1
|
Sahu B, Bal NC. Adipokines from white adipose tissue in regulation of whole body energy homeostasis. Biochimie 2023; 204:92-107. [PMID: 36084909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diseases originating from altered energy homeostasis including obesity, and type 2 diabetes are rapidly increasing worldwide. Research in the last few decades on animal models and humans demonstrates that the white adipose tissue (WAT) is critical for energy balance and more than just an energy storage site. WAT orchestrates the whole-body metabolism through inter-organ crosstalk primarily mediated by cytokines named "Adipokines". The adipokines influence metabolism and fuel selection of the skeletal muscle and liver thereby fine-tuning the load on WAT itself in physiological conditions like starvation, exercise and cold. In addition, adipokine secretion is influenced by various pathological conditions like obesity, inflammation and diabetes. In this review, we have surveyed the current state of knowledge on important adipokines and their significance in regulating energy balance and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, we have summarized the interplay of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines in the modulation of pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijayashree Sahu
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| | - Naresh C Bal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chin DD, Poon C, Wang J, Joo J, Ong V, Jiang Z, Cheng K, Plotkin A, Magee GA, Chung EJ. miR-145 micelles mitigate atherosclerosis by modulating vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Biomaterials 2021; 273:120810. [PMID: 33892346 PMCID: PMC8152375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In atherosclerosis, resident vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the blood vessels become highly plastic and undergo phenotypic switching from the quiescent, contractile phenotype to the migratory and proliferative, synthetic phenotype. Additionally, recent VSMC lineage-tracing mouse models of atherosclerosis have found that VSMCs transdifferentiate into macrophage-like and osteochondrogenic cells and make up to 70% of cells found in atherosclerotic plaques. Given VSMC phenotypic switching is regulated by microRNA-145 (miR-145), we hypothesized that nanoparticle-mediated delivery of miR-145 to VSMCs has the potential to mitigate atherosclerosis development by inhibiting plaque-propagating cell types derived from VSMCs. To test our hypothesis, we synthesized miR-145 micelles targeting the C-C chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2), which is highly expressed on synthetic VSMCs. When miR-145 micelles were incubated with human aortic VSMCs in vitro, >90% miR-145 micelles escaped the lysosomal pathway in 4 hours and released the miR cargo under cytosolic levels of glutathione, an endogenous reducing agent. As such, miR-145 micelles rescued atheroprotective contractile markers, myocardin, α-SMA, and calponin, in synthetic VSMCs in vitro. In early-stage atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice, one dose of miR-145 micelles prevented lesion growth by 49% and sustained an increased level of miR-145 expression after 2 weeks post-treatment. Additionally, miR-145 micelles inhibited 35% and 43% plaque growth compared to free miR-145 and PBS, respectively, in mid-stage atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice. Collectively, we present a novel therapeutic strategy and cell target for atherosclerosis, and present miR-145 micelles as a viable nanotherapeutic that can intervene atherosclerosis progression at both early and later stages of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah D Chin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Christopher Poon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Jonathan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Johan Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Victor Ong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Zhangjingyi Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Kayley Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Anastasia Plotkin
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Gregory A Magee
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States; Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chin DD, Poon C, Trac N, Wang J, Cook J, Joo J, Jiang Z, Maria NSS, Jacobs RE, Chung EJ. Collagenase-Cleavable Peptide Amphiphile Micelles as a Novel Theranostic Strategy in Atherosclerosis. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:1900196. [PMID: 34295964 PMCID: PMC8294202 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by plaques that can cause sudden myocardial infarction upon rupture. Such rupture-prone plaques have thin fibrous caps due to collagenase degradation, and a noninvasive diagnostic tool and targeted therapy that can identify and treat vulnerable plaques and may inhibit the onset of acute cardiac events. Toward this goal, monocyte-binding, collagenase-inhibiting, and gadolinium-modified peptide amphiphile micelles (MCG PAMs) are developed. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) binds to C-C chemokine receptor-2 expressed on pathological cell types present within plaques. Through the peptide binding motif of MCP-1, MCG PAMs bind to monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Moreover, using magnetic resonance imaging, MCG PAMs show enhanced targeting and successful detection of plaques in diseased mice in vivo and act as contrast agents for molecular imaging. Through the collagenase-cleaving peptide sequence of collagen [VPMS-MRGG], MCG PAMs can compete for collagenases that degrade the fibrous cap of plaques, providing therapy. MCG PAM-treated mice show increased fibrous cap thickness by 61% and 113% histologically compared to nontargeting micelle- or PBS-treated mice (p = 0.0075 and 0.001, respectively). Overall, this novel multimodal nanoparticle offers new theranostic opportunities for noninvasive diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerotic plaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah D Chin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Christopher Poon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Noah Trac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Jackson Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Johan Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Zhangjingyi Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| | - Naomi Sulit Sta Maria
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic, Institute and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033 CA, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic, Institute and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033 CA, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles USC 90089 CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu A, He F, Yu C, Qu Y, Zhang Q, Lv J, Zhang X, Ran Y, Wei C, Wu J. The Development of Small Molecule Inhibitors of Glutaminyl Cyclase and Isoglutaminyl Cyclase for Alzheimer's Disease. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Xu
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Feng He
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Chenggong Yu
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Ying Qu
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Qiuqiong Zhang
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Jiahui Lv
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Xiangna Zhang
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Yingying Ran
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Chao Wei
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Jingde Wu
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salah SM, Meisenheimer JD, Rao R, Peda JD, Wallace DP, Foster D, Li X, Li X, Zhou X, Vallejo JA, Wacker MJ, Fields TA, Swenson-Fields KI. MCP-1 promotes detrimental cardiac physiology, pulmonary edema, and death in the cpk model of polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F343-F360. [PMID: 31091126 PMCID: PMC6732452 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00240.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is characterized by slowly expanding renal cysts that damage the kidney, typically resulting in renal failure by the fifth decade. The most common cause of death in these patients, however, is cardiovascular disease. Expanding cysts in PKD induce chronic kidney injury that is accompanied by immune cell infiltration, including macrophages, which we and others have shown can promote disease progression in PKD mouse models. Here, we show that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)] is responsible for the majority of monocyte chemoattractant activity produced by renal PKD cells from both mice and humans. To test whether the absence of MCP-1 lowers renal macrophage concentration and slows disease progression, we generated genetic knockout (KO) of MCP-1 in a mouse model of PKD [congenital polycystic kidney (cpk) mice]. Cpk mice are born with rapidly expanding renal cysts, accompanied by a decline in kidney function and death by postnatal day 21. Here, we report that KO of MCP-1 in these mice increased survival, with some mice living past 3 mo. Surprisingly, however, there was no significant difference in renal macrophage concentration, nor was there improvement in cystic disease or kidney function. Examination of mice revealed cardiac hypertrophy in cpk mice, and measurement of cardiac electrical activity via ECG revealed repolarization abnormalities. MCP-1 KO did not affect the number of cardiac macrophages, nor did it alleviate the cardiac aberrancies. However, MCP-1 KO did prevent the development of pulmonary edema, which occurred in cpk mice, and promoted decreased resting heart rate and increased heart rate variability in both cpk and noncystic mice. These data suggest that in this mouse model of PKD, MCP-1 altered cardiac/pulmonary function and promoted death outside of its role as a macrophage chemoattractant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally M Salah
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - James D Meisenheimer
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Reena Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jacqueline D Peda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Darren P Wallace
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Dawson Foster
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Julian A Vallejo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Michael J Wacker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Timothy A Fields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Katherine I Swenson-Fields
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
From Blood to Lesioned Brain: An In Vitro Study on Migration Mechanisms of Human Nasal Olfactory Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1478606. [PMID: 28698717 PMCID: PMC5494110 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1478606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies critically rely on selective cell migration toward pathological or injured areas. We previously demonstrated that human olfactory ectomesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSCs), derived from an adult olfactory lamina propria, migrate specifically toward an injured mouse hippocampus after transplantation in the cerebrospinal fluid and promote functional recoveries. However, the mechanisms controlling their recruitment and homing remain elusive. Using an in vitro model of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and secretome analysis, we observed that OE-MSCs produce numerous proteins allowing them to cross the endothelial wall. Then, pan-genomic DNA microarrays identified signaling molecules that lesioned mouse hippocampus overexpressed. Among the most upregulated cytokines, both recombinant SPP1/osteopontin and CCL2/MCP-1 stimulate OE-MSC migration whereas only CCL2 exerts a chemotactic effect. Additionally, OE-MSCs express SPP1 receptors but not the CCL2 cognate receptor, suggesting a CCR2-independent pathway through other CCR receptors. These results confirm that OE-MSCs can be attracted by chemotactic cytokines overexpressed in inflamed areas and demonstrate that CCL2 is an important factor that could promote OE-MSC engraftment, suggesting improvement for future clinical trials.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu C, Xu X, Bai Y, Zhong J, Wang A, Sun L, Kong L, Ying Z, Sun Q, Rajagopalan S. Particulate Air pollution mediated effects on insulin resistance in mice are independent of CCR2. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:6. [PMID: 28253935 PMCID: PMC5335830 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic exposure to fine ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) induces insulin resistance. CC-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) appears to be essential in diet-induced insulin resistance implicating an important role for systemic cellular inflammation in the process. We have previously suggested that CCR2 is important in PM2.5 exposure-mediated inflammation leading to insulin resistance under high fat diet situation. The present study assessed the importance of CCR2 in PM2.5 exposure-induced insulin resistance in the context of normal diet. Methods and Results C57BL/6 and CCR2-/- mice were subjected to exposure to concentrated ambient PM2.5 or filtered air for 6 months. In C57BL/6 mice, concentrated ambient PM2.5 exposure induced whole-body insulin resistance, macrophage infiltration into the adipose tissue, and upregulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in the liver. While CCR2 deficiency reduced adipose macrophage content in the PM2.5-exposed animals, it did not improve systemic insulin resistance. This lack of improvement in insulin resistance was paralleled by increased hepatic expression of genes in PEPCK and inflammation. Conclusion CCR2 deletion failed to attenuate PM2.5 exposure-induced insulin resistance in mice fed on normal diet. The present study indicates that PM2.5 may dysregulate glucose metabolism directly without exerting proinflammatory effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-017-0187-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqing Liu
- Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Rd, Building 15#, Room 303, Hangzhou, 310053, China. .,Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yuntao Bai
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aixia Wang
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lixian Sun
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China
| | - Liya Kong
- Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Rd, Building 15#, Room 303, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zhekang Ying
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bessler WK, Kim G, Hudson FZ, Mund JA, Mali R, Menon K, Kapur R, Clapp DW, Ingram DA, Stansfield BK. Nf1+/- monocytes/macrophages induce neointima formation via CCR2 activation. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1129-39. [PMID: 26740548 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Persons with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have a predisposition for premature and severe arterial stenosis. Mutations in the NF1 gene result in decreased expression of neurofibromin, a negative regulator of p21(Ras), and increases Ras signaling. Heterozygous Nf1 (Nf1(+/-)) mice develop a marked arterial stenosis characterized by proliferating smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and a predominance of infiltrating macrophages, which closely resembles arterial lesions from NF1 patients. Interestingly, lineage-restricted inactivation of a single Nf1 allele in monocytes/macrophages is sufficient to recapitulate the phenotype observed in Nf1(+/-) mice and to mobilize proinflammatory CCR2+ monocytes into the peripheral blood. Therefore, we hypothesized that CCR2 receptor activation by its primary ligand monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) is critical for monocyte infiltration into the arterial wall and neointima formation in Nf1(+/-) mice. MCP-1 induces a dose-responsive increase in Nf1(+/-) macrophage migration and proliferation that corresponds with activation of multiple Ras kinases. In addition, Nf1(+/-) SMCs, which express CCR2, demonstrate an enhanced proliferative response to MCP-1 when compared with WT SMCs. To interrogate the role of CCR2 activation on Nf1(+/-) neointima formation, we induced neointima formation by carotid artery ligation in Nf1(+/-) and WT mice with genetic deletion of either MCP1 or CCR2. Loss of MCP-1 or CCR2 expression effectively inhibited Nf1(+/-) neointima formation and reduced macrophage content in the arterial wall. Finally, administration of a CCR2 antagonist significantly reduced Nf1(+/-) neointima formation. These studies identify MCP-1 as a potent chemokine for Nf1(+/-) monocytes/macrophages and CCR2 as a viable therapeutic target for NF1 arterial stenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waylan K Bessler
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Grace Kim
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Farlyn Z Hudson
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Julie A Mund
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and
| | - Raghuveer Mali
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Keshav Menon
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - D Wade Clapp
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - David A Ingram
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brian K Stansfield
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stroo I, Claessen N, Teske GJD, Butter LM, Florquin S, Leemans JC. Deficiency for the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 aggravates tubular damage after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123203. [PMID: 25875776 PMCID: PMC4395234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal expression of chemokines is a crucial factor in the regulation of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and repair. Beside their role in the migration and activation of inflammatory cells to sites of injury, chemokines are also involved in other processes such as angiogenesis, development and migration of stem cells. In the present study we investigated the role of the chemokine MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or CCL2), the main chemoattractant for monocytes, during renal I/R injury. MCP-1 expression peaks several days after inducing renal I/R injury coinciding with macrophage accumulation. However, MCP-1 deficient mice had a significant decreased survival and increased renal damage within the first two days, i.e. the acute inflammatory response, after renal I/R injury with no evidence of altered macrophage accumulation. Kidneys and primary tubular epithelial cells from MCP-1 deficient mice showed increased apoptosis after ischemia. Taken together, MCP-1 protects the kidney during the acute inflammatory response following renal I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Stroo
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Nike Claessen
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gwendoline J. D. Teske
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loes M. Butter
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaklien C. Leemans
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Martinu T, Gowdy KM, Nugent JL, Sun J, Kinnier CV, Nelson ME, Lyes MA, Kelly FL, Foster WM, Gunn MD, Palmer SM. Role of C-C motif ligand 2 and C-C motif receptor 2 in murine pulmonary graft-versus-host disease after lipopolysaccharide inhalations. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 51:810-21. [PMID: 24921973 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0451oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposures are a potential trigger of chronic pulmonary graft-versus-host disease (pGVHD) after successful recovery from hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). We hypothesized that inhalations of LPS, a prototypic environmental stimulus, trigger pGVHD via increased pulmonary recruitment of donor-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through the C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2)-C-C motif receptor 2 (CCR2) chemokine axis. B10.BR(H2(k)) and C57BL/6(H2(b)) mice underwent allogeneic (Allo) or syngeneic (Syn) HCT with wild-type (WT) C57BL/6, CCL2(-/-), or CCR2(-/-) donors. After 4 weeks, recipient mice received daily inhaled LPS for 5 days and were killed at multiple time points. Allo mice exposed to repeated inhaled LPS developed prominent lymphocytic bronchiolitis, similar to human pGVHD. The increase in pulmonary T cells in Allo mice after LPS exposures was accompanied by increased CCL2, CCR2, and Type-1 T-helper cytokines as well as by monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) compared with Syn and nontransplanted controls. Using CCL2(-/-) donors leads to a significant decrease in lung DCs but to only mildly reduced CD4 T cells. Using CCR2(-/-) donors significantly reduces lung DCs and moDCs but does not change T cells. CCL2 or CCR2 deficiency does not alter pGVHD pathology but increases airway hyperreactivity and IL-5 or IL-13 cytokines. Our results show that hematopoietic donor-derived CCL2 and CCR2 regulate recruitment of APCs to the Allo lung after LPS exposure. Although they do not alter pathologic pGVHD, their absence is associated with increased airway hyperreactivity and IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines. These results suggest that the APC changes that result from CCL2-CCR2 blockade may have unexpected effects on T cell differentiation and physiologic outcomes in HCT.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kalderén C, Stadler C, Forsgren M, Kvastad L, Johansson E, Sydow-Bäckman M, Svensson Gelius S. CCL2 mediates anti-fibrotic effects in human fibroblasts independently of CCR2. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:66-73. [PMID: 24583146 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CCL2 is known for its major role as a chemoattractant of monocytes for immunological surveillance and to site of inflammation. CCL2 acts mainly through the G-protein-coupled receptor CCR2 but has also been described to mediate its effects independently of this receptor in vitro and in vivo. Emerging pieces of evidence indicate that the CCL2/CCR2 axis is involved in fibrotic diseases, such as increased plasma levels of CCL2 and the presence of CCL2-hyperresponsive fibroblasts explanted from patients with systemic sclerosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. One of the profibrotic key mediators is the myofibroblast characterized by overexpression of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen I. However, the correlation between the CCL2/CCR2 axis and the activation of fibroblasts is not yet fully understood. We have screened human fibroblasts of various origins, human pulmonary fibroblasts (HPF), human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) and primary preadipocytes (SPF-1) in regard to CCL2 stimulated fibrotic responses. Surprisingly we found that CCL2 mediates anti-fibrotic effects independently of CCR2 in human fibroblasts of different origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kalderén
- Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Charlotte Stadler
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Linda Kvastad
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Johansson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Koenig C, Fischer-Posovszky P, Rojewski MT, Tews D, Schrezenmeier H, Wabitsch M, Gierschik P, Moepps B. Absence of CC chemokine receptors 2a and 2b from human adipose lineage cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 369:72-85. [PMID: 23376609 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous results have suggested the existence of receptors for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), CC chemokine receptors 2 (CCR2), in human adipocytes and their involvement in mediating effects of MCP-1 on adipocyte functions. However, the presence of CCR2 present on non-adipose-lineage cells of adipose tissue has not been excluded. We have used human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel-Syndrome (SGBS) preadipocytes and in-vitro-differentiated mature adipocytes to investigate the expression of CCR2 in human (pre)adipocytes. We found that the cells are devoid of CCR2 receptor protein and mRNA expression and fail to respond to treatment with all known CCR2 chemokine agonists. CCR2 is also absent from (pre)adipocytes prepared in vitro from human multipotent adipose-derived stem cells, bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, or from primary (pre)adipocytes. Conditions mimicking proinflammatory changes in adipose tissue did not induce CCR2 receptor expression. We conclude that CCR2 is absent from human adipose lineage cells. Functional effects previously described for MCP-1 in human adipose tissue may be mediated indirectly through paracrine effects on non-adipose-lineage cells or by a (pre)adipocyte receptor for MCP-1 distinct from CCR2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Koenig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is abundantly present in atherosclerotic plaques and it is the primary source of TF that triggers the rapid activation of the coagulation cascade after plaque rupture. While much of this TF is associated with monocyte/macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, recent studies suggests TF-positive microparticles (MPs) are the most abundant source in plaques. Further, while intravascular TF is largely absent in healthy patients, cardiovascular disease patients have increased TF expression in circulating monocytes, which can result in increased levels of TF-positive MPs. This brief review describes how TF is the primary initiator of atherothrombosis and how TF-positive MPs may serve as a biomarker to identify patients at greater risk of forming an occlusive thrombus. In addition, currently used therapeutics, such as statins and inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system, may have additional benefits by reducing TF expression and subsequent thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Phillip Owens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 98 Manning Drive Campus Box 7035, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zimmermann HW, Trautwein C, Tacke F. Functional role of monocytes and macrophages for the inflammatory response in acute liver injury. Front Physiol 2012; 3:56. [PMID: 23091461 PMCID: PMC3475871 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different etiologies such as drug toxicity, acute viral hepatitis B, or acetaminophen poisoning can cause acute liver injury or even acute liver failure (ALF). Excessive cell death of hepatocytes in the liver is known to result in a strong hepatic inflammation. Experimental murine models of liver injury highlighted the importance of hepatic macrophages, so-called Kupffer cells, for initiating and driving this inflammatory response by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1beta, or monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) as well as activating other non-parenchymal liver cells, e.g., endothelial or hepatic stellate cells. Many of these proinflammatory mediators can trigger hepatocytic cell death pathways, e.g., via caspase activation, but also activate protective signaling pathways, e.g., via nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Recent studies in mice demonstrated that these macrophage actions largely depend on the recruitment of monocytes into the liver, namely of the inflammatory Ly6c+ (Gr1+) monocyte subset as precursors of tissue macrophages. The chemokine receptor CCR2 and its ligand MCP-1/CCL2 promote monocyte subset infiltration upon liver injury. In contrast, the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 and its ligand fractalkine (CX3CL1) are important negative regulators of monocyte infiltration by controlling their survival and differentiation into functionally diverse macrophage subsets upon injury. The recently identified cellular and molecular pathways for monocyte subset recruitment, macrophage differentiation, and interactions with other hepatic cell types in the injured liver may therefore represent interesting novel targets for future therapeutic approaches in ALF.