari M, Doosti A, Jami MS. Design of an oral vaccine using Lactococcus lactis against brucellosis: an in vitro and in vivo study. AMB Express 2024; 14:2. [PMID: 38170414 PMCID: PMC10764709 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is regarded as one of the world's most severe zoonotic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of using recombinant Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) as a live vector to produce recombinant Brucella abortus (B. abortus) Omp10. The gene sequences were obtained from GenBank. The proteins' immunogenicity was assessed using Vaxijen. After confirming the cloning of the Omp10 gene in the pNZ8148 vector by enzymatic digestion and PCR, transformation into L. lactis was done. SDS-PAGE and western blot methods evaluated omp10 protein expression. Mice received oral recombinant L. lactis vaccines. IgG antibodies against Omp10 were tested using ELISA. Real-time PCR and ELISA were used to analyze cytokine responses. Survival rate and histopathological changes were evaluated after the challenge. Omp10 was chosen for its 1.5524 antigenicity score. Enzymatic digestion and PCR identified a 381-bp gene fragment. A 10 kDa band indicated the success of L. lactis transformation. Mice administered the L. lactis-pNZ8148-Omp10-Usp45 vaccination 14 days after priming showed significantly higher Omp10-specific total IgG and IgG1 (P < 0.001) than the PBS control group. The mice who received the L. lactis-pNZ8148-Omp10-Usp45 and IRBA vaccines had significantly elevated levels of IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-4, and IL-10 in samples collected on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.001). Inflammatory response, morphological damage, alveolar edema, and lymphocyte infiltration were reduced in the target group. A recombinant L. lactis expressing the Omp10 protein was constructed as an oral Lactococcus-based vaccine and compared to live attenuated vaccines for future brucellosis investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbas Doosti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Saeid Jami
- Department of Biology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Research Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Andrade RS, Oliveira MMD, Bueno Filho JSDS, Ferreira F, Godfroid J, Lage AP, Dorneles EMS. Accuracy of serological tests for bovine brucellosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2024; 222:106079. [PMID: 38056065 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The direct methods for diagnosis of bovine brucellosis have several limitations, therefore serological tests are the basis for the diagnosis of the disease. However, a meta-analysis estimating the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) on the main tests used in bovine brucellosis control programs worldwide has not been performed. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the DSe, DSp and thereby accuracy of serological tests individually used in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. The databases CABI, Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science were used to select articles. The search resulted in 5308 studies, of which 71 were selected for systematic review using quality assessment tools and 65 studies were included in the meta-analysis. For the meta-analysis, 178 assays and 11 different serological tests were considered. To estimate DSe and DSp of the tests, studies were divided according to animal selection for the studies: (1) studies that carried out a random or consecutive selection of participants (noncasecontrol studies) and (2) all studies, including casecontrol studies. Considering only the non-case-control studies to estimate the DSe, the tests that exhibited the best and worst performance were the iELISA test (indirect enzyme immunoassay - bacterial suspension as antigen - BS) (96.5%, 95% CI: 94.1-97.9%) and 2ME (2- mercaptoethanol test) (85.0%, 95% CI: 79.6-89.1%), respectively; while for DSp, the FPA (fluorescence polarization assay) (99, 7%, 95% CI: 99.5-99.8%) and PCFIA tests (protein concentration fluorescence immunoassay) (78.5%, 95% CI: 70.0-85.1%) showed better and worse performance, respectively. Overall, our results showed an overestimation in the DSe and DSp of the eleven serological tests assessed when casecontrol studies were included in the meta-analysis, which is a concern considering its impacts on the time and costs associated with populational diagnosis of the diseases, since several of these tests are routinely used in the control and eradication programs of bovine brucellosis worldwide. Furthermore, the tests that exhibited the best DSe and DSp, iELISA (BS) and FPA, respectively, are relatively easy to perform and interpret and the test which showed the best overall accuracy was FPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella Silva Andrade
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina Martins de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Marumo B, Hlokwe TM, Kayoka-Kabongo PN. Seroprevalence of brucellosis in communal and smallholder cattle farming in North West Province, South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2023; 90:e1-e8. [PMID: 38197672 PMCID: PMC10784229 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v90i1.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is an important bacterial zoonosis responsible for considerable economic losses in livestock and health-related burden worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in communal and smallholder cattle farming in four districts of the North West province of South Africa (Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati, Ngaka Modiri Molema, Bojanala platinum and Dr Kenneth Kaunda districts). Seven hundred and seventy blood samples from farmed animals (n = 378) and abattoir-slaughtered animals (n = 392) were collected. In addition, milk samples (n = 22) were collected from lactating farmed cows. Rose Bengal test (RBT), complement fixation test (CFT) and milk ring test (MRT) were used to detect antibodies against Brucella species. The RBT showed a seroprevalence of 2% at 95% confidence interval (CI: 1.35-3.35), CFT confirmed an overall seroprevalence of 1.95% (95% CI: 1.14-3.12) for all four districts sampled. Although the seroprevalence of brucellosis was found to be low, the possibility of undetected cases of the disease could not be ruled out. Overall, the findings of this study confirmed that brucellosis is endemic in the surveyed areas of the North West province of South Africa.Contribution: The outcome of this study will contribute to the National Brucellosis Project organised by the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (2016-2026) to assist in the effective implementation of the disease control measures with a view to prevent further outbreaks in the country's cattle population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bontsi Marumo
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria.
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Wang S, Yin Y, Zai X, Gu Y, Guo F, Shao F, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li R, Zhang J, Xu J, Chen W. A novel Galleria mellonella experimental model for zoonotic pathogen Brucella. Virulence 2023; 14:2268496. [PMID: 37817444 PMCID: PMC10599192 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2268496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a major threat to public health and animal husbandry. Several in vivo vertebrate models, such as mice, guinea pigs, and nonhuman primates, have been used to study Brucella pathogenesis, bacteria-host interactions, and vaccine efficacy. However, these models have limitations whereas the invertebrate Galleria mellonella model is a cost-effective and ethical alternative. The aim of the present study was to examine the invertebrate G. mellonella as an in vivo infection model for Brucella. Infection assays were employed to validate the fitness of the larval model for Brucella infection and virulence evaluation. The protective efficacy of immune sera was evaluated by pre-incubated with a lethal dose of bacteria before infection. The consistency between the mouse model and the larval model was confirmed by assessing the protective efficacy of two Brucella vaccine strains. The results show that G. mellonella could be infected by Brucella strains, in a dose- and temperature-dependent way. Moreover, this larval model can effectively evaluate the virulence of Brucella strains in a manner consistent with that of mammalian infection models. Importantly, this model can assess the protective efficacy of vaccine immune sera within a day. Further investigation implied that haemolymph played a crucial role in the protective efficacy of immune sera. In conclusion, G. mellonella could serve as a quick, efficient, and reliable model for evaluating the virulence of Brucella strains and efficacy of immune sera in an ethical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zai
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Gu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyu Guo
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Fangze Shao
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohui Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihua Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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7
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Wu A, Wang Y, Ali A, Xu Z, Zhang D, Zhumanov K, Sheng J, Yi J. Design of a multi-epitope vaccine against brucellosis fused to IgG-fc by an immunoinformatics approach. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1238634. [PMID: 37937155 PMCID: PMC10625910 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1238634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucella, a type of intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, has unique features and acts as a zoonotic pathogen. It can lead to abortion and infertility in animals. Eliminating brucellosis becomes very challenging once it spreads among both humans and animals, putting a heavy burden on livestock and people worldwide. Given the increasing spread of brucellosis, it is crucial to develop improved vaccines for susceptible animals to reduce the disease's impact. Methods In this study, we effectively used an immunoinformatics approach with advanced computer software to carefully identify and analyze important antigenic parts of Brucella abortus. Subsequently, we skillfully designed chimeric peptides to enhance the vaccine's strength and effectiveness. We used computer programs to find four important parts of the Brucella bacteria that our immune system recognizes. Then, we carefully looked for eight parts that are recognized by a type of white blood cell called cytotoxic T cells, six parts recognized by T helper cells, and four parts recognized by B cells. We connected these parts together using a special link, creating a strong new vaccine. To make the vaccine even better, we added some extra parts called molecular adjuvants. These included something called human β-defensins 3 (hBD-3) that we found in a database, and another part that helps the immune system called PADRE. We attached these extra parts to the beginning of the vaccine. In a new and clever way, we made the vaccine even stronger by attaching a part from a mouse's immune system to the end of it. This created a new kind of vaccine called MEV-Fc. We used advanced computer methods to study how well the MEV-Fc vaccine interacts with certain receptors in the body (TLR-2 and TLR-4). Results In the end, Immunosimulation predictions showed that the MEV-Fc vaccine can make the immune system respond strongly, both in terms of cells and antibodies. Discussion In summary, our results provide novel insights for the development of Brucella vaccines. Although further laboratory experiments are required to assess its protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aodi Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yueli Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Adnan Ali
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kairat Zhumanov
