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Choy CC, Simi S, Soti-Ulberg C, Naseri T, Salinas YD, Hawley NL. Noncommunicable disease risk behaviors and protective factors among children in Samoa: Retrospective trend analysis of global school-based health surveys in 2011 and 2017. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003315. [PMID: 38861507 PMCID: PMC11166286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Pacific Island countries experience a high prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which may be prevented by reducing risk behaviors and strengthening protective factors in childhood and adolescence. To better inform preventative interventions, our objective was to use publicly available data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), to provide cross-sectional and trend estimates for the prevalence of NCD risk and protective factors among school-aged children in 2011 and 2017 in Samoa. Two waves of cross-sectional data included 4,373 children (51.98% female), with a median age of 15 years, who were mainly in school years 9-10 in Samoa. Retrospective analyses were adjusted for the GSHS multistage stratified cluster sample design. Weighted prevalences of overweight/obesity, dietary behaviors, physical activity, and sedentary behavior, oral and hand hygiene, emotional and mental health, and community protective factors were reported by study year. Logistic regressions were fitted to assess differences in the prevalence of risk and protective factors, adjusted for age group, sex, and school year. In 2011 and 2017, the prevalence of overweight/obesity remained consistently high in females (59.12% and 64.29%, p = 0.428) and increased from 44.21% to 53.65% in males (p = 0.039). Time spent sitting for long periods, smoking cigarettes, using other tobacco products, and drinking alcohol were lower in 2017 compared to 2011 (all p<0.05). Many children reported experiencing bullying (33.27% for females and 59.30% for males in 2017), while physical fighting was common among males (73.72% in 2011 and 57.28% in 2017). The high prevalence of obesity and related NCD risk factors require urgent public health action in Samoa. Alongside the continued reduction of tobacco and alcohol use, emotional and mental wellness should be prioritized in interventions and programs to promote healthy behaviors and lifestyle changes starting in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C. Choy
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | | | - Take Naseri
- Ministry of Health, Motootua, Apia, Samoa
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Yasmmyn D. Salinas
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nicola L. Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Dela Cruz R, Galbreath J, Butel J, Yamanaka AB, Wilkens LR, Aflague T, Coleman P, Shallcross L, McFall P, Novotny R. Social determinants of health literacy among parents and caregivers in the US-Affiliated Pacific. Health Promot Int 2024; 39:daae002. [PMID: 38294036 PMCID: PMC10828926 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Health literacy is understudied in the US-Affiliated Pacific (USAP), where local populations have historically experienced social marginalization and disproportionate health inequities caused by the social determinants of health (SDOH). This cross-sectional study analyzed several SDOH indicators-acculturation, use of food assistance programs and demographic characteristics (race and ethnicity, household income, primary language spoken at home and educational attainment)-and their relationship to health literacy among 1305 parents/caregivers of young children ages 2-8 years old who participated in the Children's Healthy Living (CHL) program in Alaska, American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Guam, and Hawai'i. Significantly increased odds of low health literacy were found among parents/caregivers with households where a language other than English was the primary language compared to English-only households (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.22, 2.82), household income of <$35 000 compared to ≥$35 000 (OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.13, 4.07), parents/caregivers of Asian children compared to parents/caregivers of White children (OR = 2.68, 95% CI = 1.05, 6.84), parent/caregivers with less than or some high school education compared to high school completion (1st- to 8th-grade OR = 4.46, 95% CI = 2.09, 9.52; 9th- to 11th-grade OR 1.87, 95% CI = 1.06, 3.30) and parent/caregivers with acculturation status defined as marginalized as compared to integrated (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.09, 4.86). This study indicates that some USAP parents/caregivers may lack the capacity to acquire health information, utilize health resources, and navigate health decision making. Future efforts to understand and improve health literacy in the USAP should be population specific, thoroughly assess personal and organizational health literacy, and inventory community health care capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rica Dela Cruz
- Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Jennifer Galbreath
- Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Jean Butel
- Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Ashley B Yamanaka
- Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Tanisha Aflague
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, 303 University Drive, UOG Station, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA
| | - Patricia Coleman
- Cooperative Research, Extension and Education Services, Northern Marianas College, PO Box 501250, Saipan, MP 96950, USA
| | - Leslie Shallcross
- Cooperative Extension Service, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1000 University Avenue, Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA
| | - Pauline McFall
- Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Agriculture, Community, and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, PO Box 2609, Pago Pago, AS 96799, USA
| | - Rachel Novotny
- Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Nakamura N, Wainimala P, Ratuyawa M, Tawakedina F, Waqa E. Dietary Patterns of iTaukei (indigenous) Fijians: Preliminary Findings From a Five-Day Dietary Record in Rural Communities. Asia Pac J Public Health 2024; 36:123-126. [PMID: 37994557 DOI: 10.1177/10105395231212796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the preliminary findings from a five-day dietary record of 105 iTaukei (indigenous) Fijians in seven rural communities on remote islands, Fiji. Although the literature on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has discussed the potential reasons for the NCD increase in Fiji, research has relied on secondary data on the consumption patterns of limited food items. Hence, this research is one of the first in the country to analyze detailed dietary patterns. A high body mass index rate in the case study communities is observed. We also find that carbohydrate sources dominate the diet of the participants, while the consumption of protein sources (including canned products) and vegetables/fruits is limited. In addition, the diversity of food items is limited. Meanwhile, the major carbohydrate sources are locally produced cassava, although rice and flour products are also consumed. We suggest integrating these factors into the determination of the cause of the NCD increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Nakamura
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Peni Wainimala
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Metia Ratuyawa
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Fulori Tawakedina
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Elisabeta Waqa
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
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Bertrand-Protat S, Chen J, Jonquoy A, Frayon S, Thu Win Tin S, Ravuvu A, Caillaud C, Galy O. Prevalence, causes and contexts of childhood overweight and obesity in the Pacific region: a scoping review. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2023; 3:52. [PMID: 38031554 PMCID: PMC10685071 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.15361.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a major threat to health and development and account for 75% of deaths in the Pacific Islands Countries and Territories (PICTs). Childhood obesity has been identified as a main risk factor for NCDs later in life. This review compiled overweight and obesity (OWOB) prevalence (anthropometric data) for children aged six to 12 years old living in the Pacific region and identified possible related causes. Methods We conducted a systematic search using PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect for articles published between January 1980 and August 2022. We also searched for technical reports from Ministries of Health. Guided by the eligibility criteria, two authors independently read the selected articles and reports to extract and summarise relevant information related to overweight and obesity. Results We selected 25 articles, two worldwide analyses of population-based studies and four national reports. Information revealed that childhood OWOB prevalence reached 55% in some PICTs. This review also indicated that age, gender and ethnicity were linked to children's weight status, while dietary practices, sleep time and level of physical activity played a role in OWOB development, as well as the living environment (socio-economic status and food availability), parenting practices and education level. Conclusion This review highlighted that anthropometric data are limited and that comparisons are difficult due to the paucity of surveys and non-standardized methodology. Main causes of overweight and obesity are attributed to individual characteristics of children and behavioural patterns, children's socio-economic environment, parenting practices and educational level. Reinforcement of surveillance with standardised tools and metrics adapted to the Pacific region is crucial and further research is warranted to better understand root causes of childhood OWOB in the Pacific islands. More robust and standardized anthropometric data would enable improvements in national strategies, multisectoral responses and innovative interventions to prevent and control NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solene Bertrand-Protat
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
- Pacific Community, 95 Promenade Roger Laroque, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Juliana Chen
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aurélie Jonquoy
- Pacific Community, 95 Promenade Roger Laroque, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Stéphane Frayon
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Si Thu Win Tin
- Pacific Community, 95 Promenade Roger Laroque, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Amerita Ravuvu
- Pacific Community, 95 Promenade Roger Laroque, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Corinne Caillaud
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivier Galy
