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Meester JAN, De Kinderen P, Verstraeten A, Loeys BL. The role of biglycan in the healthy and thoracic aneurysmal aorta. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1214-C1222. [PMID: 35476501 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00036.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The class I small leucine-rich proteoglycan biglycan is a crucial structural extracellular matrix component that interacts with a wide range of extracellular matrix molecules. In addition, biglycan is involved in sequestering growth factors such as TGF-β and BMPs and thereby regulating pathway activity. Biglycan consists of a 42-kDa core protein linked to two glycosaminoglycan side chains and both are involved in protein interactions. Biglycan is encoded by the BGN gene located on the X-chromosome and is expressed in various tissues, including vascular tissue, skin, brain, kidney lung, the immune system and the musculoskeletal system. Although an increasing amount of data on the biological function of biglycan in the vasculature has been produced, its role in thoracic aortic aneurysms is still not fully elucidated. This review focusses on the role of biglycan in the healthy thoracic aorta and the development of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissections in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephina A N Meester
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pauline De Kinderen
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aline Verstraeten
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart L Loeys
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Al-Mashhadi RH, Al-Mashhadi AL, Nasr ZP, Mortensen MB, Lewis EA, Camafeita E, Ravlo K, Al-Mashhadi Z, Kjær DW, Palmfeldt J, Bie P, Jensen JM, Nørgaard BL, Falk E, Vázquez J, Bentzon JF. Local Pressure Drives Low-Density Lipoprotein Accumulation and Coronary Atherosclerosis in Hypertensive Minipigs. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 77:575-589. [PMID: 33538256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms by which hypertension accelerates coronary artery disease are poorly understood. Patients with hypertension often have confounding humoral changes, and to date, no experimental models have allowed analysis of the isolated effect of pressure on atherosclerosis in a setting that recapitulates the dimensions and biomechanics of human coronary arteries. OBJECTIVES This study sought to analyze the effect of pressure on coronary atherosclerosis and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Using inflatable suprarenal aortic cuffs, we increased mean arterial pressure by >30 mm Hg in the cephalad body part of wild-type and hypercholesterolemic proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9)D374Y Yucatan minipigs for >1 year. Caudal pressures remained normal. RESULTS Under hypercholesterolemic conditions in PCSK9D374Y transgenic minipigs, cephalad hypertension accelerated coronary atherosclerosis to almost 5-fold with consistent development of fibroatheromas that were sufficiently large to cause stenosis on computed tomography angiography. This was caused by local pressure forces, because vascular beds shielded from hypertension, but exposed to the same humoral factors, showed no changes in lesion formation. The same experiment was conducted under normocholesterolemic conditions in wild-type minipigs to examine the underlying mechanisms. Hypertension produced clear changes in the arterial proteome with increased abundance of mechanical strength proteins and reduced levels of infiltrating plasma macromolecules. This was paralleled by increased smooth muscle cells and increased intimal accumulation of low-density lipoproteins in the coronary arteries. CONCLUSIONS Increased pressure per se facilitates coronary atherosclerosis. Our data indicate that restructuring of the artery to match increased tensile forces in hypertension alters the passage of macromolecules and leads to increased intimal accumulation of low-density lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozh H Al-Mashhadi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ahmed L Al-Mashhadi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zahra P Nasr
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Bødtker Mortensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esmeralda A Lewis
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Camafeita
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kristian Ravlo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zheer Al-Mashhadi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel W Kjær
- Department of Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Bie
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper M Jensen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjarne L Nørgaard
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erling Falk
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacob F Bentzon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Abstract
The a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS) family comprises 19 proteases that regulate the structure and function of extracellular proteins in the extracellular matrix and blood. The best characterized cardiovascular role is that of ADAMTS-13 in blood. Moderately low ADAMTS-13 levels increase the risk of ischeamic stroke and very low levels (less than 10%) can cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Recombinant ADAMTS-13 is currently in clinical trials for treatment of TTP. Recently, new cardiovascular roles for ADAMTS proteases have been discovered. Several ADAMTS family members are important in the development of blood vessels and the heart, especially the valves. A number of studies have also investigated the potential role of ADAMTS-1, -4 and -5 in cardiovascular disease. They cleave proteoglycans such as versican, which represent major structural components of the arteries. ADAMTS-7 and -8 are attracting considerable interest owing to their implication in atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, respectively. Mutations in the ADAMTS19 gene cause progressive heart valve disease and missense variants in ADAMTS6 are associated with cardiac conduction. In this review, we discuss in detail the evidence for these and other cardiovascular roles of ADAMTS family members, their proteolytic substrates and the potential molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Santamaria
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rens de Groot
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 51 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
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Scuruchi M, Potì F, Rodríguez-Carrio J, Campo GM, Mandraffino G. Biglycan and atherosclerosis: Lessons from high cardiovascular risk conditions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158545. [PMID: 31672572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (ATH) is a chronic, dynamic, evolutive process involving morphological and structural subversion of artery walls, leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. ATH generally initiates during the childhood, occurring as a result of a number of changes in the intima tunica and in the media of arteries. A key event occurring during the pathobiology of ATH is the accumulation of lipoproteins in the sub-intimal spaces mediated by extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, especially by the chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) -containing proteoglycans (CS/DSPGs). Among them, the proteoglycan biglycan (BGN) is critically involved in the onset and progression of ATH and evidences show that BGN represents the missing link between the pro-atherogenic status induced by both traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors and the development and progression of vascular damage. In the light of these findings, the role of BGN in dyslipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and inflammatory status is briefly analyzed and discussed in order to shed new light on the underlying mechanisms governing the association between BGN and ATH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Scuruchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Potì
- Department of Medicine and Surgery-Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Carrio
- Area of Immunology, Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, REDinREN Del ISCIII, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Giuseppe Mandraffino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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Trout AL, Rutkai I, Biose IJ, Bix GJ. Review of Alterations in Perlecan-Associated Vascular Risk Factors in Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E679. [PMID: 31968632 PMCID: PMC7013765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Perlecan is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan protein in the extracellular matrix that structurally and biochemically supports the cerebrovasculature by dynamically responding to changes in cerebral blood flow. These changes in perlecan expression seem to be contradictory, ranging from neuroprotective and angiogenic to thrombotic and linked to lipid retention. This review investigates perlecan's influence on risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and amyloid that effect Vascular contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). VCID, a comorbidity with diverse etiology in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), is thought to be a major factor that drives the overall clinical burden of dementia. Accordingly, changes in perlecan expression and distribution in response to VCID appears to be injury, risk factor, location, sex, age, and perlecan domain dependent. While great effort has been made to understand the role of perlecan in VCID, additional studies are needed to increase our understanding of perlecan's role in health and in cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Trout
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Ifechukwude J. Biose
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
| | - Gregory J. Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Interaction of arterial proteoglycans with low density lipoproteins (LDLs): From theory to promising therapeutic approaches. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2019.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Increased retention of LDL from type 1 diabetic patients in atherosclerosis-prone areas of the murine arterial wall. Atherosclerosis 2019; 286:156-162. [PMID: 30871723 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Type 1 diabetes accelerates the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Retention of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial wall is a causal step in atherogenesis, but it is unknown whether diabetes alters the propensity of LDL for retention. The present study investigated whether LDL from type 1 diabetic and healthy non-diabetic subjects differed in their ability to bind to the arterial wall in a type 1 diabetic mouse model. METHODS Fluorescently-labeled LDL obtained from type 1 diabetic patients or healthy controls was injected into mice with type 1 diabetes. The amount of retained LDL in the atherosclerosis-prone inner curvature of the aortic arch was quantified by fluorescence microscopy. Healthy control LDL was in vitro glycated, analyzed for protein glycation by LC-MS/MS, and tested for retention propensity. RESULTS Retention of LDL from type 1 diabetic patients was 4.35-fold higher compared to LDL from nondiabetic subjects. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis of LDL revealed no differences in the concentration of the atherogenic small dense LDL between type 1 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. In vitro glycation of LDL from a non-diabetic subject increased retention compared to non-glycated LDL. LC-MS/MS revealed four new glycated spots in the protein sequence of ApoB of in vitro glycated LDL. CONCLUSIONS LDL from type 1 diabetic patients showed increased retention at atherosclerosis-prone sites in the arterial wall of diabetic mice. Glycation of LDL is one modification that may increase retention, but other, yet unknown, mechanisms are also likely to contribute.
