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Lékó AH, Gregory-Flores A, Marchette RCN, Gomez JL, Vendruscolo JCM, Repunte-Canonigo V, Choung V, Deschaine SL, Whiting KE, Jackson SN, Cornejo MP, Perello M, You ZB, Eckhaus M, Rasineni K, Janda KD, Zorman B, Sumazin P, Koob GF, Michaelides M, Sanna PP, Vendruscolo LF, Leggio L. Genetic or pharmacological GHSR blockade has sexually dimorphic effects in rodents on a high-fat diet. Commun Biol 2024; 7:632. [PMID: 38796563 PMCID: PMC11127961 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The stomach-derived hormone ghrelin regulates essential physiological functions. The ghrelin receptor (GHSR) has ligand-independent actions; therefore, GHSR gene deletion may be a reasonable approach to investigate the role of this system in feeding behaviors and diet-induced obesity (DIO). Here, we investigate the effects of a long-term (12-month) high-fat (HFD) versus regular diet on obesity-related measures in global GHSR-KO and wild-type (WT) Wistar male and female rats. Our main findings are that the GHSR gene deletion protects against DIO and decreases food intake during HFD in male but not in female rats. GHSR gene deletion increases thermogenesis and brain glucose uptake in male rats and modifies the effects of HFD on brain glucose metabolism in a sex-specific manner, as assessed with small animal positron emission tomography. We use RNA-sequencing to show that GHSR-KO rats have upregulated expression of genes responsible for fat oxidation in brown adipose tissue. Central administration of a novel GHSR inverse agonist, PF-5190457, attenuates ghrelin-induced food intake, but only in male, not in female mice. HFD-induced binge-like eating is reduced by inverse agonism in both sexes. Our results support GHSR as a promising target for new pharmacotherapies for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- András H Lékó
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adriana Gregory-Flores
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Renata C N Marchette
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan L Gomez
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janaina C M Vendruscolo
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vez Repunte-Canonigo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vicky Choung
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sara L Deschaine
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly E Whiting
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shelley N Jackson
- Translational Analytical Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Paula Cornejo
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mario Perello
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Zhi-Bing You
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Eckhaus
- Pathology Service, Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Barry Zorman
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pavel Sumazin
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George F Koob
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pietro P Sanna
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Stress and Addiction Neuroscience Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Translational Analytical Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
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Karczewska-Kupczewska M, Stefanowicz M, Nikołajuk A, Strączkowski M. Weight-Reducing Dietary Intervention Increases the Ability of Hyperinsulinemia to Suppress Serum Ghrelin Concentration in Individuals with Obesity. J Nutr 2024; 154:1631-1639. [PMID: 38159811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide secreted mainly by the stomach. Serum ghrelin concentrations are suppressed after a meal, probably due to insulin release. Individuals with obesity are characterized by a lower fasting serum ghrelin and a lower ghrelin decrease after a meal. The effect of weight loss on the ability of insulin to suppress serum ghrelin concentration remains unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of weight-reducing dietary intervention on the ability of hyperinsulinemia to suppress serum ghrelin concentration in young individuals with uncomplicated obesity. METHODS We examined 38 individuals with marked overweight or obesity, who underwent a 12-wk dietary intervention program. Serum ghrelin concentration was measured before and after a 2-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, both pre- and post-intervention. Twenty normal-weight individuals served as a control group and were examined at baseline only. RESULTS Individuals with overweight/obesity were characterized by a lower fasting serum ghrelin concentration than normal-weight individuals (P = 0.006). Insulin decreased serum ghrelin concentration in both groups (P < 0.001); however, this decrease was markedly lower in individuals with overweight/obesity than in normal-weight individuals (99.70 ± 136.37 vs. 215.45 ± 250.28 pg/mL; P = 0.026). Fasting serum ghrelin concentration increased after the intervention. After weight-reducing dietary intervention, the decrease in serum ghrelin concentration after the clamp was significantly greater than the pre-intervention value (99.70 ± 136.37 vs. 221.82 ± 228.75 pg/mL; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Weight-reducing dietary intervention restores the ability of hyperinsulinemia to suppress serum ghrelin concentration. It may suggest an enhanced feeling of satiety after moderate weight loss in individuals with overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agnieszka Nikołajuk
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marek Strączkowski
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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Stefanaki K, Karagiannakis DS, Peppa M, Vryonidou A, Kalantaridou S, Goulis DG, Psaltopoulou T, Paschou SA. Food Cravings and Obesity in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Considerations. Nutrients 2024; 16:1049. [PMID: 38613082 PMCID: PMC11013286 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, constitutes a metabolic disorder frequently associated with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Furthermore, women with PCOS often suffer from excessive anxiety and depression, elicited by low self-esteem due to obesity, acne, and hirsutism. These mood disorders are commonly associated with food cravings and binge eating. Hypothalamic signaling regulates appetite and satiety, deteriorating excessive food consumption. However, the hypothalamic function is incapable of compensating for surplus food in women with PCOS, leading to the aggravation of obesity and a vicious circle. Hyperandrogenism, IR, the reduced secretion of cholecystokinin postprandially, and leptin resistance defined by leptin receptors' knockout in the hypothalamus have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypothalamic dysfunction and appetite dysregulation. Diet modifications, exercise, and psychological and medical interventions have been applied to alleviate food disorders, interrupting the vicious circle. Cognitive-behavioral intervention seems to be the mainstay of treatment, while the role of medical agents, such as GLP-1 analogs and naltrexone/bupropion, has emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Stefanaki
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.S.); (T.P.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Dimitrios S. Karagiannakis
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Laiko General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Melpomeni Peppa
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria Chest Disease Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Andromachi Vryonidou
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece;
| | - Sophia Kalantaridou
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios G. Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Psaltopoulou
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.S.); (T.P.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Stavroula A. Paschou
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.S.); (T.P.); (S.A.P.)
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4
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Piątkowska-Chmiel I, Krawiec P, Ziętara KJ, Pawłowski P, Samardakiewicz M, Pac-Kożuchowska E, Herbet M. The Impact of Chronic Stress Related to COVID-19 on Eating Behaviors and the Risk of Obesity in Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2023; 16:54. [PMID: 38201884 PMCID: PMC10780384 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in the incidence of overweight and obesity in children was observed. It appears that unhealthy food choices, an unbalanced diet, and a sedentary lifestyle, as well as experiencing stress related to the pandemic, may be contributing to this disturbing trend. Chronic stress is a significant factor contributing to eating disorders and obesity in youngsters, involving medical, molecular, and psychological elements. Individuals under chronic stress often focus on appearance and weight, leading to negative body image and disrupted relationships with food, resulting in unhealthy eating behaviors. Chronic stress also impacts hormonal balance, reducing the satiety hormone leptin and elevating the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin, fostering increased hunger and uncontrolled snacking. Two systems, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic system with the adrenal medulla, are activated in response to stress, causing impaired secretion of noradrenaline and cortisol. Stress-related obesity mechanisms encompass oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, and neurohormonal and neurotransmission disorders. Stress induces insulin resistance, elevating obesity risk by disrupting blood sugar regulation and fat storage. Stress also affects the gut microbiome, potentially influencing chronic inflammation and metabolic processes linked to obesity. In conclusion, chronic stress is a multifaceted risk factor for eating disorders and obesity in children, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of effective preventive and intervention strategies amid the escalating prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Piątkowska-Chmiel
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Paulina Krawiec
- Department of Paediatrics and Gastroenterology, Medical University of Lublin, Al. Racławickie 1 Street, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (P.K.); (E.P.-K.)
| | - Karolina Joanna Ziętara
- Student Scientific Association at the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (K.J.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Piotr Pawłowski
- Student Scientific Association at the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (K.J.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Marzena Samardakiewicz
- Department of Psychology, Psychosocial Aspects of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 7 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Pac-Kożuchowska
- Department of Paediatrics and Gastroenterology, Medical University of Lublin, Al. Racławickie 1 Street, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (P.K.); (E.P.-K.)
| | - Mariola Herbet
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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5
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Leggio L, Leko A, Gregory-Flores A, Marchette R, Gomez J, Vendruscolo J, Repunte-Canonigo V, Chuong V, Deschaine S, Whiting K, Jackson S, Cornejo M, Perello M, You ZB, Eckhaus M, Janda K, Zorman B, Sumazin P, Koob G, Michaelides M, Sanna PP, Vendruscolo L. Genetic or pharmacological GHSR blockade has sexually dimorphic effects in rodents on a high-fat diet. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3236045. [PMID: 37886546 PMCID: PMC10602167 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3236045/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The stomach-derived hormone ghrelin regulates essential physiological functions. The ghrelin receptor (GHSR) has ligand-independent actions, therefore, GHSR gene deletion may be a reasonable approach to investigate the role of this system in feeding behaviors and diet-induced obesity (DIO). Here we investigated the effects of a long-term (12 month) high-fat (HFD) versus regular diet on obesity-related measures in global GHSR-KO and wild type (WT) Wistar male and female rats. Our main findings were that the GHSR gene deletion protects against DIO and decreases food intake during HFD in male but not in female rats. GHSR gene deletion increased thermogenesis and brain glucose uptake in male rats and modified the effects of HFD on brain glucose metabolism in a sex-specific manner, as assessed with small animal positron emission tomography. RNA-sequencing was also used to show that GHSR-KO rats had upregulated expression of genes responsible for fat oxidation in brown adipose tissue. Central administration of a novel GHSR inverse agonist, PF-5190457, attenuated ghrelin-induced food intake, but only in male, not in female mice. HFD-induced binge-like eating was reduced by inverse agonism in both sexes. Our results support GHSR as a promising target for new pharmacotherapies for obesity.