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Peralta LR, Cinelli RL, Cotton W, Morris S, Galy O, Caillaud C. The Barriers to and Facilitators of Physical Activity and Sport for Oceania with Non-European, Non-Asian (ONENA) Ancestry Children and Adolescents: A Mixed Studies Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11554. [PMID: 36141832 PMCID: PMC9517198 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in sport and physical activity (PA) leads to better overall health, increased life expectancy, and decreased mortality rates across the lifespan; however, there may be a range of individual, family, and community factors that influence PA participation among ONENA children and adolescents residing in the 22 Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICT) and Australia. This review aimed to synthesise existing quantitative and qualitative literature regarding barriers to and facilitators of PA and sport among ONENA youth. METHODS The literature was systematically searched to include studies reporting barriers to and facilitators of PA and sports participation among ONENA children and adolescents aged 0-18 years residing in the 22 PICT and Australia. Using a pre-established taxonomy based on the social-ecological model, a deductive analysis was performed. Quality appraisal was performed using the mixed methods appraisal tool. RESULTS Of 1388 articles, 14 studies were included, with 128 ONENA children and adolescent participants across the four qualitative studies; 156,581 ONENA children and adolescents across the seven quantitative studies; 801 parents, children, and adolescents in one quantitative study; and 642 parents in two quantitative studies. Of the 14 included studies, none were based in Australia and only 10 of the 22 PICT were reported as the participants' residence: Palau, New Zealand, Tonga, Cook Islands, Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Fiji. Four studies reported barriers, and another four studies reported facilitators of PA and sport, with the remaining studies reporting both barriers and facilitators. Overall, there were more barriers reported (30 in total) than facilitators (27 in total). CONCLUSIONS Research in this area is lacking, with ONENA youth living in Australia and 12 PICT not represented. Overall, there were a larger number of facilitators experienced at individual and interpersonal levels, while barriers were highest at the community level, with the policy level having facilitators and barriers equally represented. Programs that offer PA and sport participation options with embedded SDT-informed strategies for all family members; that are accessible through existing transport and related social, cultural, and physical infrastructure; and that are committed to communities through formal co-design partnerships are needed, to enhance the PA and sport participation of ONENA youth residing in PICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa R. Peralta
- School of Education and Social Work, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Renata L. Cinelli
- Faculty of Education and Arts, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW 2135, Australia
| | - Wayne Cotton
- School of Education and Social Work, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sarah Morris
- Sydney Conservatorium of Music, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Olivier Galy
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa 98800, New Caledonia
| | - Corinne Caillaud
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Tong TJ, Mohammadnezhad M, Alqahtani NS. Determinants of overweight and obesity and preventive strategies in Pacific countries: a systematic review. GLOBAL HEALTH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.glohj.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Reeve E, Lamichhane P, McKenzie B, Waqa G, Webster J, Snowdon W, Bell C. The tide of dietary risks for noncommunicable diseases in Pacific Islands: an analysis of population NCD surveys. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1521. [PMID: 35948900 PMCID: PMC9364577 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe changes over time in dietary risk factor prevalence and non-communicable disease in Pacific Island Countries (PICTs). Methods Secondary analysis of data from 21,433 adults aged 25–69, who participated in nationally representative World Health Organization STEPs surveys in 8 Pacific Island Countries and Territories between 2002 and 2019. Outcomes of interest were changes in consumption of fruit and vegetables, hypertension, overweight and obesity, and hypercholesterolaemia over time. Also, salt intake and sugar sweetened beverage consumption for those countries that measured these. Results Over time, the proportion of adults consuming less than five serves of fruit and vegetables per day decreased in five countries, notably Tonga. From the most recent surveys, average daily intake of sugary drinks was high in Kiribati (3.7 serves), Nauru (4.1) and Tokelau (4.0) and low in the Solomon Islands (0.4). Average daily salt intake was twice that recommended by WHO in Tokelau (10.1 g) and Wallis and Futuna (10.2 g). Prevalence of overweight/obesity did not change over time in most countries but increased in Fiji and Tokelau. Hypertension prevalence increased in 6 of 8 countries. The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia decreased in the Cook Islands and Kiribati and increased in the Solomon Islands and Tokelau. Conclusions While some Pacific countries experienced reductions in diet related NCD risk factors over time, most did not. Most Pacific adults (88%) do not consume enough fruit and vegetables, 82% live with overweight or obesity, 33% live with hypertension and 40% live with hypercholesterolaemia. Population-wide approaches to promote fruit and vegetable consumption and reduce sugar, salt and fat intake need strengthening. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13808-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Reeve
- Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Prabhat Lamichhane
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Briar McKenzie
- Food Policy Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, 1 King St, Newtown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gade Waqa
- Pacific Research Centre for Prevention of Obesity and Non-Communicable Disease (C-POND), Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
| | - Jacqui Webster
- Food Policy Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, 1 King St, Newtown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wendy Snowdon
- Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Colin Bell
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
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McElfish PA, Rowland B, Scott AJ, Niemeier J, Hoose DV, Long CR. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is associated with higher body mass index among Marshallese adults in Arkansas. JOURNAL OF HUNGER & ENVIRONMENTAL NUTRITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19320248.2021.1915907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pearl A. McElfish
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 1125 N College Ave, Fayetteville, Arkansas USA
| | - Brett Rowland
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 1125 N College Ave, Fayetteville, Arkansas USA
| | - Aaron J. Scott
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 1125 N College Ave, Fayetteville, Arkansas USA
| | - Jill Niemeier
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 1125 N College Ave, Fayetteville, Arkansas USA
| | - Dalton V. Hoose
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 1125 N College Ave, Fayetteville, Arkansas USA
| | - Christopher R. Long
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 1125 N College Ave, Fayetteville, Arkansas USA
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Kaforau LS, Tessema GA, Jancey J, Dhamrait G, Bugoro H, Pereira G. Prevalence and risk factors of adverse birth outcomes in the Pacific Island region: A scoping review. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH - WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 21:100402. [PMID: 35243458 PMCID: PMC8873950 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Prevalence and exposures of adverse birth outcomes is well studied in low-and-middle-income countries but not well-established for the Pacific Island region. Our study mapped the available evidence on low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth, and small for gestational age (SGA)’s prevalence and their corresponding risks in the region. Methods We followed the five-staged Arksey and O'Malley's framework with clinicians’ consultation in the region. Five scholarly databases and non-indexed studies were searched and extracted data were analysed as numerical and thematic summaries mapping the outcomes and exposures. Findings We included 20 studies representing 11 Pacific Island countries with the following mean prevalence and associations at 95% confidence interval. Estimated mean prevalence for LBW and preterm births were 12% and 13%, respectively. LBW were associated with malaria in pregnancy [aOR 3.3 (1.00, 10.60)], and betel nut and tobacco [aOR 2.4 (1.00, 6.00)]. Preterm births were associated with malaria in pregnancy [aOR 6.6 (2.46, 17.62)] and maternal obesity [aOR 1.5 (1.00, 2.30)]. SGA were associated with short stature [aOR 1.7 (1.22, 2.41)] and no antenatal bookings [aOR 4.0 (2.12, 7.57)] Interpretation Several significant factors identified were malaria infection, obesity, betel nut and tobacco and no antenatal care, also validated by clinicians consulted. Funding Australia National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Liu CH, Chang FC, Niu YZ, Liao LL, Chang YJ, Liao Y, Shih SF. Students' perceptions of school sugar-free, food and exercise environments enhance healthy eating and physical activity. Public Health Nutr 2021; 25:1-9. [PMID: 34933694 PMCID: PMC9991674 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021004961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the relationships between students' perceptions of their school policies and environments (i.e. sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) free policy, plain water drinking, vegetables and fruit eating campaign, outdoor physical activity initiative, and the SH150 programme (exercise 150 min/week at school)) and their dietary behaviours and physical activity. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Primary, middle and high schools in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS A nationally representative sample of 2433 primary school (5th-6th grade) students, 3212 middle school students and 2829 high school students completed the online survey in 2018. RESULTS Multivariate analysis results showed that after controlling for school level, gender and age, the students' perceptions of school sugar-free policies were negatively associated with the consumption of SSB and positively associated with consumption of plain water. Schools' campaigns promoting the eating of vegetables and fruit were positively associated with students' consumption of vegetables. In addition, schools' initiatives promoting outdoor physical activity and the SH150 programme were positively associated with students' engagement in outdoor physical activities and daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Students' perceptions of healthy school policies and environments promote healthy eating and an increase in physical activity for students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsing Liu