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Contributions of Glycosaminoglycans to Collagen Fiber Recruitment in Constitutive Modeling of Arterial Mechanics. J Biomech 2018; 82:211-219. [PMID: 30415914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to the biological and mechanical functions of biological tissue has emerged as an important area of research. GAGs provide structural basis for the organization and assembly of extracellular matrix (ECM). The mechanics of tissue with low GAG content can be indirectly affected by the interaction of GAGs with collagen fibers, which have long been known to be one of the primary contributors to soft tissue mechanics. Our earlier study showed that enzymatic GAG depletion results in straighter collagen fibers that are recruited at lower levels of stretch, and a corresponding shift in earlier arterial stiffening (Mattson et al., 2016). In this study, the effect of GAGs on collagen fiber recruitment was studied through a structure-based constitutive model. The model incorporates structural information, such as fiber orientation distribution, content, and recruitment of medial elastin, medial collagen, and adventitial collagen fibers. The model was first used to study planar biaxial tensile stress-stretch behavior of porcine descending thoracic aorta. Changes in elastin and collagen fiber orientation distribution, and collagen fiber recruitment were then incorporated into the model in order to predict the stress-stretch behavior of GAG depleted tissue. Our study shows that incorporating early collagen fiber recruitment into the model predicts the stress-stretch response of GAG depleted tissue reasonably well (rms = 0.141); considering further changes of fiber orientation distribution does not improve the predicting capability (rms = 0.149). Our study suggests an important role of GAGs in arterial mechanics that should be considered in developing constitutive models.
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9
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Wight TN. A role for proteoglycans in vascular disease. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:396-420. [PMID: 29499356 PMCID: PMC6110991 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The content of proteoglycans (PGs) is low in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of vascular tissue, but increases dramatically in all phases of vascular disease. Early studies demonstrated that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and heparan sulfate (HS) accumulate in vascular lesions in both humans and in animal models in areas of the vasculature that are susceptible to disease initiation (such as at branch points) and are frequently coincident with lipid deposits. Later studies showed the GAGs were covalently attached to specific types of core proteins that accumulate in vascular lesions. These molecules include versican (CSPG), biglycan and decorin (DS/CSPGs), lumican and fibromodulin (KSPGs) and perlecan (HSPG), although other types of PGs are present, but in lesser quantities. While the overall molecular design of these macromolecules is similar, there is tremendous structural diversity among the different PG families creating multiple forms that have selective roles in critical events that form the basis of vascular disease. PGs interact with a variety of different molecules involved in disease pathogenesis. For example, PGs bind and trap serum components that accumulate in vascular lesions such as lipoproteins, amyloid, calcium, and clotting factors. PGs interact with other ECM components and regulate, in part, ECM assembly and turnover. PGs interact with cells within the lesion and alter the phenotypes of both resident cells and cells that invade the lesion from the circulation. A number of therapeutic strategies have been developed to target specific PGs involved in key pathways that promote vascular disease. This review will provide a historical perspective of this field of research and then highlight some of the evidence that defines the involvement of PGs and their roles in the pathogenesis of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, United States.
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10
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Wilson PG, Thompson JC, Shridas P, McNamara PJ, de Beer MC, de Beer FC, Webb NR, Tannock LR. Serum Amyloid A Is an Exchangeable Apolipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1890-1900. [PMID: 29976766 PMCID: PMC6202200 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective- SAA (serum amyloid A) is a family of acute-phase reactants that have proinflammatory and proatherogenic activities. SAA is more lipophilic than apoA-I (apolipoprotein A-I), and during an acute-phase response, <10% of plasma SAA is found lipid-free. In most reports, SAA is found exclusively associated with high-density lipoprotein; however, we and others have reported SAA on apoB (apolipoprotein B)-containing lipoproteins in both mice and humans. The goal of this study was to determine whether SAA is an exchangeable apolipoprotein. Approach and Results- Delipidated human SAA was incubated with SAA-free human lipoproteins; then, samples were reisolated by fast protein liquid chromatography, and SAA analyzed by ELISA and immunoblot. Both in vitro and in vivo, we show that SAA associates with any lipoprotein and does not remain in a lipid-free form. Although SAA is preferentially found on high-density lipoprotein, it can exchange between lipoproteins. In the presence of CETP (cholesterol ester transfer protein), there is greater exchange of SAA between lipoproteins. Subjects with diabetes mellitus, but not those with metabolic syndrome, showed altered SAA lipoprotein distribution postprandially. Proteoglycan-mediated lipoprotein retention is thought to be an underlying mechanism for atherosclerosis development. SAA has a proteoglycan-binding domain. Lipoproteins containing SAA had increased proteoglycan binding compared with SAA-free lipoproteins. Conclusions- Thus, SAA is an exchangeable apolipoprotein and increases apoB-containing lipoproteins' proteoglycan binding. We and others have previously reported the presence of SAA on low-density lipoprotein in individuals with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. We propose that the presence of SAA on apoB-containing lipoproteins may contribute to cardiovascular disease development in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Wilson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Joel C Thompson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Preetha Shridas
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky
| | - Maria C de Beer
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Frederick C de Beer
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Nancy R Webb
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
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Yang R, Fang W, Liang J, Lin C, Wu S, Yan S, Hu C, Ke X. Apelin/APJ axis improves angiotensin II-induced endothelial cell senescence through AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:725-734. [PMID: 30002688 PMCID: PMC6040122 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.70340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown that endothelial cell senescence is involved in cardiovascular diseases such as cardiac fibrosis, atherosclerosis and heart failure. Accumulating evidence indicates that apelin exerts protective effects on ageing-related endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of the apelin/APJ axis in angiotensin II (AngII)-induced endothelium senescence and its associated mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Senescence-related β-gal activity assay and western blot were used to evaluate human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) senescence. In addition, DCFH-DA staining was carried out to detect the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A validated, high-sensitivity real-time quantitative telomeric repeat amplification protocol (RQ-TRAP) was applied to determine telomerase activity in HUVECs, and a CCK-8 assay was employed to measure cellular viability. RESULTS AngII induced an increase in SA-β-Gal-positive cells and upregulation on expression of P21 and PAI-1 compared to the control group (p < 0.05), while apelin against this process (p < 0.05). The protective effects were attenuated when APJ, AMPK and SIRT1 expression was knocked down (p < 0.05). Furthermore, apelin reduced AngII-induced ROS generation and enhanced telomerase activity in HUVECs (p < 0.05), which contributed to increased HUVEC viability as assessed by the CCK-8 assay (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The apelin/APJ axis improved AngII-induced HUVEC senescence via the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway, and the underlying mechanisms might be associated with reduced ROS production and enhanced telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wu Fang
- Department of Geriatric, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Liang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaodi Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengheng Hu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ke
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Elevated circulating TGF-β is not the cause of increased atherosclerosis development in biglycan deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2017; 268:68-75. [PMID: 29182988 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vascular biglycan contributes to atherosclerosis development and increased biglycan expression correlates with increased atherosclerosis. However, mice deficient in biglycan have either no reduction in atherosclerosis or an unexpected increase in atherosclerosis. Biglycan deficient mice have systemically elevated TGF-β, likely due to lack of sequestration of TGF-β in the extracellular matrix. The purpose of this study was to determine if prevention of TGF-β elevations in biglycan deficient mice affected atherosclerosis development. METHODS Biglycan deficient mice were crossed to Ldlr deficient mice. Diabetes was induced via streptozotocin and all mice were fed a high cholesterol diet. Diabetic biglycan wild type and biglycan deficient Ldlr deficient mice were injected with the TGF-β neutralizing antibody 1D11 or the irrelevant control antibody 13C4. RESULTS Biglycan deficient mice had significantly elevated plasma TGF-β levels, which was further increased by diabetes, and significantly increased atherosclerosis. There was a significant correlation between TGF-β concentrations and atherosclerosis. However, despite nearly complete suppression of plasma TGF-β levels in mice treated with the TGF-β neutralizing antibody 1D11, there was no significant difference in atherosclerosis between mice with elevated TGF-β levels and mice with suppressed TGF-β levels. CONCLUSIONS The increased atherosclerosis in biglycan deficient mice does not appear to be due to elevations in TGF-β.
