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Cacace R, Zhou L, Hendrickx Van de Craen E, Buist A, Hoogmartens J, Sieben A, Cras P, Vandenberghe R, De Deyn PP, Oehlrich D, De Bondt A, Engelborghs S, Moechars D, Van Broeckhoven C. Mutated Toll-like receptor 9 increases Alzheimer's disease risk by compromising innate immunity protection. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:5380-5389. [PMID: 37433968 PMCID: PMC11041692 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves central and peripheral immune deregulation. Gene identification and studies of AD genetic variants of peripheral immune components may aid understanding of peripheral-central immune crosstalk and facilitate new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we have identified in a Flanders-Belgian family a novel variant p.E317D in the Toll-like receptor 9 gene (TLR9), co-segregating with EOAD in an autosomal dominant manner. In human, TLR9 is an essential innate and adaptive immune component predominantly expressed in peripheral immune cells. The p.E317D variant caused 50% reduction in TLR9 activation in the NF-κB luciferase assay suggesting that p.E317D is a loss-of-function mutation. Cytokine profiling of human PBMCs upon TLR9 activation revealed a predominantly anti-inflammatory response in contrast to the inflammatory responses from TLR7/8 activation. The cytokines released upon TLR9 activation suppressed inflammation and promoted phagocytosis of Aβ42 oligomers in human iPSC-derived microglia. Transcriptome analysis identified upregulation of AXL, RUBICON and associated signaling pathways, which may underline the effects of TLR9 signaling-induced cytokines in regulating the inflammatory status and phagocytic property of microglia. Our data suggest a protective role of TLR9 signaling in AD pathogenesis, and we propose that TLR9 loss-of-function may disrupt a peripheral-central immune crosstalk that promotes dampening of inflammation and clearance of toxic protein species, leading to the build-up of neuroinflammation and pathogenic protein aggregates in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cacace
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lujia Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Hendrickx Van de Craen
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Arjan Buist
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Julie Hoogmartens
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne Sieben
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - An De Bondt
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, and Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Diederik Moechars
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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2
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Sakakibara Y, Yamashiro R, Chikamatsu S, Hirota Y, Tsubokawa Y, Nishijima R, Takei K, Sekiya M, Iijima KM. Drosophila Toll-9 is induced by aging and neurodegeneration to modulate stress signaling and its deficiency exacerbates tau-mediated neurodegeneration. iScience 2023; 26:105968. [PMID: 36718365 PMCID: PMC9883205 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Toll-9 is most closely related to mammalian Toll-like receptors; however, physiological functions of Toll-9 remain elusive. We examined the roles of Toll-9 in fly brains in aging and neurodegeneration. Toll-9 mRNA levels were increased in aged fly heads accompanied by activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) signaling, and many of these changes were modulated by Toll-9 in glial cells. The loss of Toll-9 did not affect lifespan or brain integrity, whereas it exacerbated hydrogen peroxide-induced lethality. Toll-9 expression was also induced by nerve injury but did not affect acute stress response or glial engulfment activity, suggesting Toll-9 may modulate subsequent neurodegeneration. In a fly tauopathy model, Toll-9 deficiency enhanced neurodegeneration and disease-related tau phosphorylation with reduced SAPK activity, and blocking SAPK enhanced tau phosphorylation and neurodegeneration. In sum, Toll-9 is induced upon aging and nerve injury and affects neurodegeneration by modulating stress kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Sakakibara
- Department of Neurogenetics, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Risa Yamashiro
- Department of Experimental Gerontology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Sachie Chikamatsu
- Department of Neurogenetics, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan,Department of Experimental Gerontology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yu Hirota
- Department of Neurogenetics, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan,Reseach Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Tsubokawa
- Department of Neurogenetics, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Risa Nishijima
- Department of Neurogenetics, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Kimi Takei
- Department of Neurogenetics, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Michiko Sekiya
- Department of Neurogenetics, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan,Department of Experimental Gerontology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan,Corresponding author
| | - Koichi M. Iijima
- Department of Neurogenetics, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan,Department of Experimental Gerontology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan,Corresponding author
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3
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Wang Z, Wang Q, Li S, Li XJ, Yang W, He D. Microglial autophagy in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1065183. [PMID: 36704504 PMCID: PMC9872664 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1065183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by gradual and selective loss of neurons in the central nervous system. They affect more than 50 million people worldwide, and their incidence increases with age. Although most cases of AD and PD are sporadic, some are caused by genetic mutations that are inherited. Both sporadic and familial cases display complex neuropathology and represent the most perplexing neurological disorders. Because of the undefined pathogenesis and complex clinical manifestations, there is still no effective treatment for both AD and PD. Understanding the pathogenesis of these important neurodegenerative diseases is important for developing successful therapies. Increasing evidence suggests that microglial autophagy is associated with the pathogenesis of AD and PD, and its dysfunction has been implicated in disease progression. In this review, we focus on the autophagy function in microglia and its dysfunction in AD and PD disease models in an attempt to help our understanding of the pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dajian He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Das TK, Ganesh BP. Interlink between the gut microbiota and inflammation in the context of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease progression. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2206504. [PMID: 37127846 PMCID: PMC10153019 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2206504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis is an important pathway of communication and may dynamically contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Pathological commensal gut microbiota alterations, termed as dysbiosis, can influence intestinal permeability and break the blood-brain barrier which may trigger AD pathogenesis via redox signaling, neuronal, immune, and metabolic pathways. Dysbiosis increases the oxidative stress. Oxidants affect the innate immune system through recognizing microbial-derived pathogens by Toll-like receptors and initiating the inflammatory process. Most of the gut microbiome research work highlights the relationship between the gut microbiota and AD, but the contributory connection between precise bacteria and brain dysfunction in AD pathology cannot be fully demonstrated. Here, we summarize the current information of the fundamental connections between oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis in AD. This review emphasizes on the involvement of gut microbiota in the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, immune responses including central and peripheral cross-talk. It provides insights for novel preventative and therapeutic approaches in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Das
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bhanu P Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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5
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Reyes EY, Shinohara ML. Host immune responses in the central nervous system during fungal infections. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:50-74. [PMID: 35672656 PMCID: PMC9489659 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections in the central nervous system (CNS) cause high morbidity and mortality. The frequency of CNS mycosis has increased over the last two decades as more individuals go through immunocompromised conditions for various reasons. Nevertheless, options for clinical interventions for CNS mycoses are still limited. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the host-pathogen interaction mechanisms in CNS mycoses for developing novel treatments. Although the CNS has been regarded as an immune-privileged site, recent studies demonstrate the critical involvement of immune responses elicited by CNS-resident and CNS-infiltrated cells during fungal infections. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of fungal invasion in the CNS, fungal pathogen detection by CNS-resident cells (microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons), roles of CNS-infiltrated leukocytes, and host immune responses. We consider that understanding host immune responses in the CNS is crucial for endeavors to develop treatments for CNS mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefany Y. Reyes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Mari L. Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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6
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Zaharija B, Odorčić M, Hart A, Samardžija B, Marreiros R, Prikulis I, Juković M, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Korth C, Bradshaw NJ. TRIOBP-1 Protein Aggregation Exists in Both Major Depressive Disorder and Schizophrenia, and Can Occur through Two Distinct Regions of the Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911048. [PMID: 36232351 PMCID: PMC9569677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of proteinopathy, the accumulation of specific proteins as aggregates in neurons, is an emerging aspect of the pathology of schizophrenia and other major mental illnesses. Among the initial proteins implicated in forming such aggregates in these conditions is Trio and F-actin Binding Protein isoform 1 (TRIOBP-1), a ubiquitously expressed protein involved in the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton. Here we investigate the insolubility of TRIOBP-1, as an indicator of aggregation, in brain samples from 25 schizophrenia patients, 25 major depressive disorder patients and 50 control individuals (anterior cingulate cortex, BA23). Strikingly, insoluble TRIOBP-1 is considerably more prevalent in both of these conditions than in controls, further implicating TRIOBP-1 aggregation in schizophrenia and indicating a role in major depressive disorder. These results were only seen using a high stringency insolubility assay (previously used to study DISC1 and other proteins), but not a lower stringency assay that would be expected to also detect functional, actin-bound TRIOBP-1. Previously, we have also determined that a region of 25 amino acids in the center of this protein is critical for its ability to form aggregates. Here we attempt to refine this further, through the expression of various truncated mutant TRIOBP-1 vectors in neuroblastoma cells and examining their aggregation. In this way, it was possible to narrow down the aggregation-critical region of TRIOBP-1 to just 8 amino acids (333–340 of the 652 amino acid-long TRIOBP-1). Surprisingly our results suggested that a second section of TRIOBP-1 is also capable of independently inducing aggregation: the optionally expressed 59 amino acids at the extreme N-terminus of the protein. As a result, the 597 amino acid long version of TRIOBP-1 (also referred to as “Tara” or “TAP68”) has reduced potential to form aggregates. The presence of insoluble TRIOBP-1 in brain samples from patients, combined with insight into the mechanism of aggregation of TRIOBP-1 and generation of an aggregation-resistant mutant TRIOBP-1 that lacks both these regions, will be of significant use in further investigating the mechanism and consequences of TRIOBP-1 aggregation in major mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beti Zaharija
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Maja Odorčić
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Anja Hart
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Bobana Samardžija
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Rita Marreiros
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingrid Prikulis
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maja Juković
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Thomas M. Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21295, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21295, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (N.J.B.)
