1
|
Song C, Luo JY, Pang YY, He RQ, Li XJ, Chen G, Zhao CY, Qu N, Chen YM, Yang L, Li BQ, Shi L. Historical context, process, and development trends of pediatric thyroid cancer research: a bibliometric analysis. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1340872. [PMID: 38463235 PMCID: PMC10921230 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1340872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective At present, the structure of knowledge in the field of childhood thyroid cancer is not clear enough, and scholars lack a sufficient understanding of the developing trends in this field, which has led to a shortage of forward-looking outputs. The purpose of this research is to help scholars construct a complete knowledge framework and identify current challenges, opportunities, and development trends. Methods We searched the literature in the Web of Science Core Collection database on August 7, 2023 and extracted key information from the top 100 most cited articles, such as the countries, institutions, authors, themes, and keywords. We used bibliometric tools such as bibliometrix, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace for a visualization analysis and Excel for statistical descriptions. Results The top 100 most cited articles fluctuated over time, and the research was concentrated in European countries, the United States, and Japan, among which scientific research institutions and scholars from the United States made outstanding contributions. Keyword analysis revealed that research has shifted from simple treatment methods for pediatric thyroid cancer (total thyroidectomy) and inducing factors (the Chernobyl power station accident) to the clinical applications of genetic mutations (such as the BRAF and RET genes) and larger-scale genetic changes (mutation studies of the DICER1 gene). The thematic strategy analysis showed an increasing trend towards the popularity of fusion oncogenes, while the popularity of research on traditional treatments and diagnostics has gradually declined. Conclusion Extensive research has been conducted on the basic problems of pediatric thyroid cancer, and there has been significant outputs in the follow-up and cohort analysis of conventional diagnostic and treatment methods. However, these methods still have certain limitations. Therefore, scholars should focus on exploring fusion genes, the clinical applications of molecular targets, and novel treatment methods. This study provides a strong reference for scholars in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Song
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jia-Yuan Luo
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yu-Yan Pang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rong-Quan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ning Qu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bi-Qi Li
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jara MA. Management of Advanced Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Current Systemic Therapy Options. Crit Rev Oncog 2024; 29:83-90. [PMID: 38683155 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2024051588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The current rapid development of more selective and effective drugs for the treatment of thyroid cancer has open a new era in the treatment of patients with this condition, in the past limited to the possibility of only radioactive iodine for well differentiated tumor and surgery for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The treatment of advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma has evolved in the last few years and options for patients with advanced disease are now available. Multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) with nonselective RET inhibition like Vandetanib and Cabozantinib were approved for the treatment of MTC, although the efficacy is limited due to the lack of specificity resulting in a higher rate of drug-related adverse events, leading to subsequent dose reductions, or discontinuation, and the development of a resistance mechanism like seen on the RET Val804 gatekeeper mutations. MTC is associated with mutations in the RET protooncogene, and new highly selective RET inhibitors have been developed including Selpercatinib and Pralsetinib, drugs that have demonstrate excellent results in clinical trials, and efficacy even in the presence of gatekeeper mutations. However, despite their efficacy and great tolerability, mechanisms of resistance have been described, such as the RET solvent front mutations. Due to this, the need of constant evolution and drug research is necessary to overcome the emergence of resistance mechanisms.
Collapse
|
3
|
Burgard C, Zacherl MJ, Todica A, Hornung J, Grawe F, Pekrul I, Zimmermann P, Schmid-Tannwald C, Ladurner R, Krenz D, Trupka A, Wagner J, Bartenstein P, Spitzweg C, Wenter V. Primary presentation and clinical course of pediatric and adolescent patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma after radioiodine therapy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1237472. [PMID: 37849815 PMCID: PMC10577432 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1237472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in childhood and during adolescence is extremely rare. Pediatric DTC commonly presents with advanced disease at diagnosis including a high prevalence of cervical lymph node metastases and pulmonary metastases. Studies in children with DTC are limited. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the initial presentation, effectiveness of radioiodine therapy (RIT), and long-term outcome of prepubertal in comparison to pubertal/postpubertal patients. Methods Eighty-five pediatric and young patients aged 6.4 to 21.9 years with histopathologically confirmed DTC were retrospectively included. They all underwent total thyroidectomy followed by RIT. Initial presentation and outcome of prepubertal and pubertal/postpubertal patients were compared 1 year after RIT, during follow-up, and at the last visit of follow-up. Results Prepubertal patients presented with significantly higher T and M stages. One year after RIT, 42/81 (52%) patients still presented with evidence of disease (ED). During follow-up of a median of 7.9 years, prepubertal patients were less often in complete remission (58% vs. 82% in pubertal patients). At the last visit of follow-up, 19/80 (24%) patients still had ED without statistical differences between the two groups (42% prepubertal vs. 18% pubertal/postpubertal, p-value 0.06). None of our patients died disease-related over the observed period. Conclusion Prepubertal children with DTC presented with a more advanced tumor stage at the initial presentation. During follow-up, they present more often with ED. However, at the end of our study, we did not observe statistically relevant differences in patient outcomes between the prepubertal and pubertal/postpubertal groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Burgard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University, UdS, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Johannes Zacherl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Thyroid Carcinoma (ISKUM), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrei Todica
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Thyroid Carcinoma (ISKUM), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Hornung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Freba Grawe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabell Pekrul
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Zimmermann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Thyroid Carcinoma (ISKUM), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Visceral and Endocrinological Surgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Schmid-Tannwald
- Interdisciplinary Center for Thyroid Carcinoma (ISKUM), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Ladurner
- Department of Surgery, Martha-Maria Krankenhaus, Munich, Germany
| | - Detlef Krenz
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany
| | - Arnold Trupka
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Starnberg Hospital, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Wagner
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Spitzweg