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6
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Anderson KC, Hasan F, Grammer EE, Kranz S. Endogenous Ghrelin Levels and Perception of Hunger: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1226-1236. [PMID: 37536563 PMCID: PMC10509419 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone primarily released by the stomach and has 2 isoforms: acylated ghrelin (AG) and de-acylated ghrelin (DAG), that appear to have different functions in humans. OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between plasma concentrations of total ghrelin (TG), AG, and DAG and perceptions of hunger in healthy adults. METHODS The following criteria were used for inclusion: 1) sample contained adults ≥18 y of age, 2) body mass index [BMI kg/m2] was ≥18.5, 3) ghrelin was sampled through blood, 4) subjective hunger was measured on a validated scale, 5) study reported a Pearson product correlation of ghrelin or had relevant figure(s) for data extraction, 6) participants were healthy with no overt disease, 7) protocols contained no physical activity or weight loss medication that suppressed appetite, 8) interventions were conducted without environmental manipulations. Moderators assessed were age, BMI, percentage of body fat (%BF), macronutrient content of test meals, energy intake (kcals), sex, and ghrelin isoform (AG, DAG, or TG). RESULTS The analysis included 47 studies (110 trials, n = 1799, age: 31.4 ± 12.0 y, BMI: 26.0 ± 4.75 kg/m2) and measured AG (n = 47 trials), DAG (n = 12 trials), and TG (n = 51 trials). The overall model indicated that ghrelin concentrations and perceptions of hunger were moderately correlated (r = 0.43, P < 0.001), and ghrelin isoform significantly moderated this relationship (AG: r = 0.60, P < 0.001; TG: r = 0.215, P = 0.01; DAG: r = 0.53, P = 0.695). Other significant moderators included age (b = -0.02, P = 0.01), BMI (b = -0.03, P = 0.05), %BF (b = -0.03, P = 0.05), energy intake (b = 0.0003, P = 0.04), and percentage of carbohydrates of test meals (b = 0.008, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin is associated with perceptions of hunger in humans, and this relationship is strengthened when AG is isolated; thus, AG may have a large impact on hunger signals in various populations. Future research should attempt to understand the role of DAG in hunger sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara C Anderson
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Faten Hasan
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Emily E Grammer
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sibylle Kranz
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
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7
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Bhargava R, Luur S, Rodriguez Flores M, Emini M, Prechtl CG, Goldstone AP. Postprandial Increases in Liver-Gut Hormone LEAP2 Correlate with Attenuated Eating Behavior in Adults Without Obesity. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad061. [PMID: 37287649 PMCID: PMC10243873 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The novel liver-gut hormone liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) is a centrally acting inverse agonist, and competitive antagonist of orexigenic acyl ghrelin (AG), at the GH secretagogue receptor, reducing food intake in rodents. In humans, the effects of LEAP2 on eating behavior and mechanisms behind the postprandial increase in LEAP2 are unclear, though this is reciprocal to the postprandial decrease in plasma AG. Methods Plasma LEAP2 was measured in a secondary analysis of a previous study. Twenty-two adults without obesity attended after an overnight fast, consuming a 730-kcal meal without or with subcutaneous AG administration. Postprandial changes in plasma LEAP2 were correlated with postprandial changes in appetite, high-energy (HE) or low-energy (LE) food cue reactivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging, ad libitum food intake, and plasma/serum AG, glucose, insulin, and triglycerides. Results Postprandial plasma LEAP2 increased by 24.5% to 52.2% at 70 to 150 minutes, but was unchanged by exogenous AG administration. Postprandial increases in LEAP2 correlated positively with postprandial decreases in appetite, and cue reactivity to HE/LE and HE food in anteroposterior cingulate cortex, paracingulate cortex, frontal pole, and middle frontal gyrus, with similar trend for food intake. Postprandial increases in LEAP2 correlated negatively with body mass index, but did not correlate positively with increases in glucose, insulin, or triglycerides, nor decreases in AG. Conclusions These correlational findings are consistent with a role for postprandial increases in plasma LEAP2 in suppressing human eating behavior in adults without obesity. Postprandial increases in plasma LEAP2 are unrelated to changes in plasma AG and the mediator(s) remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Bhargava
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sandra Luur
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marcela Rodriguez Flores
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mimoza Emini
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christina G Prechtl
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Anthony P Goldstone
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
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8
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Thackray AE, Stensel DJ. The impact of acute exercise on appetite control: Current insights and future perspectives. Appetite 2023; 186:106557. [PMID: 37044176 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of exercise with appetite control and energy intake has been widely studied due to the ability of exercise-related energy expenditure to influence energy and substrate balance. Many empirical studies have explored appetite and energy intake responses to acute (single) exercise bouts involving a variety of protocols in diverse populations revealing several consistent trends. The balance of evidence suggests that acute moderate-to-vigorous intensity land-based exercise suppresses subjective appetite feelings and the orexigenic hormone acylated ghrelin and elevates the anorexigenic hormones peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1. These perturbations are transient and hormone concentrations usually return to resting values in the hours after exercise without evoking compensatory increases in appetite or energy intake on the same day. This evidence counters the popular assertion that exercise transiently increases appetite and may prompt greater energy intake at subsequent meals. The indifference of the appetite control system to acute exercise-induced energy deficits contrasts with the immediate increases in appetite and energy intake provoked by equivalent diet-induced energy deficits. There is, however, considerable inter-individual variability in subjective appetite and hormonal responses to acute exercise with some individuals experiencing greater exercise-induced appetite suppression than others. Current evidence supports the promotion of exercise as a strategy for inducing a short-term energy deficit but the relevance of this for long-term appetite regulation and the control of body mass remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan; Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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9
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Triffoni-Melo ADT, Castro MD, Jordão AA, Leandro-Merhi VA, Dick-DE-Paula I, Diez-Garcia RW. HIGH-FIBER DIET PROMOTES METABOLIC, HORMONAL, AND SATIETY EFFECTS IN OBESE WOMEN ON A SHORT-TERM CALORIC RESTRICTION. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2023; 60:163-171. [PMID: 37556741 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.202302022-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
•Body weight and BMI decrease in both the EG and CG groups during the period of caloric restriction. •For both the EG and CG groups, fat-free mass decreases during food restriction. •Subjects on a high-fiber diet have reduced fasting glucose and basal insulin as well as improved insulin resistance, as attested by the lower HOMA-IR index. •Obese women on a high-fiber diet have suppressed postprandial (after 60 min) acylated ghrelin, confirming that the diet composition influences ghrelin levels from the first day. •In the present study, it was possible to verify that fasting leptin concentration diminishes in obese women on a high-fiber diet. Background - Several mechanisms, including excessive hunger, account for patients' difficulties in maintaining weight loss and dietary changes after caloric restriction. Objective - To evaluate the effect of short-term high-fiber calorie-restricted diet in appetite-regulating hormones, and hunger and satiety sensations in women with obesity. In a randomized controlled trial study, thirty women with body mass index (BMI) higher than 30 kg/m2, and aged from 20 to 50 years were hospitalized following a calorie-restricted diet (1000 kcal/day) for three days. The experimental group (n=15) received high-fiber diet and the control group (n=15), conventional diet. Results - Body weight, BMI, resting energy expenditure (REE), acylated and total ghrelin, leptin, insulin and glucose, and hunger and satiety sensations were evaluated. Linear regression models with mixed effects (fixed and random effects) helped to assess the variables between the two groups and within the groups. Body weight and BMI decreased in both the experimental and control groups (P<0.001). After the high-fiber diet, postprandial acylated ghrelin (P=0.04), glucose (P<0.001), insulin (P=0.04), and leptin (P=0.03) levels as well as the HOMA-IR index (P=0.01) decreased, whereas satiety improved (P=0.02). Obese women that followed the conventional diet had increased body fat percentage (P=0.04) and lower REE (P=0.02). The two diets did not differ in terms of hunger sensation. Conclusion - A short-term high-fiber diet improves satiety sensations and metabolic parameters while suppressing postprandial acylated ghrelin (60 minutes) and maintaining the resting energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Clínica Médica - Endocrinologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Alceu Afonso Jordão
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde - Nutrição e Metabolismo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Ingrid Dick-DE-Paula
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Rosa Wanda Diez-Garcia
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde - Nutrição e Metabolismo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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10
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Ghrelin proteolysis increases in plasma of men, but not women, with obesity. Life Sci 2023; 313:121305. [PMID: 36543283 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Since plasma ghrelin can undergo des-acylation and proteolysis, the aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which an enhancement of these reactions is associated to the decrease of ghrelin in plasma after food intake or in individuals with obesity. MAIN METHODS we performed an intervention cross-sectional study, in which levels of ghrelin, desacyl-ghrelin (DAG), glucose, insulin, ghrelin des-acylation and ghrelin proteolysis were assessed in plasma before and after a test meal in 40 people (n = 21 males) with normal weight (NW, n = 20) or overweight/obesity (OW/OB, n = 20). KEY FINDINGS Preprandial ghrelin and DAG levels were lower, whereas preprandial ghrelin proteolysis was ∼4.6-fold higher in plasma of males with OW/OB. In males, ghrelin proteolysis positively correlated with glycemia. Ghrelin and DAG levels were also lower in females with OW/OB, but preprandial ghrelin proteolysis was not different between females with NW or OW/OB. Ghrelin and DAG levels decreased postprandially in males and females, independently of BMI, and ghrelin proteolysis increased postprandially ∼2 folds only in individuals with NW. Ghrelin des-acylation remained unaffected by BMI or feeding status in both sexes. SIGNIFICANCE Current study shows that ghrelin proteolysis increases in males with obesity as well as after meal in lean individuals. Therefore, ghrelin proteolysis may be an important checkpoint and, consequently, a putative pharmacological target to control circulating ghrelin levels in humans.