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Borén J, Williams KJ. The central role of arterial retention of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a triumph of simplicity. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:473-83. [PMID: 27472409 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Today, it is no longer a hypothesis, but an established fact, that increased plasma concentrations of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins are causatively linked to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and that lowering plasma LDL concentrations reduces cardiovascular events in humans. Here, we review evidence behind this assertion, with an emphasis on recent studies supporting the 'response-to-retention' model - namely, that the key initiating event in atherogenesis is the retention, or trapping, of cholesterol-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. RECENT FINDINGS New clinical trials have shown that ezetimibe and anti-PCSK9 antibodies - both nonstatins - lower ASCVD events, and they do so to the same extent as would be expected from comparable plasma LDL lowering by a statin. These studies demonstrate beyond any doubt the causal role of apoB-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. In addition, recent laboratory experimentation and human Mendelian randomization studies have revealed novel information about the critical role of apoB-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. New information has also emerged on mechanisms for the accumulation in plasma of harmful cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich apoB-containing remnant lipoproteins in states of overnutrition. Like LDL, these harmful cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich apoB-containing remnant lipoprotein remnants become retained and modified within the arterial wall, causing atherosclerosis. SUMMARY LDL and other cholesterol-rich, apoB-containing lipoproteins, once they become retained and modified within the arterial wall, cause atherosclerosis. This simple, robust pathophysiologic understanding may finally allow us to eradicate ASCVD, the leading killer in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- aDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg bSahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden cSection of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Mortensen MB, Nilsson L, Larsen TG, Espeseth E, Bek M, Bjørklund MM, Hagensen MK, Wolff A, Gunnersen S, Füchtbauer EM, Boedtkjer E, Bentzon JF. Prior renovascular hypertension does not predispose to atherosclerosis in mice. Atherosclerosis 2016; 249:157-63. [PMID: 27100924 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major risk factor for development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Although lowering blood pressure with antihypertensive drugs reduces the increased risk of ASCVD, residual increased risk still remains, suggesting that hypertension may cause chronic changes that promote atherosclerosis. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that hypertension increases the susceptibility to atherosclerosis in mice even after a period of re-established normotension. METHODS We used the 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) technique to induce angiotensin-driven renovascular hypertension, and overexpression of the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) gene to cause severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. RESULTS First, we performed 2K1C (n = 8) or sham surgery (n = 9) in PCSK9 transgenic mice before they were fed a high fat diet for 14 weeks. As expected, 2K1C did not affect cholesterol levels, but induced cardiac hypertrophy and significantly increased the atherosclerotic lesion area compared to sham mice (1.8 fold, p < 0.01). Next, we performed 2K1C (n = 13) or sham surgery (n = 14) in wild-type mice but removed the clipped/sham-operated kidney after 10 weeks to eliminate hypertension, and subsequently induced hypercholesterolemia by way of adeno-associated virus-mediated hepatic gene transfer of PCSK9 combined with high-fat diet. After 14 weeks of hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerotic lesion areas were not significantly different in mice with or without prior 2K1C hypertension (0.95 fold, p = 0.35). CONCLUSION Renovascular hypertension in mice does not induce pro-atherogenic changes that persist beyond the hypertensive phase. These results indicate that hypertension only promotes atherogenesis when coinciding temporally with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bødtker Mortensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Line Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Tore G Larsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Marie Bek
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Martin M Bjørklund
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Mette K Hagensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Anne Wolff
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Stine Gunnersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jacob F Bentzon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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15
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Hultgårdh-Nilsson A, Borén J, Chakravarti S. The small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans in tissue repair and atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2015; 278:447-61. [PMID: 26477596 PMCID: PMC4616156 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans consist of a protein core with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains and have multiple roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Here we discuss the potential and known functions of a group of small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans (SLRPs) in atherosclerosis. We focus on five SLRPs, decorin, biglycan, lumican, fibromodulin and PRELP, because these have been detected in atherosclerotic plaques or demonstrated to have a role in animal models of atherosclerosis. Decorin and biglycan are modified post-translationally by substitution with chondroitin/dermatan sulphate GAGs, whereas lumican, fibromodulin and PRELP have keratan sulphate side chains, and the core proteins have leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs that are characteristic of the LRR superfamily. The chondroitin/dermatan sulphate GAG side chains have been implicated in lipid retention in atherosclerosis. The core proteins are discussed here in the context of (i) interactions with collagens and their implications in tissue integrity, fibrosis and wound repair and (ii) interactions with growth factors, cytokines, pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cell surface receptors that impact normal physiology and disease processes such as inflammation, innate immune responses and wound healing (i.e. processes that are all important in plaque development and progression). Thus, studies of these SLRPs in the context of wound healing are providing clues about their functions in early stages of atherosclerosis to plaque vulnerability and cardiovascular disease at later stages. Understanding of signal transduction pathways regulated by the core protein interactions is leading to novel roles and therapeutic potential for these proteins in wound repair and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Chakravarti
- Departments of Medicine, Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Miyajima A, Kosaka T, Kikuchi E, Oya M. Renin-angiotensin system blockade: Its contribution and controversy. Int J Urol 2015; 22:721-30. [PMID: 26032599 DOI: 10.1111/iju.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II is a key biological peptide in the renin-angiotensin system that regulates blood pressure and renal hemodynamics, and extensive experimental studies have shown that angiotensin II promotes diverse fibrotic changes and induces neovascularization in several inflammatory diseases. It is known that angiotensin II can be controlled using renin-angiotensin system blockade when angiotensin II is the main factor inducing a particular disease, and renin-angiotensin system blockade has assumed a central role in the treatment of inflammatory nephritis, cardiovascular disorders and retinopathy. In contrast, renin-angiotensin system blockade was found to have not only these effects but also other functions, such as inhibition of cancer growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Numerous studies have sought to elucidate the mechanisms and support these antitumor effects. However, a recent meta-analysis showed that renin-angiotensin system blockade use might in fact increase the incidence of cancer, so renin-angiotensin system blockade use has become somewhat controversial. Although the renin-angiotensin system has most certainly made great contributions to experimental models and clinical practice, some issues still need to be resolved. The present review discusses the contribution and controversy surrounding the renin-angiotensin system up to the present time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Miyajima
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Kikuchi
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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18
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Baumgartner R. Biglycan: Unpuzzling the causal links between tobacco-smoking and atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:809-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Tannock LR. Vascular proteoglycans and atherosclerosis: not over yet. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:435-6. [PMID: 25463070 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Tannock
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, USA.