| | - Nicholas J. Bradshaw
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (N.J.B.)
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7
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Pappolla MA, Carare RO, Poeggeler B, Wisniewski T, Sambamurti K. The Lymphatic System in Neurological Disease and Alzheimer's Disease. A Brief Editorial. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:689-693. [PMID: 36306458 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221028111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Pappolla
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Burkhand Poeggeler
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach- Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Am Türmchen 3, Gütersloh 33332, Germany
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kumar Sambamurti
- Department of Neurosciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Papendorf JJ, Krüger E, Ebstein F. Proteostasis Perturbations and Their Roles in Causing Sterile Inflammation and Autoinflammatory Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091422. [PMID: 35563729 PMCID: PMC9103147 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis, a portmanteau of the words protein and homeostasis, refers to the ability of eukaryotic cells to maintain a stable proteome by acting on protein synthesis, quality control and/or degradation. Over the last two decades, an increasing number of disorders caused by proteostasis perturbations have been identified. Depending on their molecular etiology, such diseases may be classified into ribosomopathies, proteinopathies and proteasomopathies. Strikingly, most—if not all—of these syndromes exhibit an autoinflammatory component, implying a direct cause-and-effect relationship between proteostasis disruption and the initiation of innate immune responses. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders and summarize current knowledge of the various mechanisms by which impaired proteostasis promotes autoinflammation. We particularly focus our discussion on the notion of how cells sense and integrate proteostasis perturbations as danger signals in the context of autoinflammatory diseases to provide insights into the complex and multiple facets of sterile inflammation.
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9
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Monoranu CM, Hartmann T, Strobel S, Heinsen H, Riederer P, Distel L, Bohnert S. Is There Any Evidence of Monocytes Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease? A Pilot Study on Human Postmortem Brain. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 5:887-897. [PMID: 35088038 PMCID: PMC8764630 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of neuroinflammation has become more evident in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Increased expression of microglial markers is widely reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but much less is known about the role of monocytes in AD pathogenesis. In AD animal models, bone marrow-derived monocytes appear to infiltrate the parenchyma and contribute to the phagocytosis of amyloid-β depositions, but this infiltration has not been established in systematic studies of the human brain postmortem. Objective In addition to assessing the distribution of different subtypes of microglia by immunostaining for CD68, HLA-DR, CD163, and CD206, we focused on the involvement of C-chemokine receptor type2 (CCR2) positive monocytes during the AD course. Methods We used formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue from four vulnerable brain regions (hippocampus, occipital lobe, brainstem, and cerebellum) from neuropathologically characterized AD cases at different Braak stages and age-matched controls. Results Only singular migrated CCR2-positive cells were found in all brain regions and stages. The brainstem showed the highest number of positive cells overall, followed by the hippocampus. This mechanism of recruitment seems to work less efficiently in the human brain at an advanced age, and the ingress of monocytes obviously takes place in much reduced numbers or not at all. Conclusion In contrast to studies on animal models, we observed only a quite low level of myeloid monocytes associated with AD pathology. Furthermore, we provide evidence associating early microglial reactions carried out in particular by pro-inflammatory cells with early effects on tangle- and plaque-positive vulnerable brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia-Maria Monoranu
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, Julius-Maximilian-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, Julius-Maximilian-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Strobel
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilian-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Luitpold Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Bohnert
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Julius-Maximilian-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Parodi-Rullán RM, Javadov S, Fossati S. Dissecting the Crosstalk between Endothelial Mitochondrial Damage, Vascular Inflammation, and Neurodegeneration in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112903. [PMID: 34831125 PMCID: PMC8616424 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia and is pathologically characterized by the presence of parenchymal senile plaques composed of amyloid β (Aβ) and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The accumulation of Aβ also occurs within the cerebral vasculature in over 80% of AD patients and in non-demented individuals, a condition called cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The development of CAA is associated with neurovascular dysfunction, blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage, and persistent vascular- and neuro-inflammation, eventually leading to neurodegeneration. Although pathologically AD and CAA are well characterized diseases, the chronology of molecular changes that lead to their development is still unclear. Substantial evidence demonstrates defects in mitochondrial function in various cells of the neurovascular unit as well as in the brain parenchyma during the early stages of AD and CAA. Dysfunctional mitochondria release danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that activate a wide range of inflammatory pathways. In this review, we gather evidence to postulate a crucial role of the mitochondria, specifically of cerebral endothelial cells, as sensors and initiators of Aβ-induced vascular inflammation. The activated vasculature recruits circulating immune cells into the brain parenchyma, leading to the development of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in AD and CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Parodi-Rullán
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Sabzali Javadov
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR 00921, USA;
| | - Silvia Fossati
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-707-6046
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11
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Tiwari RK, Moin A, Rizvi SMD, Shahid SMA, Bajpai P. Modulating neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration-related dementia: can microglial toll-like receptors pull the plug? Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:829-847. [PMID: 33704660 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration-associated dementia disorders (NADDs), namely Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, are developed by a significant portion of the elderly population globally. Extensive research has provided critical insights into the molecular basis of the pathological advancements of these diseases, but an efficient curative therapy seems elusive. A common attribute of NADDs is neuroinflammation due to a chronic inflammatory response within the central nervous system (CNS), which is primarily modulated by microglia. This response within the CNS is positively regulated by cytokines, chemokines, secondary messengers or cyclic nucleotides, and free radicals. Microglia mediated immune activation is regulated by a positive feedback loop in NADDs. The present review focuses on evaluating the crosstalk between inflammatory mediators and microglia, which aggravates both the clinical progression and extent of NADDs by forming a persistent chronic inflammatory milieu within the CNS. We also discuss the role of the human gut microbiota and its effect on NADDs as well as the suitability of targeting toll-like receptors for an immunotherapeutic intervention targeting the deflation of an inflamed milieu within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Monowar Alam Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Preeti Bajpai
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, 845401, India.