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11
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Lindsay KL, Mashayekh JT, Rodriguez N, Gyllenhammer LE. Relationship between psychological stress and ghrelin concentrations in pregnant women with overweight or obesity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 146:105937. [PMID: 36191427 PMCID: PMC10081866 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to, perception of, and response to stress have all been shown to influence appetite and dietary behaviors in non-pregnancy human and animal studies, mediated in part by the appetite stimulating hormone ghrelin. Yet, the impact of prenatal stress on biological pathways associated with appetite in the context of pregnancy is not well understood. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between these layered dimensions of stress with fasting and postprandial plasma ghrelin concentrations among Hispanic pregnant women with overweight or obesity, a population known to experience heightened levels of stress. Thirty-three non-diabetic Hispanic women with pre-pregnancy body mass index of 25.0-34.9 kg/m2 participated in a crossover study at 28-32 weeks' gestation. At each visit, participants provided fasting blood and saliva samples, consumed a standardized mixed-meal, and completed a 15-minute task: friendly conversation (control) or the Trier Social Stress Test (experimental stress exposure). Six timed blood and saliva samples were collected up to 2 h from baseline and assayed for ghrelin and cortisol, respectively, and area-under-the-curve (AUC) values were computed. Day-to-day stress levels were assessed by the Perceived Stress Scale. Physiological and psychological stress reactivity was determined by cortisol AUC and change in self-reported affect state, respectively, during the experimental stress visit. Maternal perceived stress was positively associated with ghrelin concentrations in the fasted (β = 0.06, p = 0.02) and postprandial state (β = 0.05, p = 0.02). Mean ghrelin AUC was not significantly different following acute stress versus control. Measures of acute stress reactivity were not associated with ghrelin AUC. Contrary to our hypothesis, among Hispanic pregnant women with overweight and obesity, exposure to an acute stress induction task did not alter postprandial ghrelin concentrations, and changes in individual psychological and physiological stress reactivity did not associate with postprandial ghrelin. However, our findings suggest that maternal report of general perceived stress over the last month is associated with higher fasting and postprandial ghrelin concentrations. Differences in the effects of short-term stress exposure versus day-to-day perception of stress on appetite and food intake in pregnancy deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Lindsay
- Departments of Pediatrics, UCI School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute, UCI College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
| | - Jineen T Mashayekh
- UCI School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
| | - Neydalin Rodriguez
- Departments of Pediatrics, UCI School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
| | - Lauren E Gyllenhammer
- Departments of Pediatrics, UCI School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
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12
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Salem AM, Latif R, Rafique N, Aldawlan MI, Almulla LB, Alghirash DY, Fallatah OA, Alotaibi FM, Aljabbari FH, Yar T. Variations of Ghrelin and Obestatin Hormones During the Menstrual Cycle of Women of Different BMIs. Int J Womens Health 2022; 14:1297-1305. [PMID: 36105791 PMCID: PMC9464778 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s375594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cyclical changes of hormones during the menstrual cycle are responsible not only for reproductive function but also have other effects on dietary intake and appetite. The current study aimed to investigate the variations of appetite-related hormones (ghrelin and obestatin) during the menstrual cycle and their association with adipokines, estrogen, and BMI. Methods Fifty-six regularly menstruating female students were grouped into normal weight (BMI ≤24.9; n = 26), and overweight/obese subjects (BMI ≥25; n = 30). Serum ghrelin, obestatin, leptin, adiponectin, and estrogen levels were measured during the early follicular, preovulatory, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle using the ELISA technique. Results There were insignificant differences in the levels of serum ghrelin, obestatin, and ghrelin/obestatin ratio across menstrual cycle phases in the whole cohort as well as in each group separately (p > 0.05). Serum ghrelin was significantly less in OW-OB as compared to the NW group (p = 0.005), whereas the average serum obestatin did not show any significant differences between the two groups. No significant correlation was seen between ghrelin and obestatin with the adipokines and estradiol. Conclusion Significant low level of ghrelin was observed in obese group during the follicular phase. This finding may provide new insights into the altered ghrelin patterns in OW-OB individuals, as a cause or a consequence of obesity and related menstrual disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayad Mohammed Salem
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabia Latif
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazish Rafique
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak I Aldawlan
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layan B Almulla
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duaa Y Alghirash
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ola A Fallatah
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faleh M Alotaibi
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad H Aljabbari
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talay Yar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Carnell S, Papantoni A, Grillot CL, Ungredda T, Ellis S, Mehta N, Holst JJ, Geliebter A. Time of day differences in appetite and gut hormone responses to meal and stress challenges in adults with normal-weight and obesity. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113890. [PMID: 35750246 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND . Lifestyle factors like time of eating and stress exposure may impact physiology to promote excess weight gain. To understand behavioral and physiological mechanisms underlying these potential effects, we compared appetite and gut hormone responses to a series of meal and stress challenges beginning in the morning and the afternoon, in adults with normal-weight and obesity. METHOD . Thirty-two adults (16 with normal-weight, 16 with obesity) underwent the same test protocol on different days, each following an 8 h fast. On one day the protocol began in the morning (AM condition); on the other day it began in the late afternoon (PM condition). On each day they first received a standardized liquid meal (9:00am/4:00pm), then a stress test (Socially-Evaluated Cold Pressor Test, 11:10am/6:10pm), then an ad libitum buffet meal (11:40am/6:40pm). Appetite and stress ratings were obtained, and blood was drawn for measures of ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1, insulin, glucose, cortisol and leptin. Acetaminophen was administered as a tracer to assess gastric emptying of the liquid meal. RESULTS . Across all three challenges, AUC cortisol was lower in the PM vs. AM condition (all p<.001), and AUC insulin and leptin were higher in the obesity vs. normal-weight group (all p<.001). For the standardized liquid meal only, AUC hunger, desire to eat and ghrelin were greater in the PM vs. AM condition (all p<0.05), and AUC ghrelin was lower in the obesity vs. normal-weight group, even when controlling for baseline values (p<0.05). AUC glucose was higher in the evening for the normal-weight group only (condition x group interaction p<0.05). Post-liquid meal gastric emptying as indexed by AUC acetaminophen was slower in the PM vs. AM (p<.01). For the stress test, AUC cortisol was lower in the PM than the AM condition even when controlling for baseline values (p<.05). AUC leptin was lower in the evening in the obesity group only (condition x group interaction p<0.01). PYY showed an acute decrease post-stressor in the normal-weight but not the obesity group (p<.05). Post-stress ad libitum buffet meal intake was similar in the evening and morning conditions, and higher in the obesity group (p<0.05). Only among the obesity group in the evening condition, higher stressor-associated stress ratings were associated with lesser fullness in relation to the buffet meal (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS . Normal-weight individuals and those with obesity may be at risk of evening overeating as a result of differential appetite and gut hormone responses following meal intake and stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Carnell
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Afroditi Papantoni
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 310 South Road Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Charlotte L Grillot
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 600 W College Ave, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Tatiana Ungredda
- Mt Sinai St. Luke's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stephanie Ellis
- Mt Sinai St. Luke's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nandini Mehta
- Mt Sinai St. Luke's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Geliebter
- Mt Sinai St. Luke's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychology, Touro College and University System, 320 W 31st St, New York, NY 10001, USA
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14
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Yamanaka Y, Hashimoto S, Honma A, Honma S, Honma KI. A fixed single meal in the subjective day prevents free-running of the human sleep-wake cycle but not of the circadian pacemaker under temporal isolation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R16-R27. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00262.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Effects of a fixed single meal per day were examined on the circadian pacemaker and sleep-wake cycle in subjects under temporal isolation. When the time of single meal was allowed to take at any time of day (Ad-lib meal), the sleep-wake cycle as well as the circadian rhythms in plasma melatonin, cortisol and core body temperature were significantly phase-delayed in 8 days. On the other hand, when the time of meal was fixed at 1800 h in local time (RF meal), the phase-shift of sleep-wake cycle was not significant, while those of the circadian rhythms were significant. The differential effects of a fixed single meal schedule were confirmed in most individual subjects. There was no evidence for the prefeeding increase in plasma cortisol and leptin levels under the fixed single meal schedule. The plasma ghrelin level was apparently high before meal in both Ad-lib and RF meal groups, which was, however, likely sculptured by a non-specific prandial drop and gradual increase after meal intake. Single meal augmented the prandial increase of plasma insulin levels by 4-5 times. These findings indicate that a single meal at fixed time of day during the subjective day failed to prevent the human circadian pacemaker but prevented the sleep-wake cycle to free-run at least 8 days under temporal isolation, suggesting that meal time was a potent non-photic time cue for the human sleep-wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Life & Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Education, Sapporo, Japan
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoko Hashimoto
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Aya Honma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sato Honma
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Honma
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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15
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Pardak P, Filip R, Woliński J. The Impact of Sleep-Disordered Breathing on Ghrelin, Obestatin, and Leptin Profiles in Patients with Obesity or Overweight. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11072032. [PMID: 35407646 PMCID: PMC8999926 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11072032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The impact of concomitant obesity and sleep disorders on neuropeptides related to energy balance is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the nocturnal profile of total ghrelin, obestatin, and leptin in patients with elevated BMI and to investigate the impact of breathing-related sleep disorders on these hormone levels. Methods: The study involved 58 patients with suspicion of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Patients underwent anthropometric and sleep examination and measurements of night ghrelin, leptin, and obestatin levels. Results: In patients with OSA (n = 46), recognized on the basis of sleep examination outcomes, the correlation of anthropometric measurements with parameters of sleep disorders and ghrelin levels was observed, contrary to the control group (n = 12). In the OSA group, levels of ghrelin were significantly lower than in the control group at 5:00 and 7:00. Levels of leptin in the OSA group were also lower than those in the control groups (not statistically significant). Profiles of obestatin in both groups were similar. Conclusions: Our results confirm the relationship between obesity and sleep-disordered breathing. Both these disorders affect ghrelin levels—parameters of obesity negatively correlate with hormone concentration, and OSA seems to lower ghrelin values in the second half of the night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Pardak
- IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Kliniczny Szpital Wojewódzki Nr 2 im. Św. Jadwigi Królowej w Rzeszowie, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-301 Rzeszów, Poland;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszów University, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-17-866-46-07
| | - Rafał Filip
- IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Kliniczny Szpital Wojewódzki Nr 2 im. Św. Jadwigi Królowej w Rzeszowie, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-301 Rzeszów, Poland;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszów University, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Woliński
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology & Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
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16
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Ghrelin and Cancer: Examining the Roles of the Ghrelin Axis in Tumor Growth and Progression. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040483. [PMID: 35454071 PMCID: PMC9032665 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a hormone produced and secreted from the stomach, is prim arily known as an appetite stimulant. Recently, it has emerged as a potential regulator/biomarker of cancer progression. Inconsistent results on this subject make this body of literature difficult to interpret. Here, we attempt to identify commonalities in the relationships between ghrelin and various cancers, and summarize important considerations for future research. The main players in the ghrelin family axis are unacylated ghrelin (UAG), acylated ghrelin (AG), the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). GOAT is responsible for the acylation of ghrelin, after which ghrelin can bind to the functional ghrelin receptor GHSR-1a to initiate the activation cascade. Splice variants of ghrelin also exist, with the most prominent being In1-ghrelin. In this review, we focus primarily on the potential of In1-ghrelin as a biomarker for cancer progression, the unique characteristics of UAG and AG, the importance of the two known receptor variants GHSR-1a and 1b, as well as the possible mechanisms through which the ghrelin axis acts. Further understanding of the role of the ghrelin axis in tumor cell proliferation could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for various cancers.