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20
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Liu Y, Tian X, Cui M, Zhao S. Safflower yellow inhibits angiotensin II-induced adventitial fibroblast proliferation and migration. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 126:107-14. [PMID: 25231558 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.14055fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Safflower yellow (SY) has been widely used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of ischemic cardiocerebrovascular disease. Recent studies have indicated that SY has a reverse effect on vascular remodeling (VR). However, its detailed mechanisms require further study to provide more scientific evidence for the clinical treatment of VR. This study aims to investigate the effects of SY on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix in rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts (AFs). The proliferation and migration rates of AFs treated with Ang II for 24 h were higher than those of untreated AFs; and increases in the expression of p-ERK1/2, AP-1, collagen I, and collagen III were observed. Treatment with SY significantly downregulated cell proliferation, migration, and the expression of p-ERK1/2, AP-1, collagen I, and collagen III. We also found that the cell percentage of apoptosis of AFs treated with Ang II for 24 h was lower than those of untreated AFs. After treatment with SY, the percentage of apoptosis was increased. SY exhibits anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, and pro-apoptotic activities in rat aortic AFs, perhaps through the Ang II/ERK/AP-1 signaling pathway. The present findings may provide new clues regarding the potential function of SY to treat or prevent VR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, China
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21
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Feng J, Liu JP, Miao L, He GX, Li D, Wang HD, Jing T. Conditional expression of the type 2 angiotensin II receptor in mesenchymal stem cells inhibits neointimal formation after arterial injury. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 7:635-43. [PMID: 25119854 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-014-9576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are an effective treatment for obstructive coronary artery diseases. However, the procedure's success is limited by remodeling and formation of neointima. In the present study, we engineered rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to express type 2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2R) using a tetracycline-regulated system that can strictly regulate AT2R expression. We tested the ability of the modified MSCs to reduce neointima formation following arterial injury. We subjected rats to balloon injury, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicated no significant AT2R expression in normal rat arteries. Low expression of AT2R was observed at 28 days after balloon-induced injury. Interestingly, MSCs alone were unable to reduce neointimal hyperplasia after balloon-induced injury; after transplantation of modified MSCs, doxycycline treatment significantly upregulated neointimal AT2R expression and inhibited osteopontin mRNA expression, as well as neointimal formation. Taken together, these results suggest that transplantation of MSCs conditionally expressing AT2R could effectively suppress neointimal hyperplasia following balloon-induced injury. Therefore, MSCs with a doxycycline-controlled gene induction system may be useful for the management of arterial injury after PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University and Chongqing Institute of Interventional Cardiology, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
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22
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Tang T, Thompson JC, Wilson PG, Yoder MH, Müeller J, Fischer JW, Williams KJ, Tannock LR. Biglycan deficiency: increased aortic aneurysm formation and lack of atheroprotection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 75:174-80. [PMID: 25093698 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans of the arterial wall play a critical role in vascular integrity and the development of atherosclerosis owing to their ability to organize extracellular matrix molecules and to bind and retain atherogenic apolipoprotein (apo)-B containing lipoproteins. Prior studies have suggested a role for biglycan in aneurysms and in atherosclerosis. Angiotensin II (angII) infusions into mice have been shown to induce abdominal aortic aneurysm development, increase vascular biglycan content, increase arterial retention of lipoproteins, and accelerate atherosclerosis. The goal of this study was to determine the role of biglycan in angII-induced vascular diseases. Biglycan-deficient or biglycan wildtype mice crossed to LDL receptor deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice (C57BL/6 background) were infused with angII (500 or 1000ng/kg/min) or saline for 28days while fed on normal chow, then pumps were removed, and mice were switched to an atherogenic Western diet for 6weeks. During angII infusions, biglycan-deficient mice developed abdominal aortic aneurysms, unusual descending thoracic aneurysms, and a striking mortality caused by aortic rupture (76% for males and 48% for females at angII 1000ng/kg/min). Histological analyses of non-aneurysmal aortic segments from biglycan-deficient mice revealed a deficiency of dense collagen fibers and the aneurysms demonstrated conspicuous elastin breaks. AngII infusion increased subsequent atherosclerotic lesion development in both biglycan-deficient and biglycan wildtype mice. However, the biglycan genotype did not affect the atherosclerotic lesion area induced by the Western diet after treatment with angII. Biglycan-deficient mice exhibited significantly increased vascular perlecan content compared to biglycan wildtype mice. Analyses of the atherosclerotic lesions demonstrated that vascular perlecan co-localized with apoB, suggesting that increased perlecan compensated for biglycan deficiency in terms of lipoprotein retention. Biglycan deficiency increases aortic aneurysm development and is not protective against the development of atherosclerosis. Biglycan deficiency leads to loosely packed aortic collagen fibers, increased susceptibility of aortic elastin fibers to angII-induced stress, and up-regulation of vascular perlecan content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joel C Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patricia G Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Meghan H Yoder
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Julia Müeller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens W Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, USA.
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23
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Thompson JC, Tang T, Wilson PG, Yoder MH, Tannock LR. Increased atherosclerosis in mice with increased vascular biglycan content. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:71-5. [PMID: 24816040 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The response to retention hypothesis of atherogenesis proposes that atherosclerosis is initiated via the retention of atherogenic lipoproteins by vascular proteoglycans. Co-localization studies suggest that of all the vascular proteoglycans, biglycan is the one most closely co-localized with LDL. The goal of this study was to determine if over-expression of biglycan in hyperlipidemic mice would increase atherosclerosis development. METHODS Transgenic mice were developed by expressing biglycan under control of the smooth muscle actin promoter, and were crossed to the LDL receptor deficient (C57BL/6 background) atherosclerotic mouse model. Biglycan transgenic and non-transgenic control mice were fed an atherogenic Western diet for 4-12 weeks. RESULTS LDL receptor deficient mice overexpressing biglycan under control of the smooth muscle alpha actin promoter had increased atherosclerosis development that correlated with vascular biglycan content. CONCLUSION Increased vascular biglycan content predisposes to increased lipid retention and increased atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tao Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patricia G Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Meghan H Yoder
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, USA.