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Ho-Ping E. Rd., Sec.1, Taipei10610, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Ching Chang
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Ho-Ping E. Rd., Sec.1, Taipei10610, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Zhen Niu
- Office of Student Affairs, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ling Liao
- Department of Health Management, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Jung Chang
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Ho-Ping E. Rd., Sec.1, Taipei10610, Taiwan
| | - Yung Liao
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Ho-Ping E. Rd., Sec.1, Taipei10610, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fang Shih
- Department of Health Administration, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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Frayon S, Swami V, Wattelez G, Todd J, Galy O. Associations between weight status, body satisfaction, ethnic identity and self-esteem in Oceanian adolescents. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12824. [PMID: 34184838 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-esteem has consistently been observed to be relatively low in adolescents with obesity. In the Pacific region, the prevalence of obesity in adolescence is high, but few studies have considered issues of self-esteem in this population. OBJECTIVE To examine associations between weight status, body dissatisfaction and self-esteem in a sample of New Caledonian adolescents and to test for moderation effects of ethnicity on predictors of self-esteem. METHODS Objective anthropometric measures (height, weight, waist circumference and thickness of skinfolds) were obtained in a multi-ethnic sample of New Caledonian adolescents. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio and the sum of four skinfolds thickness were used as proxies of weight status. Indices of ethnic identity, self-esteem, socio-demographic data (socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, urbanicity of residence) and body dissatisfaction were obtained using survey methods. RESULTS Between-group analyses indicated that adolescents of European/white origin had significantly higher self-esteem than adolescents with Oceanian Non-European Non-Asian ancestry (ONENA). However, low self-esteem was significantly associated with weight status and body dissatisfactions in European/white adolescents but not ONENA adolescents. Ethnicity moderated the relationships of predictors (BMI z-score, body dissatisfaction, age, urbanicity and ethnic identity) on self-esteem, and the strongest predictors of self-esteem were ethnicity and ethnic identity. CONCLUSIONS While self-esteem has important consequences for adolescent well-being and health outcomes, these results highlight the importance of applying different steps to develop and maintain healthy self-esteem in the Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Frayon
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Guillaume Wattelez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olivier Galy
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
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Schmidt E, Fang P. Papua New Guinea agri-food trade and household consumption trends point towards dietary change and increased overweight and obesity prevalence. Global Health 2021; 17:135. [PMID: 34838072 PMCID: PMC8626949 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Papua New Guinea (PNG) experienced positive GDP growth at approximately 4.3% per year during the last decade. With increases in overall wealth within the country, PNG is facing a double burden of malnutrition: comparatively high child stunting rates and a growing overweight and obesity epidemic. We focus on the latter by evaluating trends in agri-food import data from 2001 to 2018 and household consumption data from 2018 and 2009/10. Results The analysis presented in this paper raises three red flags. First, international food import data suggest that the demand for ultra-processed, sugar-sweetened beverages and food have increased substantially over time in PNG. Sugar-sweetened beverages dominated the largest growth in processed food imports, increasing by 23% per capita per year between 2001 and 2018. Second, households across the country with a greater food expenditure on sugar-sweetened beverages have a higher probability of an overweight child (under 5 years old). Last, the probability of soft-drink consumption in PNG increases with greater income acquisition and improved market access. While the price of a soft drink is negatively correlated with the quantity consumed, analysis suggests that total household income has a quantitatively larger (and positive) association with soft drink consumption. Conclusions Taxing (or increasing taxes on) sugar-sweetened beverages may not be a sufficient policy mechanism to curb overconsumption of soft drinks in PNG. Education and advocacy programs should be fostered that integrate improved dietary information on packaging, as well as greater access to and understanding of nutrition and diet information of common household consumption items. While increases in household income and market access are crucial to economic growth and transformation, PNG’s economic transition must be dovetailed with programs that expand and enhance health and nutrition information and education to improve household consumption decisions and overall household wellbeing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12992-021-00787-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Schmidt
- Development Strategy and Governance Division of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 1201 Eye St. NW, Washington, DC, 20005, USA.
| | - Peixun Fang
- Development Strategy and Governance Division of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 1201 Eye St. NW, Washington, DC, 20005, USA
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13
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Wattelez G, Frayon S, Caillaud C, Galy O. Physical Activity in Adolescents Living in Rural and Urban New Caledonia: The Role of Socioenvironmental Factors and the Association With Weight Status. Front Public Health 2021; 9:623685. [PMID: 34422737 PMCID: PMC8378254 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.623685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is an important factor for the prevention of overweight and obesity, particularly during adolescence. This study focuses on the understudied adolescent population of New Caledonia with the aim to (1) determine the daily PA levels and estimate the sedentary time through out-of-school sitting time; (2) highlight the influence of sociodemographic and environmental factors, and (3) assess the associations of PA and sitting time with overweight and obesity. A sample of 508 school-going adolescents living in New Caledonia was surveyed about their PA habits using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form, as well as about the context in which they usually engage in PA. The influences of the place of living and ethnic community were also investigated. Results indicated that about 66% of the adolescents performed an average of at least 60 min of PA daily. Both Melanesian adolescent boys and girls were more active than Caucasian adolescents but only when they lived in rural areas (females: 115 vs. 93 min/day, p = 0.018; males: 133 vs. 97 min/day, p = 0.018). Indeed, PA was reduced in an urban environment (females: 88 min/day; males: 95 min/day, p = 0.028; rural vs. urban in Melanesian adolescents). Melanesian adolescents also spent less time in out-of-school sitting than Caucasian adolescents independently of where they lived (females: 164 vs. 295 min/day, p < 0.001; males: 167 vs. 239 min/day, p = 0.001). Feeling safe was positively associated with PA levels (females: ORadj = 2.85, p < 0.001; males: ORadj = 4.45, p < 0.001). In the adolescent boys, accessibility to a suitable place was also an important factor (ORadj = 2.94, p = 0.002). Finally, while PA and sitting time were negatively associated with overweight in male adolescents (ORadj = 0.28, p = 0.044 and ORadj = 0.39, p = 0.004), they were not in females. Living in a rural area allowed the Melanesian adolescents to maintain a more active lifestyle with more physical activities and less sitting time. Our results also indicated that safety was an important driver for engagement in PA. The urban environment in New Caledonia appears to be a contributor of a less active lifestyle in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Wattelez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Stéphane Frayon
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Corinne Caillaud
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivier Galy
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
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Consumption of carbonated soft drinks, fruits and vegetables and association with macroeconomic indicators: the analysis of students from seventy-four countries (2003-2015). Br J Nutr 2021; 127:1214-1223. [PMID: 34085610 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare fruits and vegetables (FV), and carbonated soft drink (CSD) consumption among adolescents from seventy-four countries, according to macroeconomic indicators. This is an ecological study, developed with countries evaluated through the Global School-based Student Health Survey (2003-2014) and the National School Health Survey (PeNSE-Brazil, 2015). The percentages of students in each country who consumed CSD and FV daily and their association with the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Gross National Income per capita (GNIpc) were assessed. Scatter plots were constructed for each marker, and a multilevel model was tested to consider the effects of region in the associations. The overall prevalence of daily CSD consumption was 54·1 %. CSD consumption was positively associated with HDI and GNIpc through multilevel models, and Central and South America showed a considerable higher consumption compared with other regions. Overall, FV daily consumption was 67·9 % and 74·6 %, respectively, and no associations with macroeconomic indicators were found. The study shows concerning rates of CSD consumption among adolescents, and a trend of increased consumption with the improvement of the country's development and GNIpc. This points for the importance of public policies that regulate food and beverage industries to reduce CSD consumption and related co-morbidities among adolescents.