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wojnarowicz P, Gambaro K, de Ladurantaye M, Quinn MCJ, Provencher D, Mes-Masson AM, Tonin PN. Overexpressing the CCL2 chemokine in an epithelial ovarian cancer cell line results in latency of in vivo tumourigenicity. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e27. [PMID: 23552840 PMCID: PMC3503293 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequent loss of heterozygosity of chromosome (Chr) 17 in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), particularly high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas (HGOSCs), has been attributed to the disruption of known tumour suppressor genes, such as TP53 (17p13), as well as other genes on this chromosome that alone or in combination have a role in EOC. In a transcriptome analysis of Chr17 genes, we observed significant underexpression of the chemokine CCL2 (17q12) in a small set of HGOSC samples relative to normal ovarian surface epithelial cells and a significant upregulation of CCL2 in the TP53-mutated OV-90 EOC cell line rendered non-tumourigenic as a consequence of genetic manipulation. Here, we report that overexpressing CCL2 in OV-90 resulted in latency of tumour formation at intraperitoneal (i.p.) but not subcutaneous sites in a mouse xenograft model. Overexpressing CCL2 affected cell morphology and exerted modest, but not significant effects on cell viability, colony formation and cell migration. We report significant underexpression of CCL2 by transcriptome analysis (P=0.015) and by immunohistochemistry in 77% of HGOSC samples (n=65). Absent or a very low level of protein expression by immunohistochemistry was also observed in 71% of additional HGOSC samples (n=122). However, CCL2 protein expression did not significantly correlate with overall or disease-free survival. The epithelial cells of normal fallopian tubes, a purported origin of HGOSC, exhibited expression of CCL2 protein by immunohistochemistry. Our results affirm that CCL2 underexpression is a significant feature of HGOSC samples, and that CCL2 overexpression in an EOC cell line model affects tumourigenic potential in the i.p. setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Wojnarowicz
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fu C, Yu P, Tao M, Gupta T, Moldawer LL, Berceli SA, Jiang Z. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CCR2 axis promotes vein graft neointimal hyperplasia through its signaling in graft-extrinsic cell populations. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2418-26. [PMID: 22904274 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.255786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate direct versus indirect monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CCR2 signaling and to identify the cellular producers and effectors for MCP-1 during neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) development in vein grafts. METHODS AND RESULTS Genomic analysis revealed an overrepresentation of 13 inflammatory pathways in wild-type vein grafts compared with CCR2 knockout vein grafts. Further investigation with various vein graft-host combinations of MCP-1- and CCR2-deficient mice was used to modify the genotype of cells both inside (graft-intrinsic group) and outside (graft-extrinsic group) the vein wall. CCR2 deficiency inhibited NIH only when present in cells extrinsic to the graft wall, and MCP-1 deficiency required its effectiveness in cells both intrinsic and extrinsic to the graft wall to suppress NIH. Deletion of either MCP-1 or CCR2 was equally effective in inhibiting NIH. CCR2 deficiency in the predominant neointimal cell population had no impact on NIH. Direct MCP-1 stimulation of primary neointimal smooth muscle cells had minimal influence on cell proliferation and matrix turnover, confirming an indirect mechanism of action. CONCLUSIONS MCP-1/CCR2 axis accelerates NIH via its signaling in graft-extrinsic cells, particularly circulating inflammatory cells, with cells both intrinsic and extrinsic to the graft wall being critical MCP-1 producers. These findings underscore the importance of systemic treatment for anti-MCP-1/CCR2 therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Fu
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lack of CC chemokine ligand 2 differentially affects inflammation and fibrosis according to the genetic background in a murine model of steatohepatitis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 123:459-71. [PMID: 22545719 PMCID: PMC3369401 DOI: 10.1042/cs20110515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Expression of CCL2 (CC chemokine ligand 2) (or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) regulates inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver and adipose tissue, favouring steatosis. However, its role in the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis is still uncertain. In the present study, we investigated the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis induced by an MCD diet (methionine/choline-deficient diet) in mice lacking the CCL2 gene on two different genetic backgrounds, namely Balb/C and C57/Bl6J. WT (wild-type) and CCL2-KO (knockout) mice were fed on a lipid-enriched MCD diet or a control diet for 8 weeks. In Balb/C mice fed on the MCD diet, a lack of CCL2 was associated with lower ALT (alanine transaminase) levels and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells, together with a lower generation of oxidative-stress-related products. Sirius Red staining demonstrated pericellular fibrosis in zone 3, and image analysis showed a significantly lower matrix accumulation in CCL2-KO mice. This was associated with reduced hepatic expression of TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β), type I procollagen, TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1) and α-smooth muscle actin. In contrast, in mice on a C57Bl/6 background, neither ALT levels nor inflammation or fibrosis were significantly different comparing WT and CCL2-KO animals fed on an MCD diet. In agreement, genes related to fibrogenesis were expressed to comparable levels in the two groups of animals. Comparison of the expression of several genes involved in inflammation and repair demonstrated that IL (interleukin)-4 and the M2 marker MGL-1 (macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin 1) were differentially expressed in Balb/C and C57Bl/6 mice. No significant differences in the degree of steatosis were observed in all groups of mice fed on the MCD diet. We conclude that, in experimental murine steatohepatitis, the effects of CCL2 deficiency are markedly dependent on the genetic background.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kao DJ, Li AH, Chen JC, Luo RS, Chen YL, Lu JC, Wang HL. CC chemokine ligand 2 upregulates the current density and expression of TRPV1 channels and Nav1.8 sodium channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:189. [PMID: 22870919 PMCID: PMC3458897 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation or nerve injury-induced upregulation and release of chemokine CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) within the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is believed to enhance the activity of DRG nociceptive neurons and cause hyperalgesia. Transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) and tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant Nav1.8 sodium channels play an essential role in regulating the excitability and pain transmission of DRG nociceptive neurons. We therefore tested the hypothesis that CCL2 causes peripheral sensitization of nociceptive DRG neurons by upregulating the function and expression of TRPV1 and Nav1.8 channels. Methods DRG neuronal culture was prepared from 3-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats and incubated with various concentrations of CCL2 for 24 to 36 hours. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed to record TRPV1 agonist capsaicin-evoked inward currents or TTX-insensitive Na+ currents from control or CCL2-treated small DRG sensory neurons. The CCL2 effect on the mRNA expression of TRPV1 or Nav1.8 was measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay. Results Pretreatment of CCL2 for 24 to 36 hours dose-dependently (EC50 value = 0.6 ± 0.05 nM) increased the density of capsaicin-induced currents in small putative DRG nociceptive neurons. TRPV1 mRNA expression was greatly upregulated in DRG neurons preincubated with 5 nM CCL2. Pretreating small DRG sensory neurons with CCL2 also increased the density of TTX-resistant Na+ currents with a concentration-dependent manner (EC50 value = 0.7 ± 0.06 nM). The Nav1.8 mRNA level was significantly increased in DRG neurons pretreated with CCL2. In contrast, CCL2 preincubation failed to affect the mRNA level of TTX-resistant Nav1.9. In the presence of the specific phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 or Akt inhibitor IV, CCL2 pretreatment failed to increase the current density of capsaicin-evoked inward currents or TTX-insensitive Na+ currents and the mRNA level of TRPV1 or Nav1.8. Conclusions Our results showed that CCL2 increased the function and mRNA level of TRPV1 channels and Nav1.8 sodium channels in small DRG sensory neurons via activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These findings suggest that following tissue inflammation or peripheral nerve injury, upregulation and release of CCL2 within the DRG could facilitate pain transmission mediated by nociceptive DRG neurons and could induce hyperalgesia by upregulating the expression and function of TRPV1 and Nav1.8 channels in DRG nociceptive neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Der-Jang Kao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kalderén C, Forsgren M, Karlström U, Stefansson K, Svensson R, Berglund MM, Palm G, Selander M, Sundbom M, Nilsson J, Sjögren A, Zachrisson K, Gelius SS. A truncated analogue of CCL2 mediates anti-fibrotic effects on murine fibroblasts independently of CCR2. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:644-52. [PMID: 22177985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The truncated [1+9-76] CCL2 analogue, also known as 7ND, has been described in numerous reports as an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic agent in a wide spectrum of animal models, e.g. models of cardiovascular disease, graft versus host disease and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. 7ND has been reported to function as a competitive inhibitor of CCL2 signaling via CCR2 in human in vitro systems. In contrast, the mechanistic basis of 7ND action in animal models has not been previously reported. Here we have studied how 7ND interacts with CCL2 and CCR2 of murine origin. Surprisingly, 7ND was shown to be a weak inhibitor of murine CCL2/CCR2 signaling and displaced murine CCL2 (JE) from the receptor with a K(i)>1 μM. Using surface plasmon resonance, we found that 7ND binds murine CCL2 with a K(d) of 670 nM, which may indicate that 7ND inhibits murine CCL2/CCR2 signaling by a dominant negative mechanism rather than by competitive binding to the CCR2 receptor. In addition we observed that sub-nanomolar levels of 7ND mediate anti-fibrotic effects in CCR2 negative fibroblasts cultured from fibrotic lung of bleomycin-induced mice. Basal levels of extracellular matrix proteins were reduced (collagen type 1 and fibronectin) as well as expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin and CCL2. Our conclusion from these data is that the previously reported effects of 7ND in murine disease models most probably are mediated via mechanisms independent of CCR2.