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17
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Neurohormonal Changes in the Gut–Brain Axis and Underlying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms following Bariatric Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063339. [PMID: 35328759 PMCID: PMC8954280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease that is a major public health issue worldwide. Currently approved anti-obesity medications and lifestyle interventions lack the efficacy and durability needed to combat obesity, especially in individuals with more severe forms or coexisting metabolic disorders, such as poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery is considered an effective therapeutic modality with sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits. Numerous genetic and environmental factors have been associated with the pathogenesis of obesity, while cumulative evidence has highlighted the gut–brain axis as a complex bidirectional communication axis that plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis. This has led to increased research on the roles of neuroendocrine signaling pathways and various gastrointestinal peptides as key mediators of the beneficial effects following weight-loss surgery. The accumulate evidence suggests that the development of gut-peptide-based agents can mimic the effects of bariatric surgery and thus is a highly promising treatment strategy that could be explored in future research. This article aims to elucidate the potential underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms of the gut–brain axis and comprehensively review the observed changes of gut hormones associated with bariatric surgery. Moreover, the emerging role of post-bariatric gut microbiota modulation is briefly discussed.
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18
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Wang Y, Wu Q, Zhou Q, Chen Y, Lei X, Chen Y, Chen Q. Circulating acyl and des-acyl ghrelin levels in obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2679. [PMID: 35177705 PMCID: PMC8854418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is the only known orexigenic gut hormone, and its synthesis, secretion and degradation are affected by different metabolic statuses. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the potential differences in plasma acyl ghrelin (AG) and des-acyl ghrelin (DAG) concentrations between normal weight and obese adults. Systematic literature searches of PubMed, Embase and Web of Science through October 2021 were conducted for articles reporting AG or DAG levels in obesity and normal weight, and 34 studies with 1863 participants who met the eligibility criteria were identified. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate group differences in circulating AG and DAG levels. Pooled effect size showed significantly lower levels of baseline AG (SMD: - 0.85; 95% CI: - 1.13 to - 0.57; PSMD < 0.001) and DAG (SMD: - 1.06; 95% CI: - 1.43 to - 0.69; PSMD < 0.001) in obese groups compared with healthy controls, and similar results were observed when subgroup analyses were stratified by the assay technique or storage procedure. Postprandial AG levels in obese subjects were significantly lower than those in controls when stratified by different time points (SMD 30 min: - 0.85, 95% CI: - 1.18 to - 0.53, PSMD < 0.001; SMD 60 min: - 1.00, 95% CI: - 1.37 to - 0.63, PSMD < 0.001; SMD 120 min: - 1.21, 95% CI: - 1.59 to - 0.83, PSMD < 0.001). In healthy subjects, a postprandial decline in AG was observed at 120 min (SMD: - 0.42; 95% CI: - 0.77 to - 0.06; PSMD = 0.021) but not in obese subjects (SMD: - 0.28; 95% CI: - 0.60 to 0.03; PSMD = 0.074). The mean change in AG concentration was similar in both the obese and lean health groups at each time point (ΔSMD30min: 0.31, 95% CI: - 0.35 to 0.97, PSMD = 0.359; ΔSMD60min: 0.17, 95% CI: - 0.12 to 0.46, PSMD = 0.246; ΔSMD120min: 0.21, 95% CI: - 0.13 to 0.54, PSMD = 0.224). This meta-analysis strengthens the clinical evidence supporting the following: lower baseline levels of circulating AG and DAG in obese individuals; declines in postprandial circulating AG levels, both for the healthy and obese individuals; a shorter duration of AG suppression in obese subjects after meal intake. These conclusions have significance for follow-up studies to elucidate the role of various ghrelin forms in energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan, China.,Ya'an Polytechnic College, No. 130 Yucai Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianxian Wu
- Ya'an Polytechnic College, No. 130 Yucai Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuyu Chen
- Halifa Regional Centre for Education, No. 33 Spectacle Lake Dr, Dartmouth, NS, B3B1X7, Canada
| | - Xingxing Lei
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiding Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan, China.
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19
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Buscail E, Deraison C. Postoperative Ileus: a Pharmacological Perspective. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:3283-3305. [PMID: 35048360 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-operative ileus (POI) is a frequent complication after abdominal surgery. The consequences of POI can be potentially serious such as bronchial inhalation or acute functional renal failure. Numerous advances in peri-operative management, particularly early rehabilitation, have made it possible to decrease POI. Despite this, the rate of prolonged POI ileus remains high and can be as high as 25% of patients in colorectal surgery. From a pathophysiological point of view, POI has two phases, an early neurological phase and a later inflammatory phase, to which we could add a "pharmacological" phase during which analgesic drugs, particularly opiates, play a central role. The aim of this review article is to describe the phases of the pathophysiology of POI, to analyse the pharmacological treatments currently available through published clinical trials and finally to discuss the different research areas for potential pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Buscail
- IRSD, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, University of Toulouse, CHU Purpan (University Hospital Centre), Toulouse, France.,Department of digestive surgery, colorectal surgery unit, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Deraison
- IRSD, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, University of Toulouse, CHU Purpan (University Hospital Centre), Toulouse, France
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20
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Deschaine SL, Farokhnia M, Gregory-Flores A, Zallar LJ, You ZB, Sun H, Harvey DM, Marchette RCN, Tunstall BJ, Mani BK, Moose JE, Lee MR, Gardner E, Akhlaghi F, Roberto M, Hougland JL, Zigman JM, Koob GF, Vendruscolo LF, Leggio L. A closer look at alcohol-induced changes in the ghrelin system: novel insights from preclinical and clinical data. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13033. [PMID: 33908131 PMCID: PMC8548413 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric-derived peptide hormone with demonstrated impact on alcohol intake and craving, but the reverse side of this bidirectional link, that is, the effects of alcohol on the ghrelin system, remains to be fully established. To further characterize this relationship, we examined (1) ghrelin levels via secondary analysis of human laboratory alcohol administration experiments with heavy-drinking participants; (2) expression of ghrelin, ghrelin receptor, and ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) genes (GHRL, GHSR, and MBOAT4, respectively) in post-mortem brain tissue from individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) versus controls; (3) ghrelin levels in Ghsr knockout and wild-type rats following intraperitoneal (i.p.) alcohol administration; (4) effect of alcohol on ghrelin secretion from gastric mucosa cells ex vivo and GOAT enzymatic activity in vitro; and (5) ghrelin levels in rats following i.p. alcohol administration versus a calorically equivalent non-alcoholic sucrose solution. Acyl- and total-ghrelin levels decreased following acute alcohol administration in humans, but AUD was not associated with changes in central expression of ghrelin system genes in post-mortem tissue. In rats, alcohol decreased acyl-ghrelin, but not des-acyl-ghrelin, in both Ghsr knockout and wild-type rats. No dose-dependent effects of alcohol were observed on acyl-ghrelin secretion from gastric mucosa cells or on GOAT acylation activity. Lastly, alcohol and sucrose produced distinct effects on ghrelin in rats despite equivalent caloric value. Our findings suggest that alcohol acutely decreases peripheral ghrelin concentrations in vivo, but not in proportion to alcohol's caloric value or through direct interaction with ghrelin-secreting gastric mucosal cells, the ghrelin receptor, or the GOAT enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Deschaine
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National, Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National, Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adriana Gregory-Flores
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National, Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lia J. Zallar
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National, Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhi-Bing You
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hui Sun
- Clinical Core Laboratory, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Deon M. Harvey
- Office of the Scientific Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Renata C. N. Marchette
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brendan J. Tunstall
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bharath K. Mani
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob E. Moose
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA,Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Mary R. Lee
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National, Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eliot Gardner
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James L. Hougland
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA,Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA,BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA,Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - George F. Koob
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Leandro F. Vendruscolo
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National, Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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21
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Smith KR, Moran TH. Gastrointestinal peptides in eating-related disorders. Physiol Behav 2021; 238:113456. [PMID: 33989649 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Food intake is tightly controlled by homeostatic signals sensitive to metabolic need for the regulation of body weight. This review focuses on the peripherally-secreted gastrointestinal peptides (i.e., ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine) that contribute to the control of appetite and discusses how these peptides or the signals arising from their release are disrupted in eating-related disorders across the weight spectrum, namely anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and obesity, and whether they are normalized following weight restoration or weight loss treatment. Further, the role of gut peptides in the pathogenesis and treatment response in human weight conditions as identified by rodent models are discussed. Lastly, we review the incretin- and hormone-based pharmacotherapies available for the treatment of obesity and eating-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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22
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Nogueiras R. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The gut-brain axis: regulating energy balance independent of food intake. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 185:R75-R91. [PMID: 34260412 PMCID: PMC8345901 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a global pandemic with a large health and economic burden worldwide. Bodyweight is regulated by the ability of the CNS, and especially the hypothalamus, to orchestrate the function of peripheral organs that play a key role in metabolism. Gut hormones play a fundamental role in the regulation of energy balance, as they modulate not only feeding behavior but also energy expenditure and nutrient partitioning. This review examines the recent discoveries about hormones produced in the stomach and gut, which have been reported to regulate food intake and energy expenditure in preclinical models. Some of these hormones act on the hypothalamus to modulate thermogenesis and adiposity in a food intake-independent fashion. Finally, the association of these gut hormones to eating, energy expenditure, and weight loss after bariatric surgery in humans is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, USC, CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CiberOBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Galician Agency of Innovation, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence should be addressed to R Nogueiras;
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23