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kazakhstan Kazakh State Agricultural University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Jinliang Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Blasco JM, Moreno E, Muñoz PM, Conde-Álvarez R, Moriyón I. A review of three decades of use of the cattle brucellosis rough vaccine Brucella abortus RB51: myths and facts. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:211. [PMID: 37853407 PMCID: PMC10583465 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle brucellosis is a severe zoonosis of worldwide distribution caused by Brucella abortus and B. melitensis. In some countries with appropriate infrastructure, animal tagging and movement control, eradication was possible through efficient diagnosis and vaccination with B. abortus S19, usually combined with test-and-slaughter (T/S). Although S19 elicits anti-smooth lipopolysaccharide antibodies that may interfere in the differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA), this issue is minimized using appropriate S19 vaccination protocols and irrelevant when high-prevalence makes mass vaccination necessary or when eradication requisites are not met. However, S19 has been broadly replaced by vaccine RB51 (a rifampin-resistant rough mutant) as it is widely accepted that is DIVA, safe and as protective as S19. These RB51 properties are critically reviewed here using the evidence accumulated in the last 35 years. Controlled experiments and field evidence shows that RB51 interferes in immunosorbent assays (iELISA, cELISA and others) and in complement fixation, issues accentuated by revaccinating animals previously immunized with RB51 or S19. Moreover, contacts with virulent brucellae elicit anti-smooth lipopolysaccharide antibodies in RB51 vaccinated animals. Thus, accepting that RB51 is truly DIVA results in extended diagnostic confusions and, when combined with T/S, unnecessary over-culling. Studies supporting the safety of RB51 are flawed and, on the contrary, there is solid evidence that RB51 is excreted in milk and abortifacient in pregnant animals, thus being released in abortions and vaginal fluids. These problems are accentuated by the RB51 virulence in humans, lack diagnostic serological tests detecting these infections and RB51 rifampicin resistance. In controlled experiments, protection by RB51 compares unfavorably with S19 and lasts less than four years with no evidence that RB51-revaccination bolsters immunity, and field studies reporting its usefulness are flawed. There is no evidence that RB51 protects cattle against B. melitensis, infection common when raised together with small ruminants. Finally, data acumulated during cattle brucellosis eradication in Spain shows that S19-T/S is far more efficacious than RB51-T/S, which does not differ from T/S alone. We conclude that the assumption that RB51 is DIVA, safe, and efficaceous results from the uncritical repetition of imperfectly examined evidence, and advise against its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Blasco
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, España
| | - E Moreno
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - P M Muñoz
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, España
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, España
| | - R Conde-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra and Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - I Moriyón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra and Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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De Massis F, Sacchini F, D’Alterio N, Migliorati G, Ferri N, Rossi E, Averaimo D, Petrini A, Podaliri Vulpiani M, Perletta F, Rodomonti D, Luciani M, Befacchia G, Maggetti M, Di Febo T, Di Pancrazio C, Krasteva IM, Salini R, Vincifori G, Iannetti S, Tittarelli M. Brucella abortus Strain RB51 Administered to Prepubescent Water Buffaloes, from Vaccination to Lactation: Kinetics of Antibody Response and Vaccine Safety. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2078. [PMID: 37630638 PMCID: PMC10459664 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella RB51 is a live modified vaccine. Its use in water buffalo has been proposed using a vaccination protocol different to that used for cattle, but knowledge of the long-term effects of RB51 vaccination in this species remains incomplete. The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and kinetics of antibody responses in water buffaloes vaccinated according to the protocol described for the bovine species in the WOAH Manual, modified with the use of a triple dose. Water buffaloes were vaccinated with the vaccine RB51. A booster vaccination was administered at 12 months of age. When turning 23-25 months old, female animals were induced to pregnancy. RB51-specific antibodies were detected and quantified using a CFT based on the RB51 antigen. Vaccinated animals showed a positive serological reaction following each vaccine injection, but titers and the duration of the antibody differed among animals. For 36 weeks after booster vaccination, the comparison of CFT values between vaccinated and control groups remained constantly significant. Afterwards, antibody titers decreased. No relevant changes in antibody response were recorded during pregnancy or lactation. In conclusion, results indicated that the vaccination schedule applied is safe and allows for vaccinated and unvaccinated controls to be discriminated between for up to 8 months after booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.D.M.); (N.D.); (G.M.); (N.F.); (E.R.); (D.A.); (A.P.); (M.P.V.); (F.P.); (D.R.); (M.L.); (M.M.); (T.D.F.); (C.D.P.); (I.M.K.); (R.S.); (S.I.); (M.T.)
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Sebzda MK, Kauffman LK. Update on Brucella canis: Understanding the Past and Preparing for the Future. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00075-X. [PMID: 37385876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The genus Brucella is known by veterinarians as a primary cause of reproductive diseases. It is widely known to cause financial devastation in livestock species, and is lesser known as a problem for dog breeders and fanciers with similar reproductive diseases seen in dogs. Now there are concerns about the dispersal of Brucella canis into countries that have enjoyed a fairly low incidence, through the importation of dogs from endemic countries. B canis, much like Brucella abortus, suis or mellitensis, is zoonotic and handling or working with infected dogs can lead to human disease. Only within the last few decades has the risk of brucellosis in dogs, and the people who own and work with them, been more fully acknowledged. This review will focus on new information that has been obtained since our last B canis article in 2018. Readers are encouraged to look to that article for information not presented within this update. Current B canis epidemiology along with a complete review of diagnostic testing options will be covered. Regulations for the international movement of dogs will be discussed in addition to concerns for increased zoonosis potential. Future goals would include better management of this disease including proposed screening of all imported dogs. Canine brucellosis prevention, owner and shelter/rescue education along with proposed therapies for the future will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Sebzda
- Newport Harbor Animal Hospital, 125 Mesa Drive, Costa Mesa, CA 92627, USA; Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Lin K Kauffman
- Prairie View Animal Hospital, 1830 Southeast Princeton Drive Suite A, Grimes, IA 50111, USA.
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11
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Wang H, Clapp B, Hoffman C, Yang X, Pascual DW. A Single Nasal Dose Vaccination with a Brucella abortus Mutant Potently Protects against Pulmonary Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1576-1588. [PMID: 37036290 PMCID: PMC10159994 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The Brucella abortus double-mutant (ΔznuA ΔnorD Brucella abortus-lacZ [znBAZ]) was assessed for its protective efficacy after vaccination with a single nasal dose. Superior protection was achieved in znBAZ-vaccinated mice against pulmonary, wild-type B. abortus 2308 challenge when compared with conventional livestock Brucella abortus vaccines, the smooth S19 (smooth B. abortus strain 19 vaccine) and rough RB51 (rough mutant vaccine strain of B. abortus) strains. Nasal znBAZ vaccination reduced splenic and lung colonization by wild-type brucellae by >3-4 logs. In contrast, S19 reduced lung colonization by only 32-fold, and RB51 failed to reduce colonization. One profound attribute of znBAZ vaccination was the >3-fold increase in pulmonary CD8+ T cells when compared with other vaccinated groups. S19 vaccination increased only CD4+ T cells. All vaccines induced IFN-γ and TNF-α production by CD4+ T cells, but only znBAZ vaccination enhanced the recruitment of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells, by >100-fold. IL-17 by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was also induced by subsequent znBAZ vaccination. These results demonstrate that, in addition to achieving protective immunity by CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, specifically resident memory T cells, also confer protection against brucellosis. The protection obtained by znBAZ vaccination was attributed to IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells, because depletion of CD8+ T cells throughout vaccination and challenge phases abrogated protection. The stimulation of only CD4+ T cells by RB51- and S19-vaccinated mice proved insufficient in protecting against pulmonary B. abortus 2308 challenge. Thus, nasal znBAZ vaccination offers an alternative means to elicit protection against brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Beata Clapp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Carol Hoffman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Xinghong Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - David W. Pascual
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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12
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Hedges JF, Snyder DT, Robison A, Thompson MA, Aspelin K, Plewa J, Baldridge J, Jutila MA. A TLR4 agonist liposome formulation effectively stimulates innate immunity and enhances protection from bacterial infection. Innate Immun 2023:17534259231168725. [PMID: 37083049 DOI: 10.1177/17534259231168725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of innate immunity can protect against infectious insult and could be used in combination with other therapies. Since antibiotic resistance is an increasing concern, strategies to reduce the dose or eliminate the need for these drugs are warranted. Lipo-CRX is a formulation in which the TLR4 agonist CRX-527 is incorporated into lipid membranes in liposomes. Lipo-CRX is less inflammatory than either CRX-527 or LPS, but retains unique capacity to enhance host defense responses. We compared lipo-CRX to other agonists in vitro using mammalian cells and in vivo in mice, and assessed indicators of innate immune responses and protection from bacterial infection. Lipo-CRX is similar to E. coli LPS in its capacity to activate bovine γδ T cells and to recruit neutrophils into mouse lungs, but with less reactivity in the LAL assay. However, lipo-CRX uniquely induced the production of systemic innate immune cytokines. In the mouse model of brucellosis, delivery of lipo-CRX to the lungs reduced the dissemination of B. abortus. While lipo-CRX or the antibiotic ampicillin alone did not alter B. abortus burdens in the lung, the combination had a synergistic beneficial effect. Our data suggest that stimulating the innate immune system with lipo-CRX, either alone or when combined with antibiotics, can enhance bacterial clearance in the mouse model of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Deann T Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Amanda Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Macy A Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Klara Aspelin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jack Plewa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jory Baldridge
- Totem BioSciences, 240 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Mark A Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
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13
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Dorneles EMS, Santana JA, Costa ACTRB, Júnior DGJ, Heinemann MB, Lage AP. Equine brucellosis: current understanding and challenges. J Equine Vet Sci 2023:104298. [PMID: 37072072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis in equines, including horses, donkeys, and mules, is characterized by abscesses in tendons, bursae, and joints. Reproductive disorders, which are common in other animals, are rare in both males and females. Joint breeding of horses, cattle, and pigs was found as the main risk factor for equine brucellosis, with the transmission from equines to cattle or among equines possible, although unlikely. Hence, evaluation of the disease in equines can be considered an indirect indicator of the effectiveness of brucellosis control measures employed for other domestic species. Generally, the disease in equines reflects disease status in the sympatric domestic species, mainly cattle. It is important to note that in equines, the disease has no validated diagnostic test, which limits the interpretation of available data. Finally, it is important to mention that equines also represent significant Brucella spp. infection sources for humans. Considering the zoonotic aspect of brucellosis, the significant losses due to infection, and the representativeness of horses, mules, and donkeys in the society, as well as the continuous efforts to control and eradicate the disease in livestock, in this review, we covered the various aspects of brucellosis in equines and compile the sparse and diffuse information on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais. Caixa Postal 3037, Campus Universitário, 37200-900, Brazil.
| | - Jordana Almeida Santana
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Anna Cecília Trolesi Reis Borges Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais. Caixa Postal 3037, Campus Universitário, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Danilo Guedes Junqueira Júnior
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87. Butantã. São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil..