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15
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Ooi JY, Wolfenden L, Sutherland R, Nathan N, Oldmeadow C, Mclaughlin M, Barnes C, Hall A, Vanderlee L, Yoong SL. A Systematic Review of the Recent Consumption Levels of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Children and Adolescents From the World Health Organization Regions With High Dietary-Related Burden of Disease. Asia Pac J Public Health 2021; 34:11-24. [PMID: 34013784 DOI: 10.1177/10105395211014642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review aimed to investigate national estimates of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years, from countries in regions particularly burdened by dietary-related chronic illnesses. The most recent studies or reports from included countries (n = 73) with national-level consumption data of SSBs in children and adolescents, collected between January 2010 and October 2019, were considered for inclusion. A random effects meta-analysis was used to calculate pooled estimates of the mean consumption of SSB in millimeters per day. Heterogeneity between national estimates was assessed using the I2 statistic and explored via subgroup analyses by the World Health Organization region, age groups, and country-level income. Forty-eight studies were included in the review reporting national estimates of consumption for 51 countries. The highest estimate of daily consumption was in China at 710.0 mL (95% confidence interval [CI] = 698.8-721.2), while the lowest was in Australia at 115.1 mL (95% CI = 111.2-119.1). Pooled synthesis of daily SSB consumption of the 51 countries was 326.0 mL (95% CI = 288.3-363.8), although heterogeneity was high, and was not explained by subgroup analyses. While there is considerable variability between countries, intake of SSB remains high among children and adolescents internationally underscoring the need for public health efforts to reduce SSBs consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ying Ooi
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luke Wolfenden
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachel Sutherland
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Nathan
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Matthew Mclaughlin
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Courtney Barnes
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alix Hall
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Sze Lin Yoong
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
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Differences in Health Behavior Profiles of Adolescents in Urban and Rural Areas in a Korean City. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9030282. [PMID: 33806690 PMCID: PMC7998240 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9030282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Through a latent class analysis approach, we can classify individuals and identify subgroups according to health behavior patterns, and find evidence for the development of customized intervention programs to target high-risk groups. Our study aimed to explore differences in latent classes of health behaviors in adolescents by region (urban vs. rural areas) in a Korean city. This cross-sectional secondary analysis utilized data collected from all first graders’ student health checkups in middle school and high school in a city of the largest island in Korea in 2016 (n = 1807). Health behavior indicators included both healthy (consuming breakfast regularly, consuming vegetables daily, consuming milk daily, consuming fast food on a limited basis, engaging in vigorous physical activities, brushing teeth, and practicing hand hygiene) and unhealthy (drinking, smoking, and overusing the internet) behaviors. Nutritional and diet behaviors were important factors for classifying healthy and unhealthy adolescents in both regions. Approximately 11% of rural students belonged to the risky group, which was characterized by a high level of drinking alcohol and smoking. These results suggest that when developing health policies for adolescents, customized policy-making and education based on the targeted groups’ behavioral patterns could be more effective than a uniform approach.
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17
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Impact of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes on price, import and sale volumes in an island: interrupted time series analysis. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:1828-1835. [PMID: 33455614 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of changes in import tariffs on sweetened beverages. DESIGN Interrupted time series analysis was used to examine sweetened beverage tariff increases of 40-60 % in 2008 and to 75 % in 2012, and an approximately 11 % decrease in 2014 when an excise tax replaced the tariff. Post-tax trends were compared with a counterfactual modelled on the pre-tax trend for: quarterly price of an indicator beverage, monthly beverage import volumes (both 2001-2017) and quarterly sales volumes (2012-2017). In a controlled analysis, taxed beverage imports were compared with a sugary snacks control. SETTING Cook Islands. PARTICIPANTS NA. RESULTS In the first year, after the 2008 tariff increase the price of the selected indicator soft drink increased by 7·3 % (95 % CI 6·3 %, 8·3 %) but after the 2012 tariff increase it decreased by 13·9 % (95 % CI -14·9 %, -12·8 %). At the same time, the import volumes of taxed beverages decreased by 13·2 % (95 % CI -38·1 %, 17·8 %) and 2·9 % (95 % CI -41·6 %, 72·5 %), respectively, and decreased by 24·8 % (95 % CI -36·9, -9·8) and 10·2 % (95 % CI -37·1, 37·5) in the controlled analysis. After the 2014 tax decrease, the price of the indicator soft drink decreased by 23·6 % (95 % CI -26·0 %, -21·1 %), sweetened beverage imports increased by 4·5 % (95 % CI -39·5 %, 156·0 %) and sales of full-sugar soft drinks increased by 31 % (95 % CI -21 %, 243 %). CONCLUSIONS The increased import tariffs on sweetened beverages appeared to be effective for reducing import volumes, but this was partly reversed by the reduced tax/tariff in 2014.