Collapse
|
20
|
Moehle CW, Bhamidipati CM, Alexander MR, Mehta GS, Irvine JN, Salmon M, Upchurch GR, Kron IL, Owens GK, Ailawadi G. Bone marrow-derived MCP1 required for experimental aortic aneurysm formation and smooth muscle phenotypic modulation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 142:1567-74. [PMID: 21996300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study tested the hypothesis that monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) is required for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and smooth muscle phenotypic modulation in a mouse elastase perfusion model. METHODS Infrarenal aortas of C57BL/6 (wild type [WT]) and MCP1 knockout (KO) mice were analyzed at 14 days after perfusion. Key cellular sources of MCP1 were identified using bone marrow transplantation. Cultured aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were treated with MCP1 to assess its potential to directly regulate SMC contractile protein expression and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). RESULTS Elastase perfused WT aortas had a mean dilation of 102% (n = 9) versus 53.7% for MCP1KO aortas (n = 9, P < .0001) and 56.3% for WT saline-perfused controls (n = 8). Cells positive for MMP9 and Mac-2 were nearly absent in the KO aortas. Complimentarily, the media of the KO vessels had abundant differentiated smooth muscle and intact elastic fibers and markedly less MMP2. Experiments in cultured SMCs showed MCP1 can directly repress smooth muscle markers and induce MMP2 and MMP9. Bone marrow transplantation studies showed that KO of MCP1 in bone marrow-derived cells protects from AAA formation. Moreover, KO in the bone was significantly more protective than global KO, suggesting an unexpected benefit to selectively depleting MCP1 in bone marrow-derived cells. CONCLUSIONS These results have shown that MCP1 derived from bone marrow cells is required for experimental AAA formation and that retention of nonbone marrow MCP1 limits AAA compared with global depletion. This protein contributes to macrophage infiltration into the AAA and can act directly on SMCs to reduce contractile proteins and induce MMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Moehle
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Zhang S, Wang X, Zhang L, Yang X, Pan J, Ren G. Characterization of monocyte chemoattractant proteins and CC chemokine receptor 2 expression during atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-null mice. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:846-56. [PMID: 21712615 DOI: 10.5551/jat.7211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We aimed to investigate the expression of monocyte chemoattractant proteins (MCPs) and their cognate receptor CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) in aortas of apolipoprotein E-null (apoE(-/-)) mice during atherogenesis as well as the possible transcription pathway involved in the early induction of MCP-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vivo. METHODS Atherosclerotic lesion development, aortic MCPs and CCR2 mRNA expression as well as the cellular localization of MCP-1, CCR2 and MCP-1 related transcription factors in atherosclerotic lesions were analyzed in apoE(-/-) mice fed a high fat and cholesterol diet. RESULTS MCP-1 and CCR2 mRNA expression was significantly induced during early atherogenesis and peaked after 10 and 12 weeks of diet, respectively, whereas MCP-2 and MCP-3 mRNA expression elevated in the late phases of lesion development. Immunostaining revealed that early MCP-1 expression was localized to VSMCs and that, in advanced lesions, both neointimal VSMCs and intimal macrophages expressed high levels of MCP-1. During the early (0 and 4 weeks of diet) induction of MCP-1 in VSMCs, the regulatory activator protein-1 (AP-1) proteins c-Jun and c-Fos were highly expressed and observed within the VSMCs nuclei, whereas nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) protein p65 was only observed within the nuclei of VSMCs after 4 weeks of diet. CCR2 was also identified on intimal macrophages, endothelial cells and VSMCs in advanced lesions. CONCLUSION This study provides fundamental information on the expression kinetics of MCPs and CCR2 during atherogenesis and indicates that the earliest induction of MCP-1 in VSMCs of apoE(-/-)mice appears to correlate with AP-1 but not NF-κB regulatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cai K, Qi D, Hou X, Wang O, Chen J, Deng B, Qian L, Liu X, Le Y. MCP-1 upregulates amylin expression in murine pancreatic β cells through ERK/JNK-AP1 and NF-κB related signaling pathways independent of CCR2. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19559. [PMID: 21589925 PMCID: PMC3092759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amylin is the most abundant component of islet amyloid implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes. Plasma amylin levels are elevated in individuals with obesity and insulin resistance. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) is involved in insulin resistance of obesity and type 2 diabetes. We investigated the effect of MCP-1 on amylin expression and the underlying mechanisms with murine pancreatic β-cell line MIN6 and pancreatic islets. Methodology/Principal Findings We found that MCP-1 induced amylin expression at transcriptional level and increased proamylin and intermediate forms of amylin at protein level in MIN6 cells and islets. However, MCP-1 had no effect on the expressions of proinsulin 1 and 2, as well as prohormone convertase (PC) 1/3 and PC2, suggesting that MCP-1 specifically induces amylin expression in β-cells. Mechanistic studies showed that although there is no detectable CCR2 mRNA in MIN6 cells and islets, pretreatment of MIN6 cells with pertussis toxin inhibited MCP-1 induced amylin expression, suggesting that alternative Gi-coupled receptor(s) mediates the inductive effect of MCP-1. MCP-1 rapidly induced ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation. Inhibitors for MEK1/2 (PD98059), JNK (SP600125) or AP1 (curcumin) significantly inhibited MCP-1-induced amylin mRNA expression. MCP-1 failed to induce amylin expression in pancreatic islets isolated from Fos knockout mice. EMSA showed that JNK and ERK1/2 were involved in MCP-1-induced AP1 activation. These results suggest that MCP-1 induces murine amylin expression through AP1 activation mediated by ERK1/2 or JNK. Further studies showed that treatment of MIN6 cells with NF-κB inhibitor or overexpression of IκBα dominant-negative construct in MIN6 cells significantly inhibited MCP-1-induced amylin expression, suggesting that NF-κB related signaling also participates in MCP-1-induced murine amylin expression. Conclusions/Significance MCP-1 induces amylin expression through ERK1/2/JNK-AP1 and NF-κB related signaling pathways independent of CCR2. Amylin upregulation by MCP-1 may contribute to elevation of plasma amylin in obesity and insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongfei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Oumei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Deng
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Qian
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Le
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Diaz Encarnacion MM, Warner GM, Cheng J, Gray CE, Nath KA, Grande JP. n-3 Fatty acids block TNF-α-stimulated MCP-1 expression in rat mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F1142-51. [PMID: 21367920 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00064.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) is a CC cytokine that fundamentally contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory renal disease. MCP-1 is highly expressed in cytokine-stimulated mesangial cells in vitro and following glomerular injury in vivo. Interventions to limit MCP-1 expression are commonly effective in assorted experimental models. Fish oil, an abundant source of n-3 fatty acids, has anti-inflammatory properties, the basis of which remains incompletely defined. We examined potential mechanisms whereby fish oil reduces MCP-1 expression and thereby suppresses inflammatory responses to tissue injury. Cultured mesangial cells were treated with TNF-α in the presence of the n-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); equimolar concentrations of the n-6 fatty acids LA and OA served as controls. MCP-1 mRNA expression was assessed by Northern blotting, and transcriptional activity of the MCP-1 promoter was assessed by transient transfection. The involvement of the ERK and NF-κB pathways was evaluated through transfection analysis and the use of the MEK inhibitor U0126. DHA and EPA decreased TNF-α-stimulated MCP-1 mRNA expression by decreasing transcription of the MCP-1 gene. DHA and EPA decreased p-ERK expression and nuclear translocation of NF-κB, both of which are necessary for TNF-α-stimulated MCP-1 expression. Both NF-κB and AP-1 sites were involved in transcriptional regulation of the MCP-1 gene by DHA and EPA. We conclude that DHA and EPA inhibit TNF-α-stimulated transcription of the MCP-1 gene through interaction of signaling pathways involving ERK and NF-κB. We speculate that such effects may contribute to the salutary effect of fish oil in renal and vascular disease.