- Interdisciplinary Center for Thyroid Carcinoma (ISKUM), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Wenter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Satapathy S, Bal C. Genomic landscape of sporadic pediatric differentiated thyroid cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2022; 35:749-760. [PMID: 35434981 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2021-0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) in the paediatric population differ from that of their adult counterparts in terms of clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to comprehensively evaluate the prevalence of various genetic alterations underlying the pathogenesis of sporadic paediatric DTCs. METHODS This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Systematic searches were made on the PubMed and Embase databases using relevant keywords, and articles published until October 15, 2021 were selected. Data on the prevalence of various genetic alterations were extracted from the individual articles. Random-effects model was employed for meta-analysis to generate pooled estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS Thirty-three articles comprising 1,380 paediatric patients were included. RET rearrangement (pooled prevalence: 24.4%, 95% CI: 19.1-30.1) was observed to be the most common genetic alteration in sporadic paediatric DTCs, closely followed by BRAF point mutation (pooled prevalence: 21.2%, 95% CI: 17.2-25.5). Other common alterations included: NTRK rearrangement (pooled prevalence: 13.5%, 95% CI: 9.5-17.9) and DICER1 mutation (pooled prevalence: 12.5%, 95% CI: 3.6-25.7). RAS and TERT mutations were observed to be relatively uncommon (pooled prevalence: 5.7%, 95% CI: 2.9-9.3, and 2.2%, 95% CI: 0.4-5.5, respectively). There was no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Fusion oncogenes are noted to be the major oncogenic drivers in sporadic paediatric DTCs and underlie their unique behaviour. However, despite the relatively lower frequency of BRAF point mutation compared to adults, it remains a major player in childhood DTCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swayamjeet Satapathy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandrasekhar Bal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rogounovitch TI, Mankovskaya SV, Fridman MV, Leonova TA, Kondratovitch VA, Konoplya NE, Yamashita S, Mitsutake N, Saenko VA. Major Oncogenic Drivers and Their Clinicopathological Correlations in Sporadic Childhood Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Belarus. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3374. [PMID: 34282777 PMCID: PMC8268670 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) diagnosed after the Chernobyl accident in Belarus displayed a high frequency of gene rearrangements and low frequency of point mutations. Since 2001, only sporadic thyroid cancer occurs in children aged up to 14 years but its molecular characteristics have not been reported. Here, we determine the major oncogenic events in PTC from non-exposed Belarusian children and assess their clinicopathological correlations. Among the 34 tumors, 23 (67.6%) harbored one of the mutually exclusive oncogenes: 5 (14.7%) BRAFV600E, 4 (11.8%) RET/PTC1, 6 (17.6%) RET/PTC3, 2 (5.9%) rare fusion genes, and 6 (17.6%) ETV6ex4/NTRK3. No mutations in codons 12, 13, and 61 of K-, N- and H-RAS, BRAFK601E, or ETV6ex5/NTRK3 or AKAP9/BRAF were detected. Fusion genes were significantly more frequent than BRAFV600E (p = 0.002). Clinicopathologically, RET/PTC3 was associated with solid growth pattern and higher tumor aggressiveness, BRAFV600E and RET/PTC1 with classic papillary morphology and mild clinical phenotype, and ETV6ex4/NTRK3 with follicular-patterned PTC and reduced aggressiveness. The spectrum of driver mutations in sporadic childhood PTC in Belarus largely parallels that in Chernobyl PTC, yet the frequencies of some oncogenes may likely differ from those in the early-onset Chernobyl PTC; clinicopathological features correlate with the oncogene type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana I. Rogounovitch
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (T.I.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Svetlana V. Mankovskaya
- Institute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus;
| | - Mikhail V. Fridman
- Republican Centre for Thyroid Tumors, Department of Pathology, Minsk City Clinical Oncologic Dispensary, 220013 Minsk, Belarus;
| | - Tatiana A. Leonova
- Counseling-Diagnostic Department of Thyroid Diseases, Minsk City Clinical Oncologic Dispensary, 220013 Minsk, Belarus;
| | | | - Natalya E. Konoplya
- N.N.Alexandrov National Cancer Centre of Belarus, Department of Chemotherapy, 223040 Minsk, Belarus;
| | - Shunichi Yamashita
- Radiation Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan;
- Center for Advanced Radiation Emergency Medicine, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (T.I.R.); (N.M.)
- Department of Radiation Molecular Epidemiology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Vladimir A. Saenko
- Department of Radiation Molecular Epidemiology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang R, Dong L, Yu J. Concomitant Pathogenic Mutations and Fusions of Driver Oncogenes in Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 10:544579. [PMID: 33520689 PMCID: PMC7844084 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.544579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Driver oncogene alterations have always been one of leading causes in the process of occurrence and development of tumors. And the effects of driver oncogene alterations on tumorigenesis and progression in different kinds of tumors have been studied heatedly. And the roles that the driver oncogenes alterations play have been elucidated clearly in previous studies. The phenomenon of concomitant driver oncogenes mutations and driver genes fusions has gained much concentration in the past two decades. And a growing number of studies reported this phenomenon, either coexistence or mutually exclusivity. Here we reviewed on the phenomenon of concomitant mutations in three common types of carcinomas—lung cancer, thyroid cancer, and leukemia, which have been studied relatively more detailed and more general compared with others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runjiao Zhang
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics Core, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Caner, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Dong
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics Core, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Caner, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinpu Yu
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics Core, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Caner, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prasad PK, Mahajan P, Hawkins DS, Mostoufi-Moab S, Venkatramani R. Management of pediatric differentiated thyroid cancer: An overview for the pediatric oncologist. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28141. [PMID: 32275118 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common childhood thyroid malignancy. The standard of care for pediatric DTC is total thyroidectomy followed by radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment when indicated. Molecular changes and potential therapeutic targets have been recently described in pediatric thyroid cancer. Pediatric oncologists are increasingly involved in the evaluation of thyroid nodules in childhood cancer survivors and in the management of advanced thyroid cancer. In 2015, the American Thyroid Association published management guidelines for children with DTC. We provide an overview of the current standard of care and highlight available targeted therapies for progressive or RAI refractory DTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinki K Prasad
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Priya Mahajan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sogol Mostoufi-Moab
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rajkumar Venkatramani
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
RET Gene Fusions in Malignancies of the Thyroid and Other Tissues. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040424. [PMID: 32326537 PMCID: PMC7230609 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the identification of the BCR-ABL1 (Breakpoint Cluster Region-ABelson murine Leukemia) fusion in chronic myelogenous leukemia, gene fusions generating chimeric oncoproteins have been recognized as common genomic structural variations in human malignancies. This is, in particular, a frequent mechanism in the oncogenic conversion of protein kinases. Gene fusion was the first mechanism identified for the oncogenic activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase RET (REarranged during Transfection), initially discovered in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). More recently, the advent of highly sensitive massive parallel (next generation sequencing, NGS) sequencing of tumor DNA or cell-free (cfDNA) circulating tumor DNA, allowed for the detection of RET fusions in many other solid and hematopoietic malignancies. This review summarizes the role of RET fusions in the pathogenesis of human cancer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Stefan AI, Piciu A, Mester A, Apostu D, Badan M, Badulescu CI. Pediatric Thyroid Cancer in Europe: An Overdiagnosed Condition? A Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E112. [PMID: 32092888 PMCID: PMC7168245 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid neoplastic pathology is the most common form of cancer associated with radiation exposure. The most common histopathological type of thyroid carcinoma is the differentiated thyroid cancer (these include papillary and follicular type), which represents over 90% of all cases, especially affecting girls rather than boys. Although patients are diagnosed in advanced stages as compared to adults, the prognosis of the disease is very good, with a 30-year survival rate of over 95% but post-therapeutic morbidity remains quite high. The treatment is based in particular on the therapeutic guidelines for adults, but as children have some histopathological and genetic characteristics of thyroid cancer, as well as different initial clinical presentations, we decided to review the literature on this pathology among the pediatric population, focusing on cases in Europe. The major interest is the impact of the Chernobyl accident.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea-Ioana Stefan
- 2nd Pediatric Department Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Andra Piciu
- Department of Medical Oncology Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mester
- Department of Oral Health Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Dragos Apostu
- Department of Orthopedic Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Marius Badan
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.B.); (C.-I.B.)