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Becker KR, Mancuso C, Dreier MJ, Asanza E, Breithaupt L, Slattery M, Plessow F, Micali N, Thomas JJ, Eddy KT, Misra M, Lawson EA. Ghrelin and PYY in low-weight females with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder compared to anorexia nervosa and healthy controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 129:105243. [PMID: 34049199 PMCID: PMC8363304 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is characterized by restrictive eating and failure to meet nutritional needs but is distinct from anorexia nervosa (AN) because restriction is not motivated by weight/shape concerns. We examined levels of orexigenic ghrelin and anorexigenic peptide YY (PYY) in young females with ARFID, AN and healthy controls (HC). METHODS 94 females (22 low-weight ARFID, 40 typical/atypical AN, and 32 HC ages 10-22 years) underwent fasting blood draws for total ghrelin and total PYY. A subset also provided blood 30, 60 and 120 min after a standardized meal. RESULTS Females with ARFID ate less than those with AN or HC (ps<0.012); were younger (14.4 ± 3.2 years) than those with AN (18.9 ± 3.1 years) and HC (17.4 ± 3.1 years) (ps<0.003) and at a lower Tanner stage (3.1 ± 1.5) than AN (4.5 ± 1.1;) and HC (4.4 ± 1.1; ps<0.005), but did not differ in BMI percentiles or BMI Z-scores from AN (ps>0.44). Fasting and postprandial ghrelin were lower in ARFID versus AN (ps≤.015), but not HC (ps≥0.62). Fasting and postprandial PYY did not differ between ARFID versus AN or HC (ps≥0.13); ARFID did not demonstrate the sustained high PYY levels post-meal observed in those with AN and HC. Secondary analyses controlling age or Tanner stage and calories consumed showed similar results. Exploratory analyses suggest that the timing of the PYY peak in ARFID is earlier than HC, showing a peak PYY level 30 min post-meal (p = .037). CONCLUSIONS ARFID and AN appear to have distinct patterns of secretion of gut-derived appetite-regulating hormones that may aid in differential diagnosis and provide new treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra R Becker
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| | - Christopher Mancuso
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Melissa J Dreier
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Elisa Asanza
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lauren Breithaupt
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Meghan Slattery
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Franziska Plessow
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nadia Micali
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Switzerland; GOSH Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer J Thomas
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kamryn T Eddy
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Madhusmita Misra
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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24
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Benedetti S, Moir HJ, Stensel DJ, Thackray AE, Naughton D, Allgrove JE. Effects of moderate to vigorous intensity cycling on appetite, ad libitum energy intake and appetite-related hormones in healthy South Asian and white European men. Appetite 2021; 165:105282. [PMID: 33971288 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compensatory changes in appetite and energy intake do not appear to occur in the short-term after acute exercise; however, responses have not been compared in South Asians, a group at high risk of central obesity and type 2 diabetes, with white Europeans. This study examined appetite perceptions, energy intake and appetite-related hormones after moderate-to-vigorous intensity cycling in South Asian versus white European men. Fifteen South Asians (mean(SD) 29(8) years; 25.4(4.5) kg m-2) and fifteen white Europeans (33(10) years; 26.1(3.8) kg m-2) matched for age and body mass index completed two 7 h trials (control and exercise). Participants rested throughout both trials apart from completing 60 min cycling at 2-3 h in the exercise trial. A standardised breakfast was consumed at 0 h and an ad libitum buffet meal at 4 h. Appetite perceptions and appetite-related hormones were measured at predetermined intervals. Exercise suppressed acylated ghrelin (d = 0.19, P < 0.001) and increased total peptide YY (PYY) (d = 0.14, P = 0.004), insulin (d = 0.09, P = 0.046) and glucose concentrations (d = 0.31, P < 0.001) (main effect of trial), without stimulating compensatory increases in energy intakes in either group (group-by-trial interactions). South Asians exhibited lower absolute energy intake and higher insulin concentrations than white Europeans (main effect group d ≥ 0.63, P ≤ 0.003), whereas group-by-time interactions revealed lower acylated ghrelin concentrations at 3 and 4 h (d ≥ 0.75, P ≤ 0.038) and higher glucose concentrations at 0.75 and 2 h (d ≥ 0.67, P ≤ 0.008) in South Asian than white European men. These findings demonstrate that acute exercise induces a short-term energy deficit and similar appetite responses in South Asian and white European men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Benedetti
- Applied & Human Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Hannah J Moir
- Applied & Human Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Declan Naughton
- Applied & Human Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Judith E Allgrove
- Applied & Human Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
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25
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Martínez-Gómez MG, Roberts BM. Metabolic Adaptations to Weight Loss: A Brief Review. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2970-2981. [PMID: 33677461 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Martínez-Gómez, MG and Roberts, BM. Metabolic adaptations to weight loss: A brief review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-As the scientific literature has continuously shown, body mass loss attempts do not always follow a linear fashion nor always go as expected even when the intervention is calculated with precise tools. One of the main reasons why this tends to happen relies on our body's biological drive to regain the body mass we lose to survive. This phenomenon has been referred to as "metabolic adaptation" many times in the literature and plays a very relevant role in the management of obesity and human weight loss. This review will provide insights into some of the theoretical models for the etiology of metabolic adaptation as well as a quick look into the physiological and endocrine mechanisms that underlie it. Nutritional strategies and dietetic tools are thus necessary to confront these so-called adaptations to body mass loss. Among some of these strategies, we can highlight increasing protein needs, opting for high-fiber foods or programming-controlled diet refeeds, and diet breaks over a large body mass loss phase. Outside the nutritional aspects, it might be wise to increase the physical activity and thus the energy flux of an individual when possible to maintain diet-induced body mass loss in the long term. This review will examine these protocols and their viability in the context of adherence and sustainability for the individual toward successful body mass loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Martínez-Gómez
- CarloSportNutrition, Spain; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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26
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Theilade S, Christensen MB, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. An overview of obesity mechanisms in humans: Endocrine regulation of food intake, eating behaviour and common determinants of body weight. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23 Suppl 1:17-35. [PMID: 33621414 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the biggest health challenges of the 21st century, already affecting close to 700 million people worldwide, debilitating and shortening lives and costing billions of pounds in healthcare costs and loss of workability. Body weight homeostasis relies on complex biological mechanisms and the development of obesity occurs on a background of genetic susceptibility and an environment promoting increased caloric intake and reduced physical activity. The pathophysiology of common obesity links neuro-endocrine and metabolic disturbances with behavioural changes, genetics, epigenetics and cultural habits. Also, specific causes of obesity exist, including monogenetic diseases and iatrogenic causes. In this review, we provide an overview of obesity mechanisms in humans with a focus on energy homeostasis, endocrine regulation of food intake and eating behavior, as well as the most common specific causes of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Theilade
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Alhabeeb H, AlFaiz A, Kutbi E, AlShahrani D, Alsuhail A, AlRajhi S, Alotaibi N, Alotaibi K, AlAmri S, Alghamdi S, AlJohani N. Gut Hormones in Health and Obesity: The Upcoming Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020481. [PMID: 33572661 PMCID: PMC7911102 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We are currently facing an obesity pandemic, with worldwide obesity rates having tripled since 1975. Obesity is one of the main risk factors for the development of non-communicable diseases, which are now the leading cause of death worldwide. This calls for urgent action towards understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the development of obesity as well as developing more effective treatments and interventions. Appetite is carefully regulated in humans via the interaction between the central nervous system and peripheral hormones. This involves a delicate balance in external stimuli, circulating satiating and appetite stimulating hormones, and correct functioning of neuronal signals. Any changes in this equilibrium can lead to an imbalance in energy intake versus expenditure, which often leads to overeating, and potentially weight gain resulting in overweight or obesity. Several lines of research have shown imbalances in gut hormones are found in those who are overweight or obese, which may be contributing to their condition. Therefore, this review examines the evidence for targeting gut hormones in the treatment of obesity by discussing how their dysregulation influences food intake, the potential possibility of altering the circulating levels of these hormones for treating obesity, as well as the role of short chain fatty acids and protein as novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habeeb Alhabeeb
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ali AlFaiz
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Emad Kutbi
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Dayel AlShahrani
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Abdullah Alsuhail
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Saleh AlRajhi
- Family Medicine, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nemer Alotaibi
- College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Khalid Alotaibi
- College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Saad AlAmri
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Saleh Alghamdi
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Naji AlJohani
- Obesity, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia;
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Stopyra MA, Friederich HC, Lavandier N, Mönning E, Bendszus M, Herzog W, Simon JJ. Homeostasis and food craving in obesity: a functional MRI study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2464-2470. [PMID: 34404907 PMCID: PMC8528711 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Food intake in obesity has been found to be reward-based and less contingent on homeostatic needs. Accordingly, previous studies investigating neural processing of food cues observed aberrant processing in reward- and control-related brain regions in obesity. To further investigate the relation between homeostasis and food intake, this study investigated the influence of glucose metabolism on the neuronal response during the regulation of food craving in participants with obesity. METHODS Twenty-five normal-weight and 25 women with obesity were examined on two occasions after receiving either water or glucose directly into the stomach using a nasogastric tube. Participants were blinded to the type of infusion and were required to refrain from eating for 16 h before each visit. An event-related fMRI paradigm was used to investigate the effect of intestinal glucose load on the neuronal response during the regulation of food craving. RESULTS A 2 × 2 mixed-model ANOVA revealed that craving regulation was associated with increased activation in fronto-parietal regions in participants with obesity when compared to healthy controls. However, this effect was observed independently from homeostatic satiety. A regression analysis revealed that the reduction of food craving was related to increased activation in the lingual gyrus in individuals with obesity following the infusion of water. CONCLUSIONS In participants with obesity, the neuronal response during the regulation of food craving is associated with increased neural cognitive top-down control and increased visual food processing. Since this observation was independent from satiety status, our results indicate a reduced influence of homeostasis on neural processing during food craving in obesity. This study was registered on clinicaltrials.org: NCT03075371.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Stopyra
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H.-C. Friederich
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N. Lavandier
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E. Mönning
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Bendszus
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - W. Herzog
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. J. Simon