Collapse
|
25
|
Prinz M, Priller J. Tickets to the brain: role of CCR2 and CX3CR1 in myeloid cell entry in the CNS. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 224:80-4. [PMID: 20554025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are mediators of central nervous system (CNS) damage and recovery in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Besides endogenous myelomonocytic cell populations that reside in the brain already during development, newly migrated leukocytes are considered as important disease modulators in the adult brain. Thus, understanding of myeloid cell recruitment is pivotal for manipulating immune cell entry into the CNS and potentially reducing disease burden. Before myeloid cells engraft in the brain, they first tether to and roll on the activated brain endothelium, then they firmly adhere and eventually transmigrate into the damaged brain where they execute effector functions and differentiate into cells with microglia-like features. These steps are mainly regulated by adhesion molecules and by chemokines and their cognate receptors. Due to recent advances in our understanding of monocyte heterogeneity, the interest in chemokine receptors has significantly increased. Among others, the presence of the chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX(3)CR(1) is considered to be critical for both myeloid cell trafficking along inflamed vessels and subsequent accumulation in the brain. Therefore, these molecules present viable targets for therapeutic manipulations of myeloid cells destined for the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Prinz
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gelman AE, Okazaki M, Sugimoto S, Li W, Kornfeld CG, Lai J, Richardson SB, Kreisel FH, Huang HJ, Tietjens JR, Zinselmeyer BH, Patterson GA, Miller MJ, Krupnick AS, Kreisel D. CCR2 regulates monocyte recruitment as well as CD4 T1 allorecognition after lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:1189-99. [PMID: 20420631 PMCID: PMC3746750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Graft rejection remains a formidable problem contributing to poor outcomes after lung transplantation. Blocking chemokine pathways have yielded promising results in some organ transplant systems. Previous clinical studies have demonstrated upregulation of CCR2 ligands following lung transplantation. Moreover, lung injury is attenuated in CCR2-deficient mice in several inflammatory models. In this study, we examined the role of CCR2 in monocyte recruitment and alloimmune responses in a mouse model of vascularized orthotopic lung transplantation. The CCR2 ligand MCP-1 is upregulated in serum and allografts following lung transplantation. CCR2 is critical for the mobilization of monocytes from the bone marrow into the bloodstream and for the accumulation of CD11c(+) cells within lung allografts. A portion of graft-infiltrating recipient CD11c(+) cells expresses both recipient and donor MHC molecules. Two-photon imaging demonstrates that recipient CD11c(+) cells are associated with recipient T cells within the graft. While recipient CCR2 deficiency does not prevent acute lung rejection and is associated with increased graft infiltration by T cells, it significantly reduces CD4(+) T(h)1 indirect and direct allorecognition. Thus, CCR2 may be a potential target to attenuate alloimmune responses after lung transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Gelman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - M. Okazaki
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - S. Sugimoto
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - W. Li
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - C. G. Kornfeld
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - J. Lai
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - S. B. Richardson
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - F. H. Kreisel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - H. J. Huang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - J. R. Tietjens
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - B. H. Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - G. A. Patterson
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - M. J. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - A. S. Krupnick
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - D. Kreisel
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO,Corresponding author: Daniel Kreisel,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Waard V, Bot I, de Jager SCA, Talib S, Egashira K, de Vries MR, Quax PHA, Biessen EAL, van Berkel TJC. Systemic MCP1/CCR2 blockade and leukocyte specific MCP1/CCR2 inhibition affect aortic aneurysm formation differently. Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:84-9. [PMID: 20197192 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CCR2, the receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), is involved in atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Here, we explored the potential beneficial blockade of the MCP1/CCR2 pathway. METHODS We applied an AAA model in aging apolipoprotein E deficient mice with pre-existing atherosclerotic lesions. These mice were subjected to two therapeutic strategies. First, a dominant negative form of MCP1 was overexpressed in femoral muscles, resulting in circulating levels of MCP1-7ND (7ND), competing with native MCP1. In the second approach, bone marrow transplantation was performed using bone marrow cells that were infected with a lentiviral construct containing siRNA for CCR2, to specifically inhibit only leukocyte CCR2 expression. RESULTS Both strategies did not influence lesion size of the advanced atherosclerotic plaques. However, 7ND induced a more fibrous plaque phenotype. Yet, surprisingly a trend in increased number and severity of AAA was observed in the 7ND group. Smooth muscle cells in the aneurysm showed decreased phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription five (STAT5, P<0.01) in the 7ND group, which is indicative for a decreased proliferative and migratory (wound healing) response. This presumably resulted in the increased AAA development. In contrast, siRNA-induced inhibition of CCR2 in leukocytes led to a significant inhibition in aneurysm formation. In conclusion, systemic inhibition of the MCP1/CCR2 pathway leads to a fibrous plaque phenotype in the advanced atherosclerotic lesions, but to potential adverse effects on AAA formation, implying that for a beneficial overall therapeutic approach, specific inhibitory targeting of leukocyte CCR2 will be essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian de Waard
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jay SM, Shepherd BR, Andrejecsk JW, Kyriakides TR, Pober JS, Saltzman WM. Dual delivery of VEGF and MCP-1 to support endothelial cell transplantation for therapeutic vascularization. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3054-62. [PMID: 20110124 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of endothelial cells (EC) for therapeutic vascularization is a promising approach in tissue engineering but has yet to be proven effective in clinical trials. This cell-based therapy is hindered by significant apoptosis of EC upon transplantation as well as poor recruitment of host mural cells to stabilize nascent vessels. Here, we address these deficiencies by augmenting endothelial cell transplantation with dual delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) - to improve survival of transplanted EC - and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) - to induce mural cell recruitment. We produced alginate microparticles that deliver VEGF and MCP-1 with distinct release kinetics and that can be integrated into a collagen/fibronectin (protein) gel construct for delivery of EC. Combined delivery of VEGF and MCP-1 increased functional vessel formation from transplanted EC and also led to a higher number of smooth muscle cell-invested vessels than did EC therapy alone. Despite the well-known role of MCP-1 in inflammation, these beneficial effects were accomplished without a long-term increase in monocyte/macrophage recruitment or a shift to a pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophage phenotype. Overall, these data suggest a potential benefit of combined delivery of MCP-1 and VEGF from EC-containing hydrogels as a strategy for therapeutic vascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Jay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mildner A, Mack M, Schmidt H, Brück W, Djukic M, Zabel MD, Hille A, Priller J, Prinz M. CCR2+Ly-6Chi monocytes are crucial for the effector phase of autoimmunity in the central nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 132:2487-500. [PMID: 19531531 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR2 plays a vital role for the induction of autoimmunity in the central nervous system. However, it remains unclear how the pathogenic response is mediated by CCR2-bearing cells. By combining bone marrow chimerism with gene targeting we detected a mild disease-modulating role of CCR2 during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model for central nervous system autoimmunity, on radio-resistant cells that was independent from targeted CCR2 expression on endothelia. Interestingly, absence of CCR2 on lymphocytes did not influence autoimmune demyelination. In contrast, engagement of CCR2 on accessory cells was required for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction. CCR2+Ly-6Chi monocytes were rapidly recruited to the inflamed central nervous system and were crucial for the effector phase of disease. Selective depletion of this specific monocyte subpopulation through engagement of CCR2 strongly reduced central nervous system autoimmunity. Collectively, these data indicate a disease-promoting role of CCR2+Ly-6Chi monocytes during autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mildner
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ramm GA, Shepherd RW, Hoskins AC, Greco SA, Ney AD, Pereira TN, Bridle KR, Doecke JD, Meikle PJ, Turlin B, Lewindon PJ. Fibrogenesis in pediatric cholestatic liver disease: role of taurocholate and hepatocyte-derived monocyte chemotaxis protein-1 in hepatic stellate cell recruitment. Hepatology 2009; 49:533-44. [PMID: 19115220 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholestatic liver diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF) liver disease and biliary atresia, predominate as causes of childhood cirrhosis. Despite diverse etiologies, the stereotypic final pathway involves fibrogenesis where hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are recruited, producing excess collagen which initiates biliary fibrosis. A possible molecular determinant of this recruitment, monocyte chemotaxis protein-1 (MCP-1), an HSC-responsive chemokine, was investigated in CF liver disease and biliary atresia. The bile-duct-ligated rat and in vitro coculture models of cholestatic liver injury were used to further explore the role of MCP-1 in HSC recruitment and proposed mechanism of induction via bile acids. In both CF liver disease and biliary atresia, elevated hepatic MCP-1 expression predominated in scar margin hepatocytes, closely associated with activated HSCs, and was also expressed in cholangiocytes. Serum MCP-1 was elevated during early fibrogenesis. Similar observations were made in bile-duct-ligated rat liver and serum. Hepatocytes isolated from cholestatic rats secreted increased MCP-1 which avidly recruited HSCs in coculture. This HSC chemotaxis was markedly inhibited in interventional studies using anti-MCP-1 neutralizing antibody. In CF liver disease, biliary MCP-1 was increased, positively correlating with levels of the hydrophobic bile acid, taurocholate. In cholestatic rats, increased MCP-1 positively correlated with taurocholate in serum and liver, and negatively correlated in bile. In normal human and rat hepatocytes, taurocholate induced MCP-1 expression. CONCLUSION These observations support the hypothesis that up-regulation of hepatocyte-derived MCP-1, induced by bile acids, results in HSC recruitment in diverse causes of cholestatic liver injury, and is a key early event in liver fibrogenesis in these conditions. Therapies aimed at neutralizing MCP-1 or bile acids may help reduce fibro-obliterative liver injury in childhood cholestatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Ramm