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14
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Sadeghi Z, Fasihi-Ramandi M, Davoudi Z, Bouzari S. Multi-Epitope Vaccine Candidates Associated with Mannosylated Chitosan and LPS Conjugated Chitosan Nanoparticles Against Brucella Infection. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:991-999. [PMID: 36623693 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One promising approach to increase protection against infectious diseases is to use adjuvants that can selectively stimulate the immune responses. In this study, multi-epitope antigens associated with LPS loaded chitosan (LLC) as toll-like receptor agonist or mannosylated chitosan nanoparticle (MCN) as vaccine delivery system were evaluated for their ability to stimulate immune responses to Brucella infection in mice model. Our results indicated that the addition of MCN to our vaccine formulations significantly elicited IFN-γ and IL-2 cytokines and antibody titers, in comparison with the non-adjuvanted vaccine candidates. The present results indicated that multi-epitopes and their administration with LLC or MCN induced Th1 immune response. In addition, vaccine candidates containing MCN provided high percentage of protection against B. melitensis and B. abortus infection. Our results provided support to previous reports indicating that MCNs are attractive adjuvants and addition of this adjuvant to multi-epitopes antigens play an important role in the development of vaccine against Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Sadeghi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fasihi-Ramandi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Davoudi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saeid Bouzari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Abnaroodheleh F, Emadi A, Dashtipour S, Jamil T, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Dadar M. Shedding rate of Brucella spp. in the milk of seropositive and seronegative dairy cattle. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15085. [PMID: 37123977 PMCID: PMC10133664 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis in cattle herds has caused severe economic losses in many regions worldwide. A cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the presence of Brucella spp. in industrial dairy cattle farms in Iran. For this purpose, 935 blood and 935 milk samples were randomly collected from industrial dairy cattle farms in Iran's Alborz and Tehran provinces. Blood and milk samples were collected on the same day from each cow. Serological, bacteriological, and molecular characterization of Brucella isolates were performed using standard methods. Our results revealed the seroprevalence of brucellosis in dairy cattle farms in the Alborz and Tehran provinces, reaching 19.8%, 6.7%, 5.1%, 14.1%, and 13.1% using the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), serum agglutination test (SAT), 2-mercaptoethanol test (2-ME), indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) and milk ring test (MRT), respectively. Furthermore, the results of bacterial culture and PCR analyses showed the presence of Brucella abortus among dairy cattle in the Alborz province and Brucella melitensis and B. abortus among dairy cattle in the Tehran province. Moreover, statistical analysis with Cohen's Kappa has highlighted the near-perfect agreement between RBPT and i-ELISA (k = 0.86). In contrast, substantial agreement was shown between RBPT and SAT performance (k = 0.70) and moderate agreement between RBPT and 2-ME (k = 0.67). The findings of this investigation showed shedding of Brucella in the milk of seropositive cows, which is a serious problem involving the maintenance and further spread of Brucella infection on the farm. Therefore, for brucellosis detection or eradication in dairy cattle farms, bacteriological and serological tests of milk samples should be performed along with blood analysis to inhibit the uncontrolled spread of the disease in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Abnaroodheleh
- Head of Diagnosis and Treatment Department; Tehran Veterinary Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahita Emadi
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Shojaat Dashtipour
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Tariq Jamil
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology – State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St., 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
- Corresponding author. Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology – State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St., 02-532, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
- Corresponding author.
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16
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Fatehi Z, Doosti A, Jami MS. Oral vaccination with novel Lactococcus lactis mucosal live vector-secreting Brucella lumazine synthase (BLS) protein induces humoral and cellular immune protection against Brucella abortus. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:122. [PMID: 36939918 PMCID: PMC10025791 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to provide recombinant Lactococcus lactis as a potential live vector for the manufacture of recombinant Brucella abortus (rBLS-Usp45). The sequences of the genes were collected from the GenBank database. Using Vaxijen and ccSOL, the proteins' immunogenicity and solubility were evaluated. Mice were given oral vaccinations with recombinant L. lactis. Anti-BLS-specific IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA assay. Cytokine reactions were examined using real-time PCR and the ELISA technique. The BLS protein was chosen for immunogenicity based on the vaccinology screening findings since it had maximum solubility and antigenic values of 99% and 0.75, respectively. The BLS gene, digested at 477 bp, was electrophoretically isolated to demonstrate that the recombinant plasmid was successfully produced. Protein-level antigen expression showed that the target group produced the 18 kDa-sized BLS protein, whereas the control group did not express any proteins. In the sera of mice given the L. lactis-pNZ8148-BLS-Usp45 vaccine 14 days after priming, there was a significant level of BLS-specific IgG1, IgG2a (P < 0.001) compared to the PBS control group. Vaccinated mice showed higher levels of IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-4, and IL-10 in samples obtained on days 14 and 28, after receiving the L. lactis-pNZ8148-BLS-Usp45 and IRBA vaccines (P < 0.001). The inflammatory reaction caused less severe spleen injuries, alveolar edema, lymphocyte infiltration, and morphological damage in the target group's spleen sections. Based on our findings, an oral or subunit-based vaccine against brucellosis might be developed using L. lactis-pNZ8148-BLS-Usp45 as a novel, promising, and safe alternative to the live attenuated vaccines now available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fatehi
- Department of Biology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Abbas Doosti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Saeid Jami
- Department of Biology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Research Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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17
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Holt HR, Walker M, Beauvais W, Kaur P, Bedi JS, Mangtani P, Sharma NS, Gill JPS, Godfroid J, McGiven J, Guitian J. Modelling the control of bovine brucellosis in India. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220756. [PMID: 36882115 PMCID: PMC9991488 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis imposes substantial impacts on livestock production and public health worldwide. A stochastic, age-structured model incorporating herd demographics was developed describing within- and between-herd transmission of Brucella abortus in dairy cattle herds. The model was fitted to data from a cross-sectional study conducted in Punjab State of India and used to evaluate the effectiveness of control strategies under consideration. Based on model results, stakeholder acceptance and constraints regarding vaccine supply, vaccination of replacement calves in large farms should be prioritized. Test and removal applied at early stages of the control programme where seroprevalence is high would not constitute an effective or acceptable use of resources because significant numbers of animals would be 'removed' (culled or not used for breeding) based on false positive results. To achieve sustained reductions in brucellosis, policymakers must commit to maintaining vaccination in the long term, which may eventually reduce frequency of infection in the livestock reservoir to a low enough level for elimination to be a realistic objective. This work provides key strategic insights into the control of brucellosis in India, which has the largest cattle population globally, and a general modelling framework for evaluating control strategies in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Holt
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, WOAH Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.,Communicable Diseases Policy Research Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - M Walker
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, WOAH Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - W Beauvais
- Comparative Pathobiology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - P Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - J S Bedi
- School of Public Health and Zoonosis, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - P Mangtani
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - N S Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - J P S Gill
- School of Public Health and Zoonosis, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - J Godfroid
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - J McGiven
- WOAH Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, FAO Collaborating Centre for Brucellosis, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - J Guitian
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, WOAH Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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18
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Abushahba MF, Dadelahi AS, Lemoine EL, Skyberg JA, Vyas S, Dhoble S, Ghodake V, Patravale VB, Adamovicz JJ. Safe Subunit Green Vaccines Confer Robust Immunity and Protection against Mucosal Brucella Infection in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030546. [PMID: 36992130 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes significant negative impacts on the animal industry and affects over half a million people worldwide every year. The limited safety and efficacy of current animal brucellosis vaccines, combined with the lack of a licensed human brucellosis vaccine, have led researchers to search for new vaccine strategies to combat the disease. To this end, the present research aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a green vaccine candidate that combines Brucella abortus S19 smooth lipopolysaccharide (sLPS) with Quillaja saponin (QS) or QS-Xyloglucan mix (QS-X) against mucosal brucellosis in BALB/C mice. The results of the study indicate that administering two doses of either sLPS-QS or sLPS-QS-X was safe for the animals, triggered a robust immune response, and enhanced protection following intranasal challenge with S19. Specifically, the vaccine combinations led to the secretion of IgA and IgG1 in the BALF of the immunized mice. We also found a mixed IgG1/IgG2a systemic response indicating evidence of both Th1 and Th2 activation, with a predominance of the IgG1 over the IgG2a. These candidates resulted in significant reductions in the bioburden of lung, liver, and spleen tissue compared to the PBS control group. The sLPS-QS vaccination had conferred the greatest protection, with a 130-fold reduction in Brucella burdens in lung and a 55.74-fold reduction in the spleen compared to PBS controls. Vaccination with sLPS-QS-X resulted in the highest reduction in splenic Brucella loads, with a 364.6-fold decrease in bacterial titer compared to non-vaccinated animals. The study suggests that the tested vaccine candidates are safe and effective in increasing the animals’ ability to respond to brucellosis via mucosal challenge. It also supports the use of the S19 challenge strain as a safe and cost-effective method for testing Brucella vaccine candidates under BSL-2 containment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa F Abushahba
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Alexis S Dadelahi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Emily L Lemoine
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jerod A Skyberg
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Swati Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sagar Dhoble
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinod Ghodake
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vandana B Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jeffrey J Adamovicz
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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19
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Ali A, Waris A, Khan MA, Asim M, Khan AU, Khan S, Zeb J. Recent advancement, immune responses, and mechanism of action of various vaccines against intracellular bacterial infections. Life Sci 2023; 314:121332. [PMID: 36584914 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging bacterial infections are a serious threat to human and animal health. Extracellular bacteria are free-living, while facultative intracellular bacteria replicate inside eukaryotic host cells. Many serious human illnesses are now known to be caused by intracellular bacteria such as Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Rickettsia massiliae, Chlamydia species, Brucella abortus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes, which result in substantial morbidity and mortality. Pathogens like Mycobacterium, Brucella, MRSA, Shigella, Listeria, and Salmonella can infiltrate and persist in mammalian host cells, particularly macrophages, where they proliferate and establish a repository, resulting in chronic and recurrent infections. The current treatment for these bacteria involves the application of narrow-spectrum antibiotics. FDA-approved vaccines against obligate intracellular bacterial infections are lacking. The development of vaccines against intracellular pathogenic bacteria are more difficult because host defense against these bacteria requires the activation of the cell-mediated pathway of the immune system, such as CD8+ T and CD4+ T. However, different types of vaccines, including live, attenuated, subunit, killed whole cell, nano-based and DNA vaccines are currently in clinical trials. Substantial development has been made in various vaccine strategies against intracellular pathogenic bacteria. This review focuses on the mechanism of intracellular bacterial infection, host immune response, and recent advancements in vaccine development strategies against various obligate intracellular bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Waris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Khan
- Division of Life Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurosciences, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Atta Ullah Khan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China
| | - Sahrish Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jehan Zeb
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Proteome-Wide Screening of Potential Vaccine Targets against Brucella melitensis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020263. [PMID: 36851141 PMCID: PMC9966016 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing antibiotic-resistance crisis is becoming a global problem affecting public health. Urgent efforts are required to design novel therapeutics against pathogenic bacterial species. Brucella melitensis is an etiological agent of brucellosis, which mostly affects sheep and goats but several cases have also been reported in cattle, water buffalo, yaks and dogs. Infected animals also represent the major source of infection for humans. Development of safer and effective vaccines for brucellosis remains a priority to support disease control and eradication in animals and to prevent infection to humans. In this research study, we designed an in-silico multi-epitopes vaccine for B. melitensis using computational approaches. The pathogen core proteome was screened for good vaccine candidates using subtractive proteomics, reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatic tools. In total, 10 proteins: catalase; siderophore ABC transporter substrate-binding protein; pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase; superoxide dismutase; peptidylprolyl isomerase; superoxide dismutase family protein; septation protein A; hypothetical protein; binding-protein-dependent transport systems inner membrane component; and 4-hydroxy-2-oxoheptanedioate aldolase were selected for epitopes prediction. To induce cellular and antibody base immune responses, the vaccine must comprise both B and T-cells epitopes. The epitopes were next screened for antigenicity, allergic nature and water solubility and the probable antigenic, non-allergic, water-soluble and non-toxic nine epitopes were shortlisted for multi-epitopes vaccine construction. The designed vaccine construct comprises 274 amino acid long sequences having a molecular weight of 28.14 kDa and instability index of 27.62. The vaccine construct was further assessed for binding efficacy with immune cell receptors. Docking results revealed that the designed vaccine had good binding potency with selected immune cell receptors. Furthermore, vaccine-MHC-I, vaccine-MHC-II and vaccine-TLR-4 complexes were opted based on a least-binding energy score of -5.48 kcal/mol, 0.64 kcal/mol and -2.69 kcal/mol. Those selected were then energy refined and subjected to simulation studies to understand dynamic movements of the docked complexes. The docking results were further validated through MMPBSA and MMGBSA analyses. The MMPBSA calculated -235.18 kcal/mol, -206.79 kcal/mol, and -215.73 kcal/mol net binding free energy, while MMGBSA estimated -259.48 kcal/mol, -206.79 kcal/mol and -215.73 kcal/mol for TLR-4, MHC-I and MHC-II complexes, respectively. These findings were validated by water-swap and entropy calculations. Overall, the designed vaccine construct can evoke proper immune responses and the construct could be helpful for experimental researchers in formulation of a protective vaccine against the targeted pathogen for both animal and human use.