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24
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Yano S, Moseley K, Wong L, Castelnovi C, Azen C, Pavlova Z. Glycosaminoglycan metabolism defects and atherosclerosis: frequent association of endothelial dysfunction in patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:255-61. [PMID: 23893050 PMCID: PMC8889886 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular lesions, including coronary artery stenosis, are frequently associated and can cause sudden death in patients with genetic defects of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) metabolism. Early diagnosis of coronary artery lesions is difficult, although potentially lifesaving. Histopathological similarities between atherosclerotic changes in adults and in patients with genetic GAG metabolism defects have been known. Atherosclerosis is the result of a complex process involving metabolism of GAGs and proteoglycans preceded by endothelial dysfunction as a key event. Decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is considered the hallmark of endothelial dysfunction. Reduced NO synthase (NOS) has been reported in atherosclerotic arteries. Impairment in reactive hyperemia-digital peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT) with EndoPAT has been validated to correlate coronary microvascular function in patients with atherosclerosis. RH-PAT is thought to reflect endothelial NO production. Immunohistological staining of endothelial NOS was performed in the stenotic lesions in the coronary artery of a 3-year-old patient with Mucopolysaccharidosis-I, showing decreased activities. This prompted a study to measure endothelial function in patients with GAG metabolism defects for early diagnosis of endothelial dysfunction in the coronary arteries as an early sign of coronary artery changes. Evaluation by RH-PAT in 30 patients with variable genetic defects in GAG metabolism revealed significantly decreased Reactive Hyperemia Indexes compared with 12 controls. Evaluation of endothelial function with RH-PAT in patients with GAG metabolism defects may detect coronary artery lesions that can be underdiagnosed by the other measures such as coronary angiography. Use of this method may prove vital in the management of patients with GAG metabolism defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Yano
- Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1801 Marengo Street General Laboratory Building, Room 1G-24, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA,
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25
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26
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Neufeld EB, Zadrozny LM, Phillips D, Aponte A, Yu ZX, Balaban RS. Decorin and biglycan retain LDL in disease-prone valvular and aortic subendothelial intimal matrix. Atherosclerosis 2014; 233:113-21. [PMID: 24529131 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subendothelial LDL retention by intimal matrix proteoglycans is an initial step in atherosclerosis and calcific aortic valve disease. Herein, we identify decorin and biglycan as the proteoglycans that preferentially retain LDL in intimal matrix at disease-prone sites in normal valve and vessel wall. METHODS The porcine aortic valve and renal artery ostial diverter, initiation sites of calcific valve disease and renal atherosclerosis, respectively, from normal non-diseased animals were used as models in these studies. RESULTS Fluorescent human LDL was selectively retained on the lesion-prone collagen/proteoglycan-enriched aortic surface of the valve, where the elastic lamina is depleted, as previously observed in lesion-prone sites in the renal ostium. iTRAQ mass spectrometry of valve and diverter protein extracts identified decorin and biglycan as the major subendothelial intimal matrix proteoglycans electrostatically retained on human LDL affinity columns. Decorin levels correlated with LDL binding in lesion-prone sites in both tissues. Collagen binding to LDL was shown to be proteoglycan-mediated. All known basement membrane proteoglycans bound LDL suggesting they may modulate LDL uptake into the subendothelial matrix. The association of purified decorin with human LDL in an in vitro microassay was blocked by serum albumin and heparin suggesting anti-atherogenic roles for these proteins in vivo. CONCLUSIONS LDL electrostatic interactions with decorin and biglycan in the valve leaflets and vascular wall is a major source of LDL retention. The complementary electrostatic sites on LDL or these proteoglycans may provide a novel therapeutic target for preventing one of the earliest events in these cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Neufeld
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Leah M Zadrozny
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Darci Phillips
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Angel Aponte
- Proteomics Core, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert S Balaban
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Sasaki N, Toyoda M. Glycoconjugates and related molecules in human vascular endothelial cells. Int J Vasc Med 2013; 2013:963596. [PMID: 24171112 PMCID: PMC3793293 DOI: 10.1155/2013/963596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner lining of blood vessels. They are critically involved in many physiological functions, including control of vasomotor tone, blood cell trafficking, hemostatic balance, permeability, proliferation, survival, and immunity. It is considered that impairment of EC functions leads to the development of vascular diseases. The carbohydrate antigens carried by glycoconjugates (e.g., glycoproteins, glycosphingolipids, and proteoglycans) mainly present on the cell surface serve not only as marker molecules but also as functional molecules. Recent studies have revealed that the carbohydrate composition of the EC surface is critical for these cells to perform their physiological functions. In this paper, we consider the expression and functional roles of endogenous glycoconjugates and related molecules (galectins and glycan-degrading enzymes) in human ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakaecho 35-2, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakaecho 35-2, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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28
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Tang T, Wilson PG, Thompson JC, Nelson C, Yoder MH, Tannock LR. Prevention of TGFβ induction attenuates angII-stimulated vascular biglycan and atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2255-2264. [PMID: 23749984 PMCID: PMC3708375 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (angII) accelerates atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether TGFβ is required for angII-induced atherosclerosis. Ldlr-null mice fed a normal chow diet were infused with angII or saline for 28 days. A single injection of TGFβ neutralizing antibody 1D11 (2 mg/kg) prevented angII-induction of TGFβ1 levels, and strikingly attenuated angII-induced accumulation of aortic biglycan content. To study atherosclerosis, mice were infused with angII or saline for 4 weeks, and then fed Western diet for a further 6 weeks. 1D11 had no effect on systolic blood pressure or plasma cholesterol; however, angII-infused mice that received 1D11 had reduced atherosclerotic lesion area by 30% (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that angII induced both lipid retention and accumulation of biglycan and perlecan which colocalized with apoB. 1D11 strikingly reduced the effect of angII on biglycan but not perlecan. 1D11 decreased total collagen content (P < 0.05) in the lesion area without changing plaque inflammation markers (CD68 and CD45). Thus, this study demonstrates that neutralization of TGFβ attenuated angII stimulation of biglycan accumulation and atherogenesis in mice, suggesting that TGFβ-mediated biglycan induction is one of the mechanisms underlying angII-promoted atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Biglycan/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and
| | - Patricia G Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and
| | - Joel C Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and
| | - Christina Nelson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Meghan H Yoder
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and; Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY.
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Clarke C, Flores-Muñoz M, McKinney CA, Milligan G, Nicklin SA. Regulation of cardiovascular remodeling by the counter-regulatory axis of the renin-angiotensin system. Future Cardiol 2013; 9:23-38. [PMID: 23259473 DOI: 10.2217/fca.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The counter-regulatory axis of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Pathophysiological effects mediated via angiotensin II (Ang II) are well established in regulation of blood pressure, cardiac and vascular remodeling, and renal sodium handling, which lead to disorders such as hypertension and associated end-organ damage, atherosclerosis and heart failure. The counter-regulatory axis of the RAS is centered on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-1-7 (Ang-[1-7])/Mas receptor axis and has been shown to inhibit many detrimental phenotypes in cardiovascular disease. More recently, an alternative peptide, angiotensin-(1-9) (Ang-[1-9]), has been reported as a potential new member of this axis. This review will discuss the cardiovascular regulatory roles of Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9) in the counter-regulatory axis of the RAS, and the potential for new therapeutic approaches in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Clarke
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses of the rat intervertebral disc (IVD) tissue renin-angiotensin system (tRAS). OBJECTIVE To examine the expression and function of tRAS in the rat IVD. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Angiotensin II (Ang II), the major effector of tRAS, is a hormone that contributes to inflammation and fibrosis in many organs. The expression of tRAS in the rat IVD has not been determined. METHODS tRAS expression in rat and bovine IVDs was examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (rat) and immunohistochemistry (rat and bovine). Rat annulus fibrosus cells in monolayer culture were used to examine the biological role of tRAS in vitro. The effect of Ang II peptide on extracellular matrix metabolism was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS mRNA of tRAS components, including angiotensin converting enzyme, Ang II, Ang II receptor type 1, Ang II receptor type 2, and Cathepsin D (a renin-like enzyme), was clearly confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. In rat and bovine annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells in monolayer culture, immunohistochemical analysis showed that each tRAS component was clearly expressed. In rat IVD tissues, immunoreactivity to each antibody for tRAS components was also observed. Proliferation of rat annulus fibrosus cells was mildly stimulated by Ang II peptide. Ang II peptide also had minor stimulatory effect on the expression of the extracellular matrix components, growth factors, and catabolic proteins. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate for the first time that the tRAS components necessary to activate tRAS have been found in the normal rat IVD at both mRNA and protein levels. To elucidate the association between tRAS and the process of IVD degeneration, the expression and function of tRAS in the human degenerated IVD should be examined in a future study.