- The Hepatic Fibrosis Group, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pre-B cell colony enhancing factor (PBEF)/visfatin induces secretion of MCP-1 in human endothelial cells: role in visfatin-induced angiogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2008; 205:113-9. [PMID: 19166999 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Visfatin and Monocyte-Chemoattractant-Protein-1 (MCP-1) are elevated in cardiovascular pathologies, insulin-resistant and diabetic states. Visfatin has been reported to exhibit pro-angiogenic actions in human endothelial cells. Given MCP-1's well described pro-angiogenic properties we sought to study the potential interaction between visfatin and MCP-1 in human endothelial cells. We also explored the possible autocrine/paracrine mechanisms governing this potential interaction; specifically we looked at the effect of visfatin on MCP-1's putative receptor (CCR2 receptor) in human endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Using in vitro angiogenic assays (capillary tube formation and migration), Western blotting and RT-PCR, we found that visfatin, dose-dependently, induced MCP-1 as well as CCR2 levels. We also studied the involvement of PI3Kinase, MAPKinase and NF-kappaB pathways in visfatin induced MCP-1/CCR2 levels by employing LY294002, U0126 and BAY11-7085, respectively. We found the increase in MCP-1 and CCR2 levels by visfatin were negated by LY294002 and BAY11-7085, but not with U0126, suggesting the crucial role of PI3Kinase and NF-kappaB pathways in visfatin induced MCP-1 and its autocrine regulation via the CCR2 receptor. Finally, we consolidate the role of MCP-1 in visfatin-induced angiogenesis by employing CCR2 antagonist (RS-102895) and MCP-1 neutralising antibody, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our novel data reveal that MCP-1 is pivotal in modulating visfatin-induced angiogenesis via NF-kappaB and PI3Kinase pathways. Furthermore, our findings elucidate the potential influence of autocrine/paracrine mechanisms (via the CCR2 receptor) underlying visfatin's angiogenic effects through MCP-1.
Collapse
|
32
|
Clément S, Juge-Aubry C, Sgroi A, Conzelmann S, Pazienza V, Pittet-Cuenod B, Meier CA, Negro F. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secreted by adipose tissue induces direct lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Hepatology 2008; 48:799-807. [PMID: 18570214 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED For many years, adipose tissue has been mainly considered as an inert reservoir for storing triglycerides. Since the discovery that adipocytes may secrete a variety of bioactive molecules (hormones, chemokines, and cytokines), an endocrine and paracrine role for white adipose tissue (WAT) in the regulation of energy balance and other physiological processes has been established, particularly with regard to brain and muscle. In contrast, little is known about the interactions of WAT with liver. Hence, we examined the effect of the secretory products of WAT on hepatocytes. Conditioned medium of human WAT explants induced significant steatosis in hepatocyte cell lines. Factor(s) responsible for the conditioned medium-induced steatosis were screened by a battery of blocking antibodies against different cytokines/chemokines shown to be secreted by WAT. In contrast to interleukin-8 and interleukin-6, the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was capable of inducing steatosis in hepatocytes in a time-dependent manner at concentrations similar to those found in conditioned medium. Incubation of conditioned medium with antimonocyte chemoattractant protein-1 antibodies prevented triglyceride accumulation. Investigation of the mechanism leading to the triglyceride accumulation showed that both a diminution of apolipoprotein B secretion and an increase in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase messenger RNA may be involved. CONCLUSION The monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secreted by adipose tissue may induce steatosis not only recruiting macrophages but also acting directly on hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Clément
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yahiaoui L, Gvozdic D, Danialou G, Mack M, Petrof BJ. CC family chemokines directly regulate myoblast responses to skeletal muscle injury. J Physiol 2008; 586:3991-4004. [PMID: 18566004 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.152090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines have been implicated in the promotion of leucocyte trafficking to diseased muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a subset of inflammatory chemokines are able to directly drive myoblast proliferation, an essential early component of muscle regeneration, in a manner which is entirely independent of leucocytes. Cultured myoblasts (C2C12) were exposed to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1; CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha; CCL3) or MIP-1beta (CCL4). All chemokines induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and greatly increased myoblast proliferative responses. Chemokine-induced myoblast proliferation was abolished by pertussis toxin and the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, implicating both Galphai-coupled receptors and ERK1/2-dependent signalling. Myoblasts expressed receptors for all of the chemokines tested, and mitogenic responses were specifically inhibited by antibodies directed against CC family chemokine receptors 2 and 5 (CCR2 and CCR5). Within an in vitro myogenic wound healing assay devoid of leucocytes, all chemokines significantly accelerated the time course of myoblast wound closure after mechanical injury. Injections of MCP-1 into cardiotoxin-injured skeletal muscles in vivo also suppressed expression of the differentiation marker myogenin, consistent with a mitogenic effect. Taken together, our results indicate that CC chemokines have potent and direct effects on myoblast behaviour, thus indicating a novel role in muscle repair beyond leucocyte chemoattraction. Therefore, interventions aimed at modulating the balance between myoblast and leucocyte effects of CC chemokines in injured muscle could represent a novel strategy for the treatment of destructive muscle pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Yahiaoui
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 3626 St Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2X 2P2
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schubl S, Tsai S, Ryer EJ, Wang C, Hu J, Kent KC, Liu B. Upregulation of protein kinase cdelta in vascular smooth muscle cells promotes inflammation in abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Surg Res 2008; 153:181-7. [PMID: 18952226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) involves a complex interplay of extracellular matrix degradation, inflammation, and apoptosis. We have previously shown that protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) plays a critical role in vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) apoptosis in the setting of oxidative stresses. Here, we show that PKCdelta is also involved in the signaling that draws inflammatory cells to aneurismal tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunostaining for monocyte chemotactic factor (MCP)-1 and PKCdelta was performed on paraffin-fixed arterial sections. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect MCP-1 produced by vSMCs was performed on media from cultured rat A10 cells after cytokine induction with or without the PKCdelta-specific inhibitor rottlerin. Migration of isolated lymphocytes was evaluated in response to media from activated A10 cells. RESULTS Human AAAs show widespread and elevated expression of PKCdelta that is not seen in normal aortic tissues. Cytokine stimulation of cultured vSMCs induced vigorous production of the key chemotactant MCP-1, the expression of which was PKCdelta dependent. Stimulated vSMCs were capable of inducing the migration of leukocytes, and this effect was also dependent on PKCdelta activity. Staining of human AAA tissue for MCP-1 showed an expression pattern that was identical to that of PKCdelta and smooth muscle specific alpha-actin. CONCLUSIONS PKCdelta is widely expressed in human AAA vessel walls and mediates MCP-1 expression by vSMCs, which could contribute to the inflammatory process. These findings, coupled with earlier studies of PKCdelta, suggest that PKCdelta plays a central role in the pathogenesis of AAAs and may be a potential target for future therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schubl
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Egashira K, Nakano K, Ohtani K, Funakoshi K, Zhao G, Ihara Y, Koga JI, Kimura S, Tominaga R, Sunagawa K. Local delivery of anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by gene-eluting stents attenuates in-stent stenosis in rabbits and monkeys. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:2563-8. [PMID: 17885211 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.154609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously shown that the intramuscular transfer of the anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) gene (called 7ND) is able to prevent experimental restenosis. The aim of this study was to determine the in vivo efficacy and safety of local delivery of 7ND gene via the gene-eluting stent in reducing in-stent neointima formation in rabbits and in cynomolgus monkeys. METHODS AND RESULTS We here found that in vitro, 7ND effectively inhibited the chemotaxis of mononuclear leukocytes and also inhibited the proliferation/migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. We then coated stents with a biocompatible polymer containing a plasmid bearing the 7ND gene, and deployed these stents in the iliac arteries of rabbits and monkeys. 7ND gene-eluting stents attenuated stent-associated monocyte infiltration and neointima formation after one month in rabbits, and showed long-term inhibitory effects on neointima formation when assessments were carried out at 1, 3, and 6 months in monkeys. CONCLUSIONS Strategy of inhibiting the action of MCP-1 with a 7ND gene-eluting stent reduced in-stent neointima formation with no evidence of adverse effects in rabbits and monkeys. The 7ND gene-eluting stent could be a promising therapy for treatment of restenosis in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Egashira