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Frayon S, Wattelez G, Paufique E, Nedjar-Guerre A, Serra-Mallol C, Galy O. Overweight in the pluri-ethnic adolescent population of New Caledonia: Dietary patterns, sleep duration and screen time. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2020; 2:100025. [PMID: 34327376 PMCID: PMC8315340 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high prevalence of overweight and obesity has been found in adolescents of New Caledonia and other Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Although Westernization may contribute to the weight gain in populations of Oceanian, Non-European, Non-Asian ancestry (ONENA), little is known about the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with overweight in the Melanesian and Polynesian adolescents of New Caledonia. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a pluri-ethnic sample of New Caledonian adolescents (N = 954; age M = 13.2 years) completed a survey to estimate sleep duration, screen time, and dietary pattern using a food frequency questionnaire. Demographic data (gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status: SES, area of residence) were collected, and anthropometric measures were used to compute weight status. FINDINGS We found a higher risk for being overweight in Melanesian (OR = 1.67) and Polynesian (OR = 5.40) adolescents compared with European adolescents, even after controlling for age, SES, area of residence, dietary pattern, sleep duration and screen time. We also found that low SES (OR = 3.43) and sleep duration (OR = 0.65 per hour) were independently associated with overweight status in the European but not in ONENA adolescents. INTERPRETATION In this study, the main contribution to being overweight was ethnic background, i.e. being Melanesian or Polynesian. The hypothesis of a genetic influence thus seems attractive and merits further analyses. FUNDING This project was funded by the University of New Caledonia and the Fondation Nestlé France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Frayon
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, BP R4, Avenue James Cook, Noumea Cedex 98851, New Caledonia
| | - Guillaume Wattelez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, BP R4, Avenue James Cook, Noumea Cedex 98851, New Caledonia
| | - Emilie Paufique
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, BP R4, Avenue James Cook, Noumea Cedex 98851, New Caledonia
| | - Akila Nedjar-Guerre
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, BP R4, Avenue James Cook, Noumea Cedex 98851, New Caledonia
| | - Christophe Serra-Mallol
- Centre on Work Organizations and Policies (CERTOP), UMR 5044 CNRS, University of Toulouse Jean Jaurès, 5 allées Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Olivier Galy
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, BP R4, Avenue James Cook, Noumea Cedex 98851, New Caledonia
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19
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Teng A, Puloka V, Genç M, Filimoehala O, Latu C, Lolomana'ia M, Osornprasop S, Signal L, Wilson N. Sweetened beverage taxes and changes in beverage price, imports and manufacturing: interrupted time series analysis in a middle-income country. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:90. [PMID: 32646500 PMCID: PMC7350205 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Pacific Island nation of Tonga (a middle-income country) introduced a sweetened beverage tax of T$0.50/L in 2013, with this increasing further in 2016 (to T$1.00/L), and in 2017 (T$1.50/L; US$0.02/oz). Given the potential importance of such types of fiscal intervention for preventing chronic disease, we aimed to evaluate the impact of these tax changes in Tonga. Methods Interrupted time series analysis was used to examine monthly import volumes and quarterly price and manufacturing 1 year after each tax change, compared with a counterfactual based on existing trends. Autocorrelation was adjusted for when present, and adjustments were made for changes in GDP per capita, visitor numbers, season and T$/US$ exchange rate. Results In the year after the 2013, 2016 and 2017 tax increases, the price of an indicator soft drink increased by 16.8% (95%CI: 6.3 to 29.6), 3.7% (− 0.6 to 8.3) and 17.6% (6.0 to 32.0) respectively. Imports of sweetened beverages decreased with changes of − 10.4% (− 23.6 to 9.0), − 30.3% (− 38.8 to − 20.5) and − 62.5% (− 73.1 to − 43.4) respectively. Juice imports changed by − 54.2% (− 93.2 to − 1.1), and sachet drinks by − 15.5% (− 67.8 to 88.3) after the 2017 tax increase. Tonga water bottling (T$) increased in value by 143% (69 to 334) after the 2016 tax increase and soft drink manufacturing increased by 20% (2 to 46, albeit 5% market share). Conclusions Consistent with international evaluations of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes, the taxes in Tonga were associated with increased prices, decreased taxed beverages imports, and increased locally bottled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Teng
- University of Otago Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Viliami Puloka
- University of Otago Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Murat Genç
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - Louise Signal
- University of Otago Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nick Wilson
- University of Otago Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington, New Zealand
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Frayon S, Cavaloc Y, Wattelez G, Cherrier S, Touitou A, Zongo P, Yacef K, Caillaud C, Lerrant Y, Galy O. Body image, body dissatisfaction and weight status of Pacific adolescents from different ethnic communities: a cross-sectional study in New Caledonia. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2020; 25:289-304. [PMID: 29096529 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1398818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective(s): The prevalence of adolescent obesity is high among the various ethnic groups native to the Pacific region (European, Melanesian and Polynesian). An important factor of weight gain or loss is body size satisfaction; however, little is known about adolescent body self-perception in the Pacific region.Design: Body dissatisfaction was evaluated using the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale in a sample of 699 adolescents from rural and urban areas of New Caledonia. The socio-demographic factors associated with higher body dissatisfaction were determined by multiple linear regression modeling.Results: Our results showed a high rate of body dissatisfaction (over 70%) in the adolescents. Body dissatisfaction was strongly related to the body mass index z-score. Melanesians boys had higher body dissatisfaction scores when they felt 'too thin' while Melanesian girls showed lower body dissatisfaction when they felt 'too fat.'.Conclusion: These results showed that social pressure for thinness or musculature may be different among adolescents living in New Caledonia. These results should be taken into account in education overweight prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Frayon
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education and Teacher training, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Yolande Cavaloc
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education and Teacher training, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Guillaume Wattelez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education and Teacher training, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Sophie Cherrier
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education and Teacher training, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Amandine Touitou
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education and Teacher training, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Paul Zongo
- Laboratory ACTES, EA 3596, UFR STAPS Antilles, Pointe à Pitre, French West Indies
| | - Kalina Yacef
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Corinne Caillaud
- School of Information Technologies, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yannick Lerrant
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education and Teacher training, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Olivier Galy
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education and Teacher training, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
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Galy O, Yacef K, Caillaud C. Improving Pacific Adolescents' Physical Activity Toward International Recommendations: Exploratory Study of a Digital Education App Coupled With Activity Trackers. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7:e14854. [PMID: 31825319 PMCID: PMC6931053 DOI: 10.2196/14854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents has dramatically increased in the Pacific Island countries and territories over the last decade. Childhood overweight and obesity not only have short-term consequences but are also likely to lead to noncommunicable diseases in adulthood. A major factor contributing to the rising prevalence is an insufficient amount of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). In the Pacific region, less than 50% of children and adolescents meet the international recommendations of 11,000 steps and 60 min of MVPA per day. Although studies have shown the potential of digital technologies to change behaviors, none has been proposed to guide adolescents toward achieving these recommendations. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were (1) to investigate whether a technology-based educational program that combines education, objective measures of physical activity (PA), and self-assessment of goal achievement would be well received by Pacific adolescents and help change their PA behaviors toward the international PA recommendations and (2) to create more insightful data analysis methods to better understand PA behavior change. METHODS A total of 24 adolescents, aged 12 to 14 years, participated in a 4-week program comprising 8 1-hour modules designed to develop health literacy and physical skills. This self-paced user-centered program was delivered via an app and provided health-related learning content as well as goal setting and self-assessment tasks. PA performed during the 4-week program was captured by an activity tracker to support learning and help the adolescents self-assess their achievements against personal goals. The data were analyzed using a consistency rate and daily behavior clustering to reveal any PA changes, particularly regarding adherence to international recommendations. RESULTS The consistency rate of daily steps revealed that the adolescents reached 11,000 steps per day 48% (approximately 3.4 days per week) of the time in the first week of the program, and this peaked at 59% (approximately 4.1 days per week) toward the end of the program. PA data showed an overall increase during the program, particularly in the less active adolescents, who increased their daily steps by 15% and ultimately reached 11,000 steps more frequently. The consistency of daily behavior clustering showed a 27% increase in adherence to international recommendations in the least active adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Technology-supported educational programs that include self-monitored PA via activity trackers can be successfully delivered to adolescents in schools in remote Pacific areas. New data mining techniques enable innovative analyses of PA engagement based on the international recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Galy