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de Macedo GC, Herrera HM, de Oliveira Porfírio GE, Santos FM, de Assis WO, de Andrade GB, Nantes WAG, de Mendoza JH, Fernández-Llario P, de Oliveira CE. Brucellosis in the Brazilian Pantanal wetland: threat to animal production and wildlife conservation. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:2287-2297. [PMID: 36269553 PMCID: PMC9679109 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This review was performed to gather knowledge about brucellosis in livestock and wildlife in the Brazilian Pantanal, a biome with a huge biodiversity and extensive livestock production. Following the preferred reporting items for narrative review guidelines and using the terms "Brucella" and "Pantanal," we explored the PubMed, SciELO, Jstor, Science Direct, and Scholar Google databases. Information on host species, diagnostic test, number of positive animals, and positivity rates were acquired. Articles dating from 1998 to 2022 registered 14 studies including cattle, dogs, and the following wildlife species: Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Sus scrofa, Tayassu peccari, Nasua nasua, Cerdocyon thous, Panthera onca, Dasypus novemcintus, Cabassous unicinctus, Euphractus sexcinctus, Priodontes maximus, Myrmecophaga tridactyla and Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. Brucella occurrence in cattle was demonstrated through the serological confirmatory test 2-mercaptoetanol. Molecular diagnosis detected Brucella abortus in dogs, smooth Brucella in O. beoarticus, and Brucella spp. in T. peccari. Cattle may have a pivotal importance in maintenance and spreading of Brucella spp. due to their high population density, environmental contamination from abortion of infected cows, and eventual excretion of B. abortus S19 strain from vaccinated heifers. The occurrence of Brucella spp. in O. bezoarticus and T. peccari represent a risk for wildlife conservation. These data indicate that Brucella spp. are enzootic in the Pantanal wetland, sustained by a reservoir system including domestic and wild mammals. Due to marked seasonality and large populations of wildlife species sharing same environments with livestock, brucellosis acquires great complexity in Pantanal and, therefore, must be analyzed considering both animal production and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carvalho de Macedo
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University (UCDB), 79117-010, Av. TamandaréJardim Seminário 79117-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, 6000, Brazil
| | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University (UCDB), 79117-010, Av. TamandaréJardim Seminário 79117-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, 6000, Brazil
| | - Grasiela Edith de Oliveira Porfírio
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University (UCDB), 79117-010, Av. TamandaréJardim Seminário 79117-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, 6000, Brazil
| | - Filipe Martins Santos
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University (UCDB), 79117-010, Av. TamandaréJardim Seminário 79117-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, 6000, Brazil
| | - William Oliveira de Assis
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University (UCDB), 79117-010, Av. TamandaréJardim Seminário 79117-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, 6000, Brazil
| | - Gisele Braziliano de Andrade
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University (UCDB), 79117-010, Av. TamandaréJardim Seminário 79117-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, 6000, Brazil
| | - Wesley Arruda Gimenes Nantes
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University (UCDB), 79117-010, Av. TamandaréJardim Seminário 79117-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, 6000, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Fernández-Llario
- Innovation in Management and Conservation of Ungulates (INGULADOS) 10002, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carina Elisei de Oliveira
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University (UCDB), 79117-010, Av. TamandaréJardim Seminário 79117-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, 6000, Brazil.
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Peng Q, Xiang Z, Chen Y, Wang G, Wu X, Guo A, Robertson ID. A case study investigating the effects of emergency vaccination with Brucella abortus A19 vaccine on a dairy farm undergoing an abortion outbreak in China. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBrucellosis is an important zoonosis that results in substantial economic losses to the livestock industry through abortions and reduced milk yield. This study investigated an abortion outbreak in a dairy herd and then explored the effects of emergency vaccination with Brucella abortus A19 vaccine on the incidence of abortion and milk yield. A full dose of vaccine (6 × 1010—12 × 1010 colony forming units, CFU) was administered subcutaneously to calves and non-pregnant heifers, and a reduced dose (6 × 108—12 × 108 CFU) to adult cows and pregnant replacement heifers. Rose Bengal Test was used to screen Brucella infection status and then positive samples were tested with a C-ELISA. Animals that tested positive for both tests were considered positive to Brucella spp. The animal-level seroprevalence of brucellosis was 23.1% (95% CI: 17.0, 30.2), and the attributable fraction of abortions in seropositive animals was 89.1% (95% CI: 64.3, 96.7). The odds of seropositivity were significantly higher in cows that aborted compared to cows that calved normally (OR = 21.4, 95% CI: 4.4, 168.4). Cows in sheds A2 and C1 were 10.2 (95% CI: 1.4, 128.0) and 17.0 (95% CI: 2.8, 190.3) times more likely to be seropositive than cows in shed B1. Antibodies were not detectable in most heifers 12 months post-vaccination. The effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing abortions was estimated to be 56.8% (95% CI: 15.8, 77.8) for the entire herd, but increased to 86.7% (95% CI: 4.4, 98.1) when only primiparous heifers were considered. Furthermore, a significant increase in the average herd 305-day milk yield one-year after vaccination was also observed relative to that in the previous three years. It is concluded that emergency vaccination of a dairy herd undergoing an abortion outbreak with the A19 vaccine effectively reduced the incidence of abortion and indirectly increased milk yield one-year after vaccination.
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Salinas-Estrella E, Amaro-Estrada I, Cobaxin-Cárdenas ME, Preciado de la Torre JF, Rodríguez SD. Bovine Anaplasmosis: Will there ever be an almighty effective vaccine? Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:946545. [PMID: 36277070 PMCID: PMC9581321 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.946545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne bacterial disease with a worldwide distribution and the cause of severe economic losses in the livestock industry in many countries, including México. In the present work, we first review the elements of the immune response of the bovine, which allows ameliorating the clinical signs while eliminating the majority of the blood forms and generating an immunologic memory such that future confrontations with the pathogen will not end in disease. On the other hand, many vaccine candidates have been evaluated for the control of bovine anaplasmosis yet without no commercial worldwide effective vaccine. Lastly, the diversity of the pathogen and how this diversity has impaired the many efforts to control the disease are reviewed.
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Heidary M, Dashtbin S, Ghanavati R, Mahdizade Ari M, Bostanghadiri N, Darbandi A, Navidifar T, Talebi M. Evaluation of Brucellosis Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:925773. [PMID: 35923818 PMCID: PMC9339783 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.925773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis caused by Brucella spp. which can lead to heavy economic losses and severe human diseases. Thus, controlling brucellosis is very important. Due to humans easily gaining brucellosis from animals, animal brucellosis control programs can help the eradication of human brucellosis. There are two popular vaccines against animal brucellosis. Live attenuated Brucella abortus strain 19 (S19 vaccine) is the first effective and most extensively used vaccine for the prevention of brucellosis in cattle. Live attenuated Brucella melitensis strain Rev.1 (Rev.1 vaccine) is the most effective vaccine against caprine and ovine brucellosis. Although these two vaccines provide good immunity for animals against brucellosis, the expense of persistent serological responses is one of the main problems of both vaccines. The advantages and limitations of Brucella vaccines, especially new vaccine candidates, have been less studied. In addition, there is an urgent need for new strategies to control and eradicate this disease. Therefore, this narrative review aims to present an updated overview of the available different types of brucellosis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Heidary
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Shirin Dashtbin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Ghanavati
- School of Paramedical Sciences, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Marzie Mahdizade Ari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narjess Bostanghadiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Darbandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Malihe Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Malihe Talebi
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Wang S, Zhao X, Sun K, Bateer H, Wang W. The Genome Sequence of Brucella abortus vaccine strain A19 provides insights on its virulence attenuation compared to Brucella abortus strain 9-941. Gene 2022; 830:146521. [PMID: 35447245 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a widespread disease that affects animals and humans. The live attenuated Brucella abortus A19 strain is used for vaccination against brucellosis in China. In addition, the main mechanisms supporting the residual toxicity of A19 have not been elucidated. Here, we performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of the genome-wide sequence of A19 against the whole genome sequences of the published virulent reference strain 9-941. The primary objective of this study was to identify candidate virulence genes by systematically comparing the genomic sequences between the two genomes. RESULTS This analysis revealed two deletion regions in the A19 genome, in which all included large fragments of 63 bp, and one of their gene function is related to ABC transporter permease protein. In addition, we have identified minor mutations in important virulence-related genes that can be used to determine the underlying mechanisms of virulence attenuation. The function of its virulence gene covers LysR family transcriptional regulator, outer membrane, MFS transporter and oxidoreductase etc. At the same time, a PCR differential diagnosis method was constructed, which can distinguish A19, S19 and most other commonly used Brucella viruent strains and vaccine strains. CONCLUSION The data may help to provide resources for further detailed analysis of mechanisms for other Brucella vaccines. It laid the foundation for further distinguishing between vaccine immunity and virulent strains infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Comprehensive Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010031, China
| | - Xueliang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Huhe Bateer
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China.