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shireman PK. The chemokine system in arteriogenesis and hind limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2007; 45 Suppl A:A48-56. [PMID: 17544024 PMCID: PMC2680944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are important in the recruitment of leukocytes to injured tissues and, as such, play a pivotal role in arteriogenesis and the tissue response to ischemia. Hind limb ischemia represents a complex model with arteriogenesis (collateral artery formation) occurring in tissues with normal perfusion while areas exhibiting ischemic necrosis undergo angiogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration; monocytes and macrophages play an important role in all three of these processes. In addition to leukocyte trafficking, chemokines are produced by and chemokine receptors are present on diverse cell types, including myoblasts, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. Thus, the chemokine system may have direct effects as well as inflammatory-mediated effects on arteriogenesis, angiogenesis, and skeletal muscle regeneration. This article reviews the complexity of the hind limb ischemia model and the role of the chemokine system in arteriogenesis and the tissue response to ischemia. Special emphasis will be placed on the roles of monocytes/macrophages and CCL2/monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula K Shireman
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Surgery, Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zamara E, Galastri S, Aleffi S, Petrai I, Aragno M, Mastrocola R, Novo E, Bertolani C, Milani S, Vizzutti F, Vercelli A, Pinzani M, Laffi G, LaVilla G, Parola M, Marra F. Prevention of severe toxic liver injury and oxidative stress in MCP-1-deficient mice. J Hepatol 2007; 46:230-8. [PMID: 17125873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 09/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Administration of carbon tetrachloride determines liver injury, inflammation and oxidative stress, but the molecular mechanisms of damage are only partially understood. In this study, we investigated the development of acute toxic damage in mice lacking monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a chemokine which recruits monocytes and activated lymphocytes. METHODS Mice with targeted deletion of the MCP-1 gene and wild type controls were administered a single intragastric dose of carbon tetrachloride. Serum liver enzymes, histology, expression of different chemokines and cytokines, and intrahepatic levels of oxidative stress-related products were evaluated. RESULTS Compared to wild type mice, peak aminotransferase levels were significantly lower in MCP-1-deficient animals. This was paralleled by a delayed appearance of necrosis at histology. In addition, MCP-1-deficient mice showed a shift in the pattern of infiltrating inflammatory cells, with a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lack of MCP-1 was also accompanied by reduced intrahepatic expression of cytokines regulating inflammation and tissue repair. The increase in tissue levels of reactive oxygen species and 4-hydroxy-nonenal following administration of the hepatotoxin was also significantly lower in animals lacking MCP-1. CONCLUSIONS Lack of MCP-1 affords protection from damage and development of oxidative stress in a toxic model of severe acute liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zamara
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wareing MD, Lyon A, Inglis C, Giannoni F, Charo I, Sarawar SR. Chemokine regulation of the inflammatory response to a low-dose influenza infection in CCR2-/- mice. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:793-801. [PMID: 17179466 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0506299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections induce chemokines and cytokines, which regulate the immune response. The chemokine receptor CCR2 plays an important role in macrophage recruitment and in the development of T1 immunity. In the present study, we addressed the role of CCR2 in influenza A virus infection. CCR2 knockout (-/-) mice are protected against influenza A virus infection, despite delayed recruitment of macrophages. We show that low-dose influenza infection of CCR2-/- mice leads to increased neutrophilia between Days 5 and 10 after infection and decreased monocyte/macrophage and CD4(+) T cell recruitment to the lungs between Days 5 and 7 after infection. These changes in leukocyte recruitment did not result from or cause increased viral titers or delayed viral clearance. Neutrophilia in the lungs correlated with increased keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) and/or MIP-2 expression in CCR2-/- mice between Days 5 to 10 after infection, although the kinetics of neutrophil recruitment was not altered. MIP-2 mRNA and protein expression was increased three- to fivefold, and KC protein levels were increased two- to threefold in CCR2-/- compared with CCR2 wild-type mice at Day 5 after infection. This preceded the peak neutrophil influx, which occurred 7 days after infection. In vitro studies confirmed that MIP-2 and KC accounted for neutrophil chemotactic activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage. CCR2 deficiency also resulted in increased MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, MCP-1, and IFN-inducible protein 10 and decreased RANTES mRNA expression. Furthermore, IL-6 and TNF-alpha cytokine production were elevated after infection. These studies suggest that CCR2 plays a multifactorial role in the development of the immune response to influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Wareing
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San diego, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shireman PK, Contreras-Shannon V, Ochoa O, Karia BP, Michalek JE, McManus LM. MCP-1 deficiency causes altered inflammation with impaired skeletal muscle regeneration. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:775-85. [PMID: 17135576 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0506356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of MCP-1, a potent chemotactic and activating factor for macrophages, in perfusion, inflammation, and skeletal muscle regeneration post-ischemic injury. MCP-1-/- or C57Bl/6J control mice [wild-type (WT)] underwent femoral artery excision (FAE). Muscles were collected for histology, assessment of tissue chemokines, and activity measurements of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myeloperoxidase. In MCP-1-/- mice, restoration of perfusion was delayed, and LDH and fiber size, indicators of muscle regeneration, were decreased. Altered inflammation was observed with increased neutrophil accumulation in MCP-1-/- versus WT mice at Days 1 and 3 (P< or =0.003), whereas fewer macrophages were present in MCP-1-/- mice at Day 3. As necrotic tissue was removed in WT mice, macrophages decreased (Day 7). In contrast, macrophage accumulation in MCP-1-/- was increased in association with residual necrotic tissue and impaired muscle regeneration. Consistent with altered inflammation, neutrophil chemotactic factors (keratinocyte-derived chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein-2) were increased at Day 1 post-FAE. The macrophage chemotactic factor MCP-5 was increased significantly in WT mice at Day 3 compared with MCP-1-/- mice. However, at post-FAE Day 7, MCP-5 was significantly elevated in MCP-1-/- mice versus WT mice. Addition of exogenous MCP-1 did not induce proliferation in murine myoblasts (C2C12 cells) in vitro. MCP-1 is essential for reperfusion and the successful completion of normal skeletal muscle regeneration after ischemic tissue injury. Impaired muscle regeneration in MCP-1-/- mice suggests an important role for macrophages and MCP-1 in tissue reparative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula K Shireman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, MC 7741, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kruglov EA, Nathanson RA, Nguyen T, Dranoff JA. Secretion of MCP-1/CCL2 by bile duct epithelia induces myofibroblastic transdifferentiation of portal fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G765-71. [PMID: 16282363 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00308.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Portal fibroblasts (PF) are fibrogenic liver cells distinct from hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Recent evidence suggests that PF may be important mediators of biliary fibrosis and cirrhosis. The cytokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2 is upregulated in biliary fibrosis by bile duct epithelia (BDE) and induces functional responses in HSC. Thus we hypothesized that release of MCP-1 may mediate biliary fibrosis. We report that PF express functional receptors for MCP-1 that are distinct from the receptor CCR2. MCP-1 induces proliferation, increase and redistribution of alpha-smooth muscle (alpha-SMA) expression, loss of the ectonucleotidase NTPDase2, and upregulation of alpha(1)-procollagen production in PF. BDE secretions induce alpha-SMA levels in PF, and this is inhibited by MCP-1 blocking antibody. Together, these data suggest that BDE regulate PF proliferation and myofibroblastic transdifferentiation in a paracrine fashion via release of MCP-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Kruglov
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pérez de Lema G, Maier H, Franz TJ, Escribese M, Chilla S, Segerer S, Camarasa N, Schmid H, Banas B, Kalaydjiev S, Busch DH, Pfeffer K, Mampaso F, Schlöndorff D, Luckow B. Chemokine receptor Ccr2 deficiency reduces renal disease and prolongs survival in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:3592-601. [PMID: 16267157 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr)/J (MRL/lpr) mice represent a well-established mouse model of human systemic lupus erythematosus. MRL/lpr mice homozygous for the spontaneous lymphoproliferation mutation (lpr) are characterized by systemic autoimmunity, massive lymphadenopathy associated with proliferation of aberrant T cells, splenomegaly, hypergammaglobulinemia, arthritis, and fatal immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. It was reported previously that steady-state mRNA levels for the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (Ccr2) continuously increase in kidneys of MRL/lpr mice. For examining the role of Ccr2 for development and progression of immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, Ccr2-deficient mice were generated and backcrossed onto the MRL/lpr genetic background. Ccr2-deficient MRL/lpr mice developed less lymphadenopathy, had less proteinuria, had reduced lesion scores, and had less infiltration by T cells and macrophages in the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartment. Ccr2-deficient MRL/lpr mice survived significantly longer than MRL/lpr wild-type mice despite similar levels of circulating immunoglobulins and comparable immune complex depositions in the glomeruli of both groups. Anti-dsDNA antibody levels, however, were reduced in the absence of Ccr2. The frequency of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood was significantly lower in Ccr2-deficient MRL/lpr mice. Thus Ccr2 deficiency influenced not only monocyte/macrophage and T cell infiltration in the kidney but also the systemic T cell response in MRL/lpr mice. These data suggest an important role for Ccr2 both in the general development of autoimmunity and in the renal involvement of the lupus-like disease. These results identify Ccr2 as an additional possible target for the treatment of lupus nephritis.