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12
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Levites Y, Funk C, Wang X, Chakrabarty P, McFarland KN, Bramblett B, O'Neal V, Liu X, Ladd T, Robinson M, Allen M, Carrasquillo MM, Dickson D, Cruz P, Ryu D, Li HD, Price ND, Ertekin-Taner NI, Golde TE. Modulating innate immune activation states impacts the efficacy of specific Aβ immunotherapy. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:32. [PMID: 33957936 PMCID: PMC8103631 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Passive immunotherapies targeting Aβ continue to be evaluated as Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics, but there remains debate over the mechanisms by which these immunotherapies work. Besides the amount of preexisting Aβ deposition and the type of deposit (compact or diffuse), there is little data concerning what factors, independent of those intrinsic to the antibody, might influence efficacy. Here we (i) explored how constitutive priming of the underlying innate activation states by Il10 and Il6 might influence passive Aβ immunotherapy and (ii) evaluated transcriptomic data generated in the AMP-AD initiative to inform how these two cytokines and their receptors' mRNA levels are altered in human AD and an APP mouse model. METHODS rAAV2/1 encoding EGFP, Il6 or Il10 were delivered by somatic brain transgenesis to neonatal (P0) TgCRND8 APP mice. Then, at 2 months of age, the mice were treated bi-weekly with a high-affinity anti-Aβ1-16 mAb5 monoclonal antibody or control mouse IgG until 6 months of age. rAAV mediated transgene expression, amyloid accumulation, Aβ levels and gliosis were assessed. Extensive transcriptomic data was used to evaluate the mRNA expression levels of IL10 and IL6 and their receptors in the postmortem human AD temporal cortex and in the brains of TgCRND8 mice, the later at multiple ages. RESULTS Priming TgCRND8 mice with Il10 increases Aβ loads and blocks efficacy of subsequent mAb5 passive immunotherapy, whereas priming with Il6 priming reduces Aβ loads by itself and subsequent Aβ immunotherapy shows only a slightly additive effect. Transcriptomic data shows that (i) there are significant increases in the mRNA levels of Il6 and Il10 receptors in the TgCRND8 mouse model and temporal cortex of humans with AD and (ii) there is a great deal of variance in individual mouse brain and the human temporal cortex of these interleukins and their receptors. CONCLUSIONS The underlying immune activation state can markedly affect the efficacy of passive Aβ immunotherapy. These results have important implications for ongoing human AD immunotherapy trials, as they indicate that underlying immune activation states within the brain, which may be highly variable, may influence the ability for passive immunotherapy to alter Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Levites
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA.
| | - Cory Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, WA, 98109, Seattle, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Florida, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Karen N McFarland
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Baxter Bramblett
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Veronica O'Neal
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Xufei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Thomas Ladd
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Max Robinson
- Institute for Systems Biology, WA, 98109, Seattle, USA
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Dennis Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Pedro Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Danny Ryu
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Hong-Dong Li
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | | | - NIlüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA.
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Improved Spatial Memory And Neuroinflammatory Profile Changes in Aged Rats Submitted to Photobiomodulation Therapy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1875-1886. [PMID: 33704604 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidences have shown the therapeutic potential of transcranial photobiomodulation on traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease. Despite the promising benefits in the brain, little is known about the laser's effects in the absence of pathological conditions. We submitted young (4 months old) and aged (20 months old) rats to transcranial low-level laser and evaluated their exploratory activity and habituation in open field, anxiety in elevated plus maze, spatial memory in Barnes maze, and aversive memory in a step-down inhibitory avoidance task. Additionally, the levels of a panel of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were quantified in two different brain regions: the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Young and aged rats submitted to transcranial laser exhibited better cognitive performance in Barnes maze than did control rats. Transcranial laser therapy decreased cortical levels of GM-CSF, IL-10, MCP-1, LIX, and TNFα in young rats and IL-5 in aged rats. High levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha were found in the cerebral cortex of aged rats submitted to transcranial laser. In the hippocampus, a decrease in IP-10 and fractalkine levels was observed in the aged rats from the laser group when compared to the aged rats from the control group. Our data indicate that transcranial photobiomodulation improves spatial learning and memory and alters the neuroinflammatory profile of young and aged rats' brains.
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14
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Boutajangout A, Zhang W, Kim J, Abdali WA, Prelli F, Wisniewski T. Passive Immunization With a Novel Monoclonal Anti-PrP Antibody TW1 in an Alzheimer's Mouse Model With Tau Pathology. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:640677. [PMID: 33716717 PMCID: PMC7947695 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.640677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are a major pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several studies have shown that amyloid β oligomers (Aβo) and tau oligomers mediate their toxicity, in part, via binding to cellular prion protein (PrPC) and that some anti-PrP antibodies can block this interaction. We have generated a novel monoclonal anti-PrP antibody (TW1) and assessed the efficacy of passive immunization with it in a mouse model of AD with extensive tau pathology: hTau/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice. These mice were injected intraperitoneally once a week with TW1 starting at 5 months of age. Behavior was assessed at 8 months of age and brain tissue was subsequently harvested for analysis of treatment efficacy at 9 months. Mice treated with TW1 did not show any significant difference in sensorimotor testing including traverse beam, rotarod, and locomotor activity compared to controls. Significant cognitive benefits were observed with the novel object recognition test (ORT) in the immunized mice (two-tailed, t-test p = 0.0019). Immunized mice also showed cognitive benefits on the closed field symmetrical maze (day 1 two-tailed t-test p = 0.0001; day 2 two-tailed t-test p = 0.0015; day 3 two-tailed t-test p = 0.0002). Reduction of tau pathology was observed with PHF-1 immunohistochemistry in the piriform cortex by 60% (two-tailed t-test p = 0.01) and in the dentate gyrus by 50% (two-tailed t-test p = 0.02) in animals treated with TW1 compared to controls. There were no significant differences in astrogliosis or microgliosis observed between treated and control mice. As assessed by Western blots using PHF-1, the TW1 therapy reduced phosphorylated tau pathology (two-tailed t-test p = 0.03) and improved the ratio of pathological soluble tau to tubulin (PHF1/tubulin; two-tailed t-test p = 0.0006). Reduction of tau pathology also was observed using the CP13 antibody (two-tailed t-test p = 0.0007). These results indicate that passive immunization with the TW1 antibody can significantly decrease tau pathology as assessed by immunohistochemical and biochemical methods, resulting in improved cognitive function in a tau transgenic mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allal Boutajangout
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education) Shanghai, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Justin Kim
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wed Ali Abdali
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Frances Prelli
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Yi SY, Stowe NA, Barnett BR, Dodd K, Yu JPJ. Microglial Density Alters Measures of Axonal Integrity and Structural Connectivity. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 5:1061-1068. [PMID: 32507509 PMCID: PMC7709542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has fundamentally transformed how we interrogate diseases and disorders of the brain in neuropsychiatric illness. DTI and recently developed multicompartment diffusion-weighted imaging (MC-DWI) techniques, such as NODDI (neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging), measure diffusion anisotropy presuming a static neuroglial environment; however, microglial morphology and density are highly dynamic in psychiatric illness, and how alterations in microglial density might influence intracellular measures of diffusion anisotropy in DTI and MC-DWI brain microstructure is unknown. To address this question, DTI and MC-DWI studies of murine brains depleted of microglia were performed, revealing significant alterations in axonal integrity and fiber tractography in DTI and in commonly used MC-DWI models. With accumulating evidence of the role of microglia in neuropsychiatric illness, our findings uncover the unexpected contribution of microglia to measures of axonal integrity and structural connectivity and provide unanticipated insights into the potential influence of microglia in diffusion imaging studies of neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Y Yi
- Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nicholas A Stowe
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Brian R Barnett
- Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Keith Dodd
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - John-Paul J Yu
- Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
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16