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Schellekens H, Torres-Fuentes C, van de Wouw M, Long-Smith CM, Mitchell A, Strain C, Berding K, Bastiaanssen TFS, Rea K, Golubeva AV, Arboleya S, Verpaalen M, Pusceddu MM, Murphy A, Fouhy F, Murphy K, Ross P, Roy BL, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Bifidobacterium longum counters the effects of obesity: Partial successful translation from rodent to human. EBioMedicine 2020; 63:103176. [PMID: 33349590 PMCID: PMC7838052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human gut microbiota has emerged as a key factor in the development of obesity. Certain probiotic strains have shown anti-obesity effects. The objective of this study was to investigate whether Bifidobacterium longum APC1472 has anti-obesity effects in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and whether B. longum APC1472 supplementation reduces body-mass index (BMI) in healthy overweight/obese individuals as the primary outcome. B. longum APC1472 effects on waist-to-hip ratio (W/H ratio) and on obesity-associated plasma biomarkers were analysed as secondary outcomes. Methods B. longum APC1472 was administered to HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice in drinking water for 16 weeks. In the human intervention trial, participants received B. longum APC1472 or placebo supplementation for 12 weeks, during which primary and secondary outcomes were measured at the beginning and end of the intervention. Findings B. longum APC1472 supplementation was associated with decreased bodyweight, fat depots accumulation and increased glucose tolerance in HFD-fed mice. While, in healthy overweight/obese adults, the supplementation of B. longum APC1472 strain did not change primary outcomes of BMI (0.03, 95% CI [-0.4, 0.3]) or W/H ratio (0.003, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.01]), a positive effect on the secondary outcome of fasting blood glucose levels was found (-0.299, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.09]). Interpretation This study shows a positive translational effect of B. longum APC1472 on fasting blood glucose from a preclinical mouse model of obesity to a human intervention study in otherwise healthy overweight and obese individuals. This highlights the promising potential of B. longum APC1472 to be developed as a valuable supplement in reducing specific markers of obesity. Funding This research was funded in part by Science Foundation Ireland in the form of a Research Centre grant (SFI/12/RC/2273) to APC Microbiome Ireland and by a research grant from Cremo S.A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | - Avery Mitchell
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Conall Strain
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kirsten Berding
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mathieu Verpaalen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Amy Murphy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Fouhy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiera Murphy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; College of Science Engineering & Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Dept of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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A Tool to Explore Discrete-Time Data: The Time Series Response Analyser. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:374-381. [PMID: 32726749 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of time series data is common in nutrition and metabolism research for quantifying the physiological responses to various stimuli. The reduction of many data from a time series into a summary statistic(s) can help quantify and communicate the overall response in a more straightforward way and in line with a specific hypothesis. Nevertheless, many summary statistics have been selected by various researchers, and some approaches are still complex. The time-intensive nature of such calculations can be a burden for especially large data sets and may, therefore, introduce computational errors, which are difficult to recognize and correct. In this short commentary, the authors introduce a newly developed tool that automates many of the processes commonly used by researchers for discrete time series analysis, with particular emphasis on how the tool may be implemented within nutrition and exercise science research.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is substantial inter-individual variability in body weight change, which is not fully accounted by differences in daily energy intake and physical activity levels. The metabolic responses to short-term perturbations in energy intake can explain part of this variability by quantifying the degree of metabolic "thriftiness" that confers more susceptibility to weight gain and more resistance to weight loss. It is unclear which metabolic factors and pathways determine this human "thrifty" phenotype. This review will investigate and summarize emerging research in the field of energy metabolism and highlight important metabolic mechanisms implicated in body weight regulation in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Dysfunctional adipose tissue lipolysis, reduced brown adipose tissue activity, blunted fibroblast growth factor 21 secretion in response to low-protein hypercaloric diets, and impaired sympathetic nervous system activity might constitute important metabolic factors characterizing "thriftiness" and favoring weight gain in humans. The individual propensity to weight gain in the current obesogenic environment could be ascertained by measuring specific metabolic factors which might open up new pathways to prevent and treat human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Abstract
AbstractThis study investigated metabolic, endocrine, appetite and mood responses to a maximal eating occasion in fourteen men (mean: age 28 (sd5) years, body mass 77·2 (sd6·6) kg and BMI 24·2 (sd2·2) kg/m2) who completed two trials in a randomised crossover design. On each occasion, participants ate a homogenous mixed-macronutrient meal (pizza). On one occasion, they ate until ‘comfortably full’ (ad libitum) and on the other, until they ‘could not eat another bite’ (maximal). Mean energy intake was double in the maximal (13 024 (95 % CI 10 964, 15 084) kJ; 3113 (95 % CI 2620, 3605) kcal) compared with thead libitumtrial (6627 (95 % CI 5708, 7547) kJ; 1584 (95 % CI 1364, 1804) kcal). Serum insulin incremental AUC (iAUC) increased approximately 1·5-fold in the maximal compared withad libitumtrial (mean:ad libitum43·8 (95 % CI 28·3, 59·3) nmol/l × 240 min and maximal 67·7 (95 % CI 47·0, 88·5) nmol/l × 240 min,P< 0·01), but glucose iAUC did not differ between trials (ad libitum94·3 (95 % CI 30·3, 158·2) mmol/l × 240 min and maximal 126·5 (95 % CI 76·9, 176·0) mmol/l × 240 min,P= 0·19). TAG iAUC was approximately 1·5-fold greater in the maximalv.ad libitumtrial (ad libitum98·6 (95 % CI 69·9, 127·2) mmol/l × 240 min and maximal 146·4 (95 % CI 88·6, 204·1) mmol/l × 240 min,P< 0·01). Total glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and peptide tyrosine–tyrosine iAUC were greater in the maximal compared withad libitumtrial (P< 0·05). Total ghrelin concentrations decreased to a similar extent, but AUC was slightly lower in the maximalv.ad libitumtrial (P= 0·02). There were marked differences on appetite and mood between trials, most notably maximal eating caused a prolonged increase in lethargy. Healthy men have the capacity to eat twice the energy content required to achieve comfortable fullness at a single meal. Postprandial glycaemia is well regulated following initial overeating, with elevated postprandial insulinaemia probably contributing.
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Patterson M, Ward H, Halvai D, Holm Nilsen HA, Reeves S. Postprandial regulation of prouroguanylin in humans of a healthy weight and those who are overweight or with obesity. Peptides 2020; 123:170179. [PMID: 31697966 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Uroguanylin is a peptide gut hormone proposed to have a role in signalling post meal satiety. Uroguanylin circulates as its pro-hormone, prouroguanylin. There has been limited investigation of the regulation of prouroguanylin by food; therefore we investigated prouroguanylin regulation following meals. In separate experiments we investigated the effects of high calorie (1451 kcal) and medium calorie (725 kcal), high fat meals, on plasma prouroguanylin concentrations. We then examined the effect of a 722.5 kcal high carbohydrate breakfast on prouroguanylin concentrations, comparing the response in healthy weight adults versus those who are overweight/ with obesity. The 1451 kcal meal increased prouroguanylin concentrations, versus fasting at 60 (P < 0.05), 90 (P < 0.01) and 120 (P < 0.001) minutes. After the 725 kcal meal hormone concentrations rose more slowly and were significant versus fasting concentrations at 120 min (P < 0.01). The high carbohydrate breakfast 722.5 kcal, led to an initial suppression of hormone concentrations at 30 min. post meal (P < 0.05) followed by an increase in concentrations until they were significant versus fasting at 120 min. (P < 0.01). Participants overweight/ with obesity had lower fasting prouroguanylin concentrations (P < 0.05), but post meal concentrations did not differ between the groups. Our results suggest there is a delayed increase in prouroguanylin concentrations following, large and regular sized mixed macronutrient meals rich in fat or carbohydrate. Fasting levels are suppressed in people who are overweight/ with obesity, but the post meal response remains intact. There may be potential to target post meal release of prouroguanylin in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Ward
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Delaram Halvai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | | | - Sue Reeves
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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Goltz FR, Thackray AE, Varela-Mato V, King JA, Dorling JL, Dowejko M, Mastana S, Thompson J, Atkinson G, Stensel DJ. Exploration of associations between the FTO rs9939609 genotype, fasting and postprandial appetite-related hormones and perceived appetite in healthy men and women. Appetite 2019; 142:104368. [PMID: 31310836 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) rs9939609 A-allele has been associated with obesity risk. Although the exact mechanisms involved remain unknown, the FTO rs9939609 A-allele has been associated with an impaired postprandial suppression of appetite. OBJECTIVES To explore the influence of FTO rs9939609 genotype on fasting and postprandial appetite-related hormones and perceived appetite in a heterogeneous sample of men and women. DESIGN 112 healthy men and women aged 18-50-years-old completed three laboratory visits for the assessment of FTO rs9939609 genotype, body composition, aerobic fitness, resting metabolic rate, visceral adipose tissue, liver fat, fasting leptin, and fasting and postprandial acylated ghrelin, total PYY, insulin, glucose and perceived appetite. Participants wore accelerometers for seven consecutive days for the assessment of physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Multivariable general linear models quantified differences between FTO rs9939609 groups for fasting and postprandial appetite outcomes, with and without the addition of a priori selected physiological and behavioural covariates. Sex-specific univariable Pearson's correlation coefficients were quantified between the appetite-related outcomes and individual characteristics. RESULTS 95% confidence intervals for mean differences between FTO rs9939609 groups overlapped zero in unadjusted and adjusted general linear models for all fasting (P ≥ 0.28) and postprandial (P ≥ 0.19) appetite-related outcomes. Eta2 values for explained variance attributable to FTO rs9939609 were <5% for all outcomes. An exploratory correlation matrix indicated that associations between fasting and postprandial acylated ghrelin, total PYY and general or abdominal adiposity were also small (r = -0.23 to 0.15, P ≥ 0.09). Fasting leptin, glucose and insulin and postprandial insulin concentrations were associated with adiposity outcomes (r = 0.29 to 0.81, P ≤ 0.033). CONCLUSIONS Associations between the FTO rs9939609 genotype and fasting or postprandial appetite-related outcomes were weak in healthy men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R Goltz
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Varela-Mato
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - James A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - James L Dorling
- Ingestive Behavior Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Monika Dowejko
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Sarabjit Mastana
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Thompson
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is affecting over 600 million adults worldwide and has numerous negative effects on health. Since ghrelin positively regulates food intake and body weight, targeting its signaling to induce weight loss under conditions of obesity seems promising. Thus, the present work reviews and discusses different possibilities to alter ghrelin signaling. RECENT FINDINGS Ghrelin signaling can be altered by RNA Spiegelmers, GHSR/Fc, ghrelin-O-acyltransferase inhibitors as well as antagonists, and inverse agonists of the ghrelin receptor. PF-05190457 is the first inverse agonist of the ghrelin receptor tested in humans shown to inhibit growth hormone secretion, gastric emptying, and reduce postprandial glucose levels. Effects on body weight were not examined. Although various highly promising agents targeting ghrelin signaling exist, so far, they were mostly only tested in vitro or in animal models. Further research in humans is thus needed to further assess the effects of ghrelin antagonism on body weight especially under conditions of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Lost in Translation? On the Need for Convergence in Animal and
Human Studies on the Role of Dopamine in Diet-Induced Obesity. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Grannell A, De Vito G, Murphy JC, le Roux CW. The influence of skeletal muscle on appetite regulation. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:267-282. [PMID: 31106601 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1618185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fat-free mass, of which skeletal muscle is amajor component, correlates positively with energy intake at energy balance. This is due to the effects of metabolically active tissue on energy expenditure which in itself appears to signal to the brain adrive to eat to ensure cellular energy homeostasis. The mechanisms responsible for this drive to eat are unknown but are likely to be related to energy utilization. Here muscle imparts an indirect influence on hunger. The drive to eat is also enhanced after muscle loss secondary to intentional weight loss. The evidence suggests loss of both fat mass and skeletal muscle mass directly influences the trajectory and magnitude of weight regain highlighting their potential role in long-termappetite control. The mechanisms responsible for the potential direct drive to eat stemming from muscle loss are unknown. AREAS COVERED The literature pertaining to muscle and appetite at energy balance and after weight loss was examined. Aliterature search was conducted to identify studies related to appetite, muscle, exercise, and weight loss. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the mechanisms which link energy expenditure and muscle loss to hunger has the potential to positively impact both the prevention and the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Grannell