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Tang T, Thompson JC, Wilson PG, Nelson C, Williams KJ, Tannock LR. Decreased body fat, elevated plasma transforming growth factor-β levels, and impaired BMP4-like signaling in biglycan-deficient mice. Connect Tissue Res 2013; 54:5-13. [PMID: 22834985 PMCID: PMC4557867 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2012.715700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biglycan (BGN), a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, binds the pro-fibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and inhibits its bioactivity in vitro. Nevertheless, it is controversial whether BGN plays an inhibitory role in vivo. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BGN deficiency on TGFβ activity in vivo by studying 1-year-old Bgn null and wild-type (WT) mice on an Ldlr-null background. Phenotypic and metabolic characterization showed that the Bgn null mice had lower body weight, shorter body length, and shorter femur length (all p < 0.05). Surprisingly, the Bgn null mice also exhibited a striking reduction in percent body fat compared to WT mice (p == 0.006), but no changes were observed in plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, or glycohemoglobin. Both total and bioactive TGFβ1 concentrations in plasma were markedly elevated in Bgn null mice compared to WT mice (4-fold and 11-fold increase, respectively, both p < 0.001), but no changes were found in hepatic levels of mRNA for Tgfβ1 or its receptors. Bgn null mice exhibited elevated expression of hepatic fibronectin protein (p = 0.034) without changes in hepatic or renal histology, and Bgn null mice had decreased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (p = 0.01). Two key downstream targets of bone morphogenetic protein 4-like signaling, SMAD1/3/5 phosphorylation and Id2 gene expression, were found dramatically reduced in Bgn null livers (p = 0.034). Thus, BGN deficiency decreases body fat in this hyperlipidemic mouse model without changing liver or kidney histology. Overall, we propose that this unexpected phenotype arises from the effects of BGN deficiency in vivo to elevate TGFβ levels while decreasing bone morphogenetic protein 4-like signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joel C. Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patricia G. Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Christina Nelson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa R. Tannock
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, USA,Correspondence to: Dr. Lisa R. Tannock, Associate Professor of Medicine, Chief, Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Room 567, Wethington Building, 900 S. Limestone, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, Tel: 859-323-4933 ext 81415, Fax: 859-257-3646,
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Humphrey JD. Possible mechanical roles of glycosaminoglycans in thoracic aortic dissection and associations with dysregulated transforming growth factor-β. J Vasc Res 2012; 50:1-10. [PMID: 23018968 DOI: 10.1159/000342436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four distinguishing histopathological characteristics of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAADs) are the fragmentation or degradation of elastic fibers, loss of smooth muscle, pooling of glycosaminoglycans, and remodeling of fibrillar collagens. Of these, pooling of glycosaminoglycans appears to be unique to these lesions. METHODS This review acknowledges the importance of dysregulated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in TAADs and offers a complementary hypothesis that increased TGF-β could contribute to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the media of the proximal thoracic aorta. Regardless, observed pools of glycosaminoglycans could decrease tensile strength, cause stress concentrations, and increase intralamellar swelling pressure, all of which could initiate local delaminations that could subsequently propagate as dissections and result in a false lumen or rupture. CONCLUSIONS There is a pressing need to investigate potential mechanical as well as biological consequences of accumulated glycosaminoglycans in TAADs and to elucidate responsible signaling pathways, with particular attention to synthetic cells of nonmesodermal lineage. Such research could provide insight into the mechanisms of dissection and the seemingly paradoxical role of the over-expression of a cytokine that is typically associated with fibrosis but is implicated in a degenerative disease of the aorta that can result in a catastrophic mechanical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Kamato D, Burch ML, Osman N, Zheng W, Little PJ. Therapeutic implications of endothelin and thrombin G-protein-coupled receptor transactivation of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase cell surface receptors. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 65:465-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This review discusses the latest developments in G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling related to the transactivation of cell surface protein kinase receptors and the therapeutic implications.
Key findings
Multiple GPCRs have been known to transactivate protein tyrosine kinase receptors for almost two decades. More recently it has been discovered that GPCRs can also transactivate protein serine/threonine kinase receptors such as that for transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Using the model of proteoglycan synthesis and glycosaminoglycan elongation in human vascular smooth muscle cells which is a component of an in vitro model of atherosclerosis, the dual tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase receptor transactivation pathways appear to account for all of the response to the agonists, endothelin and thrombin.
Summary
The broadening of the paradigm of GPCR receptor transactivation explains the broad range of activities of these receptors and also the efficacy of GPCR antagonists in cardiovascular therapeutics. Deciphering the mechanisms of transactivation with the aim of identifying a common therapeutic target remains the next challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Australia
- Diabetes Complications Group, Metabolism, Exercise and Disease Program, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Micah L Burch
- Diabetes Complications Group, Metabolism, Exercise and Disease Program, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University School of Medicine (Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health), Prahran VIC, Australia
| | - Narin Osman
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Australia
- Diabetes Complications Group, Metabolism, Exercise and Disease Program, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter J Little
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Australia
- Diabetes Complications Group, Metabolism, Exercise and Disease Program, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University School of Medicine (Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health), Prahran VIC, Australia
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Sneck M, Nguyen SD, Pihlajamaa T, Yohannes G, Riekkola ML, Milne R, Kovanen PT, Oörni K. Conformational changes of apoB-100 in SMase-modified LDL mediate formation of large aggregates at acidic pH. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1832-9. [PMID: 22717515 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m023218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During atherogenesis, the extracellular pH of atherosclerotic lesions decreases. Here, we examined the effect of low, but physiologically plausible pH on aggregation of modified LDL, one of the key processes in atherogenesis. LDL was treated with SMase, and aggregation of the SMase-treated LDL was followed at pH 5.5-7.5. The lower the pH, the more extensive was the aggregation of identically prelipolyzed LDL particles. At pH 5.5-6.0, the aggregates were much larger (size >1 µm) than those formed at neutral pH (100-200 nm). SMase treatment was found to lead to a dramatic decrease in α-helix and concomitant increase in β-sheet structures of apoB-100. Particle aggregation was caused by interactions between newly exposed segments of apoB-100. LDL-derived lipid microemulsions lacking apoB-100 failed to form large aggregates. SMase-induced LDL aggregation could be blocked by lowering the incubation temperature to 15°C, which also inhibited the changes in the conformation of apoB-100, by proteolytic degradation of apoB-100 after SMase-treatment, and by HDL particles. Taken together, sphingomyelin hydrolysis induces exposure of protease-sensitive sites of apoB-100, whose interactions govern subsequent particle aggregation. The supersized LDL aggregates may contribute to the retention of LDL lipids in acidic areas of atherosclerosis-susceptible sites in the arterial intima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Sneck
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a family of acute-phase proteins which are shown to correlate with cardiovascular disease, but whether this SAA contributes causally to atherosclerosis development or reflects underlying disease or risk factors remains unclear. RECENT FINDINGS SAA has been detected within atherosclerotic lesions and within adipose tissue where it is hypothesized that it may play a contributory role in disease development. In the acute-phase response SAA is synthesized by the liver and transported primarily in association with HDL. However, there is a growing literature suggesting that localized synthesis of SAA within the vasculature, or adipose tissue, may play a distinct role in disease development. Furthermore, SAA can be found in association with apoB-containing lipoproteins, in which its biological activity may be different. SUMMARY This review will discuss recent experimental evidence supporting a causal role of SAA with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L King