| | - Claudiu-Iulian Badulescu
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.B.); (C.-I.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Atkin ND, Raimer HM, Wang YH. Broken by the Cut: A Journey into the Role of Topoisomerase II in DNA Fragility. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E791. [PMID: 31614754 PMCID: PMC6826763 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) plays a critical role in many processes such as replication and transcription, where it resolves DNA structures and relieves torsional stress. Recent evidence demonstrated the association of TOP2 with topologically associated domains (TAD) boundaries and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) binding sites. At these sites, TOP2 promotes interactions between enhancers and gene promoters, and relieves torsional stress that accumulates at these physical barriers. Interestingly, in executing its enzymatic function, TOP2 contributes to DNA fragility through re-ligation failure, which results in persistent DNA breaks when unrepaired or illegitimately repaired. Here, we discuss the biological processes for which TOP2 is required and the steps at which it can introduce DNA breaks. We describe the repair processes that follow removal of TOP2 adducts and the resultant broken DNA ends, and present how these processes can contribute to disease-associated mutations. Furthermore, we examine the involvement of TOP2-induced breaks in the formation of oncogenic translocations of leukemia and papillary thyroid cancer, as well as the role of TOP2 and proteins which repair TOP2 adducts in other diseases. The participation of TOP2 in generating persistent DNA breaks and leading to diseases such as cancer, could have an impact on disease treatment and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi D Atkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Heather M Raimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yuh-Hwa Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Paulson VA, Rudzinski ER, Hawkins DS. Thyroid Cancer in the Pediatric Population. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090723. [PMID: 31540418 PMCID: PMC6771006 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is rare in the pediatric population, but thyroid carcinomas occurring in children carry a unique set of clinical, pathologic, and molecular characteristics. In comparison to adults, children more often present with aggressive, advanced stage disease. This is at least in part due to the underlying biologic and molecular differences between pediatric and adult thyroid cancer. Specifically, papillary thyroid carcinoma (which accounts for approximately 90% of pediatric thyroid cancer) has a high rate of gene fusions which influence the histologic subtypes encountered in pediatric thyroid tumors, are associated with more extensive extrathyroidal disease, and offer unique options for targeted medical therapies. Differences are also seen in pediatric follicular thyroid cancer, although there are few studies of non-papillary pediatric thyroid tumors published in the literature due to their rarity, and in medullary carcinoma, which is most frequently diagnosed in the pediatric population in the setting of prophylactic thyroidectomies for known multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. The overall shift in the spectrum of histotypes and underlying molecular alterations common in pediatric thyroid cancer is important to recognize as it may directly influence diagnostic test selection and therapeutic recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera A Paulson
- Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 357110, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Erin R Rudzinski
- Dept. of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, OC.8.720; 4800 Sandpoint Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- University of Washington Medical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, MB.8.501, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancers: Overview of Molecular Signatures. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091290. [PMID: 31480712 PMCID: PMC6770066 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enormous amounts of childhood thyroid cancers, mostly childhood papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident have revealed a mutual relationship between the radiation exposure and thyroid cancer development. While the internal exposure to radioactive 131I is involved in the childhood thyroid cancers after the Chernobyl accident, people exposed to the external radiation, such as atomic-bomb (A-bomb) survivors, and the patients who received radiation therapy, have also been epidemiologically demonstrated to develop thyroid cancers. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of radiation-induced carcinogenesis, studies have aimed at defining the molecular changes associated with the thyroid cancer development. Here, we overview the literatures towards the identification of oncogenic alterations, particularly gene rearrangements, and discuss the existence of radiation signatures associated with radiation-induced thyroid cancers.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sisdelli L, Cordioli MICV, Vaisman F, Moraes L, Colozza-Gama GA, Alves PAG, Araújo ML, Alves MTS, Monte O, Longui CA, Cury AN, Carvalheira G, Cerutti JM. AGK-BRAF is associated with distant metastasis and younger age in pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27707. [PMID: 30924609 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of thyroid carcinoma has increased in most populations, including pediatric patients. The increase is almost exclusively due to an increase in the incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Genetic alterations leading to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation are highly prevalent in PTC, with BRAF V600E mutation being the most common event in adult PTC. Although a lower prevalence of BRAF V600E had been reported among pediatric patients, a higher prevalence of BRAF fusion has been identified in both radiation-exposed and sporadic pediatric PTC. However, little is known about the prognostic implications of BRAF fusions in pediatric PTC. PROCEDURE In this study, we investigated the prevalence of BRAF alterations (AGK-BRAF fusion and BRAF V600E mutation) in a large set of predominantly sporadic pediatric PTC cases and correlate with clinicopathological features. Somatic AGK-BRAF fusion was investigated by RT-PCR and confirmed by FISH break-apart. The BRAF V600E mutation was screened using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS AGK-BRAF fusion, found in 19% of pediatric PTC patients, was associated with distant metastasis and younger age. Conversely, the BRAF V600E, found in 15% of pediatric PTC patients, was correlated with older age and larger tumor size. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results advance knowledge concerning genetic bases of pediatric thyroid carcinoma, with potential implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Sisdelli
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Cunha Vieira Cordioli
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lais Moraes
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Avelar Colozza-Gama
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Osmar Monte
- Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Longui
- Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Namo Cury
- Departmentof Medicine, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gianna Carvalheira