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, The University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Kalina Yacef
- School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Corinne Caillaud
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Marttila-Tornio K, Ruotsalainen H, Miettunen J, Männikkö N, Kääriäinen M. Clusters of health behaviours and their relation to body mass index among adolescents in Northern Finland. Scand J Caring Sci 2019; 34:666-674. [PMID: 31667874 DOI: 10.1111/scs.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify clusters of health behaviours among Finnish adolescents and examine whether these clusters are associated with body mass index (BMI). METHODS The data, drawn from the prospective population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, comprised a total of 7182 adolescents who replied to a follow-up postal questionnaire at the age 15 to 16. The adolescents were asked about multiple health behaviours, such as physical activity, screen time, cigarette smoking, alcohol use and diet. Adolescents who answered the questions concerning all of these variables were included in the study, yielding a final sample of 4305 subjects. K-means cluster analysis was performed to identify group of adolescents with similar health behaviours. Chi-squared tests were performed to analyse the association between the clusters and BMI. RESULTS Two clusters - Healthy Lifestyle and Unhealthy Lifestyle - were identified for both genders. The values of all the studied variables differed significantly between the clusters identified for both boys and girls. No significant relationship between the identified clusters and BMI was found for either boys or girls. CONCLUSIONS It is important to consider multiple lifestyle-related behaviours and trying to identify groups that present probability for developing lifestyle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Marttila-Tornio
- Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heidi Ruotsalainen
- Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Social Services and Rehabilitation, Oulu University of Applied Sciences, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Niko Männikkö
- Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Social Services and Rehabilitation, Oulu University of Applied Sciences, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maria Kääriäinen
- Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Lim HS, Byun DW, Suh KI, Park HK, Kim HJ, Kim TH, Lee HH. Is There a Difference in Serum Vitamin D Levels and Bone Mineral Density According to Body Mass Index in Young Adult Women? J Bone Metab 2019; 26:145-150. [PMID: 31555611 PMCID: PMC6746663 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2019.26.3.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the life cycle, bone mineral density (BMD) is the most optimal condition in the 20s. In Korea, vitamin D deficiency status is very serious in Korean women due to recent lack of activity, weight polarization, and inadequate nutritional intake. The purpose of this study was to compare serum vitamin D and BMD according to obesity status in Korean young adult women. Methods A total of 143 female college students participated in the research. Body fat and lean body status were analyzed using a body composition analyzer. Nutrient intakes of the subjects were assessed by 3-days food record method. The BMDs was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The subjects were divided into normal weight group and obesity group on their body mass index. Results Obesity group showed significantly higher weight, body fat (%), and body fat (kg) than normal weight group and T-scores of lumbar-2 spines were significantly lower. Obesity group showed high triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and vitamin D levels were significantly lower. Physical fitness and activity status showed that sit and reach and sit up were significantly lower in obesity group. The intake of carbohydrates was higher in the obesity group than in the normal weight group, and the intake of vitamin C and vitamin D was significantly lower. Factors affecting serum vitamin D were analyzed as body fat (%), lumbar-2 T-score, triglyceride, and carbohydrate intake. Conclusions Obese women need more effort to manage their serum vitamin D status and balanced nutrition to prevent bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sook Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeonsung University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Dong Won Byun
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyo Il Suh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong Kyu Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hae-Hyeog Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
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Frayon S, Wattelez G, Cavaloc Y, Cherrier S, Lerrant Y, Galy O. Too big or too thin? New Caledonian adolescents' perceptions of overweight and underweight. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 31:e23313. [PMID: 31456274 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The first aim was to examine New Caledonian adolescents' views of what constitutes an overweight or underweight person. The second aim was to assess whether an environment with a high prevalence of overweight is associated with different norms of overweight or underweight in this population. METHODS The Stunkard Figure Rating Scale was used for a sample of 699 pluriethnic adolescents in New Caledonia. Body mass index (BMI) was assessed for each participant and weight status was determined. The factors associated with higher figure ratings were determined by linear regression modeling. RESULTS Multilinear regression analysis indicated that gender (being male) and BMI were associated with higher rating scores to designate overweight. Moreover, higher BMI z-scores were associated with higher underweight figure ratings. Ethnicity, area of residence, age, and socioeconomic status were not associated with higher ratings of body image. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that an environment with a high prevalence of overweight does not necessarily shift adolescent "norms," contrary to visual normalization theory. These results should be taken into account in educational overweight prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Frayon
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, EA 7483, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Guillaume Wattelez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, EA 7483, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Yolande Cavaloc
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, EA 7483, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Sophie Cherrier
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, EA 7483, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Yannick Lerrant
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, EA 7483, Noumea, New Caledonia
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Horsey B, Swanepoel L, Underhill S, Aliakbari J, Burkhart S. Dietary Diversity of an Adult Solomon Islands Population. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1622. [PMID: 31319480 PMCID: PMC6683259 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing dietary transitions in the Solomon Islands has resulted in an over-reliance on commercially sourced foods, leading to food insecurity, and a subsequent rise in multiple forms of malnutrition. The aim of this study was to investigate the individual dietary diversity and food preferences of the adult population living in Auki, Solomon Islands. A cross-sectional study involving 133 adults was undertaken in the Auki district via an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Individual dietary diversity scores (DDS) were determined based on the results of a 24-h recall method. Overall mean DDS was 7.27 (range 2-12). Females and participants who lived outside the Auki town center had significantly higher dietary diversity scores. Low consumption of a variety of nutritious foods within food groups and high consumption of energy dense processed foods, indicates that diet quality is likely limited in some of this population. Participants desire for a diverse diet including local foods suggests that current dietary diversity status in this population may be influenced by food security rather than food preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Horsey
- School of Health and Sport Sciences ML41, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC 4558, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Libby Swanepoel
- School of Health and Sport Sciences ML41, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC 4558, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven Underhill
- Australian Centre for Pacific Islands Research, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked bag 4, Maroochydore DC 4558, Queensland, Australia
- School of Natural Resources and Applied Sciences, Solomon Islands National University, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | | | - Sarah Burkhart
- School of Health and Sport Sciences ML41, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC 4558, Queensland, Australia.
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Wattelez G, Frayon S, Cavaloc Y, Cherrier S, Lerrant Y, Galy O. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Associated Factors in School-Going Adolescents of New Caledonia. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020452. [PMID: 30795633 PMCID: PMC6412716 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study assessed sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and its associations with the sociodemographic and physical characteristics, behavior and knowledge of New Caledonian adolescents. The survey data of 447 adolescents from ages 11 to 16 years were collected in five secondary public schools of New Caledonia between July 2015 and April 2016. These data included measured height and weight, SSB consumption, sociodemographic characteristics, body weight perception, physical activity, and knowledge (sugar quantity/SSB unit; energy expenditure required to eliminate a unit) and opinions about the SSB‒weight gain relationship. Ninety percent of these adolescents declared regularly drinking SSBs. Quantities were associated with living environment (1.94 L·week−1 in urban environment vs. 4.49 L·week−1 in rural environment, p = 0.001), ethnic community (4.77 L·week−1 in Melanesians vs. 2.46 L·week−1 in Caucasians, p < 0.001) and knowledge about energy expenditure (6.22 L·week−1 in unknowledgeable adolescents vs. 4.26 L·week−1 in adolescents who underestimated, 3.73 L·week−1 in adolescents who overestimated, and 3.64 L·week−1 in adolescents who correctly responded on the energy expenditure required to eliminate an SSB unit, p = 0.033). To conclude, community-based health promotion strategies should (1) focus on the physical effort needed to negate SSB consumption rather than the nutritional energy from SSB units and (2) highlight how to achieve sustainable lifestyles and provide tools for greater understanding and positive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Wattelez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia.
| | - Stéphane Frayon
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia.
| | - Yolande Cavaloc
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia.
| | - Sophie Cherrier
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia.
| | - Yannick Lerrant
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia.
| | - Olivier Galy
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia.