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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36
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Thompson J, Wilson P, Brandewie K, Taneja D, Schaefer L, Mitchell B, Tannock LR. Renal accumulation of biglycan and lipid retention accelerates diabetic nephropathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1179-87. [PMID: 21723246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia worsens diabetic nephropathy, although the mechanism by which renal lipids accumulate is unknown. We previously demonstrated that renal proteoglycans have high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) binding affinity, suggesting that proteoglycan-mediated LDL retention may contribute to renal lipid accumulation. The aim of this study was to determine the relative effect of diabetes and hyperlipidemia on renal proteoglycan content. Diabetic and non-diabetic LDL receptor-deficient mice were fed diets containing 0% or 0.12% cholesterol for 26 weeks, and then kidneys were analyzed for renal lipid and proteoglycan content. Diabetic mice on the high-cholesterol diet had accelerated development of diabetic nephropathy with elevations in urine albumin excretion, glomerular and renal hypertrophy, and mesangial matrix expansion. Renal lipid accumulation was significantly increased by consumption of the 0.12% cholesterol diet, diabetes, and especially by both. The renal proteoglycans biglycan and decorin were detectable in glomeruli, with a significant increase in renal biglycan content in diabetic mice on the high-cholesterol diet. Renal biglycan and renal apolipoprotein B were colocalized, and regression analyses showed a significant relation between renal biglycan and renal apolipoprotein B content. The increased renal biglycan content in diabetic nephropathy probably contributes to renal lipid accumulation and the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Thompson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Kirabo A, Kearns PN, Jarajapu YP, Sasser JM, Oh SP, Grant MB, Kasahara H, Cardounel AJ, Baylis C, Wagner KU, Sayeski PP. Vascular smooth muscle Jak2 mediates angiotensin II-induced hypertension via increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:171-9. [PMID: 21354995 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin II (Ang II) type AT(1) receptors expressed on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) couple to the Jak2 signalling pathway. However, the importance of this tissue-specific coupling is poorly understood. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the importance of VSMC-derived Jak2 in angiotensin II-mediated hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS The Cre-loxP system was used to conditionally eliminate Jak2 tyrosine kinase expression within the smooth muscle cells of mice. Following chronic Ang II infusion, the resulting increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) was significantly attenuated in the Jak2 null mice when compared with littermate controls. The VSMC Jak2 null mice were also protected from the Ang II-induced vascular remodelling. Aortic rings from the VSMC Jak2 null mice exhibited reduced Ang II-induced contraction and enhanced endothelial-dependent relaxation via increased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. When compared with controls, the VSMC Jak2 nulls also had lower levels of hydrogen peroxide, Rho kinase activity, and intracellular Ca(2+) in response to Ang II. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that VSMC Jak2 expression is involved in the pathogenesis of Ang II-dependent hypertension due to the increased presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As such, VSMC-derived Jak2 tyrosine kinase modulates overall vascular tone via multiple, non-redundant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Kirabo
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Marzoll A, Melchior-Becker A, Cipollone F, Fischer JW. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans in atherosclerotic lesions: novel targets of chronic statin treatment? J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:232-43. [PMID: 20015203 PMCID: PMC3822791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), such as decorin and biglycan, regulate the assembly and turnover of collagenous matrix. The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of chronic rosuvastatin treatment on decorin, biglycan and the collagen matrix in ApoE-deficient mice. Twenty-week-old male ApoE-deficient mice received normal chow or 20 mg rosuvastatin/kg × day for 32 weeks. Subsequently, matrix composition was analysed by histochemistry and immunostaining at the aortic root and in innominate arteries of ApoE deficient mice as well as in human carotid endarterectomy specimens. Immunoblotting of proteoglycans was performed from aortic extracts of ApoE-deficient mice. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting revealed strongly increased decorin and biglycan deposition in atherosclerotic plaques at the aortic root and in innominate arteries. In contrast, versican and perlecan expression was not changed by rosuvastatin. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinase 2 and gelatinolytic activity were decreased in response to rosuvastatin and a condensed collagen-rich matrix was formed. In carotid endarterectomy specimens of statin-treated patients increased decorin and biglycan accumulation was detected as well. Drug treatment did not change low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plasma levels in ApoE-deficient mice and did not significantly affect lipid retention at the aortic root level as demonstrated by oil-red O staining and immunohistochemistry of LDL. Long-term treatment with rosuvastatin caused pronounced remodelling of atherosclerotic plaque matrix characterized specifically by enrichment with SLRPs and formation of a condensed collagen matrix. Therefore, decorin and biglycan might represent novel targets of statin treatment that contribute to a stable plaque phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marzoll
- Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und MedizinprodukteBonn, Germany
| | - Ariane Melchior-Becker
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany
| | - Francesco Cipollone
- Italian society for the study of atherosclerosis, Abruzzo Division, G.d’Annunzio University of Chieti-PescaraChieti and Pescara, Italy
| | - Jens W Fischer
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany
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Sardo MA, Mandraffino G, Riggio S, D’Ascola A, Alibrandi A, Saitta C, Imbalzano E, Castaldo M, Cinquegrani M, Saitta A. Effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan on the monocyte expression of biglycan in hypertensive patients. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:933-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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40
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Taneja D, Thompson J, Wilson P, Brandewie K, Schaefer L, Mitchell B, Tannock LR. Reversibility of renal injury with cholesterol lowering in hyperlipidemic diabetic mice. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1464-70. [PMID: 20110440 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m002972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. However, it is not known if reduction of hyperlipidemia is protective against progression of disease. The goal of this study was to determine if reduction of hypercholesterolemia could limit progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic and nondiabetic LDL receptor deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice were fed diets containing either no cholesterol (0%) or high cholesterol (0.12%) for 36 weeks. One group each of diabetic and nondiabetic mice were fed the high-cholesterol diet for 26 weeks then changed to the 0% cholesterol diet for the last 10 weeks. Consumption of the high-cholesterol diet exacerbated the development of diabetic nephropathy with elevations in urine albumin excretion, glomerular and renal hypertrophy, and mesangial matrix expansion. Increased glomerular lipid and apolipoprotein B accumulation was found in diabetic mice that consumed the 0.12% cholesterol diet compared with other groups. However, diabetic mice that changed from the high-cholesterol diet to the 0% cholesterol diet for the last 10 weeks had lower urine albumin excretion and mesangial matrix expansion compared with mice that consumed the 0.12% cholesterol diet throughout. This suggests that hyperlipidemia causes continuous renal injury, and that lowering cholesterol levels by dietary means can improve renal function in diabetic LDLR(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Taneja
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, USA
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41