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janete Maria Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene fusions are known in many cancers as driver or passenger mutations. They play an important role in both the etiology and pathogenesis of cancer and are considered as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers and possible therapeutic targets. The spectrum and prevalence of gene fusions in thyroid cancer ranges from single cases up to 80%, depending on the specific type of cancer. During last three years, massive parallel sequencing technologies have revealed new fusions and allowed detailed characteristics of fusions in different types of thyroid cancer. SUMMARY This article reviews all known fusions and their prevalence in papillary, poorly differentiated and anaplastic, follicular, and medullary carcinomas. The mechanisms of fusion formation are described. In addition, the mechanisms of oncogenic transformation, such as altered gene expression, forced oligomerization, and subcellular localization, are given. CONCLUSION The prognostic value and perspectives of the utilization of gene fusions as therapeutic targets are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina D Yakushina
- 1 Research Centre for Medical Genetics , Moscow, Russian Federation
- 2 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Alexander V Lavrov
- 1 Research Centre for Medical Genetics , Moscow, Russian Federation
- 4 Russian National Research Medical University , Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mostoufi-Moab S, Labourier E, Sullivan L, LiVolsi V, Li Y, Xiao R, Beaudenon-Huibregtse S, Kazahaya K, Adzick NS, Baloch Z, Bauer AJ. Molecular Testing for Oncogenic Gene Alterations in Pediatric Thyroid Lesions. Thyroid 2018; 28:60-67. [PMID: 29108474 PMCID: PMC5770125 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid nodules are less common in pediatric patients (i.e., those ≤18 years) than they are in adults. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology allows for individual risk stratification, but a significant number of nodules are indeterminate. Incorporating gene mutation panels and gene expression classifiers may aid in preoperative diagnosis. The overall aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of oncogene alterations in a representative pediatric population and across a broad-spectrum of thyroid tumor diagnoses. METHODS This was a retrospective cross-sectional evaluation of 115 archived samples, including: 47 benign (29 follicular adenoma, 11 diffuse hyperplasia, four thyroiditis, and three multinodular goiter), six follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC), 24 follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (fvPTC), 27 classic variant of PTC (cPTC), eight diffuse sclerosing variant of PTC (dsvPTC), and three other PTC. Molecular testing was performed by multiplex qualitative polymerase chain reaction followed by bead array cytometry. Oncogene results were analyzed for association with age, sex, histology, lymph node metastasis, and intrathyroidal spread. RESULTS A mutation in one of the 17 molecular markers evaluated was found in: 2/6 (33%) FTC, 8/24 (33%) fvPTC, 17/27 (63%) cPTC, and 4/8 (50%) dsvPTC. Mutations in RAS or PAX8/PPARG were exclusive to FTC and fvPTC. BRAF was the most common mutation in cPTC (12/17; 71%), and RET/PTC was the only mutation associated with dsvPTC. Overall, a mutation was found in 32/68 (47%) malignant specimens, with a single follicular adenoma positive for PAX8/PPARG. The relative distribution of gene alterations in pediatric lesions was similar to adults. The presence of a BRAF mutation in pediatric cPTC did not predict a more invasive phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Of 33 nodules with genetic alterations, 32 were malignant. Mutations in RAS were most frequently associated with FTC, RET/PTC rearrangements with dsvPTC, and invasive fvPTC, and BRAF with cPTC. These results suggest a clinical role for mutational analysis of pediatric nodules to guide the surgical approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sogol Mostoufi-Moab
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Lisa Sullivan
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology
| | - Virginia LiVolsi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ken Kazahaya
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - N. Scott Adzick
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zubair Baloch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J. Bauer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ko YS, Hwang TS, Kim JY, Choi YL, Lee SE, Han HS, Kim WS, Kim SK, Park KS. Diagnostic Limitation of Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) on Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules Can Be Partially Overcome by Preoperative Molecular Analysis: Assessment of RET/PTC1 Rearrangement in BRAF and RAS Wild-Type Routine Air-Dried FNA Specimens. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040806. [PMID: 28417935 PMCID: PMC5412390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular markers are helpful diagnostic tools, particularly for cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. Preoperative RET/PTC1 rearrangement analysis in BRAF and RAS wild-type indeterminate thyroid nodules would permit the formulation of an unambiguous surgical plan. Cycle threshold values according to the cell count for detection of the RET/PTC1 rearrangement by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using fresh and routine air-dried TPC1 cells were evaluated. The correlation of RET/PTC1 rearrangement between fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and paired formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens was analyzed. RET/PTC1 rearrangements of 76 resected BRAF and RAS wild-type classical PTCs were also analyzed. Results of RT-PCR and the Nanostring were compared. When 100 fresh and air-dried TPC1 cells were used, expression of RET/PTC1 rearrangement was detectable after 35 and 33 PCR cycles, respectively. The results of RET/PTC1 rearrangement in 10 FNA and paired FFPE papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) specimens showed complete correlation. Twenty-nine (38.2%) of 76 BRAF and RAS wild-type classical PTCs had RET/PTC1 rearrangement. Comparison of RET/PTC1 rearrangement analysis between RT-PCR and the Nanostring showed moderate agreement with a κ value of 0.56 (p = 0.002). The RET/PTC1 rearrangement analysis by RT-PCR using routine air-dried FNA specimen was confirmed to be technically applicable. A significant proportion (38.2%) of the BRAF and RAS wild-type PTCs harbored RET/PTC1 rearrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Sin Ko
- Diagnostic Pathology Center, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul KS013, Korea.
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology, Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Konkuk University, Seoul KS013, Korea.
| | - Tae Sook Hwang
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology, Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Konkuk University, Seoul KS013, Korea.
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul KS013, Korea.
| | - Ja Yeon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul KS013, Korea.
| | - Yoon-La Choi
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul KS013, Korea.
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul KS013, Korea.
| | - Hye Seung Han
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology, Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Konkuk University, Seoul KS013, Korea.
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul KS013, Korea.
| | - Wan Seop Kim
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology, Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Konkuk University, Seoul KS013, Korea.