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Frayon S, Cherrier S, Cavaloc Y, Touitou A, Zongo P, Wattelez G, Yacef K, Caillaud C, Lerrant Y, Galy O. Nutrition behaviors and sociodemographic factors associated with overweight in the multi-ethnic adolescents of New Caledonia. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2019; 24:194-210. [PMID: 28393546 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1315530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: New Caledonia is a multi-ethnic French territory in the Pacific, characterized by communities with widely varying nutritional habits. Little is currently known about adolescent food behaviors and habits and their association with overweight. This study therefore determined the sociodemographic factors and food behaviors associated with overweight and underweight in this population, as well as the factors associated with skipping breakfast. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among New Caledonian adolescents using a self-administered questionnaire; anthropometric measurements were also taken. Weight status was determined using international cutoffs, and the factors associated with overweight and underweight were identified with multiple logistic regression analysis. The factors associated with breakfast skipping were also determined. Results: Skipping breakfast, being Melanesian, living in a rural area and having low economic status were positively associated with overweight in these adolescents. Skipping breakfast was relatively infrequent, reported by 18% and 13% of the males and females, respectively. Logistic regression models found that the main factors associated with breakfast consumption habits were gender, weight status and ethnicity. Conclusions: Several factors are associated with overweight status in New Caledonian adolescents. Breakfast education should be improved for adolescents living in rural areas and from low socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Frayon
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School for Teaching and Education , University of New Caledonia , Noumea , New Caledonia
| | - Sophie Cherrier
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School for Teaching and Education , University of New Caledonia , Noumea , New Caledonia
| | - Yolande Cavaloc
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School for Teaching and Education , University of New Caledonia , Noumea , New Caledonia
| | - Amandine Touitou
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School for Teaching and Education , University of New Caledonia , Noumea , New Caledonia
| | - Paul Zongo
- b Laboratory ACTES, EA 3596 , UFR STAPS Antilles , Pointe à Pitre , French West Indies
| | - Guillaume Wattelez
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School for Teaching and Education , University of New Caledonia , Noumea , New Caledonia
| | - Kalina Yacef
- c School of Information Technologies , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Corinne Caillaud
- d Faculty of Health Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Yannick Lerrant
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School for Teaching and Education , University of New Caledonia , Noumea , New Caledonia
| | - Olivier Galy
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School for Teaching and Education , University of New Caledonia , Noumea , New Caledonia
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Park JM, Lee JW, Shim JY, Lee YJ. Relationship Between Platelet Count and Insulin Resistance in Korean Adolescents: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2018; 16:470-476. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2018.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Shim
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tanjasiri SP, Wiersma LD, Moy KL, McEligot A. Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Obesity among Pacific Islander Youth and Young Adults in Southern California: An Exploratory Study. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH : A JOURNAL OF ASIA PACIFIC MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 77:251-258. [PMID: 30324003 PMCID: PMC6176268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This exploratory study aimed to assess obesity, physical activity, and nutrition among Pacific Islander youth and young adults in Southern California. A total of 129 Tongan, Samoan, and Marshallese participated in the study, including relatively similar proportions of males and females and age groups. We calculated Body Mass Index (BMI), dietary intake by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and 7-day physical activity levels with accelerometers. Overall, 84% of Tongan, 76% of Samoan, and 24% of Marshallese participants were overweight or obese, with mean BMI of 31.2 and 34.3 kg/m2 (for Tongan males and females), 32.3 and 33.4 kg/m2 (Samoan males and females), and 25.3 and 22.1 kg/m2 (Marshallese males and females). We found moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) fell below current guidelines at 38 min/day, with over 87% engaging in light-intensity PA and large sedentary times. Daily percent of energy from saturated fat, fiber/1,000 kcal and dairy intake were higher in Tongans compared to Samoans and Marshallese. Despite promising outcomes from this study, high prevalence of overweight, low physical activity levels, and high caloric intake put Pacific Islander youth and young adults at risk for a variety of health concerns and future efforts should focus on further research as well as community-wide prevention and amelioration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora P Tanjasiri
- Department of Epidemiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA (SPT)
- Department of Health Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA (AM)
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA (LDW)
- Walk San Diego, San Diego, CA (KLM)
| | - Lenny D Wiersma
- Department of Epidemiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA (SPT)
- Department of Health Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA (AM)
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA (LDW)
- Walk San Diego, San Diego, CA (KLM)
| | - Karen L Moy
- Department of Epidemiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA (SPT)
- Department of Health Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA (AM)
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA (LDW)
- Walk San Diego, San Diego, CA (KLM)
| | - Archana McEligot
- Department of Epidemiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA (SPT)
- Department of Health Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA (AM)
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA (LDW)
- Walk San Diego, San Diego, CA (KLM)
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Freire WB, Waters WF, Román D, Jiménez E, Burgos E, Belmont P. Overweight, obesity, and food consumption in Galapagos, Ecuador: a window on the world. Global Health 2018; 14:93. [PMID: 30208909 PMCID: PMC6134580 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-018-0409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to understand why rates of overweight and obesity are so high in the Ecuadorian province of Galapagos, this study analyzes changes in household food expenditures and perceptions and practices related to food consumption patterns. Galapagos is understood as an unusual but not unique case because conditions there graphically illustrate trends observed in communities and countries worldwide. A mixed methods approach was employed: a quantitative component was based on expenditures for foods classified according to the NOVA system, and a qualitative component utilized focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and structured observations. RESULTS Galapagos residents increased consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods and decreased consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods. Perceived barriers to healthy diets include price, availability, and quality of fresh produce, as well as easy access to industrialized processed and ultra-processed foods. CONCLUSIONS Changes in consumption patterns represent both local conditions and global trends; in that sense, the factors that affect Galapagos residents are not unique. Hence, these findings help elucidate processes observed in communities around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma B. Freire
- Institute for Research in Health and Nutrition, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite s/n, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - William F. Waters
- Institute for Research in Health and Nutrition, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite s/n, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diana Román
- Institute for Research in Health and Nutrition, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite s/n, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Elisa Jiménez
- Institute for Research in Health and Nutrition, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite s/n, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Estefania Burgos
- Institute for Research in Health and Nutrition, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite s/n, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Philippe Belmont
- Institute for Research in Health and Nutrition, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite s/n, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
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Grummon AH, Sokol RL, Hecht CA, Patel AI. Measuring beverage consumption in US children and adolescents: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1017-1027. [PMID: 29938891 PMCID: PMC6103833 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Beverage consumption habits are associated with weight outcomes for children and adolescents. Many studies have examined youth's beverage consumption, but little is known about what methods are commonly used to assess youth beverage consumption and whether these strategies are valid and reliable. This study aimed to systematically review articles assessing beverage consumption among children and adolescents. We searched PubMed and Scopus for English-language articles published between February 2007 and February 2017 that measured and reported on American youth's (ages 2-18 years) beverage consumption. Searches yielded 17,165 articles, of which 589 articles describing 615 measures were extracted. We examined the types of assessment methods used, characteristics of these methods (e.g. validity, reliability, and literacy level), characteristics of study samples, and beverages assessed. The most common assessment methods were questionnaires/screeners (used by 65.4% of articles) and recalls (24.4%). About three-quarters of articles did not address validity (70.5%) or reliability (79.5%) of any measures used. Study populations were diverse: 54.7% of articles included low-income children, and 90.2% included non-White children. The most commonly assessed beverage category was sugar-sweetened beverages. Findings suggest that improved measurement techniques and reporting are both needed to track progress towards a goal of ensuring all youth have healthy beverage consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H. Grummon
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rebeccah L. Sokol
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Christina A. Hecht
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California; Berkeley, CA
| | - Anisha I. Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Tackling the Consumption of High Sugar Products among Children and Adolescents in the Pacific Islands: Implications for Future Research. Healthcare (Basel) 2018; 6:healthcare6030081. [PMID: 30002327 PMCID: PMC6163880 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare6030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pacific Islands are experiencing an obesity epidemic with a rate of overweight and obesity as high as 80% among adults in some Pacific Island nations. Children and adolescents in the region are also affected by overweight and obesity, which is alarming due to the increased likelihood of remaining overweight as an adult. Research supports an association between poor diet and an increased risk of obesity and development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Excess consumption of free sugars is associated with poorer overall diet quality and increased risk of weight gain, chronic inflammation and dental caries. Traditional diets in the Pacific Islands are being supplemented with processed, high-sugar foods and beverages; thus, there is a clear need for effective interventions promoting positive dietary behaviors in the region. School and community based interventions offer an opportunity to promote positive behavior change among children and adolescents. This review aims to evaluate interventions targeting the consumption of high-sugar products in this population in the Pacific Islands.