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Yang J, Wise L, Fukuchi KI. TLR4 Cross-Talk With NLRP3 Inflammasome and Complement Signaling Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:724. [PMID: 32391019 PMCID: PMC7190872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid plaques, mainly composed of abnormally aggregated amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the brain parenchyma, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates in neurons, are two pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ fibrils and tau aggregates in the brain are closely associated with neuroinflammation and synapse loss, characterized by activated microglia and dystrophic neurites. Genome-wide genetic association studies revealed important roles of innate immune cells in the pathogenesis of late-onset AD by recognizing a dozen genetic risk loci that modulate innate immune activities. Furthermore, microglia, brain resident innate immune cells, have been increasingly recognized to play key, opposing roles in AD pathogenesis by either eliminating toxic Aβ aggregates and enhancing neuronal plasticity or producing proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and synaptotoxicity. Aggregated Aβ binds to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and activates microglia, resulting in increased phagocytosis and cytokine production. Complement components are associated with amyloid plaques and NFTs. Aggregated Aβ can activate complement, leading to synapse pruning and loss by microglial phagocytosis. Systemic inflammation can activate microglial TLR4, NLRP3 inflammasome, and complement in the brain, leading to neuroinflammation, Aβ accumulation, synapse loss and neurodegeneration. The host immune response has been shown to function through complex crosstalk between the TLR, complement and inflammasome signaling pathways. Accordingly, targeting the molecular mechanisms underlying the TLR-complement-NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways can be a preventive and therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Leslie Wise
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Ken-Ichiro Fukuchi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States
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17
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Tauopathy Analysis in P301S Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease Immunized With DNA and MVA Poxvirus-Based Vaccines Expressing Human Full-Length 4R2N or 3RC Tau Proteins. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010127. [PMID: 32183198 PMCID: PMC7157204 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive memory loss and cognitive decline that has been associated with an accumulation in the brain of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and extracellular senile plaques formed by β-amyloid peptides. Currently, there is no cure for AD and after the failure of anti β-amyloid therapies, active and passive tau immunotherapeutic approaches have been developed in order to prevent, reduce or ideally reverse the disease. Vaccination is one of the most effective approaches to prevent diseases and poxviruses, particularly modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), are one of the most promising viral vectors used as vaccines against several human diseases. Thus, we present here the generation and characterization of the first MVA vectors expressing human tau genes; the full-length 4R2N tau protein or a 3RC tau fragment containing 3 tubulin-binding motifs and the C-terminal region (termed MVA-Tau4R2N and MVA-Tau3RC, respectively). Both MVA-Tau recombinant viruses efficiently expressed the human tau 4R2N or 3RC proteins in cultured cells, being detected in the cytoplasm of infected cells and co-localized with tubulin. These MVA-Tau vaccines impacted the innate immune responses with a differential recruitment of innate immune cells to the peritoneal cavity of infected mice. However, no tau-specific T cell or humoral immune responses were detected in vaccinated mice. Immunization of transgenic P301S mice, a mouse model for tauopathies, with a DNA-Tau prime/MVA-Tau boost approach showed no significant differences in the hyperphosphorylation of tau, motor capacity and survival rate, when compared to non-vaccinated mice. These findings showed that a well-established and potent protocol of T and B cell activation based on DNA/MVA prime/boost regimens using DNA and MVA vectors expressing tau full-length 4R2N or 3RC proteins is not sufficient to trigger tau-specific T and B cell immune responses and to induce a protective effect against tauopathy in this P301S murine model. In the pursuit of AD vaccines, our results highlight the need for novel optimized tau immunogens and additional modes of presentation of tau protein to the immune system.
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18
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Nehete PN, Williams LE, Chitta S, Nehete BP, Patel AG, Ramani MD, Wisniewski T, Scholtzova H. Class C CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Immunomodulatory Response in Aged Squirrel Monkey ( Saimiri Boliviensis Boliviensis). Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:36. [PMID: 32194391 PMCID: PMC7063459 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One means of stimulating the mammalian innate immune system is via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) being exposed to unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) DNA, also known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of microbial origin. Synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with defined CpG motifs possess broad immunostimulatory properties that make CpG ODNs suitable as therapeutic interventions in a variety of human disease conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Rodent models are often used to preclinically test the effectiveness of CpG ODN therapeutic agents for AD and other disorders. However, the translatability of findings in such models is limited due to the significant difference of the expression of TLR9 between primates and rodents. The squirrel monkey (SQM), a New World non-human primate (NHP), is known to be phylogenetically proximate to humans, and develops extensive age-dependent cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a key pathological feature of AD. Hence, this model is currently being used to test AD therapeutics. In the present study, we conducted the first examination of Class C CpG ODN's immunomodulatory role in elderly SQMs. We documented the effectiveness of CpG ODN to trigger an immune response in an aged cohort whose immune system is senescent. The specific immune response patterns detected here closely resembled CpG ODN-induced immunostimulatory patterns observed in prior human studies. Overall, our findings provide critical data regarding the immunomodulatory potential of CpG ODN in this NHP model, allowing for future translational studies of innate immunity stimulation via TLR9 agonists for diverse indications, including AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod N. Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, United States
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lawrence E. Williams
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, United States
| | - Sriram Chitta
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, United States
| | - Bharti P. Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, United States
| | - Akash G. Patel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Margish D. Ramani
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Henrieta Scholtzova
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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19
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Lin C, Zhao S, Zhu Y, Fan Z, Wang J, Zhang B, Chen Y. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and toll-like receptors in Alzheimer's disease. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:1309-1317. [PMID: 31921396 PMCID: PMC6944716 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease which involves both the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). It has been recently recognized that gut microbiota interacts with the gut and brain (microbiota-gut-brain axis), contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota can induce increased intestinal permeability and systemic inflammation, which may lead to the development of AD pathologies and cognitive impairment via the neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate immune system via recognizing microbes-derived pathogens and initiating the inflammatory process. TLRs have also been found in the brain, especially in the microglia, and have been indicated in the development of AD. In this review, we summarized the relationship between microbiota-gut-brain axis and AD, as well as the complex role of TLRs in AD. Intervention of the gut microbiota or modulation of TLRs properly might emerge as promising preventive and therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixiu Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueli Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Fan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanxing Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Cell Type Specific Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Brains and Implications in Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7420189. [PMID: 31396533 PMCID: PMC6668540 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7420189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors mediate important cellular immune responses upon activation via various pathogenic stimuli such as bacterial or viral components. The activation and subsequent secretion of cytokines and proinflammatory factors occurs in the whole body including the brain. The subsequent inflammatory response is crucial for the immune system to clear the pathogen(s) from the body via the innate and adaptive immune response. Within the brain, astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes all bear unique compositions of Toll-like receptors. Besides pathogens, cellular damage and abnormally folded protein aggregates, such as tau and Amyloid beta peptides, have been shown to activate Toll-like receptors in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This review provides an overview of the different cell type-specific Toll-like receptors of the human brain, their activation mode, and subsequent cellular response, as well as their activation in Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we critically evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting Toll-like receptors for treatment of Alzheimer's disease as well as discussing the limitation of mouse models in understanding Toll-like receptor function in general and in Alzheimer's disease.