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul KS013, Korea.
| | - Suk Kyeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul KS013, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Sik Park
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul KS013, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cordioli MICV, Moraes L, Bastos AU, Besson P, Alves MTDS, Delcelo R, Monte O, Longui C, Cury AN, Cerutti JM. Fusion Oncogenes Are the Main Genetic Events Found in Sporadic Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas from Children. Thyroid 2017; 27:182-188. [PMID: 27849443 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies reported significant differences in the clinical presentation and outcomes of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in pediatric patients compared with adults. Previous studies have suggested that the clinicopathological differences observed between pediatric and adult PTCs may be due the existence of distinct genetic alterations. However, the knowledge of genetic events in pediatric PTCs is based primarily on studies in radiation-exposed PTCs or in the few studies that enrolled predominantly adolescent patients. The aim of this study was to characterize the known oncogenic alterations of the MAPK pathway found in adult and radiation-exposed PTCs in a cohort of predominantly sporadic pediatric PTC patients. METHODS Thirty-five pediatric PTCs were screened for the most prevalent fusions (RET/PTC1, RET/PTC2, RET/PTC3, ETV6-NTRK3, and AGK-BRAF) and point mutations (BRAFV600E and NRASQ61) described in sporadic pediatric PTCs. The mutational status was correlated with clinicopathological data. RESULTS Mutations were found in 20 out of 35 (57%) PTC cases. Fusion oncogenes were the main genetic alterations found. RET/PTC1-3 rearrangements were found in 13 (37%), ETV6-NTRK3 in 3 (9%), AGK-BRAF in 4 (11%), and BRAFV600E in 3 (9%). No mutation was found in NRASQ61. BRAFV600E was associated with older age and larger tumor size (p < 0.05), and RET/PTC3 was associated with a larger tumor size and multifocality (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The genetic signature in this cohort was remarkably different than that observed in adults. Although observed at a lower prevalence, the spectrum of mutations was quite similar to that described in radiation-exposed pediatric PTCs. As mutations were unidentifiable in over 40% of the PTC cases, more comprehensive studies conducted in these patients will help to decipher the genetic landscape of sporadic pediatric PTCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel C Vieira Cordioli
- 1 Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais Moraes
- 1 Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André U Bastos
- 1 Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paloma Besson
- 1 Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa de Seixas Alves
- 2 Department of Pathology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana Delcelo
- 2 Department of Pathology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Osmar Monte
- 3 Pediatric Division, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Longui
- 3 Pediatric Division, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Namo Cury
- 4 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Janete M Cerutti
- 1 Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cordioli MICV, Moraes L, Carvalheira G, Sisdelli L, Alves MTS, Delcelo R, Monte O, Longui CA, Cury AN, Cerutti JM. AGK-BRAF gene fusion is a recurrent event in sporadic pediatric thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Med 2016; 5:1535-41. [PMID: 27037835 PMCID: PMC4944880 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the fastest increasing cancer worldwide in all age groups. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer in both adults and children. PTC genomic landscape has been extensively studied in adults, but information regarding sporadic pediatric patients is lacking. Although BRAF V600E mutation is highly prevalent in adults, this mutation is uncommon in pediatric cases. As adult and pediatric PTC is a mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐driven cancer, this altered pathway might be activated by different genetic events. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of AGK‐BRAF fusion gene, recently described in radiation‐exposed pediatric PTC, in a cohort of exclusively sporadic pediatric PTC. The series consisted of 30 pediatric PTC younger than 18 years of age at the time of diagnosis and 15 matched lymph node metastases (LNM). Primary tumors and matched LNM were screened for the presence of the AGK‐BRAF fusion transcript by RT‐PCR. To confirm the identity of the amplified products, randomly selected samples positive for the presence of the fusion transcripts were sequenced. Moreover, BRAF dual‐color, break‐apart probes confirmed BRAF rearrangement. Overall, the AGK‐BRAF fusion gene was detected in 10% (3/30) of primary tumors. For one of these cases, paired LNM was also available, which also shows the presence of AGK‐BRAF fusion gene. This study described, for the first time, the presence of AGK‐BRAF in sporadic pediatric PTC. Understanding the molecular events underlying pediatric PTC may improve preoperative diagnosis, allow molecular prognostication and define a therapeutic approach toward sporadic PTC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel C V Cordioli
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais Moraes
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gianna Carvalheira
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiza Sisdelli
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa S Alves
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana Delcelo
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Osmar Monte
- Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Longui
- Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano N Cury
- Department of Medicine, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Janete M Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nikita ME, Jiang W, Cheng SM, Hantash FM, McPhaul MJ, Newbury RO, Phillips SA, Reitz RE, Waldman FM, Newfield RS. Mutational Analysis in Pediatric Thyroid Cancer and Correlations with Age, Ethnicity, and Clinical Presentation. Thyroid 2016; 26:227-34. [PMID: 26649796 PMCID: PMC4985048 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) incidence in pediatrics is rising, most being papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of different mutations in pediatric WDTC and correlate the genotype with the clinical phenotype. METHODS This is a single-center retrospective study. Thyroid tissue blocks from 42 consecutive pediatric WDTC patients who underwent thyroidectomy between 2001 and 2013 were analyzed at Quest Diagnostics for BRAF(V600E), RAS mutations (N,K,H), and RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements, using validated molecular methods. Thyroid carcinomas included PTC, follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), and follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC). RESULTS Thirty-nine samples (29 females) were genotyped. The mean age at diagnosis was 14.7 years (range 7.9-18.4 years), and most were Hispanic (56.4%) or Caucasian (35.9%). The mean follow-up period was 2.9 years. Mutations were noted in 21/39 (53.8%), with both BRAF(V600E) (n = 9), and RET/PTC (n = 6) detected only in PTC. Mutations were detected in 2/5 FTC (PAX8/PPARγ and NRAS) and 3/6 FVPTC cases (PAX8/PPARγ). Of 28 PTC patients, 57.1% had mutations: 32.1% with BRAF(V600E), 21.4% with RET/PTC, and 3.6% with NRAS. Of patients with BRAF(V600E), 77.8% were Hispanic and 88.9% were >15 years, while all RET/PTC-positive patients were ≤15 years (p = 0.003). Tumor size, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis at diagnosis (or soon after (131)I ablation) did not vary significantly based on the mutation. CONCLUSIONS BRAF(V600E) was the most common mutation, especially in older and Hispanic adolescents. A larger, ethnically diverse pediatric cohort followed long term will enable the genotypic variability, clinical presentation, and response to therapy to be better assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Nikita
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, California
| | - Wen Jiang
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, California
| | - Shih-Min Cheng
- Hematology and Oncology, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California
| | - Feras M. Hantash
- Hematology and Oncology, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California
| | - Michael J. McPhaul
- Hematology and Oncology, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California
| | - Robert O. Newbury
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, California
| | - Susan A. Phillips
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, California
| | - Richard E. Reitz