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King VL, Hatch NW, Chan HW, de Beer MC, de Beer FC, Tannock LR. A murine model of obesity with accelerated atherosclerosis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:35-41. [PMID: 19498343 PMCID: PMC2811527 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The epidemic of obesity sweeping developed nations is accompanied by an increase in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, delineating the mechanism of obesity-accelerated atherosclerosis has been hampered by a paucity of animal models. Similar to humans, apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice spontaneously develop atherosclerosis over their lifetime. To determine whether apoE(-/-) mice would develop obesity with accelerated atherosclerosis, we fed mice diets containing 10 (low fat (LF)) or 60 (high fat (HF)) kcal % from fat for 17 weeks. Mice fed the HF diet had a marked increase in body weight and atherosclerotic lesion formation compared to mice fed the LF diet. There were no significant differences between groups in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, or leptin concentrations. Plasma concentrations of the acute-phase reactant serum amyloid A (SAA) are elevated in both obesity and cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, plasma SAA concentrations were increased fourfold (P < 0.01) in mice fed the HF diet. SAA was associated with both pro- and antiatherogenic lipoproteins in mice fed the HF diet compared to those fed the LF diet, in which SAA was primarily associated with the antiatherogenic lipoprotein high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Moreover, SAA was localized with apoB-containing lipoproteins and biglycan in the vascular wall. Taken together, these data suggest male apoE-deficient mice are a model of metabolic syndrome and that chronic low level inflammation associated with increased SAA concentrations may mediate atherosclerotic lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L King
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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Ballinger ML, Osman N, Hashimura K, de Haan JB, Jandeleit-Dahm K, Allen T, Tannock LR, Rutledge JC, Little PJ. Imatinib inhibits vascular smooth muscle proteoglycan synthesis and reduces LDL binding in vitro and aortic lipid deposition in vivo. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:1408-18. [PMID: 19754668 PMCID: PMC3033015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘response to retention’ hypothesis of atherogenesis proposes that proteoglycans bind and retain low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the vessel wall. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is strongly implicated in atherosclerosis and stimulates proteoglycan synthesis. Here we investigated the action of the PDGF receptor inhibitor imatinib on PDGF-mediated proteoglycan biosynthesis in vitro, lipid deposition in the aortic wall in vivo and the carotid artery ex vivo. In human vSMCs, imatinib inhibited PDGF mediated 35S-SO4 incorporation into proteoglycans by 31% (P < 0.01) and inhibited PDGF-mediated size increases in both chemically cleaved and xyloside associated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains by 19%, P < 0.05 and 27%, P < 0.05, respectively. Imatinib decreased PDGF stimulation of the 6:4 position sulphation ratio of disaccharides. The half maximal saturation value for LDL binding for proteoglycans from PDGF stimulated cells in the presence of imatinib was approximately 2.5-fold higher than for PDGF treatment alone. In high fat fed ApoE−/– mice, imatinib reduced total lipid staining area by ∼31% (P < 0.05). Carotid artery lipid accumulation in imatinib treated mice was also reduced. Furthermore, we demonstrate that imatinib inhibits phosphorylation of tyrosine 857, the autophosphorylation site of the PDGF receptor, in vSMCs. Thus imatinib inhibits GAG synthesis on vascular proteoglycans and reduces LDL binding in vitro and in vivo and this effect is mediated via the PDGF receptor. These findings validate a novel mechanism to prevent cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy L Ballinger
- Diabetes & Cell Biology, BakerIDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Prahran, Australia
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Long-term treatment with the AT1-receptor antagonist telmisartan inhibits biglycan accumulation in murine atherosclerosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 105:29-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yang SNY, Osman N, Burch ML, Little PJ. Factors affecting proteoglycan synthesis and structure that modify the interaction with lipoproteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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45
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Biglycan expression in hypertensive subjects with normal or increased carotid intima-media wall thickness. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 406:89-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tannock LR, King VL. Proteoglycan mediated lipoprotein retention: a mechanism of diabetic atherosclerosis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2008; 9:289-300. [PMID: 18584330 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-008-9078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The response to retention hypothesis outlines the initial stages of atherosclerotic lesion formation. The central theme of the hypothesis is that proteoglycan mediated lipoprotein retention plays a critical step in the initiation of atherosclerosis development. Recent research using human arterial specimens, transgenic mouse models and molecular biology techniques have added to our understanding of atherosclerosis development, and provided experimental data in support of the response to retention hypothesis. In this review we summarize the recent data, in particular that which addresses mechanisms by which diabetes can accelerate atherosclerosis formation, with a focus on proteoglycan-mediated LDL retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Tannock
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, 40511, USA.
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Pyrido-Pyrimidine Derivative CYC10424 Inhibits Glycosaminoglycan Changes on Vascular Smooth Muscle-derived Proteoglycans and Reduces Lipoprotein Binding. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 52:403-12. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31818a8907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wilson PG, Thompson JC, Webb NR, de Beer FC, King VL, Tannock LR. Serum amyloid A, but not C-reactive protein, stimulates vascular proteoglycan synthesis in a pro-atherogenic manner. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1902-10. [PMID: 18974302 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory markers serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are predictive of cardiac disease and are proposed to play causal roles in the development of atherosclerosis, in which the retention of lipoproteins by vascular wall proteoglycans is critical. The purpose of this study was to determine whether SAA and/or CRP alters vascular proteoglycan synthesis and lipoprotein retention in a pro-atherogenic manner. Vascular smooth muscle cells were stimulated with either SAA or CRP (1 to 100 mg/L) and proteoglycans were then isolated and characterized. SAA, but not CRP, increased proteoglycan sulfate incorporation by 50 to 100% in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.0001), increased glycosaminoglycan chain length, and increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) binding affinity (K(d), 29 microg/ml LDL versus 90 microg/ml LDL for SAA versus control proteoglycans; P < 0.005). Furthermore, SAA up-regulated biglycan via the induction of endogenous transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. To determine whether SAA stimulated proteoglycan synthesis in vivo, ApoE(-/-) mice were injected with an adenovirus expressing human SAA-1, a null virus, or saline. Mice that received adenovirus expressing SAA had increased TGF-beta concentrations in plasma and increased aortic biglycan content compared with mice that received either null virus or saline. Thus, SAA alters vascular proteoglycans in a pro-atherogenic manner via the stimulation of TGF-beta and may play a causal role in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
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Devlin CM, Leventhal AR, Kuriakose G, Schuchman EH, Williams KJ, Tabas I. Acid sphingomyelinase promotes lipoprotein retention within early atheromata and accelerates lesion progression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:1723-30. [PMID: 18669882 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.173344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The key initial step in atherogenesis is the subendothelial retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Acid sphingomyelinase (acid SMase), an enzyme present extracellularly within the arterial wall, strongly enhances lipoprotein retention in model systems in vitro, and retained lipoproteins in human plaques are enriched in ceramide, a product of SMase. We now sought to test a direct causative role for acid SMase in lipoprotein retention and atherogenesis in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied atherogenesis and lipoprotein retention in Asm(-/-) versus Asm(+/+) mice on the Apoe(-/-) and Ldlr(-/-) backgrounds. Asm(-/-);Apoe(-/-) mice had a approximately 40% to 50% decrease in early foam cell aortic root lesion area compared with Asm(+/+);Apoe(-/-) mice (P<0.05) despite no difference in plasma cholesterol or lipoproteins. To assay lipoprotein retention in vivo, the two groups of mice were injected with fluorescently labeled Apoe(-/-) lipoproteins. Early foam cell lesions of Asm(-/-);Apoe(-/-) mice showed a striking 87% reduction in lipoprotein trapping (P<0.0001) compared with Asm(+/+);Apoe(-/-) lesions. Similar results were obtained with Ldlr(-/-) mice, including an 81% reduction in lipoprotein retention within Asm(-/-);Ldlr(-/-) lesions compared with Asm(+/+);Ldlr(-/-) lesions (P<0.0005). CONCLUSIONS These findings support a causal role for acid SMase in lipoprotein retention and lesion progression and provides further support for the response-to-retention model of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia M Devlin
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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