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Dionisio-Santos DA, Olschowka JA, O'Banion MK. Exploiting microglial and peripheral immune cell crosstalk to treat Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:74. [PMID: 30953557 PMCID: PMC6449993 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered one of the cardinal features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neuritic plaques composed of amyloid β and neurofibrillary tangle-laden neurons are surrounded by reactive astrocytes and microglia. Exposure of microglia, the resident myeloid cell of the CNS, to amyloid β causes these cells to acquire an inflammatory phenotype. While these reactive microglia are important to contain and phagocytose amyloid plaques, their activated phenotype impacts CNS homeostasis. In rodent models, increased neuroinflammation promoted by overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines can cause an increase in hyperphosphorylated tau and a decrease in hippocampal function. The peripheral immune system can also play a detrimental or beneficial role in CNS inflammation. Systemic inflammation can increase the risk of developing AD dementia, and chemokines released directly by microglia or indirectly by endothelial cells can attract monocytes and T lymphocytes to the CNS. These peripheral immune cells can aid in amyloid β clearance or modulate microglia responses, depending on the cell type. As such, several groups have targeted the peripheral immune system to modulate chronic neuroinflammation. In this review, we focus on the interplay of immunomodulating factors and cell types that are being investigated as possible therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawling A Dionisio-Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - John A Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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22
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Boutajangout A, Lindberg H, Awwad A, Paul A, Baitalmal R, Almokyad I, Höidén-Guthenberg I, Gunneriusson E, Frejd FY, Härd T, Löfblom J, Ståhl S, Wisniewski T. Affibody-Mediated Sequestration of Amyloid β Demonstrates Preventive Efficacy in a Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:64. [PMID: 30967771 PMCID: PMC6440316 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different strategies for treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are currently under investigation, including passive immunization with anti-amyloid β (anti-Aβ) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Here, we investigate the therapeutic potential of a novel type of Aβ-targeting agent based on an affibody molecule with fundamentally different properties to mAbs. We generated a therapeutic candidate, denoted ZSYM73-albumin-binding domain (ABD; 16.8 kDa), by genetic linkage of the dimeric ZSYM73 affibody for sequestering of monomeric Aβ-peptides and an ABD for extension of its in vivo half-life. Amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PS1 transgenic AD mice were administered with ZSYM73-ABD, followed by behavioral examination and immunohistochemistry. Results demonstrated rescued cognitive functions and significantly lower amyloid burden in the treated animals compared to controls. No toxicological symptoms or immunology-related side-effects were observed. To our knowledge, this is the first reported in vivo investigation of a systemically delivered scaffold protein against monomeric Aβ, demonstrating a therapeutic potential for prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allal Boutajangout
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hanna Lindberg
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdulaziz Awwad
- School of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun Paul
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rabaa Baitalmal
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ismail Almokyad
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Torleif Härd
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John Löfblom
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Ståhl
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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23
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Microglial Progranulin: Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030230. [PMID: 30862089 PMCID: PMC6468562 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease have proven resistant to new treatments. The complexity of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms can be highlighted by accumulating evidence for a role for a growth factor, progranulin (PGRN). PGRN is a glycoprotein encoded by the GRN/Grn gene with multiple cellular functions, including neurotrophic, anti-inflammatory and lysosome regulatory properties. Mutations in the GRN gene can lead to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a cause of dementia, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a lysosomal storage disease. Both diseases are associated with loss of PGRN function resulting, amongst other features, in enhanced microglial neuroinflammation and lysosomal dysfunction. PGRN has also been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Unlike FTLD, increased expression of PGRN occurs in brains of human AD cases and AD model mice, particularly in activated microglia. How microglial PGRN might be involved in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. A unifying feature of PGRN in diseases might be its modulation of lysosomal function in neurons and microglia. Many experimental models have focused on consequences of PGRN gene deletion: however, possible outcomes of increasing PGRN on microglial inflammation and neurodegeneration will be discussed. We will also suggest directions for future studies on PGRN and microglia in relation to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Benbenishty A, Gadrich M, Cottarelli A, Lubart A, Kain D, Amer M, Shaashua L, Glasner A, Erez N, Agalliu D, Mayo L, Ben-Eliyahu S, Blinder P. Prophylactic TLR9 stimulation reduces brain metastasis through microglia activation. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e2006859. [PMID: 30921319 PMCID: PMC6469801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are prevalent in various types of cancer and are often terminal, given the low efficacy of available therapies. Therefore, preventing them is of utmost clinical relevance, and prophylactic treatments are perhaps the most efficient strategy. Here, we show that systemic prophylactic administration of a toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 agonist, CpG-C, is effective against brain metastases. Acute and chronic systemic administration of CpG-C reduced tumor cell seeding and growth in the brain in three tumor models in mice, including metastasis of human and mouse lung cancer, and spontaneous melanoma-derived brain metastasis. Studying mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of CpG-C, we found that in the brain, unlike in the periphery, natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes are not involved in controlling metastasis. Next, we demonstrated that the systemically administered CpG-C is taken up by endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia, without affecting blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and tumor brain extravasation. In vitro assays pointed to microglia, but not astrocytes, as mediators of CpG- C effects through increased tumor killing and phagocytosis, mediated by direct microglia-tumor contact. In vivo, CpG-C-activated microglia displayed elevated mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-inducing and phagocytosis-related genes. Intravital imaging showed that CpG-C-activated microglia cells contact, kill, and phagocytize tumor cells in the early stages of tumor brain invasion more than nonactivated microglia. Blocking in vivo activation of microglia with minocycline, and depletion of microglia with a colony-stimulating factor 1 inhibitor, indicated that microglia mediate the antitumor effects of CpG-C. Overall, the results suggest prophylactic CpG-C treatment as a new intervention against brain metastasis, through an essential activation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Benbenishty
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Neurobiology Department, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Meital Gadrich
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- School for Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Azzurra Cottarelli
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alisa Lubart
- Neurobiology Department, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Kain
- Neurobiology Department, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Malak Amer
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lee Shaashua
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariella Glasner
- The Lautenberg Centre for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lior Mayo
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- School for Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pablo Blinder
- Neurobiology Department, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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25
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Bachiller S, Jiménez-Ferrer I, Paulus A, Yang Y, Swanberg M, Deierborg T, Boza-Serrano A. Microglia in Neurological Diseases: A Road Map to Brain-Disease Dependent-Inflammatory Response. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:488. [PMID: 30618635 PMCID: PMC6305407 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia represent a specialized population of macrophages-like cells in the central nervous system (CNS) considered immune sentinels that are capable of orchestrating a potent inflammatory response. Microglia are also involved in synaptic organization, trophic neuronal support during development, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in the developing brain, myelin turnover, control of neuronal excitability, phagocytic debris removal as well as brain protection and repair. Microglial response is pathology dependent and affects to immune, metabolic. In this review, we will shed light on microglial activation depending on the disease context and the influence of factors such as aging, environment or cell-to-cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Itzia Jiménez-Ferrer
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Agnes Paulus
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Immunomodulation via Toll-like Receptor 9: An Adjunct Therapy Strategy against Alzheimer's Disease? J Neurosci 2018; 37:4864-4867. [PMID: 28490638 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0579-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Walker DG, Tang TM, Lue LF. Increased expression of toll-like receptor 3, an anti-viral signaling molecule, and related genes in Alzheimer's disease brains. Exp Neurol 2018; 309:91-106. [PMID: 30076830 PMCID: PMC6151184 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this study is the expression of Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3), a receptor for double-stranded RNA, in human brains affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Toll-like receptors are a family of pattern recognition molecules primarily involved in host defenses to microbial pathogens, but roles in neurodegenerative disease have also been shown, as amyloid beta (Aβ) can be a ligand for TLR-2 and -4 and α-synuclein for TLR-1 and TLR-2, while TLR-9 activation promotes Aβ removal. However, involvement of TLR-3 in AD has not been rigorously studied. Immunohistochemical analyses in human temporal cortical sections with a validated antibody for TLR-3 predominantly identified microglia, particularly strongly in cells associated with amyloid plaques, also brain vascular endothelial cells and subsets of astrocytes, but not neurons or p62-immunoreactive structures. Microglial TLR-3 colocalized with the endosomal/lysosomal marker CD68, which identifies phagocytic cells. Quantitative analyses of neuropathologically-staged human brain middle temporal gyrus samples using immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression methods demonstrated increased TLR-3 immunoreactivity and increased TLR-3 mRNA in AD compared to non-demented cases. There were significant positive correlations between TLR-3 mRNA levels and plaque or tangle loads in both series of samples. Increased expression of interferon beta (IFN-β) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 mRNA, two factors induced by TLR-3 signaling, were detected in the AD cases. Increased expression of TLR-4 and TLR-9 mRNA was also observed in these same samples, but not TLR-2. In vitro cultured human brain microglia responses to Aβ inflammatory activation were not altered by TLR-3 activation with activator polyinosinic;polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), while human brain endothelial cells showed reduction in responses when stimulated with both agents. Treatment of microglia with poly I:C did not increase their uptake and breakdown of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA.