- Hematology and Oncology, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California
| | - Frederic M. Waldman
- Hematology and Oncology, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California
| | - Ron S. Newfield
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cordioli MICV, Moraes L, Cury AN, Cerutti JM. Are we really at the dawn of understanding sporadic pediatric thyroid carcinoma? Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:R311-24. [PMID: 26307021 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Data from the National Cancer Institute and from the literature have disclosed an increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in children, adolescents and adults. Although children and adolescents with thyroid cancer tend to present with more advanced disease than adults, their overall survival rate is excellent; however, there is no clear explanation for the differences observed in the clinicopathological outcomes in these age groups. There has been an ongoing debate regarding whether the clinicopathological differences may be due to the existence of distinct genetic alterations. Efforts have been made to identify these acquired genetic abnormalities that will determine the tumor's biological behavior and ultimately allow molecular prognostication. However, most of the studies have been performed in radiation-exposed pediatric thyroid carcinoma. Therefore, our understanding of the role of these driver mutations in sporadic pediatric differentiated thyroid cancer development is far from complete, and additionally, there is a strong need for studies in both children and adolescents. The aim of this review is to present an extensive literature review with emphasis on the molecular differences between pediatric sporadic and radiation-exposed differentiated thyroid carcinomas and adult population.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/epidemiology
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/etiology
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/genetics
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Age Distribution
- Age of Onset
- Carcinoma, Papillary/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/etiology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Disasters
- Female
- Forecasting
- Genes, Neoplasm
- Humans
- Incidence
- Iodine Radioisotopes/therapeutic use
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/etiology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Point Mutation
- Radioactive Hazard Release
- Radiotherapy/adverse effects
- Sex Distribution
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Symporters/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/etiology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/therapy
- Thyroid Nodule/epidemiology
- Thyroid Nodule/pathology
- Thyroidectomy
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel C Vieira Cordioli
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors LaboratoryDivision of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 andar, 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, BrazilDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Dr Cesário Mota Jr, 112, 01221-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais Moraes
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors LaboratoryDivision of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 andar, 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, BrazilDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Dr Cesário Mota Jr, 112, 01221-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Namo Cury
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors LaboratoryDivision of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 andar, 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, BrazilDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Dr Cesário Mota Jr, 112, 01221-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Janete M Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors LaboratoryDivision of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 andar, 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, BrazilDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Dr Cesário Mota Jr, 112, 01221-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bastos AU, Oler G, Nozima BHN, Moysés RA, Cerutti JM. BRAF V600E and decreased NIS and TPO expression are associated with aggressiveness of a subgroup of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:525-40. [PMID: 26338373 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer incidence has dramatically increased worldwide over the last two decades. The rise is mostly due to an increased detection of small papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) (≤20 mm), predominantly microPTC (≤10 mm). Although small tumors generally have an excellent outcome, a considerable percentage may have a more aggressive disease and worse prognosis. The clinical challenge is to preoperatively identify those tumors that are more likely to recur. AIM To improve risk stratification and patient management, we sought to determine the prognostic value of BRAF V600E, NRAS or RET/PTC mutations in patients with PTC measuring <20 mm, mainly microPTC. METHODS The prevalence of RET/PTC fusion genes was examined by quantitative RT-PCR. BRAF V600E and NRAS Q61 mutations were determined by PCR sequencing. To further elucidate why some small PTC are less responsive to radioactive iodine treatment therapy, we explored if these genetic alterations may modulate the expression of iodine metabolism genes (NIS, TPO, TG, TSHR and PDS) and correlated with clinico-pathological findings that are predictors of recurrence. RESULTS This study shows that tumors measuring ≤20 mm exhibited higher prevalence of BRAF V600E mutation, which correlated with aggressive histopathological parameters, higher risk of recurrence, and lower expression of NIS and TPO. Although this correlation was not found when microPTC were evaluated, we show that tumors measuring 7-10 mm, which were positive for BRAF mutation, presented more aggressive features and lower expression of NIS and TPO. CONCLUSION We believe that our findings will help to decide the realistic usefulness of BRAF V600E mutation as a preoperative marker of poor prognosis in small PTC, primarily in microPTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Uchimura Bastos
- Laboratório as Bases Genéticas dos Tumores da Tiroide Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Disciplina de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Oler
- Laboratório as Bases Genéticas dos Tumores da Tiroide Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Disciplina de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Heidi Nakano Nozima
- Laboratório as Bases Genéticas dos Tumores da Tiroide Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Disciplina de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Ajub Moysés
- Laboratório as Bases Genéticas dos Tumores da Tiroide Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Disciplina de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janete Maria Cerutti
- Laboratório as Bases Genéticas dos Tumores da Tiroide Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Disciplina de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Francis GL, Waguespack SG, Bauer AJ, Angelos P, Benvenga S, Cerutti JM, Dinauer CA, Hamilton J, Hay ID, Luster M, Parisi MT, Rachmiel M, Thompson GB, Yamashita S. Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2015; 25:716-59. [PMID: 25900731 PMCID: PMC4854274 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules and cancers were geared toward adults. Compared with thyroid neoplasms in adults, however, those in the pediatric population exhibit differences in pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and long-term outcomes. Furthermore, therapy that may be recommended for an adult may not be appropriate for a child who is at low risk for death but at higher risk for long-term harm from overly aggressive treatment. For these reasons, unique guidelines for children and adolescents with thyroid tumors are needed. METHODS A task force commissioned by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) developed a series of clinically relevant questions pertaining to the management of children with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Using an extensive literature search, primarily focused on studies that included subjects ≤18 years of age, the task force identified and reviewed relevant articles through April 2014. Recommendations were made based upon scientific evidence and expert opinion and were graded using a modified schema from the United States Preventive Services Task Force. RESULTS These inaugural guidelines provide recommendations for the evaluation and management of thyroid nodules in children and adolescents, including the role and interpretation of ultrasound, fine-needle aspiration cytology, and the management of benign nodules. Recommendations for the evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of children and adolescents with DTC are outlined and include preoperative staging, surgical management, postoperative staging, the role of radioactive iodine therapy, and goals for thyrotropin suppression. Management algorithms are proposed and separate recommendations for papillary and follicular thyroid cancers are provided. CONCLUSIONS In response to our charge as an independent task force appointed by the ATA, we developed recommendations based on scientific evidence and expert opinion for the management of thyroid nodules and DTC in children and adolescents. In our opinion, these represent the current optimal care for children and adolescents with these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary L. Francis