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- b MedFit Proactive Healthcare, Blackrock , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- c School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John C Murphy
- b MedFit Proactive Healthcare, Blackrock , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Carel W le Roux
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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Goltz FR, Thackray AE, Atkinson G, Lolli L, King JA, Dorling JL, Dowejko M, Mastana S, Stensel DJ. True Interindividual Variability Exists in Postprandial Appetite Responses in Healthy Men But Is Not Moderated by the FTO Genotype. J Nutr 2019; 149:1159-1169. [PMID: 31132105 PMCID: PMC6602891 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After meal ingestion, a series of coordinated hormone responses occur concomitantly with changes in perceived appetite. It is not known whether interindividual variability in appetite exists in response to a meal. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to 1) assess the reproducibility of appetite responses to a meal; 2) quantify individual differences in responses; and 3) explore any moderating influence of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene. METHODS Using a replicated crossover design, 18 healthy men (mean ± SD age: 28.5 ± 9.8 y; BMI: 27.0 ± 5.0 kg/m2) recruited according to FTO genotype (9 AA, 9 TT) completed 2 identical control and 2 identical standardized meal conditions (5025 kJ) in randomized sequences. Perceived appetite and plasma acylated ghrelin, total peptide YY (PYY), insulin, and glucose concentrations were measured before and after interventions as primary outcomes. Interindividual differences were explored using Pearson's product-moment correlations between the first and second replicates of the control-adjusted meal response. Within-participant covariate-adjusted linear mixed models were used to quantify participant-by-condition and genotype-by-condition interactions. RESULTS The meal suppressed acylated ghrelin and appetite perceptions [standardized effect size (ES): 0.18-4.26] and elevated total PYY, insulin, and glucose (ES: 1.96-21.60). For all variables, SD of change scores was greater in the meal than in the control conditions. Moderate-to-large positive correlations were observed between the 2 replicates of control-adjusted meal responses for all variables (r = 0.44-0.86, P ≤ 0.070). Participant-by-condition interactions were present for all variables (P ≤ 0.056). FTO genotype-by-condition interactions were nonsignificant (P ≥ 0.19) and treatment effect differences between genotype groups were small (ES ≤ 0.27) for all appetite parameters. CONCLUSIONS Reproducibility of postprandial appetite responses is generally good. True interindividual variability is present beyond any random within-subject variation in healthy men but we detected no moderation by the FTO genotype. These findings highlight the importance of exploring individual differences in appetite for the prevention and treatment of obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03771690.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R Goltz
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - James A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - James L Dorling
- Ingestive Behavior Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Monika Dowejko
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Sarabjit Mastana
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to DJS (e-mail: )
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Chowdhury EA, Richardson JD, Gonzalez JT, Tsintzas K, Thompson D, Betts JA. Six Weeks of Morning Fasting Causes Little Adaptation of Metabolic or Appetite Responses to Feeding in Adults with Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:813-821. [PMID: 30925197 PMCID: PMC6519370 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sustained morning fasting or breakfast consumption on metabolism, energy intake, and appetite in healthy adults with obesity. METHODS An independent-measures randomized controlled trial with baseline and follow-up laboratory assessment days separated by a 6-week intervention of either morning fasting (0 kcal until 12:00 pm) or daily breakfast (> 700 kcal by 11:00 am) was performed. Measures included metabolic outcomes (glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids), hormones regulating appetite (total/acylated ghrelin, peptide YY, leptin), and energy expenditure (diet-induced thermogenesis) parameters throughout a laboratory test day and ad libitum intake following a fixed breakfast. RESULTS Allocation to fasting versus breakfast resulted in minimal adaptation as reflected by the metabolic outcomes or the majority of appetite regulatory outcomes for either area under curve or time-course-based measures (P > 0.05). Ad libitum lunch intake was not different (P = 0.13), nor was diet-induced thermogenesis or a composite appetite score (both P > 0.10). However, there was a reduced total area under the curve for peptide YY (P = 0.05) and increased postprandial hunger ratings (P = 0.05) in the breakfast group. CONCLUSIONS There was little evidence of metabolic adaptation to acute feeding or negative consequences from sustained morning fasting. This indicates that previously observed differences between breakfast consumers and skippers may be acute effects of feeding or may have resulted from other lifestyle factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kostas Tsintzas
- School of Life SciencesQueen’s Medical Centre, University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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Plasma Free Fatty Acids Metabolic Profile with LC-MS and Appetite-Related Hormones in South Asian and White European Men in Relation to Adiposity, Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Cross-Sectional Study. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9040071. [PMID: 31013892 PMCID: PMC6523813 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asians have a greater cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk than white Europeans, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. This study examined ethnic differences in free fatty acids (FFAs) metabolic profile (assessed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry), appetite-related hormones and traditional CVD and T2D risk markers in blood samples collected from 16 South Asian and 16 white European men and explored associations with body composition, objectively-measured physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. South Asians exhibited higher concentrations of five FFAs (laurate, myristate, palmitate, linolenic, linoleate; p ≤ 0.040), lower acylated ghrelin (ES = 1.00, p = 0.008) and higher leptin (ES = 1.11, p = 0.004) than white Europeans; total peptide YY was similar between groups (p = 0.381). South Asians exhibited elevated fasting insulin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, triacylglycerol and ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and lower fasting HDL-C (all ES ≥ 0.74, p ≤ 0.053). Controlling for body fat percentage (assessed using air displacement plethysmography) attenuated these differences. Despite similar habitual moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (ES = 0.18, p = 0.675), V˙O2max was lower in South Asians (ES = 1.36, p = 0.001). Circulating FFAs in South Asians were positively correlated with body fat percentage (r2 = 0.92), body mass (r2 = 0.86) and AUC glucose (r2 = 0.89) whereas in white Europeans FFAs were negatively correlated with total step counts (r2 = 0.96). In conclusion, South Asians exhibited a different FFA profile, lower ghrelin, higher leptin, impaired CVD and T2D risk markers and lower cardiorespiratory fitness than white Europeans.
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Effect of Macronutrient Composition on Appetite Hormone Responses in Adolescents with Obesity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020340. [PMID: 30764560 PMCID: PMC6412761 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut appetite hormone responses may be influenced by meal macronutrients and obesity. The primary aim of this study was to examine in adolescents with obesity and of healthy weight the effect of a high-protein and a high-carbohydrate meal on postprandial gut appetite hormones. A postprandial cross-over study with adolescents 11–19 years old was undertaken. Participants consumed, in random order, a high 79% carbohydrate (HCHO) and a high 55% protein (HP) meal. Ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and self-reported appetite were assessed for four hours postprandial. Total energy intake from an ad libitum lunch and remaining 24 h was assessed. Eight adolescents with obesity (OB) and 12 with healthy weight (HW) participated. Compared with HW, OB adolescents displayed a smaller ghrelin iAUC (−25,896.5 ± 7943 pg/mL/4 h vs. −60,863.5 ± 13104 pg/mL/4 h) (p = 0.008) with no effect of meal (p > 0.05). The suppression of ghrelin relative to baseline was similar between OB and HW. Ghrelin suppression was greater following the HP vs. HCHO meal (effect of meal, p = 0.018). Glucose and insulin response were greater following HCHO vs. HP, with responses more marked in OB (time × weight × meal interaction, p = 0.003 and p = 0.018, respectively). There were no effects of weight or macronutrient on GLP-1 or PYY, appetite or subsequent energy intake. The present study demonstrates that dietary protein can modulate postprandial ghrelin responses; however, this did not translate to subsequent changes in subjective appetite or energy intake.
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Peng M, Coutts D, Wang T, Cakmak YO. Systematic review of olfactory shifts related to obesity. Obes Rev 2019; 20:325-338. [PMID: 30450791 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The modern food environment is a key driver of rising levels of obesity. While olfaction is known to play a major role in food choice; however, its relationship to obesity is yet to be understood. This review assesses current knowledge of the interaction between obesity and olfaction. METHODS This review is based on observational studies comparing olfactory abilities across weight groups (N = 10) and clinical studies evaluating olfactory changes following bariatric surgery (N = 9). Meta-analyses were performed on data collected by a standard olfactory assessment tool (Sniffin΄ Sticks), to test whether olfaction has any association with body weight or bariatric surgery. RESULTS This review synthesizes findings derived from 38 datasets, with a total of 1432 individual olfactory assessments. The meta-analyses suggest that olfactory function is negatively correlated with body weight. In addition, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients frequently report olfactory changes, yet more pronounced and immediate shifts have been observed among sleeve gastrectomy recipients. CONCLUSIONS Our review finds strong evidence for the link between olfaction and obesity and indicates that bariatric surgery (particularly the sleeve gastrectomy) is effective in reversing olfactory decline associated with obesity. In conclusion, we present mechanistic models to underpin the observed relationship between olfaction and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Peng
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Duncan Coutts
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf O Cakmak
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
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A single day of mixed-macronutrient overfeeding does not elicit compensatory appetite or energy intake responses but exaggerates postprandial lipaemia during the next day in healthy young men. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:945-954. [PMID: 30696504 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Discrete episodes of overconsumption may induce a positive energy balance and impair metabolic control. However, the effects of an ecologically relevant, single day of balanced macronutrient overfeeding are unknown. Twelve healthy men (of age 22 (sd 2) years, BMI 26·1 (sd 4·2) kg/m2) completed two 28 h, single-blind experimental trials. In a counterbalanced repeated measures design, participants either consumed their calculated daily energy requirements (energy balance trial (EB): 10 755 (sd 593) kJ) or were overfed by 50 % (overfeed trial (OF): 16 132 (sd 889) kJ) under laboratory supervision. Participants returned to the laboratory the next day, after an overnight fast, to complete a mixed-meal tolerance test (MTT). Appetite was not different between trials during day 1 (P>0·211) or during the MTT in the fasted or postprandial state (P>0·507). Accordingly, plasma acylated ghrelin, total glucagon-like peptide-1 and total peptide YY concentrations did not differ between trials during the MTT (all P>0·335). Ad libitum energy intake, assessed upon completion of the MTT, did not differ between trials (EB 6081 (sd 2260) kJ; OF 6182 (sd 1960) kJ; P=0·781). Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were not different between trials (P>0·715). Fasted NEFA concentrations were lower in OF compared with EB (P=0·005), and TAG concentrations increased to a greater extent on OF than on EB during the MTT (P=0·009). The absence of compensatory changes in appetite-related variables after 1 d of mixed macronutrient overfeeding highlights the limited physiological response to defend against excess energy intake. This supports the concept that repeated discrete episodes of overconsumption may promote weight gain, while elevations in postprandial lipaemia may increase CVD risk.