| | - Tiffany M Tang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
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28
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Rizzi C, Tiberi A, Giustizieri M, Marrone MC, Gobbo F, Carucci NM, Meli G, Arisi I, D'Onofrio M, Marinelli S, Capsoni S, Cattaneo A. NGF steers microglia toward a neuroprotective phenotype. Glia 2018; 66:1395-1416. [PMID: 29473218 PMCID: PMC6001573 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the sentinels of the brain but a clear understanding of the factors that modulate their activation in physiological and pathological conditions is still lacking. Here we demonstrate that Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) acts on microglia by steering them toward a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory phenotype. We show that microglial cells express functional NGF receptors in vitro and ex vivo. Our transcriptomic analysis reveals how, in primary microglia, NGF treatment leads to a modulation of motility, phagocytosis and degradation pathways. At the functional level, NGF induces an increase in membrane dynamics and macropinocytosis and, in vivo, it activates an outward rectifying current that appears to modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission in nearby neurons. Since microglia are supposed to be a major player in Aβ peptide clearance in the brain, we tested the effects of NGF on its phagocytosis. NGF was shown to promote TrkA-mediated engulfment of Aβ by microglia, and to enhance its degradation. Additionally, the proinflammatory activation induced by Aβ treatment is counteracted by the concomitant administration of NGF. Moreover, by acting specifically on microglia, NGF protects neurons from the Aβ-induced loss of dendritic spines and inhibition of long term potentiation. Finally, in an ex-vivo setup of acute brain slices, we observed a similar increase in Aβ engulfment by microglial cells under the influence of NGF. Our work substantiates a role for NGF in the regulation of microglial homeostatic activities and points toward this neurotrophin as a neuroprotective agent in Aβ accumulation pathologies, via its anti-inflammatory activity on microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Rizzi
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7Pisa56126Italy
| | - Alexia Tiberi
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7Pisa56126Italy
| | - Michela Giustizieri
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Marrone
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
| | - Francesco Gobbo
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7Pisa56126Italy
| | - Nicola Maria Carucci
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7Pisa56126Italy
| | - Giovanni Meli
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
| | - Ivan Arisi
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
| | - Mara D'Onofrio
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
| | - Silvia Marinelli
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
| | - Simona Capsoni
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7Pisa56126Italy
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17‐19Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7Pisa56126Italy
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
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29
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Herline K, Prelli F, Mehta P, MacMurray C, Goñi F, Wisniewski T. Immunotherapy to improve cognition and reduce pathological species in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:54. [PMID: 29914551 PMCID: PMC6006698 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by physiologically endogenous proteins amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau undergoing a conformational change and accumulating as soluble oligomers and insoluble aggregates. Tau and Aβ soluble oligomers, which contain extensive β-sheet secondary structure, are thought to be the most toxic forms. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of TWF9, an anti-β-sheet conformation antibody (aβComAb), to selectively recognize pathological Aβ and phosphorylated tau in AD human tissue compared with cognitively normal age-matched controls and to improve the performance of old 3xTg-AD mice with advanced pathology in behavioral testing after acute treatment with TWF9. Methods In this study, we used immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to characterize TWF9 specificity. We further assessed cognitive performance in old (18–22 months) 3xTg-AD mice using both a Barnes maze and novel object recognition after intraperitoneal administration of TWF9 (4 mg/kg) biweekly for 2 weeks before the start of behavioral testing. Injections continued for the duration of the behavioral testing, which lasted 2 weeks. Results Histological analysis of TWF9 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human control and AD (ABC score: A3B3C3) brain tissue revealed preferential cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in neurons in the AD tissue compared with controls (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ELISA using oligomeric and monomeric Aβ showed a preferential affinity for oligomeric Aβ. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that TWF9 extracted both phosphorylated tau (p < 0.01) and Aβ (p < 0.01) from fresh frozen brain tissues. Results show that treated old 3xTg-AD mice have an enhanced novel object recognition memory (p < 0.01) and Barnes maze performance (p = 0.05) compared with control animals. Overall plaque burden, neurofibrillary tangles, microgliosis, and astrocytosis remained unchanged. Soluble phosphorylated tau was significantly reduced in TWF9-treated mice (p < 0.05), and there was a trend for a reduction in soluble Aβ levels in the brain homogenates of female 3xTg-AD mice (p = 0.06). Conclusions This study shows that acute treatment with an aβComAb can effectively improve performance in behavioral testing without reduction of amyloid plaque burden, and that peripherally administered IgG can affect levels of pathological species in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Herline
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frances Prelli
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pankaj Mehta
- Department of Immunology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, USA
| | | | - Fernando Goñi
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA. .,Departments of Pathology and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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30
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Wang MM, Miao D, Cao XP, Tan L, Tan L. Innate immune activation in Alzheimer's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:177. [PMID: 29951499 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.04.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known as the most predominant cause of dementia among the aged people. Previously, two hallmarks of AD pathology including extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) inside neurons have been identified. With a better understanding of this disease, neuroinflammation has been a focus, and as its initial event, innate immune activation plays an indispensable role. In brain, as an endogenous stimulator, extracellular Aβ deposition activates innate immunity through binding to the pattern recognition receptors (PRR), thus leading to the production and release of substantial inflammatory mediators (NO and ROS) and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-33 and TNF-α) contributing to the development of AD. Epidemiologic evidence has suggested an affirmative influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on delaying the progression of AD. Therefore, blocking the inflammatory process may be an effective way to delay or even cure AD. In this review, we mainly elucidate the mechanism underlying these immune responses in AD pathogenesis and attempt to seek the therapeutic methods targeting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dan Miao
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xi-Peng Cao
- Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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31
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Goñi F, Martá-Ariza M, Herline K, Peyser D, Boutajangout A, Mehta P, Drummond E, Prelli F, Wisniewski T. Anti-β-sheet conformation monoclonal antibody reduces tau and Aβ oligomer pathology in an Alzheimer's disease model. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:10. [PMID: 29378642 PMCID: PMC5789573 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Oligomeric forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau are increasing being recognized as key toxins in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods We developed a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb), GW-23B7, that recognizes β-sheet secondary structure on pathological oligomers of neurodegenerative diseases. Results The pentameric immunoglobulin M kappa chain (IgMκp) we developed specifically distinguishes intra- and extracellular pathology in human AD brains. Purified GW-23B7 showed a dissociation constant in the nanomolar range for oligomeric Aβ and did not bind monomeric Aβ. In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, it recognized oligomeric forms of both Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau. Aged triple-transgenic AD mice with both Aβ and tau pathology infused intraperitoneally for 2 months showed IgMκp in the soluble brain homogenate, peaking at 24 h postinoculation. Treated mice exhibited significant cognitive rescue on radial arm maze testing compared with vehicle control-infused mice. Immunohistochemically, treatment resulted in a significant decrease of extracellular pathology. Biochemically, treatment resulted in significant reductions of oligomeric forms of Aβ and tau. Conclusions These results suggest that GW-23B7, an anti-β-sheet conformational mAb humanized for clinical trials, may be an effective therapeutic agent for human AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-018-0337-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Goñi
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mitchell Martá-Ariza
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krystal Herline
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Peyser
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allal Boutajangout
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pankaj Mehta
- Department of Immunology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Eleanor Drummond
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frances Prelli
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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32
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Neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:771-779. [PMID: 29273951 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are complex and not fully understood. They involve various cellular and molecular players and associate interaction between the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. Amyloid peptides within the senile plaques and abnormally phosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles are able to initiate inflammatory responses, in brain of AD patients and in mouse models of this disease. The outcome of these responses on the pathophysiology of AD depends on several factors and can be either beneficial or detrimental. Thus, understanding the role of neuroinflammation in AD could help to develop safer and more efficient therapeutic strategies. This review discusses recent knowledge on microglia responses toward amyloid and tau pathology in AD, focusing on the role of Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in microglial cells.