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Steven G. Waguespack
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders and Department of Pediatrics-Patient Care, Children's Cancer Hospital, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew J. Bauer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, The Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Angelos
- Section of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- University of Messina, Interdepartmental Program on Clinical & Molecular Endocrinology, and Women's Endocrine Health, A.O.U. Policlinico Universitario G. Martino, Messina, Italy
| | - Janete M. Cerutti
- Department of Morphology and Genetics. Division of Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catherine A. Dinauer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jill Hamilton
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian D. Hay
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic and College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Markus Luster
- University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marguerite T. Parisi
- Departments of Radiology and Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marianna Rachmiel
- Pediatric Division, Assaf Haroffeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Geoffrey B. Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Subspecialty GS (General Surgery), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Colato C, Vicentini C, Cantara S, Pedron S, Brazzarola P, Marchetti I, Di Coscio G, Chilosi M, Brunelli M, Pacini F, Ferdeghini M. Break-apart interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization assay in papillary thyroid carcinoma: on the road to optimizing the cut-off level for RET/PTC rearrangements. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 172:571-82. [PMID: 25698220 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromosomal rearrangements of the RET proto-oncogene is one of the most common molecular events in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, their pathogenic role and clinical significance are still debated. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangement in a cohort of BRAF WT PTCs by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and to search a reliable cut-off level in order to distinguish clonal or non-clonal RET changes. DESIGN Forty BRAF WT PTCs were analyzed by FISH for RET rearrangements. As controls, six BRAFV600E mutated PTCs, 13 follicular adenomas (FA), and ten normal thyroid parenchyma were also analyzed. METHODS We performed FISH analysis on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue using a commercially available RET break-apart probe. A cut-off level equivalent to 10.2% of aberrant cells was accepted as significant. To validate FISH results, we analyzed the study cohort by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Split RET signals above the cut-off level were observed in 25% (10/40) of PTCs, harboring a percentage of positive cells ranging from 12 to 50%, and in one spontaneous FA (1/13, 7.7%). Overall, the data obtained by FISH matched well with qRT-PCR results. Challenging findings were observed in five cases showing a frequency of rearrangement very close to the cut-off. CONCLUSIONS FISH approach represents a powerful tool to estimate the ratio between broken and non-broken RET tumor cells. Establishing a precise FISH cut-off may be useful in the interpretation of the presence of RET rearrangement, primarily when this strategy is used for cytological evaluation or for targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Colato
- Department of Pathology and DiagnosticsARC-NET Research CentreUniversity of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro, 10, Piastra Odontoiatrica (II floor), 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineEndocrinology, and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and OncologyUniversity of Verona, Verona, ItalyDivision of SurgicalMolecular and Ultrastructural, Section of Cytopathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyNuclear Medicine UnitUniversity Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Caterina Vicentini
- Department of Pathology and DiagnosticsARC-NET Research CentreUniversity of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro, 10, Piastra Odontoiatrica (II floor), 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineEndocrinology, and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and OncologyUniversity of Verona, Verona, ItalyDivision of SurgicalMolecular and Ultrastructural, Section of Cytopathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyNuclear Medicine UnitUniversity Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Cantara
- Department of Pathology and DiagnosticsARC-NET Research CentreUniversity of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro, 10, Piastra Odontoiatrica (II floor), 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineEndocrinology, and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and OncologyUniversity of Verona, Verona, ItalyDivision of SurgicalMolecular and Ultrastructural, Section of Cytopathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyNuclear Medicine UnitUniversity Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Serena Pedron
- Department of Pathology and DiagnosticsARC-NET Research CentreUniversity of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro, 10, Piastra Odontoiatrica (II floor), 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineEndocrinology, and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and OncologyUniversity of Verona, Verona, ItalyDivision of SurgicalMolecular and Ultrastructural, Section of Cytopathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyNuclear Medicine UnitUniversity Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Brazzarola
- Department of Pathology and DiagnosticsARC-NET Research CentreUniversity of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro, 10, Piastra Odontoiatrica (II floor), 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineEndocrinology, and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and OncologyUniversity of Verona, Verona, ItalyDivision of SurgicalMolecular and Ultrastructural, Section of Cytopathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyNuclear Medicine UnitUniversity Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ivo Marchetti
- Department of Pathology and DiagnosticsARC-NET Research CentreUniversity of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro, 10, Piastra Odontoiatrica (II floor), 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineEndocrinology, and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and OncologyUniversity of Verona, Verona, ItalyDivision of SurgicalMolecular and Ultrastructural, Section of Cytopathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyNuclear Medicine UnitUniversity Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Di Coscio
- Department of Pathology and DiagnosticsARC-NET Research CentreUniversity of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro, 10, Piastra Odontoiatrica (II floor), 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineEndocrinology, and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and OncologyUniversity of Verona, Verona, ItalyDivision of SurgicalMolecular and Ultrastructural, Section of Cytopathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyNuclear Medicine UnitUniversity Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Chilosi
- Department of Pathology and DiagnosticsARC-NET Research CentreUniversity of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro, 10, Piastra Odontoiatrica (II floor), 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineEndocrinology, and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and OncologyUniversity of Verona, Verona, ItalyDivision of SurgicalMolecular and Ultrastructural, Section of Cytopathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyNuclear Medicine UnitUniversity Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Pathology and DiagnosticsARC-NET Research CentreUniversity of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro, 10, Piastra Odontoiatrica (II floor), 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineEndocrinology, and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and OncologyUniversity of Verona, Verona, ItalyDivision of SurgicalMolecular and Ultrastructural, Section of Cytopathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyNuclear Medicine UnitUniversity Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Furio Pacini