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Molecular detection of Brucella spp. in ruminant herds in Greece. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:173. [PMID: 35482257 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide distributed infectious disease. Ruminants and other animal species (swine, dogs, equids, etc.), as well as wild mammals, can be affected. The disease can be transmitted to humans through the food chain or by direct contact with infected animals. Because of the relatively high economic burden due to abortions within a herd, significant efforts have been employed and hence the disease in most European countries has been eradicated. Accordingly, Greece applies both control and eradication programs concerning small ruminants (sheep and goats) and bovines depending on the geographical area. Current challenges in the standard antibody-based laboratory methods used for Brucella detection are the failure to differentiate antibodies against the wild strain from the ones against the vaccine strain Rev1 and antibodies against B. melitensis from those against B. abortus. The aim of the study was to reexamine and combine previously published protocols based on PCR analysis and to generate a rapid, not expensive, and easy to perform diagnostic tool able to confirm the doubtful results delivered from serology. For this reason, 264 samples derived from 191 ruminants of the farm and divided in 2 groups (male/female) were examined with a modified DNA extraction and PCR protocol. Molecular examination revealed the presence of Brucella spp. in 39 out of 264 samples (derived from 30 animals). In addition, Brucella spp. was detected in infected tissues such as testicles, inguinal lymph nodes, fetal liver, and fetal stomach content.
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Darbandi A, Koupaei M, Navidifar T, Shahroodian S, Heidary M, Talebi M. Brucellosis control methods with an emphasis on vaccination: a systematic review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1025-1035. [PMID: 35416090 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2066521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brucellosis is considered as one of the main zoonotic infections and a major public health concern worldwide. The aim of the present study was to evaluate various strategies for controlling brucellosis with an especial emphasis on efficacy of vaccination. AREAS COVERED International databanks (Web of Science, PubMed, Embase) were searched for potentially relevant studies published from January 1, 2011 to March 25, 2021 using the following keywords: "Brucella", "Brucella abortus", "Brucella melitensis", "Brucella canis", "Brucella suis", "brucellosis", "Bang disease", "undulant fever", "Malta fever", "vaccination", "vaccine", and "immunization". The literature search was restricted to original articles published in English. EXPERT OPINION Various methods are employed to prevent and control brucellosis, such as removing sick animals by slaughtering, separating sick animals from the herd, and vaccination. Preventing, controlling, and eradicating brucellosis requires a lot of financial support, perseverance, and time. In order to conduct a detailed study, it is recommended that more studies be conducted in developing countries and different parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Darbandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Koupaei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Soheila Shahroodian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Malihe Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Saidu AS, Singh M, Kumar A, Mahajan NK, Mittal D, Chhabra R, Joshi VG, Musallam II, Sadiq U. Studies on intra-ocular vaccination of adult cattle with reduced dose Brucella abortus strain-19 vaccine. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08937. [PMID: 35243062 PMCID: PMC8881662 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus vaccines play a central role in bovine brucellosis control with tremendous success worldwide for decades. The study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of reduced dose (5.0 × 10 9 cfu) of S19 vaccine in adult cattle and its shedding in the milk of vaccinated cattle using molecular techniques. The OIE recommended tests (RBPT, SAT, and iELISA) for brucellosis screening in cattle were used. Seronegative cattle (n = 90) of different age groups (young, old heifers & milking cows, n = 30 each) were selected for the vaccine trials. Antibody titers were recorded at 7th, 21st, 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th days post-vaccination (DPV) to monitor the immune responses following vaccination and at 150th, 180th, 210th and 240th DPB following booster-dose to an intraocular group. The humoral immune responses observed by RBPT and ELISA, proved that antibody titers persisted in s/c group compared to the i/o group in all categories. The IFN-γ stimulation (CMI) due to reduced dose vaccination was noticed early as 30th in all groups and declined after 90th DPV, with higher IFN-γ stimulation among the s/c group. The Bcsp31 and IS711 targeted PCR detected the presence of Brucella DNA in milk samples (n = 120) from the vaccinated cows (n = 30) and confirmed by qPCR (TaqMan assay) at 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th DPV. A Significant number, 70% (7/10) was detected in s/c by qPCR. BCSP31 sequence was deposited at NCBI GenBank (accession no. MK881173-6). PCR and qPCR techniques could provide a reliable diagnosis of brucellosis from milk. The intraocular route remains the safer route for vaccinating adult cattle than subcutaneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Saidu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B., 1069, Maiduguri, 600230, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Mahavir Singh
- College Central Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - N K Mahajan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Dinesh Mittal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Chhabra
- College Central Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Vinay G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Imadidden I Musallam
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Usman Sadiq
- Northwick Park Hospital, Radiology Department, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
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Sarmadi M, Gheibi A, Khanahmad H, Khorramizadeh MR, Hejazi SH, Zahedi N, Mianesaz H, Kashfi K. Design and Characterization of a Recombinant Brucella abortus RB51 Vaccine That Elicits Enhanced T Cell-Mediated Immune Response. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030388. [PMID: 35335018 PMCID: PMC8950781 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus vaccines help control bovine brucellosis. The RB51 strain is a live attenuated vaccine with low side effects compared with other live attenuated brucellosis vaccines, but it provides insufficient protective efficacy. Cell-mediated immune responses are critical in resistance against intracellular bacterial infections. Therefore, we hypothesized that the listeriolysin O (LLO) expression of Listeria monocytogenes, BAX, and SMAC apoptotic proteins in strain RB51 could enhance vaccine efficacy and safety. B. abortus RB51 was transformed separately with two broad-host-range plasmids (pbbr1ori-LLO and pBlu–mLLO-BAX-SMAC) constructed from our recent work. pbbr1ori-LLO contains LLO, and pBlu–mLLO-BAX-SMAC contains the mutant LLO and BAX-SMAC fusion gene. The murine macrophage-like cell line J774A.1 was infected with the RB51 recombinant strain containing pBlu-mLLO-BAX-SMAC, RB51 recombinant strain containing LLO, and RB51 strain. The bacterial cytotoxicity and survival and apoptosis of host cells contaminated with our two strain types—RB51 recombinants or the parental RB51—were assessed. Strain RB51 expressing mLLO and BAX-SMAC was tested in BALB/c mice and a cell line for enhanced modulation of IFN-γ production. LDH analysis showed that the RB51-mLLO-BAX-SMAC and RB51-LLO strains expressed higher cytotoxicity in J774A.1 cells than RB51. In addition, RB51 recombinants had lower macrophage survival rates and caused higher levels of apoptosis and necrosis. Mice vaccinated with the RB51 recombinant containing mLLO-BAX-SMAC showed an enhanced Th1 immune response. This enhanced immune response is primarily due to bacterial endosome escape and bacterial antigens, leading to improved apoptosis and cross-priming. This potentially enhanced TCD8+- and T cell-mediated immunity leads to the increased safety and potency of the RB51 recombinant (RB51 mLLO-BAX-SMAC) as a vaccine candidate against B. abortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Sarmadi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran; (M.S.); (N.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Azam Gheibi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 14177-55469, Iran;
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (H.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran; (M.S.); (N.Z.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (H.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Khorramizadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 14177-55469, Iran;
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 14117-13139, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran;
| | - Noushin Zahedi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran; (M.S.); (N.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Hamidreza Mianesaz
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran; (M.S.); (N.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (H.K.); (K.K.)