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Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident myeloid cells that mediate key functions to support the CNS. Microglia express a wide range of receptors that act as molecular sensors, which recognize exogenous or endogenous CNS insults and initiate an immune response. In addition to their classical immune cell function, microglia act as guardians of the brain by promoting phagocytic clearance and providing trophic support to ensure tissue repair and maintain cerebral homeostasis. Conditions associated with loss of homeostasis or tissue changes induce several dynamic microglial processes, including changes of cellular morphology, surface phenotype, secretory mediators, and proliferative responses (referred to as an "activated state"). Activated microglia represent a common pathological feature of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cumulative evidence suggests that microglial inflammatory activity in AD is increased while microglial-mediated clearance mechanisms are compromised. Microglia are perpetually engaged in a mutual interaction with the surrounding environment in CNS; thus, diverse microglial reactions at different disease stages may open new avenues for therapeutic intervention and modification of inflammatory activities. In this Review, the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of AD and the modulation of microglia activity as a therapeutic modality will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heela Sarlus
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Liu S, Park S, Allington G, Prelli F, Sun Y, Martá-Ariza M, Scholtzova H, Biswas G, Brown B, Verghese PB, Mehta PD, Kwon YU, Wisniewski T. Targeting Apolipoprotein E/Amyloid β Binding by Peptoid CPO_Aβ17-21 P Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease Related Pathology and Cognitive Decline. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8009. [PMID: 28808293 PMCID: PMC5556019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inheritance of the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) genotype has been identified as the major genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have shown that apoE, apoE4 in particular, binds to amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides at residues 12-28 of Aβ and this binding modulates Aβ accumulation and disease progression. We have previously shown in several AD transgenic mice lines that blocking the apoE/Aβ interaction with Aβ12-28 P reduced Aβ and tau-related pathology, leading to cognitive improvements in treated AD mice. Recently, we have designed a small peptoid library derived from the Aβ12-28 P sequence to screen for new apoE/Aβ binding inhibitors with higher efficacy and safety. Peptoids are better drug candidates than peptides due to their inherently more favorable pharmacokinetic properties. One of the lead peptoid compounds, CPO_Aβ17-21 P, diminished the apoE/Aβ interaction and attenuated the apoE4 pro-fibrillogenic effects on Aβ aggregation in vitro as well as apoE4 potentiation of Aβ cytotoxicity. CPO_Aβ17-21 P reduced Aβ-related pathology coupled with cognitive improvements in an AD APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model. Our study suggests the non-toxic, non-fibrillogenic peptoid CPO_Aβ17-21 P has significant promise as a new AD therapeutic agent which targets the Aβ related apoE pathway, with improved efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Shinae Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Frances Prelli
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Yanjie Sun
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Mitchell Martá-Ariza
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Henrieta Scholtzova
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Goutam Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bernard Brown
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Philip B Verghese
- C2N Diagnostics, Center for Emerging Technologies, 4041 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Pankaj D Mehta
- Department of Immunology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, USA
| | - Yong-Uk Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Pathology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
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Innate Immunity Stimulation via Toll-Like Receptor 9 Ameliorates Vascular Amyloid Pathology in Tg-SwDI Mice with Associated Cognitive Benefits. J Neurosci 2017; 37:936-959. [PMID: 28123027 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1967-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of parenchymal amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and neurofibrillary tangles. Currently there are no effective treatments for AD. Immunotherapeutic approaches under development are hampered by complications related to ineffectual clearance of CAA. Genome-wide association studies have demonstrated the importance of microglia in AD pathogenesis. Microglia are the primary innate immune cells of the brain. Depending on their activation state and environment, microglia can be beneficial or detrimental. In our prior work, we showed that stimulation of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor 9 agonist, class B CpG (cytosine-phosphate-guanine) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), can reduce amyloid and tau pathologies without causing toxicity in Tg2576 and 3xTg-AD mouse models. However, these transgenic mice have relatively little CAA. In the current study, we evaluated the therapeutic profile of CpG ODN in a triple transgenic mouse model, Tg-SwDI, with abundant vascular amyloid, in association with low levels of parenchymal amyloid deposits. Peripheral administration of CpG ODN, both before and after the development of CAA, negated short-term memory deficits, as assessed by object-recognition tests, and was effective at improving spatial and working memory evaluated using a radial arm maze. These findings were associated with significant reductions of CAA pathology lacking adverse effects. Together, our extensive evidence suggests that this innovative immunomodulation may be a safe approach to ameliorate all hallmarks of AD pathology, supporting the potential clinical applicability of CpG ODN. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent genetic studies have underscored the emerging role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Microglia lose their amyloid-β-clearing capabilities with age and as AD progresses. Therefore, the ability to modulate microglia profiles offers a promising therapeutic avenue for reducing AD pathology. Current immunotherapeutic approaches have been limited by poor clearance of a core AD lesion, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The present study used Tg-SwDI mice, which have extensive CAA. We found that stimulation of the innate immune system and microglia/macrophage activation via Toll-like receptor 9 using CpG (cytosine-phosphate-guanine) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) leads to cognitive improvements and CAA reduction, without associated toxicity. Our data indicate that this novel concept of immunomodulation represents a safer method to reduce all aspects of AD pathology and provide essential information for potential clinical use of CpG ODN.
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36
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T Lymphocytes and Inflammatory Mediators in the Interplay between Brain and Blood in Alzheimer's Disease: Potential Pools of New Biomarkers. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:4626540. [PMID: 28293644 PMCID: PMC5331319 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4626540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the main cause of dementia. The disease is among the leading medical concerns of the modern world, because only symptomatic therapies are available, and no reliable, easily accessible biomarkers exist for AD detection and monitoring. Therefore extensive research is conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of AD pathogenesis, which seems to be heterogeneous and multifactorial. Recently much attention has been given to the neuroinflammation and activation of glial cells in the AD brain. Reports also highlighted the proinflammatory role of T lymphocytes infiltrating the AD brain. However, in AD molecular and cellular alterations involving T cells and immune mediators occur not only in the brain, but also in the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Here we review alterations concerning T lymphocytes and related immune mediators in the AD brain, CSF, and blood and the mechanisms by which peripheral T cells cross the blood brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier. This knowledge is relevant for better AD therapies and for identification of novel biomarkers for improved AD diagnostics in the blood and the CSF. The data will be reviewed with the special emphasis on possibilities for development of AD biomarkers.