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Frayon S, Cherrier S, Cavaloc Y, Wattelez G, Lerrant Y, Galy O. Relationship of body fat and body mass index in young Pacific Islanders: a cross-sectional study in European, Melanesian and Polynesian groups. Pediatr Obes 2018; 13:357-364. [PMID: 28752614 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body mass index is the most often used indicator of obesity but does not distinguish between lean and fat mass. Adiposity at the same body mass index differs across ethnic groups. OBJECTIVES The twofold aim of this study was to determine whether body mass index (BMI)-based references are correlated with body fat percentage (%BF) in a pluri-ethnic population of Pacific Islanders and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of these references by using the percentage of body fat as the gold standard. METHODS Height and weight were obtained, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were measured in a sample of 796 adolescents (11-16 years) from the three main ethnic groups in New Caledonia: Melanesian, European and Polynesian. %BF was derived from the Slaughter equations, and BMI z score was calculated by using various international and national references. RESULTS Melanesian teens had lower %BF compared with their European counterparts for the same BMI z score. Whatever the BMI-based reference used to detect overfatness (%BF >25% for boys and >30% for girls), sensitivity was higher in Melanesian adolescents, while specificity was higher in their European counterparts. Diagnostic accuracy was better in Melanesian compared with European adolescents. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that Melanesian adolescents have lower %BF than their European counterparts for the same BMI z score. Therefore, the diagnostic accuracy of BMI to detect overfatness is related to ethnicity. Whatever the BMI-based reference, sensitivity was higher in the Melanesian group, while specificity was higher in the European group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Frayon
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - S Cherrier
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Y Cavaloc
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - G Wattelez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Y Lerrant
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - O Galy
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
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Santana FDS, Palmeira AC, Santos MAMD, Farah BQ, Souza BCCD, Ritti-Dias RM. Association between active commuting and elevated blood pressure in adolescents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 15:415-420. [PMID: 29364363 PMCID: PMC5875153 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082017ao4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To analyze the association between active commuting and blood pressure in adolescents. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with high school students from public education network in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Data from 6039 students (14 to 19 years) were collected using a questionnaire. “Physically inactive” were considered those who reported not to walk or ride a bicycle to and from school on any day of the past week, and/or those who, regardless of the weekly frequency of practice this type of activity, reported the duration of commuting to school was less than 20 minutes (round trip). The high blood pressure was obtained by Omron HEM 742 equipment. Adolescents with high blood pressure were defined as those with higher blood pressure or equal to the 95th percentile for age, sex and height. Regression logistic analyses were used to assess the association between active commuting and high blood pressure, considering adjustments for the following confounders: sex, age, overweight, total physical activity, socioeconomic level, place of residence. Results The prevalence of high blood pressure was 7.3%, and 79.3% were considered insufficiently active in commuting. There was an association between high blood pressure and active commuting only among those living in rural areas (OR = 6.498; 95% CI = 1.513-27.900), and the same was not observed among those living in urban areas (OR = 1.113; 95% CI = 0.812-1.526). Conclusion Active commuting can be considered a protective factor for high blood pressure in adolescents living in rural areas.
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Park JM, Lee DC, Lee YJ. Relationship between high white blood cell count and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in Korean children and adolescents: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:456-461. [PMID: 28428029 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increasing evidence has indicated that insulin resistance is associated with inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the association between white blood cell (WBC) count and insulin resistance, as measured by a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in a general pediatric population. This study aimed to examine the association between WBC count and insulin resistance as measured by HOMA-IR in a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents. METHODS AND RESULTS In total, 2761 participants (1479 boys and 1282 girls) aged 10-18 years were selected from the 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Insulin resistance was defined as a HOMA-IR value greater than the 90th percentile. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for insulin resistance were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis. The mean values of most cardiometabolic variables tended to increase proportionally with WBC count quartiles. The prevalence of insulin resistance significantly increased in accordance with WBC count quartiles in both boys and girls. Compared to individuals in the lowest WBC count quartile, the odds ratio for insulin resistance for individuals in the highest quartile was 2.84 in boys and 3.20 in girls, after adjusting for age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, and waist circumference. CONCLUSION A higher WBC count was positively associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance in Korean children and adolescents. This study suggests that WBC count could facilitate the identification of children and adolescents with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D-C Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-J Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Frayon S, Cherrier S, Cavaloc Y, Wattelez G, Touitou A, Zongo P, Yacef K, Caillaud C, Lerrant Y, Galy O. Misperception of weight status in the pacific: preliminary findings in rural and urban 11- to 16-year-olds of New Caledonia. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:25. [PMID: 28056931 PMCID: PMC5217621 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescent obesity is prevalent in Pacific region ethnic groups (European, Melanesian and Polynesian) living in both urban and rural areas. Although body perception is an important factor of weight gain or loss, little is known about the body self-perceptions of Pacific region adolescents. This study therefore evaluated adolescent perceptions of body weight according to ethnicity (European, Melanesian or Polynesian), socioeconomic status (low, intermediate or high) and living area (rural or urban) in New Caledonia. Methods Sociodemographic and anthropomorphic data from 737 adolescents (351 boys and 386 girls) with ages ranging from 11 to 16 years were collected and analysed. The International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) standards were used to define weight status as normal-weight, underweight or overweight/obese. Weight perception was assessed from detailed questionnaires, with adolescents rating their own weight with the following descriptors: ‘about the right weight’, ‘too heavy’, or ‘too light’. Results Results showed that only 8.5% of normal-weight adolescents (7% boys and 10% girls) identifying themselves as ‘too heavy’. Normal-weight Melanesian adolescents were less likely than their European counterparts to assess themselves as too heavy (OR = 0.357). However, half the overweight/obese adolescents underestimated their weight status (53% boys and 48% girls). Weight misperception was associated with ethnicity, socioeconomic status and living area, with gender-specific differences. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that these sociodemographic factors should be taken into account when designing public health policies and health education school programmes in New Caledonia and, more broadly, the Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Frayon
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia.
| | - Sophie Cherrier
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Yolande Cavaloc
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Guillaume Wattelez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Amandine Touitou
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Paul Zongo
- Laboratory ACTES, EA 3596, UFR STAPS Antilles, Pointe à Pitre, French West Indies, Guadeloupe
| | - Kalina Yacef
- School of Information Technologies, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Corinne Caillaud
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yannick Lerrant
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Olivier Galy
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
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Park JM, Lee JY, Dong JJ, Lee DC, Lee YJ. Association between the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and insulin resistance in Korean adolescents: a nationwide population-based study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:1259-1265. [PMID: 27740931 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2016-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have suggested the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) as a surrogate marker of insulin resistance. However, few studies have examined the association between TG/HDL-C and insulin resistance in the general adolescent population. This study aimed to examine the association between TG/HDL-C and insulin resistance in a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents. METHODS A total of 2649 participants aged 12-18 years were selected from the 2007 to 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Insulin resistance was defined as the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values greater than the 80th percentile. RESULTS The mean values of most cardiometabolic variables increased proportionally with TG/HDL-C quartiles. Compared to individuals in the lowest TG/HDL-C quartile, the odds ratio for insulin resistance for individuals in the highest quartile was 2.91 in boys and 2.38 in girls after adjusting for confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that TG/HDL-C could be a convenient marker for identifying Korean adolescents with insulin resistance.
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Anishchenko AP, Arkhangel’skaya AN, Pustovalov DA, Rogoznaya EV, Ignatov NG, Gurevich KG. The nutritional preferences in the college students and the risk of gaining excessive weight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.17116/dokgastro201543-427-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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