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Zhi F, Fang J, Zheng W, Li J, Zhang G, Zhou D, Jin Y, Wang A. A Brucella Omp16 Conditional Deletion Strain Is Attenuated in BALB/c Mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:6-14. [PMID: 34675138 PMCID: PMC9628832 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2107.07016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that invade, survive and proliferate in numerous phagocytic and non-phagocytic cell types, thereby leading to human and animal brucellosis. Outer membrane proteins (Omps) are major immunogenic and protective antigens that are implicated in Brucella virulence. A strain deleted of the omp16 gene has not been obtained which suggests that the Omp16 protein is vital for Brucella survival. Nevertheless, we previously constructed an omp16 conditional deletion strain of Brucella, ΔOmp16. Here, the virulence and immune response elicted by this strain were assessed in a mouse model of infection. Splenomegaly was significantly reduced at two weeks post-infection in ΔOmp16-infected mice compared to infection with the parental strain. The bacterial load in the spleen also was significantly decreased at this post-infection time point in ΔOmp16-infected mice. Histopathological changes in the spleen were observed via hematoxylineosin staining and microscopic examination which showed that infection with the ΔOmp16 strain alleviated spleen histopathological alterations compared to mice infected with the parental strain. Moreover, the levels of humoral and cellular immunity were similar in both ΔOmp16-infected mice and parental strain-infected mice. The results overall show that the virulence of ΔOmp16 is attenuated markedly, but that the immune responses mediated by the deletion and parental strains in mice are indistinguishable. The data provide important insights that illuminate the pathogenic strategies adopted by Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feijie Zhi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Jiaoyang Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Weifang Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Junmei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Guangdong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Dong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +862987082869 E-mail:
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Alhussain H, Zughaier SM, Gawish A, Mahmoud MH, Yassine HM, Al Thani A, Obied TE, Al-Zeyara AM, Eltai NO. Seroprevalence of camel brucellosis in Qatar. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:351. [PMID: 36261738 PMCID: PMC9581880 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease and one of the most common neglected diseases worldwide. It can infect a wide range of domestic and wild animal species. Infected animals are usually culled, causing substantial economic losses to animal owners and the country's economy in general. The disease is endemic among cattle, sheep, and goats in many countries around the Middle East and prevalent in most Gulf Cooperation Council countries, comprising a significant public health risk in the region. This study investigated the seroprevalence of brucellosis among camels in Qatar. Two hundred and forty-eight samples were collected from dromedary camels from 28 farms across the entire country. Each sample was tested for Brucella antibodies with both Rose Bengal and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Only samples that tested positive by both tests were considered seropositive for brucellosis. The overall prevalence was (20.6%, 95% CI, 15.7-26.1). The association between sex and seropositivity was slightly significant (Χ2 = 4.32, P = 0.04), with higher seroprevalence in females. Camels below breeding age (i.e., < 4 years old) showed decreased seropositivity (3.4%, 95% CI, 0.1-17.8), compared to (22.8%, 95% CI, 17.4-29.0) seropositivity in camels ≥ 4 years of age, with a significant association between age groups and seropositivity (P = 0.02). Our results indicate that the seroprevalence of brucellosis in Qatar's camels is alarming, mandating more efforts to control the disease. The findings of this study will aid in selecting better effective measures to control camel brucellosis in Qatar. Further studies need to be conducted on Brucella infection among camels to determine the predisposing risk factors and the steps that should be followed to control brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Alhussain
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Susu M Zughaier
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Gawish
- Al Maha for Veterinary & Agriculture Services, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mahmoud H Mahmoud
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality & Environment, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asmaa Al Thani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tahra El- Obied
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Health, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Nahla O Eltai
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Oliveira KC, Brancaglion GA, Santos NCM, Araújo LP, Novaes E, Santos RDL, Oliveira SC, Corsetti PP, de Almeida LA. Epitope-Based Vaccine of a Brucella abortus Putative Small RNA Target Induces Protection and Less Tissue Damage in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:778475. [PMID: 34992597 PMCID: PMC8724193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria that cause brucellosis in humans and animals. Currently available live attenuated vaccines against brucellosis still have drawbacks. Therefore, subunit vaccines, produced using epitope-based antigens, have the advantage of being safe, cost-effective and efficacious. Here, we identified B. abortus small RNAs expressed during early infection with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and an apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Int) was identified as the putative target of the greatest expressed small RNA. Decreased expression of Int was observed during BMDM infection and the protein sequence was evaluated to rationally select a putative immunogenic epitope by immunoinformatic, which was explored as a vaccinal candidate. C57BL/6 mice were immunized and challenged with B. abortus, showing lower recovery in the number of viable bacteria in the liver, spleen, and axillary lymph node and greater production of IgG and fractions when compared to non-vaccinated mice. The vaccinated and infected mice showed the increased expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6 following expression of the anti-inflammatory genes IL-10 and TGF-β in the liver, justifying the reduction in the number and size of the observed granulomas. BMDMs stimulated with splenocyte supernatants from vaccinated and infected mice increase the CD86+ marker, as well as expressing greater amounts of iNOS and the consequent increase in NO production, suggesting an increase in the phagocytic and microbicidal capacity of these cells to eliminate the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cristina Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | | | - Natália C. M. Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Leonardo P. Araújo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Evandro Novaes
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Renato de Lima Santos
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sergio Costa Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Paiva Corsetti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Leonardo Augusto de Almeida, ; Patrícia Paiva Corsetti,
| | - Leonardo Augusto de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Leonardo Augusto de Almeida, ; Patrícia Paiva Corsetti,
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Sadeghi Z, Fasihi-Ramandi M, Bouzari S. Brucella antigens (BhuA, 7α-HSDH, FliC) in poly I:C adjuvant as potential vaccine candidates against brucellosis. J Immunol Methods 2021; 500:113172. [PMID: 34673003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A promising strategy for controlling animal brucellosis is vaccination with commercial vaccine strains (Brucella melitensis Rev.1 and Brucella abortus RB51). Owing to safety concerns associated with these vaccines, developing a more effective and safe vaccine is essential. In this study, we examined the capacity of BhuA, 7α-HSDH or FliC antigens in the presence or absence of adjuvant in eliciting immune responses against brucellosis. After cloning, expression and purification, these proteins were used to examine immunologic responses. All immunized mice induced a vigorous IgG, with a predominant IgG2a response. Moreover, splenocytes of immunized mice proliferated and produced IL-2 and IFN-γ, suggesting the induction of cellular immunity. The high IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and IL-2 and IFN-γ indicated a Th1-oriented immune response in test groups. BhuA-, 7α-HSDH- or FliC- poly I:C formulations were the most effective at inducing Th1 immune response compared to groups immunized with naked proteins. Immunization with proteins protected mice against B. melitensis 16M and B. abortus 544. The proteins in adjuvant induced higher levels of protection than proteins only and exhibited similar degree of protection to live attenuated vaccines. Our results, for first time, introduced five potential candidates for subunit vaccine development against B. melitensis and B. abortus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Sadeghi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fasihi-Ramandi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Bouzari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Sarmiento Clemente A, Amerson-Brown MH, Foster CE. An Adolescent With Neurobrucellosis Caused by Brucella abortus Cattle Vaccine Strain RB51. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:e353-e355. [PMID: 34260490 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We present the case of an 18-year-old female with a 1-month history of fever, headache, and double vision, whose examination revealed papilledema and cranial nerve VI palsy. Blood cultures grew Brucella abortus cattle vaccine strain RB51, which is inherently resistant to rifampin. We discuss the management of the first known case of neurobrucellosis by this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Sarmiento Clemente
- From the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Megan H Amerson-Brown
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Catherine E Foster
- From the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
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Leya M, Kim WK, Ochirkhuyag E, Yu EC, Kim YJ, Yeo Y, Yang MS, Han SS, Lee JH, Tark D, Hur J, Kim B. Protective efficacy of attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium strain expressing BLS, Omp19, PrpA, or SOD of Brucella abortus in goats. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e15. [PMID: 33774931 PMCID: PMC8007450 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attenuated Salmonella strain can be used as a vector to transport immunogens to the host antigen-binding sites. Objectives The study aimed to determine the protective efficacy of attenuated Salmonella strain expressing highly conserved Brucella immunogens in goats. Methods Goats were vaccinated with Salmonella vector expressing individually lipoprotein outer-membrane protein 19 (Omp19), Brucella lumazine synthase (BLS), proline racemase subunit A (PrpA), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) at 5 × 109 CFU/mL and challenge of all groups was done at 6 weeks after vaccination. Results Among these vaccines inoculated at 5 × 109 CFU/mL in 1 mL, Omp19 or SOD showed significantly higher serum immunoglobulin G titers at (2, 4, and 6) weeks post-vaccination, compared to the vector control. Interferon-γ production in response to individual antigens was significantly higher in SOD, Omp19, PrpA, and BLS individual groups, compared to that in the vector control (all p < 0.05). Brucella colonization rate at 8 weeks post-challenge showed that most vaccine-treated groups exhibited significantly increased protection by demonstrating reduced numbers of Brucella in tissues collected from vaccinated groups. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that Brucella antigen expression levels were reduced in the spleen, kidney, and parotid lymph node of vaccinated goats, compared to the non-vaccinated goats. Besides, treatment with vaccine expressing individual antigens ameliorated brucellosis-related histopathological lesions. Conclusions These results delineated that BLS, Omp19, PrpA, and SOD proteins achieved a definite level of protection, indicating that Salmonella Typhimurium successfully delivered Brucella antigens, and that individual vaccines could differentially elicit an antigen-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwense Leya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Won Kyong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | | | - Eun Chae Yu
- Korea Zoonosis Research institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Korea
| | - Young Jee Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Korea
| | - Yoonhwan Yeo
- Korea Zoonosis Research institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Korea
| | - Myeon Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Sang Seop Han
- Korea Zoonosis Research institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Korea Zoonosis Research institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea.
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Ashmi M, Kumar B, Agrawal RK, Prakash C, Abhishek, Singh KP. Development of BruAb2_0168 based isothermal Polymerase Spiral Reaction assay for specific detection of Brucella abortus in clinical samples. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 59:101761. [PMID: 34400303 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine brucellosis, predominantly caused by Brucella abortus is one of the most neglected zoonotic diseases causing severe economic losses in the dairy industry. The early and precise diagnosis of the disease is required to reduce the transmission of infection in humans as well as animals. In the current study, a rapid and novel isothermal amplification-based polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) was developed for the specific detection of Brucella abortus by targeting the BruAb2_0168 gene. The assay could be conducted at 65 °C in a water bath and results can be obtained after 60 min. The detection limit of the PSR assay was found to be 1.33fg. The sensitivity of the assay was found to be 104 fold higher than conventional PCR and equivalent to real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The assay didn't exhibit cross-reaction with selected pathogenic non-Brucella bacteria and Brucella spp. other than B. abortus. Forty clinical samples were also tested using this novel assay and it was able to detect 25 samples as positive, however, conventional PCR could detect the targeted organism in 22 samples only. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first report towards the development of a PSR assay for specific detection of B. abortus. The assay can be used as a quick, sensitive and accurate test for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in the field setting. Relatively one of the paradigm-shifting aspects of this assay would be it does not require any expensive equipment and the results can be easily visualized by the unaided eye, therefore making PSR a valuable diagnostic tool in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Ashmi
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Bablu Kumar
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India.