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Witjaksono F, Lukito W, Wijaya A, Annisa NG, Jutamulia J, Nurwidya F, Simadibrata M. The effect of breakfast with different macronutrient composition on PYY, ghrelin, and ad libitum intake 4 h after breakfast in Indonesian obese women. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:787. [PMID: 30390699 PMCID: PMC6215622 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gut hormones, such as PYY and ghrelin, are associated with appetite control and obesity. Protein is thought to be the most satiating nutrient and could affect the production of several gut hormones. The purpose of the current study was to find the effect of breakfast with different protein composition on PYY, ghrelin, and ad libitum intake 4 h after breakfast. RESULTS This clinical trial involves 22 obese women participants. Subjects were given three types of breakfast: low protein consumption (12.4% protein), medium protein (23.5% protein), and high protein (40.6% protein). PYY and ghrelin levels were measured at 0, 15, 60, 120, and 180 min after breakfast. Ad libitum meal was given 4 h after breakfast and measured after. This study found that there is no significant difference in PYY and ghrelin level at each measurement time between different type of breakfast. This study also found no significant difference of ad libitum energy intake between different type of breakfast. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03697486, 3 December 2018. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiastuti Witjaksono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Widjaja Lukito
- Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON), Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Andi Wijaya
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Univeritas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM. 10, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Nagita Gianty Annisa
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Joan Jutamulia
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Fariz Nurwidya
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia. .,Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Persahabatan Hospital, Jalan Persahabatan Raya No.1, Jakarta, 13230, Indonesia.
| | - Marcellus Simadibrata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Boix-Castejón M, Herranz-López M, Pérez Gago A, Olivares-Vicente M, Caturla N, Roche E, Micol V. Hibiscus and lemon verbena polyphenols modulate appetite-related biomarkers in overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Food Funct 2018; 9:3173-3184. [PMID: 29862395 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00367j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TRIAL DESIGN Plant-derived polyphenols have shown potential to alleviate obesity-related pathologies by a multi-targeted mechanism in animal models and human intervention studies. A dietary supplement based on a combination of Lippia citriodora (LC) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) polyphenolic extracts was assayed in a double blind and placebo-controlled intervention study with 54 overweight subjects. METHODS Blood pressure, body weight, height, triceps, biceps and abdominal skinfold thickness, and arm and abdominal circumferences were taken at the baseline, 30 and 60 days of the intervention period. The validated Visual Analogue Scale used to record hunger and satiety-related sensations was passed at the beginning and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of the intervention. Subjective health status was assessed through the validated SF-36 questionnaire at the beginning and end of the study. Finally, plasma from fasting blood samples was obtained at the beginning, 30 and 60 days of the study. RESULTS The results showed an improvement of anthropometric measurements, decreased blood pressure and heart rate and a more positive perception in the overall health status. We also observed that plant polyphenols increased anorexigenic hormones (glucagon-like peptide-1) and decreased orexigenic hormones (ghrelin). CONCLUSIONS Based on previous evidence we postulate that AMP-activated protein kinase may have a role in such effects through its capability to modulate energy homeostasis, total daily energy expenditure and lipid management. Although further research may be required, we propose that this polyphenolic combination may be used for weight management by increasing long-term weight loss maintenance through the modulation of appetite biomarkers. This may help to avoid the undesired weight regain typical of calorie restriction diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Boix-Castejón
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Miguel Hernández University, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Alicante, Spain
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Investigation of the long-term sustainability of changes in appetite after weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1489-1499. [PMID: 29930313 PMCID: PMC6113192 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objective Diet-induced weight loss (WL) leads to a compensatory increase in appetite and changes in the plasma concentration of appetite-regulating hormones are likely to play a role. Whether these changes are transient or sustained remains unclear. This study aimed to assess if changes in subjective and objective appetite markers observed with WL are sustained after 1 year (1Y). Subjects/Methods In total 100 (45 males) individuals with obesity (BMI: 37 ± 4 kg/m2, age: 43 ± 10 years) underwent 8 weeks (wks) of a very-low energy diet (VLED), followed by 4 wks refeeding, and a 1Y maintenance program. Fasting/postprandial subjective ratings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption (PFC) were assessed, and plasma concentration of active ghrelin (AG), total peptide YY (PYY), active glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin (CCK), and insulin measured, at baseline, week 13 (Wk13) and 1Y. Results At Wk13, 16% WL (−18 ± 1 kg, P < 0.001) was associated with a significant increase in fasting and postprandial hunger ratings (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively), and postprandial fullness (P < 0.01) combined with a reduction in PFC (P < 0.001). These were accompanied by a significant rise in basal and postprandial AG concentrations (P < 0.001, for both), a reduction in postprandial CCK (P < 0.01) and in basal and postprandial insulin (P < 0.001). At 1Y follow-up, with sustained WL (15%; −16 ± 1 kg, P < 0.001), fasting hunger and postprandial fullness ratings remained increased (P < 0.05 for both), and postprandial PFC reduced (P < 0.001). Basal and postprandial AG remained elevated and insulin reduced (P < 0.001, for all), while postprandial CCK was increased (P < 0.01) and PYY decreased (P < 0.001). Conclusion With a 15% sustained WL at 1Y, the drive to eat in the fasting state is increased, but this may be balanced out by raised postprandial feelings of fullness. To assist with WL maintenance, new strategies are required to manage increased hunger and drive to eat.
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Simon JJ, Becker A, Sinno MH, Skunde M, Bendszus M, Preissl H, Enck P, Herzog W, Friederich HC. Neural Food Reward Processing in Successful and Unsuccessful Weight Maintenance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:895-902. [PMID: 29687649 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight loss maintenance is one of the biggest challenges in behavioral weight loss programs. The present study aimed to examine metabolic influences on the mesolimbic reward system in people with successful and unsuccessful long-term weight loss maintenance. METHODS Thirty-three women with obesity at least 6 months after the completion of a diet were recruited: seventeen women were able to maintain their weight loss, whereas sixteen showed weight regain. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging in combination with the assessment of appetite-regulating hormones, neural reward processing during hunger and satiety was investigated. An incentive delay task was employed to investigate the expectation and receipt of both food-related and monetary reward. RESULTS Only participants with successful weight loss maintenance showed a satiety-induced attenuation of brain activation during the receipt of a food-related reward. Furthermore, in successful weight loss maintenance, the attenuation of active ghrelin levels was related to brain activation in response to food-related reward anticipation during satiety. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that an attenuated influence of satiety signaling on the neural processing of food-related reward contributes to unsuccessful weight loss maintenance. Thus, intact satiety signaling to the mesolimbic reward system may serve as a promising target for tackling weight cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe J Simon
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Becker
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Hamze Sinno
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mandy Skunde
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paul Enck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Önnerfält J, Erlanson-Albertsson C, Montelius C, Thorngren-Jerneck K. Obese children aged 4-6 displayed decreased fasting and postprandial ghrelin levels in response to a test meal. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107:523-528. [PMID: 29172246 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ghrelin is a hunger hormone that plays a role in glucose homoeostasis and its levels increase before a meal and decrease during and after eating. This study compared the fasting ghrelin and insulin levels of obese children aged 4-6 with those of normal weight children and tested postprandial ghrelin levels in the obese children after a standard breakfast. METHODS We recruited 67 children at Lund University Hospital from 2008 to 2011. They comprised 30 obese children from a weight study and 37 normal weight children receiving minor elective surgery. Their mean ages were 4.7 ± 0.6 and 4.3 ± 0.8 years, respectively. The obese children ate a standard breakfast, and postprandial ghrelin was measured after 60 minutes. RESULTS The obese children had lower ghrelin levels than the controls (p < 0.01). A significant inverse relation was found between body mass index and fasting ghrelin levels. Obese children had significantly lower fasting ghrelin levels after a standard breakfast (p < 0.01), but there were no gender-related differences. CONCLUSION Obese children aged 4-6 years had reduced ghrelin and increased insulin levels in the fasting state and postprandial ghrelin was suppressed, suggesting that their energy metabolism was already dysregulated at this young age. Early obesity interventions are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Önnerfält
- Department of Paediatrics; Clinical Sciences in Lund; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | | | - Caroline Montelius
- Department of Experimental Medical Science; Appetite Regulation Unit; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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Abstract
Hypothalamic integration of gastrointestinal and adipose tissue-derived hormones serves as a key element of neuroendocrine control of food intake. Leptin, adiponectin, oleoylethanolamide, cholecystokinin, and ghrelin, to name a few, are in a constant "cross talk" with the feeding-related brain circuits that encompass hypothalamic populations synthesizing anorexigens (melanocortins, CART, oxytocin) and orexigens (Agouti-related protein, neuropeptide Y, orexins). While this integrated neuroendocrine circuit successfully ensures that enough energy is acquired, it does not seem to be equally efficient in preventing excessive energy intake, especially in the obesogenic environment in which highly caloric and palatable food is constantly available. The current review presents an overview of intricate mechanisms underlying hypothalamic integration of energy balance-related peripheral endocrine input. We discuss vulnerabilities and maladaptive neuroregulatory processes, including changes in hypothalamic neuronal plasticity that propel overeating despite negative consequences.
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Hopkins M, Beaulieu K, Myers A, Gibbons C, Blundell JE. Mechanisms responsible for homeostatic appetite control: theoretical advances and practical implications. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:401-415. [PMID: 30063436 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1395693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Homeostatic appetite control is part of a psychobiological system that has evolved to maintain an adequate supply of nutrients for growth and maintenance. The system links the physiological needs for energy with the behaviour that satisfies these needs (feeding), and is shaped by excitatory and inhibitory signals. Owing to rapid shifts in the food environment, homeostatic appetite control is not well adapted for modern-day human functioning. Areas covered: Homeostatic appetite control has two divisions. Tonic processes exert stable and enduring influences, with signals arising from bodily tissues and metabolism. Episodic processes fluctuate rapidly and are related to nutrient ingestion and the composition of foods consumed. Research in these areas incorporates potent endocrine signals that can influence behaviour. Expert commentary: The regulation of adipose tissue, and its impact on appetite (energy) homeostasis, has been heavily researched. More recently however, it has been demonstrated that fat-free mass has the potential to act as a tonic driver of food intake. A challenging issue is to determine how the post-prandial action of episodic satiety hormones and gastrointestinal mechanisms can effectively brake the metabolic drive to eat, in order to keep food intake under control and prevent a positive energy balance and fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hopkins
- a School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Anna Myers
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Catherine Gibbons
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - John E Blundell
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
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