Collapse
|
42
|
Raines EW, Ferri N. Thematic review series: The immune system and atherogenesis. Cytokines affecting endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vascular disease. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:1081-92. [PMID: 15834121 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r500004-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular and extracellular matrix accumulations that comprise the lesions of atherosclerosis are driven by local release of cytokines at sites of predilection for lesion formation, and by the specific attraction and activation of cells expressing receptors for these cytokines. Although cytokines were originally characterized for their potent effects on immune and inflammatory cells, they also promote endothelial cell dysfunction and alter smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype and function, which can contribute to or retard vascular pathologies. This review summarizes in vivo studies that have characterized endothelial- and smooth muscle-specific effects of altering cytokine signaling in vascular disease. Although multiple reports have identified cytokines as pivotal players in endothelial and SMC responses in vascular disease, they also have highlighted the need to delineate the critical genes and specific cellular functions regulated by individual cytokine signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine W Raines
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hamden KE, Whitman AG, Ford PW, Shelton JG, McCubrey JA, Akula SM. Raf and VEGF: emerging therapeutic targets in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and angiogenesis in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tumors. Leukemia 2005; 19:18-26. [PMID: 15470486 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is etiologically associated with several cancers including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV-mediated pathogenesis is dependent mainly on KSHV infection as well as on the microenvironment provided by the growth factors (GFs)/inflammatory cytokines (ICs). Recently, we determined that oncoprotein Raf enhances KSHV infection of target cells. Interestingly, Raf regulates the expression of a variety of GFs/ICs including those involved in angiogenesis such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this review, we discuss the effect of the Raf-GF/IC autocrine/paracrine loop on KSHV infection of both hematopoietic and nonhematopietic cells, and associated disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Hamden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gavrilin MA, Gulina IV, Kawano T, Dragan S, Chakravarti L, Kolattukudy PE. Site-directed mutagenesis of CCR2 identified amino acid residues in transmembrane helices 1, 2, and 7 important for MCP-1 binding and biological functions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 327:533-40. [PMID: 15629146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) binds its G-protein-coupled seven transmembrane (TM) receptor, CCR2B, and causes infiltration of monocytes/macrophages into areas of injury, infection or inflammation. To identify functionally important amino acid residues in CCR2B, we made specific mutations of nine residues selected on the basis of conservation in chemokine receptors and located TM1 (Tyr(49)), TM2 (Leu(95)), TM3 (Thr(117) and Tyr(120)), and TM7 (Ala(286), Thr(290), Glu(291), and His(297)) and in the extracellular loop 3 (Glu(278)). MCP-1 binding was drastically affected only by mutations in TM7. Reversing the charge at Glu(291) (E291K) and at His(297) (H297D) prevented MCP binding although substitution with Ala at either site had little effect, suggesting that Glu(291) and His(297) probably stabilize TM7 by their ionic interaction. E291A elicited normal Ca(2+) influx. H297A, Y49F in TM1 and L95A in TM2 that showed normal MCP-1 binding did not elicit Ca(2+) influx and elicited no adenylate cyclase inhibition at any MCP-1 concentration. MCP-1 treatment of HEK293 cells caused lamellipodia formation only when they expressed CCR2B. The mutants that showed no Ca(2+) influx and adenylate cyclase inhibition by MCP-1 treatment showed lamellipodia formation and chemotaxis. Our results show that induction of lamellipodia formation, but not Ca(2+) influx and adenylate cyclase inhibition, is necessary for chemotaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Gavrilin
- Davis Heart and Lung Reseach Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Our increasing appreciation of the importance of inflammation in vascular disease has focused attention on the molecules that direct the migration of leukocytes from the blood stream to the vessel wall. In this review, we summarize roles of the chemokines, a family of small secreted proteins that selectively recruit monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes to sites of vascular injury, inflammation, and developing atherosclerosis. Chemokines induce chemotaxis through the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors, and the receptors that a given leukocyte expresses determines the chemokines to which it will respond. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), acting through its receptor CCR2, appears to play an early and important role in the recruitment of monocytes to atherosclerotic lesions and in the formation of intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury. Acute thrombosis is an often fatal complication of atherosclerotic plaque rupture, and recent evidence suggests that MCP-1 contributes to thrombin generation and thrombus formation by generating tissue factor. Because of their critical roles in monocyte recruitment in vascular and nonvascular diseases, MCP-1 and CCR2 have become important therapeutic targets, and efforts are underway to develop potent and specific antagonists of these and related chemokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israel F Charo
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, PO Box 419100, San Francisco, CA 94141-9100, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tang G, Charo DN, Wang R, Charo IF, Messina L. CCR2-/- knockout mice revascularize normally in response to severe hindlimb ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2004; 40:786-95. [PMID: 15472609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is reported to stimulate ischemia-induced arteriogenesis (collateral artery development) by recruiting monocytes and macrophages into areas of active arteriogenesis. To determine whether the MCP-1-mediated response occurs through its receptor, CC-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), we induced hindlimb ischemia in mice lacking the receptor for MCP-1 (CCR2 -/- ) and measured limb blood flow recovery, collateral artery development, and monocyte and macrophage recruitment. METHODS AND RESULTS Hindlimb ischemia was induced by excising the left femoral artery in CCR2 -/- and wild-type mice. Hindlimb blood flow recovery, as measured using laser Doppler perfusion imaging, was equivalent in both groups ( P = .78 for foot and P = 0.38 for calf). Collateral artery development, as measured by angiography at postoperative day 14 and 31, likewise did not differ between the 2 groups ( P = .46 and P = .67). Counts of monocytes and macrophages in calf and thigh muscle sections of mice sacrificed on postoperative day 7 revealed that although CCR2 -/- mice recruited 44% fewer monocytes and macrophages to areas of ischemia in the calf, they recruited similar numbers of monocytes and macrophages to areas of active arteriogenesis in the thigh. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and MCP-1 mRNA levels were higher in the thigh muscle of CCR2 -/- mice than in wild-type mice (5.5-fold and 42.3-fold induction operated to unoperated vs 2.6-fold and 6.1-fold induction operated to unoperated, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Blood flow recovery, arteriogenesis, and monocyte and macrophage recruitment to the thigh was normal in CCR2 -/- mice. However, monocyte and macrophage recruitment to the ischemic calf was diminished in CCR2 -/- mice. Our results show that MCP-1 signaling through CCR2 is not required for physiologic arteriogenesis in response to severe hindlimb ischemia. ICAM-1 upregulation may substitute for MCP-1 signaling through CCR2 in order to allow normal arteriogenesis in CCR2 -/- mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gale Tang
- Pacific Vascular Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0222, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Aspergillus antigen induces robust Th2 cytokine production, inflammation, airway hyperreactivity and fibrosis in the absence of MCP-1 or CCR2. Respir Res 2004; 5:12. [PMID: 15377395 PMCID: PMC520828 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-5-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is characterized by type 2 T-helper cell (Th2) inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, airway hyperreactivity, and airway fibrosis. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCL2) and its receptor, CCR2, have been shown to play important roles in the development of Th2 inflammation. CCR2-deficient mice have been found to have altered inflammatory and physiologic responses in some models of experimental allergic asthma, but the role of CCR2 in contributing to inflammation and airway hyperreactivity appears to vary considerably between models. Furthermore, MCP-1-deficient mice have not previously been studied in models of experimental allergic asthma. METHODS To test whether MCP-1 and CCR2 are each required for the development of experimental allergic asthma, we applied an Aspergillus antigen-induced model of Th2 cytokine-driven allergic asthma associated with airway fibrosis to mice deficient in either MCP-1 or CCR2. Previous studies with live Aspergillus conidia instilled into the lung revealed that MCP-1 and CCR2 play a role in anti-fungal responses; in contrast, we used a non-viable Aspergillus antigen preparation known to induce a robust eosinophilic inflammatory response. RESULTS We found that wild-type C57BL/6 mice developed eosinophilic airway inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, airway hyperreactivity, elevations in serum IgE, and airway fibrosis in response to airway challenge with Aspergillus antigen. Surprisingly, mice deficient in either MCP-1 or CCR2 had responses to Aspergillus antigen similar to those seen in wild-type mice, including production of Th2 cytokines. CONCLUSION We conclude that robust Th2-mediated lung pathology can occur even in the complete absence of MCP-1 or CCR2.
Collapse
|