| | - Ravi Kant Agrawal
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Chandan Prakash
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Abhishek
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
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Banai M, Jiang H, Peng X, Feng Y, Jiang H, Ding J. The prevention and control of domesticated animal brucellosis. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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de Oliveira MM, Pereira CR, de Oliveira IRC, Godfroid J, Lage AP, Dorneles EMS. Efficacy of Brucella abortus S19 and RB51 vaccine strains: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e32-e51. [PMID: 34328699 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to recalculate the efficacy of Brucella abortus S19 and RB51 vaccine strains and discuss the main variables associated with controlled trials to evaluate bovine brucellosis vaccine efficacy (VE). The most commonly used vaccine strain was S19, at a dose of 1010 colony forming units (CFU), followed by RB51 at 1010 CFU. The most commonly used challenge strain was B. abortus 2308, at a dose of 107 CFU, by the intraconjunctival route. Regarding the meta-analysis, trials were grouped according to the vaccine strain and dose to recalculate protection against abortion (four groups) or infection (five groups) using pooled risk ratio (RR) and VE. Regarding protection against abortion (n = 15 trials), the S19 vaccine at 109 CFU exhibited the highest protection rate (RR = 0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) : 0.12-0.52; VE = 75.09%, 95% CI: 48.08-88.05), followed by RB51 at 1010 CFU (RR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16-0.61; VE = 69.25%, 95% CI: 39.48-84.38). Regarding protection against infection (n = 23 trials), only two subgroups exhibited significant protection: S19 at 109 CFU (RR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.14-0.55; VE = 72.03%, 95% CI: 57.70- 81.50) and RB51 at 1010 CFU (RR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.22-0.84; VE = 57.05%, 95% CI: 30.90-73.30). In conclusion, our results suggest that a dose of 109 CFU for S19 and 1010 CFU for RB51 are the most suitable for the prevention of abortion and infection caused by B. abortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martins de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Carine Rodrigues Pereira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Uit The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, Brazil
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Djangwani J, Abong' GO, Njue LG, Kaindi DWM. Sero-prevalence and risk factors of Brucella presence in farm bulk milk from open and zero grazing cattle production systems in Rwanda. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1656-1670. [PMID: 34237200 PMCID: PMC8464226 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal and human brucelloses have been reported in Rwanda, human brucellosis being linked to drinking inadequately heat-treated milk. However, information on Brucella detection and prevalence in milk produced in Rwanda is limited. OBJECTIVES To determine the sero-prevalence and risk factors of Brucella in farm bulk milk from zero and open grazing cattle production systems in Rwanda. METHODS A total of 330 farm bulk milk samples were collected from 198 zero grazing farms and 132 open grazing farms in a cross-sectional study in Rwanda. Sero-prevalence of Brucella in milk was analysed using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A questionnaire was administered to farmers to determine the risk factors of milk contamination with Brucella. RESULTS Anti-Brucella antibodies were prevalent in 19.7% (95% confidence interval (CI), 15.5-24.4) of the 330 collected farm bulk milk. Sero-prevalence was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in open grazing farms (37.9% [50/132]) than in zero grazing farms (7.6% [15/198]). Practising open grazing system (odds ratio, OR = 69.5; 95% CI = 1.6-3033.6), history of abortion (OR = 19.5; 95% CI = 8.1-46.8) and placenta retention (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 1.7-10.3) were the significant risk factors for the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies in milk. CONCLUSION Notably, more than a third of farm bulk milk from open grazing farms in Rwanda contains Brucella antibodies. Considering the zoonotic nature of Brucella, there is a need to reinforce brucellosis control programs in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juvenal Djangwani
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Department Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya.,College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Rwanda, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - George Ooko Abong'
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Department Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucy Gicuku Njue
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Department Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dasel Wambua Mulwa Kaindi
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Department Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ukita M, Hozé N, Nemoto T, Cauchemez S, Asakura S, Makingi G, Kazwala R, Makita K. Quantitative evaluation of the infection dynamics of bovine brucellosis in Tanzania. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105425. [PMID: 34256237 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is endemic in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted at 17 cattle farms in agro-pastoral areas in Tanzania to identify risk factors associated with the within-farm prevalence of bovine brucellosis and to quantitatively assess the infection dynamics through disease modelling. Cattle blood sampling and interviews with farmers using a structured questionnaire were conducted. A total of 673 serum samples were screened using the Rose-Bengal plate test (RBPT), and sero-positivity of RBPT-positive samples was confirmed using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Zero-inflated binomial regression was performed for univariable and multivariable risk factor analyses of within-farm prevalence. Several susceptible-infectious (SI) models were compared based on deviance information criteria, and age-dependent force of infection (FOI) was measured using age-specific prevalence data for the 10 infection-positive farms. Using the diagnoses of cows on the 17 farms, the basic reproduction number, R0, was also calculated. The farm-level prevalence and animal-level adjusted prevalence were 58.8 % (10/17, 95 % confidence interval: 33.5-80.6 %) and 7.0 % (28/673, 95 % credible interval: 5.7-8.4 %), respectively. The risk factor for high within-farm prevalence was introduction of cattle from other herds. A mathematical model with constant FOI showed the annual probability of infection as 1.4 % (95 % credible interval: 1.0 %-2.0 %). The R0 was 1.07. The constant FOI could have been due to the predominant mode of infection being transmission of Brucella from contaminated aborted materials during grazing. Direct purchase of infected cattle could facilitate efficient transmission between susceptible animals through abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ukita
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Nathanael Hozé
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Takahiro Nemoto
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Shingo Asakura
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan
| | - George Makingi
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, P.O. Box 3000, Tanzania
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, P.O. Box 3000, Tanzania
| | - Kohei Makita
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan.
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41
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Maleki M, Salouti M. Immunization effect of lipopolysaccharide antigen in conjugation with PLGA nanoparticles as a nanovaccine against Brucella melitensis infection. Biologicals 2021; 72:10-17. [PMID: 34167853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella is an infectious disease with difficult treatment faced with drug resistance and recurrence of infection. Despite advances in the development of effective vaccines against brucellosis infections, there is still a need for more effective vaccine against brucellosis. In this study, we developed a nanovaccine for delivery of lipopolysaccharide Brucella melitensis antigen to the immune system using PLGA nanoparticles to prevent Brucella infection, which is associated with the stimulation of both humoral and cellular immune systems. In particular, we determined the rate of produced immunoglobulines and their functional effectiveness on the immune system by carring out opsonophagocytosis and challenge tests. According to the results, it was determined that PLGA improve the delivery of LPS antigen to the immune system to enhance the production of immunoglobulins levels and their efficiency to remove Brucella bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Maleki
- Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Salouti
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran.
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42
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Khurana SK, Sehrawat A, Tiwari R, Prasad M, Gulati B, Shabbir MZ, Chhabra R, Karthik K, Patel SK, Pathak M, Iqbal Yatoo M, Gupta VK, Dhama K, Sah R, Chaicumpa W. Bovine brucellosis - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2021; 41:61-88. [PMID: 33353489 PMCID: PMC7833053 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1868616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of great animal welfare and economic implications worldwide known since ancient times. The emergence of brucellosis in new areas as well as transmission of brucellosis from wild and domestic animals is of great significance in terms of new epidemiological dimensions. Brucellosis poses a major public health threat by the consumption of non-pasteurized milk and milk products produced by unhygienic dairy farms in endemic areas. Regular and meticulous surveillance is essentially required to determine the true picture of brucellosis especially in areas with continuous high prevalence. Additionally, international migration of humans, animals and trade of animal products has created a challenge for disease spread and diagnosis in non-endemic areas. Isolation and identification remain the gold standard test, which requires expertise. The advancement in diagnostic strategies coupled with screening of newly introduced animals is warranted to control the disease. Of note, the diagnostic value of miRNAs for appropriate detection of B. abortus infection has been shown. The most widely used vaccine strains to protect against Brucella infection and related abortions in cattle are strain 19 and RB51. Moreover, it is very important to note that no vaccine, which is highly protective, safe and effective is available either for bovines or human beings. Research results encourage the use of bacteriophage lysates in treatment of bovine brucellosis. One Health approach can aid in control of this disease, both in animals and man.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anju Sehrawat
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Baldev Gulati
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equine, Hisar, India
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rajesh Chhabra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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43
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Zai X, Yin Y, Guo F, Yang Q, Li R, Li Y, Zhang J, Xu J, Chen W. Screening of potential vaccine candidates against pathogenic Brucella spp. using compositive reverse vaccinology. Vet Res 2021; 52:75. [PMID: 34078437 PMCID: PMC8170439 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria that cause brucellosis in humans and various animals. The threat of brucellosis has increased, yet currently available live attenuated vaccines still have drawbacks. Therefore, subunit vaccines, produced using protein antigens and having the advantage of being safe, cost-effective and efficacious, are urgently needed. In this study, we used core proteome analysis and a compositive RV methodology to screen potential broad-spectrum antigens against 213 pathogenic strains of Brucella spp. with worldwide geographic distribution. Candidate proteins were scored according to six biological features: subcellular localization, antigen similarity, antigenicity, mature epitope density, virulence, and adhesion probability. In the RV analysis, a total 32 candidate antigens were picked out. Of these, three proteins were selected for assessment of immunogenicity and preliminary protection in a mouse model: outer membrane protein Omp19 (used as a positive control), type IV secretion system (T4SS) protein VirB8, and type I secretion system (T1SS) protein HlyD. These three antigens with a high degree of conservation could induce specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Omp19, VirB8 and HlyD could substantially reduce the organ bacterial load of B. abortus S19 in mice and provide varying degrees of protection. In this study, we demonstrated the effectiveness of this unique strategy for the screening of potential broad-spectrum antigens against Brucella. Further evaluation is needed to identify the levels of protection conferred by the vaccine antigens against wild-type pathogenic Brucella species challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zai
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyu Guo
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoling Yang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihua Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohui Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.