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Go M, Kou J, Lim JE, Yang J, Fukuchi KI. Microglial response to LPS increases in wild-type mice during aging but diminishes in an Alzheimer's mouse model: Implication of TLR4 signaling in disease progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:331-337. [PMID: 27641666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated clearance of amyloid beta-protein (Aβ) via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, as the disease progresses, activated microglia appear to become incapable of clearing Aβ deposits. Because repeated exposure to a TLR4 ligand leads to a diminished response of monocytes/macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and because aggregated Aβ is a TLR4 ligand, we hypothesize that chronic exposure of microglia to Aβ deposits may induce a state of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling dysfunction, leading to decreased Aβ clearance and accelerated disease progression. LPS or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was injected into the hippocampus of AD-model (TgAPP/PS1) and wild-type (non-Tg) mice before and after the onset of Aβ deposition, at age 2 and 12 months, respectively. Brain specimens were collected 7 days post-injection and analyzed for microglial activation and Aβ load. While LPS-injected 2-month-old non-Tg mice showed 48-fold and 11-fold greater Iba1 immunoreactivity in the neocortex and hippocampus, respectively, compared with PBS-injected mice, LPS-injected 2-month-old TgAPP/PS1 mice had 61-fold and 13-fold increases in the neocortex and hippocampus, respectively. LPS injection activated microglia more strongly in TgAPP/PS1 mice than in non-Tg mice at 2 months of age. In contrast, at 12 months of age, Iba1 immunoreactivity of microglia was increased 541-fold and 38-fold in the neocortex and hippocampus, respectively, in LPS-injected non-Tg mice and 2.7-fold and 3.3-fold in the neocortex and hippocampus, respectively, in LPS-injected TgAPP/PS1 mice. Surprisingly, LPS injection decreased CD45 immunoreactivity in TgAPP/PS1 mice but increased it in non-Tg mice at 12 months. Although microglia in 12-month-old non-Tg mice showed stronger response to LPS than 2-month-old non-Tg mice, microglia in TgAPP/PS1 mice exhibited diminished immune response to LPS during aging. Our data indicate that microglial TLR4 signaling is altered in an AD mouse model and suggest that altered TLR4 signaling may contribute to Aβ accumulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Go
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, P.O. Box 1649, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
| | - Jinghong Kou
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, P.O. Box 1649, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
| | - Jeong-Eun Lim
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, P.O. Box 1649, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
| | - Junling Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, P.O. Box 1649, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
| | - Ken-Ichiro Fukuchi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, P.O. Box 1649, Peoria, IL 61656, USA.
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Qin Y, Liu Y, Hao W, Decker Y, Tomic I, Menger MD, Liu C, Fassbender K. Stimulation of TLR4 Attenuates Alzheimer’s Disease–Related Symptoms and Pathology in Tau-Transgenic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3281-3292. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Wisniewski T, Drummond E. Developing therapeutic vaccines against Alzheimer's disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:401-15. [PMID: 26577574 PMCID: PMC4940858 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1121815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide. It is characterized by an imbalance between the production and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau proteins. In AD these normal proteins accumulate, leading to aggregation and a conformational change forming oligomeric and fibrillary species with a high β-sheet content. Active and passive immunotherapeutic approaches result in dramatic reduction of Aβ pathology in AD animal models. However, there is much more limited evidence in human studies of significant clinical benefits from these strategies and it is becoming apparent that they may only be effective very early in AD. Vaccination targeting only tau pathology has shown benefits in some mouse studies but human studies are limited. Greater therapeutic efficacy for the next generation of vaccine approaches will likely benefit from specifically targeting the most toxic species of Aβ and tau, ideally simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29 Street, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29 Street, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29 Street, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29 Street, New York, NY 10016
| | - Eleanor Drummond
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29 Street, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29 Street, New York, NY 10016
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40
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Teoh CL, Su D, Sahu S, Yun SW, Drummond E, Prelli F, Lim S, Cho S, Ham S, Wisniewski T, Chang YT. Chemical Fluorescent Probe for Detection of Aβ Oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13503-9. [PMID: 26218347 PMCID: PMC4756585 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with the soluble, Aβ oligomeric species thought to be the critical pathological species. Identification and characterization of intermediate species formed during the aggregation process is crucial to the understanding of the mechanisms by which oligomeric species mediate neuronal toxicity and following disease progression. Probing these species proved to be extremely challenging, as evident by the lack of reliable sensors, due to their heterogeneous and transient nature. We describe here an oligomer-specific fluorescent chemical probe, BoDipy-Oligomer (BD-Oligo), developed through the use of the diversity-oriented fluorescent library approach (DOFLA) and high-content, imaging-based screening. This probe enables dynamic oligomer monitoring during fibrillogenesis in vitro and shows in vivo Aβ oligomers staining possibility in the AD mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Lean Teoh
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, Biopolis, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Dongdong Su
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, Biopolis, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Srikanta Sahu
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, Biopolis, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Seong-Wook Yun
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, Biopolis, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Eleanor Drummond
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, Room 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Frances Prelli
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, Room 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Sulgi Lim
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Fluctuating Thermodynamics, Sookmyung Women’s University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-Ku, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Sunhee Cho
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Fluctuating Thermodynamics, Sookmyung Women’s University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-Ku, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Sihyun Ham
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Fluctuating Thermodynamics, Sookmyung Women’s University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-Ku, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Psychiatry and the Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, Room 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, Biopolis, Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry and MedChem Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia worldwide and is an emerging global epidemic. It is characterized by an imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau proteins. Oligomeric forms of Aβ and tau are believed to be the most toxic. Dramatic results from AD animal models showed great promise for active and passive immune therapies targeting Aβ. However, there is very limited evidence in human studies of the clinical benefits from these approaches. Immunotherapies targeting only tau pathology have had some success but are limited so far to mouse models. The majority of current methods is based on immunological targeting of a self-protein; hence, benefits need to be balanced against risks of stimulating excessive autoimmune toxic inflammation. For greater efficacy the next generation of vaccines needs to focus more on concurrently targeting all the intermediate toxic conformers of oligomeric Aβ and tau species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Fernando Goñi
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
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42
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Yaghmoor F, Noorsaeed A, Alsaggaf S, Aljohani W, Scholtzova H, Boutajangout A, Wisniewski T. The Role of TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE & PARKINSONISM 2014; 4:160. [PMID: 25664220 PMCID: PMC4317331 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Late-onset AD (LOAD), is the most common form of Alzheimer's disease, representing about >95% of cases and early-onset AD represents <5% of cases. Several risk factors have been discovered that are associated with AD, with advancing age being the most prominent. Other environmental risk factors include diabetes mellitus, level of physical activity, educational status, hypertension and head injury. The most well known genetic risk factor for LOAD is inheritance of the apolipoprotein (apo) E4 allele. Recently, rare variants of TREM2 have been reported as a significant risk factor for LOAD, comparable to inheritance of apoE4. In this review we will focus on the role(s) of TREM2 in AD as well as in other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Yaghmoor
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ahmed Noorsaeed
- Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Samar Alsaggaf
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Waleed Aljohani
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Henrieta Scholtzova
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Allal Boutajangout
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY10016, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, School of Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
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