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44
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Diniz Neto HC, Lombardi MC, Campos MM, Lage AP, Silva ROS, Dorneles EMS, Lage CFA, Carvalho WA, Machado FS, Pereira LGR, Tomich TR, Ramos CP, Assis RA, Lobato FCF, Santana JA, Santos ELS, Andrade RS, Coelho SG. Effects of vaccination against brucellosis and clostridia on the intake, performance, feeding behavior, blood parameters, and immune responses of dairy heifers calves. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6211303. [PMID: 33822982 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify possible effects of different vaccination strategies (concomitantly or not) against brucellosis and clostridia on intake, performance, feeding behavior, blood parameters, and immune responses of dairy heifers calves. Fifty heifers calves were enrolled [38 Gyr (Zebu, Bos taurus indicus) and 12 5/8 Holstein × Gyr]. At 120 d of age, animals were randomly distributed among 3 groups: B (n = 18), vaccinated against brucellosis; C (n = 14), vaccinated against clostridia and CB (n = 18), vaccinated concomitantly for both. Rectal and thermographic temperatures were evaluated on days -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7,10, 14, and 28 relatives to the vaccination day. Feed and water intake, body weight (BW), and feeding behavior were monitored daily by an electronic feeding system. Blood was sampled on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28, relative to the vaccination day for determination of glucose and β -hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations. Blood sampled on day 0 (prevaccination) and on days 28 and 42 were used to evaluate the immune response against Brucella abortus and clostridia. There was an increase in rectal temperature between the first and the third day postvaccination in the 3 groups. The thermography revealed an increase of local temperature for 7 d on groups B and CB. Group C had increased local temperature for a longer period, lasting for up to 14 d. Dry mater intake was reduced for groups B and CB, but no alteration was observed for group C. No alterations regarding initial BW, final BW, average daily weight gain, and feed efficiency were observed. No differences were observed for the 3 vaccination groups for blood parameters throughout the evaluation period. The concomitant vaccination against brucellosis and clostridia led to lower neutralizing antibody titers against epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens and botulinum toxin type C of C. botulinum (C > CB > B). When cellular proliferation assay and serological tests to B. abortus were evaluated, no differences were observed between groups B and CB. The present results indicate that the concomitant vaccination against brucellosis and clostridia has no relevant impact on the intake, performance, and feeding behavior of dairy calves. However, the concomitant vaccination of vaccines against these 2 pathogens impacts animal immunity against clostridial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilton C Diniz Neto
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Mayara C Lombardi
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Campos
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil
| | - Andrey P Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O S Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Camila Flávia A Lage
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Wanessa A Carvalho
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Machado
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo R Pereira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil
| | - Thierry R Tomich
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil
| | - Carolina P Ramos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Ronnie A Assis
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos F Lobato
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Jordana A Santana
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Ethiene Luiza S Santos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Rafaella S Andrade
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Sandra G Coelho
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970, Brazil
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45
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Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Bacterial Disease: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Treatment. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00054-21. [PMID: 33558319 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00054-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of viral disease has been demonstrated for infections caused by flaviviruses and influenza viruses; however, antibodies that enhance bacterial disease are relatively unknown. In recent years, a few studies have directly linked antibodies with exacerbation of bacterial disease. This ADE of bacterial disease has been observed in mouse models and human patients with bacterial infections. This antibody-mediated enhancement of bacterial infection is driven by various mechanisms that are disparate from those found in viral ADE. This review aims to highlight and discuss historic evidence, potential molecular mechanisms, and current therapies for ADE of bacterial infection. Based on specific case studies, we report how plasmapheresis has been successfully used in patients to ameliorate infection-related symptomatology associated with bacterial ADE. A greater understanding and appreciation of bacterial ADE of infection and disease could lead to better management of infections and inform current vaccine development efforts.
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46
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Rezaei M, Rabbani-Khorasgani M, Zarkesh-Esfahani SH, Emamzadeh R, Abtahi H. Lactococcus-based vaccine against brucellosis: IgG immune response in mice with rOmp16-IL2 fusion protein. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2591-2596. [PMID: 33689001 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to introduce the recombinant Lactococcus lactis MG1363 as a cell factory candidate for production of recombinant Brucella melitensis Omp16-Human IL2 (r-Omp16-IL2) and to suggest it as a promising safe, non-pathogenic mucosal live vaccine against brucellosis. Three groups of BALB/c mice (10 mice per group) were intragastrically administrated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), L. lactis harboring the empty pAMJ2008 plasmid and with L. lactis expressing rOmp-IL2. The first two groups were classified as control groups and the third one is indicated as treatment group. Another group was injected by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route with purified rOmp16-IL2 protein. The total serum IgG of each group was assessed with indirect ELISAs at two days before immunization and also two weeks after the last immunization. Results showed that BALB/c mice intragastrically administrated with L. lactis expressing rOmp-IL2 had dominant IgG response compared to the control (PBS administrated) group (P < 0.05). The level of IgG was significantly increased by intraperitoneally injection of recombinant Omp-IL2 in adjuvant compared to the intragastrically administration of PBS and L. lactis/pAMJ2008 as control groups, and also compared to L. lactis/pAMJ2008-rOmp-IL2 (P < 0.05). Our findings provide the use of L. lactis rOmp16-IL2 as a new promising alternative safe strategy than presently live attenuated vaccines toward developing an oral vaccine or subunit-based vaccine against brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Rezaei
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Biotechnology, University of Isfahan, 817467344, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabbani-Khorasgani
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Biotechnology, University of Isfahan, 817467344, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Sayyed Hamid Zarkesh-Esfahani
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Biotechnology, University of Isfahan, 817467344, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Rahman Emamzadeh
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Biotechnology, University of Isfahan, 817467344, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hamid Abtahi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Science, Arak, Islamic Republic of Iran
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47
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Quantification of Brucella abortus population structure in a natural host. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2023500118. [PMID: 33688053 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle are natural hosts of the intracellular pathogen Brucella abortus, which inflicts a significant burden on the health and reproduction of these important livestock. The primary routes of infection in field settings have been described, but it is not known how the bovine host shapes the structure of B. abortus populations during infection. We utilized a library of uniquely barcoded B. abortus strains to temporally and spatially quantify population structure during colonization of cattle through a natural route of infection. Introducing 108 bacteria from this barcoded library to the conjunctival mucosa resulted in expected levels of local lymph node colonization at a 1-wk time point. We leveraged variance in strain abundance in the library to demonstrate that only 1 in 10,000 brucellae introduced at the site of infection reached a parotid lymph node. Thus, cattle restrict the overwhelming majority of B. abortus introduced via the ocular conjunctiva at this dose. Individual strains were spatially restricted within the host tissue, and the total B. abortus census was dominated by a small number of distinct strains in each lymph node. These results define a bottleneck that B. abortus must traverse to colonize local lymph nodes from the conjunctival mucosa. The data further support a model in which a small number of spatially isolated granulomas founded by unique strains are present at 1 wk postinfection. These experiments demonstrate the power of barcoded transposon tools to quantify infection bottlenecks and to define pathogen population structure in host tissues.
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48
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Zhou D, Zhi F, Fang J, Zheng W, Li J, Zhang G, Chen L, Jin Y, Wang A. RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals the Role of Omp16 in Brucella-Infected RAW264.7 Cells. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:646839. [PMID: 33748220 PMCID: PMC7970042 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.646839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is an endemic zoonotic infectious disease in the majority of developing countries, which causes huge economic losses. As immunogenic and protective antigens at the surface of Brucella spp., outer membrane proteins (Omps) are particularly attractive for developing vaccine and could have more relevant role in host–pathogen interactions. Omp16, a homolog to peptidoglycan-associated lipoproteins (Pals), is essential for Brucella survival in vitro. At present, the functions of Omp16 have been poorly studied. Here, the gene expression profile of RAW264.7 cells infected with Brucella suis vaccine strain 2 (B. suis S2) and ΔOmp16 was analyzed by RNA-seq to investigate the cellular response immediately after Brucella entry. The RNA-sequence analysis revealed that a total of 303 genes were significantly regulated by B. suis S2 24 h post-infection. Of these, 273 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated, and 30 DEGs were downregulated. These DEGs were mainly involved in innate immune signaling pathways, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. In ΔOmp16-infected cells, the expression of 52 total cells genes was significantly upregulated and that of 9 total cells genes were downregulated compared to B. suis S2-infected RAW264.7 cells. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that several upregulated genes were proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, IL-12β, C–C motif chemokine (CCL2), and CCL22. All together, we clearly demonstrate that ΔOmp16 can alter macrophage immune-related pathways to increase proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which provide insights into illuminating the Brucella pathogenic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Feijie Zhi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiaoyang Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Weifang Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junmei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guangdong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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49
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Senevirathne A, Hewawaduge C, Kim S, Lee JH. The C-terminus of Brucella abortus MviN induces humoral and cell mediated immune responses in BALB/c mice that protects against the virulent Brucella 544 challenge. J Immunol Methods 2021; 493:113005. [PMID: 33662364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the C-terminus portion of the Brucella MviN protein for its protective immune responses. The C-terminus, Brucella mivN was amplified from the Brucella abortus genome and cloned into asd complemented constitutive expression vector pJHL65. The resultant recombinant plasmid was transformed into asd auxotrophic Salmonella Typhimurium JOL1800 and the novel strain was designated as JOL2213. The MviN induced humoral, cell-mediated, and protective immune responses were assessed in the BALB/c mice model. We demonstrated that single immunization of mice with JOL2213 via intramuscular route elicit significantly high (p < 0.05) MviN-c specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity compared to mice immunized with JOL1818 strain containing pJHL65 vector alone. Further to determine the MviN-c induced type of immune response, Th1 and Th2 cytokine markers, IFN-γ and IL-4, and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell differentiation were quantified. Results demonstrated, MviN-c could significantly induce IFN- γ response in immunized mice, however, showed higher proficiency towards Th2 immune induction marked by IL-4 induction and significant CD4+ T-cell differentiation compared to the vector control group. On challenge with the virulent Brucella strain, B. abortus 544 on 14th-day post-immunization, mice immunized with JOL2213 resulted in a significantly low number of challenged Brucella colonization in spleen and liver tissues than the vector alone group. Further investigation can be conducted to investigate cross-protection that can deliver against main Brucella species pathogenic to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Senevirathne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596 Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamith Hewawaduge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596 Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596 Iksan, Republic of Korea.
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50
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Abstract
Bacteria in the genus
Brucella
are important human and veterinary pathogens. The abortion and infertility they cause in food animals produce economic hardships in areas where the disease has not been controlled, and human brucellosis is one of the world’s most common zoonoses.
Brucella
strains have also been isolated from wildlife, but we know much less about the pathobiology and epidemiology of these infections than we do about brucellosis in domestic animals.
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