- Department of Pathology and DiagnosticsARC-NET Research CentreUniversity of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro, 10, Piastra Odontoiatrica (II floor), 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineEndocrinology, and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and OncologyUniversity of Verona, Verona, ItalyDivision of SurgicalMolecular and Ultrastructural, Section of Cytopathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyNuclear Medicine UnitUniversity Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Ferdeghini
- Department of Pathology and DiagnosticsARC-NET Research CentreUniversity of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro, 10, Piastra Odontoiatrica (II floor), 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineEndocrinology, and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and OncologyUniversity of Verona, Verona, ItalyDivision of SurgicalMolecular and Ultrastructural, Section of Cytopathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyNuclear Medicine UnitUniversity Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy Department of Pathology and DiagnosticsARC-NET Research CentreUniversity of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro, 10, Piastra Odontoiatrica (II floor), 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineEndocrinology, and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and OncologyUniversity of Verona, Verona, ItalyDivision of SurgicalMolecular and Ultrastructural, Section of Cytopathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyNuclear Medicine UnitUniversity Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Suzuki K, Mitsutake N, Saenko V, Yamashita S. Radiation signatures in childhood thyroid cancers after the Chernobyl accident: possible roles of radiation in carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:127-33. [PMID: 25483826 PMCID: PMC4399027 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After the Tokyo Electric Power Company Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident, cancer risk from low-dose radiation exposure has been deeply concerning. The linear no-threshold model is applied for the purpose of radiation protection, but it is a model based on the concept that ionizing radiation induces stochastic oncogenic alterations in the target cells. As the elucidation of the mechanism of radiation-induced carcinogenesis is indispensable to justify the concept, studies aimed at the determination of molecular changes associated with thyroid cancers among children who suffered effects from the Chernobyl nuclear accident will be overviewed. We intend to discuss whether any radiation signatures are associated with radiation-induced childhood thyroid cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Santoro M, Carlomagno F. Oncogenic rearrangements driving ionizing radiation-associated human cancer. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4566-8. [PMID: 24162670 DOI: 10.1172/jci72725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster has caused a remarkable increase in radiation-induced papillary thyroid carcinoma in children and young adults. In this issue of the JCI, Ricarte-Filho and colleagues demonstrate that chromosomal rearrangements are the oncogenic "drivers" in most post-Chernobyl carcinomas and that they often lead to unscheduled activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. These findings represent a major step forward in our understanding of radiation-induced carcinogenesis and suggest various hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying the formation and selection of gene rearrangements during cancer cell evolution.
Collapse
|
26
|
Sonu IS, Blonski W, Lin MV, Lewis J, Aberra F, Lichtenstein GR. Papillary thyroid cancer and inflammatory bowel disease: Is there a relationship? World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1079-84. [PMID: 23467027 PMCID: PMC3581995 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i7.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To formally study age of diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and evaluate the prevalence of PTC in IBD patients compared to a control population.
METHODS: We were interested in testing the hypothesis that patients with IBD are more likely to be diagnosed with PTC than a control population. A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the University of Pennsylvania Health System’s electronic database. Outpatients from 1998-2009 were included in the search, and patients in the cohort were selected based on ICD-9 codes. Inclusion criteria included the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) and the concurrent diagnosis of thyroid cancer in comparison to a control population. Using these methods 912 patients with CD and 1774 with UC were compared to 1638 diverticulitis and 19 447 asthma controls. Statistics were performed using corrected chi-square analysis. The primary outcome for this study was the diagnosis of PTC. Approval to conduct this study was obtained by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Pennsylvania.
RESULTS: The mean age was 47.5 years (range: 18-102 years) and 66% patients were female. An analysis of variance model was used to compare the age of PTC diagnosis between the CD, UC, asthma and diverticulitis groups, and a statistically significant difference in age at PTC diagnosis was noted across all groups (F = 6.35, df = 3, P = 0.0006). The age of PTC diagnosis in CD patients was statistically significantly lower than UC, asthma, and diverticulitis patients (average PTC diagnosis age for CD 25, UC 49, asthma 45, diverticulitis 63). After covarying for sex and age in 2009, the difference in age at PTC diagnosis remained statistically significant (F = 4.13, df = 3, P = 0.0089). A total of 86 patients were diagnosed with PTC. Nine patients (0.5%) with UC were diagnosed with PTC. Patients with UC were not shown to be more likely to develop PTC [odds ratio (OR): 1.544, 95%CI 0.767-3.108] compared to asthma controls. Four patients (0.4%) with CD were diagnosed with PTC. Patients with CD were not shown to be more likely to develop PTC (OR: 1.334, 95%CI 0.485-3.672) compared to a control population with asthma. Nine patients (0.5%) with a history of diverticulitis were diagnosed with PTC. Patients with diverticulitis were not shown to be more likely to develop PTC (OR: 1.673, 95%CI 0.831-3.368) compared to asthma controls. Patients with CD or UC were not less likely to develop PTC compared to those with diverticulitis (CD OR: 0.80, 95%CI 0.25-2.60; UC OR: 0.92, 95%CI 0.37-2.33). None of the patients used immunosuppressant medications prior to the diagnosis of PTC (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate).
CONCLUSION: There is a significant difference in age of diagnosis of PTC in patients with CD compared to patients with UC and the control populations studied.
Collapse
|
27
|
Mehta V, Nikiforov YE, Ferris RL. Use of molecular biomarkers in FNA specimens to personalize treatment for thyroid surgery. Head Neck 2012; 35:1499-506. [PMID: 22972563 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules with fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) continues to be a challenge, often resulting in unnecessary diagnostic surgical intervention. The detection of several novel gene mutations in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) over the last decade has led to the diagnostic use of these oncogenic alterations to improve FNAB sensitivity and specificity. METHODS AND RESULTS Thyroid oncogene mutations including BRAF, RAS, and RET/PTC are reviewed. The potential benefit of using this panel on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology samples will be described. CONCLUSION Our use of ''reflexive'' molecular testing demonstrates its clinical value in conjunction with FNAB cytology, representing an application of personalized molecular medicine to guide appropriate surgical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Mehta
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
The role of fragile sites in sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Thyroid Res 2012; 2012:927683. [PMID: 22762011 PMCID: PMC3384961 DOI: 10.1155/2012/927683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing, especially papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), making it currently the fastest-growing cancer among women. Reasons for this increase remain unclear, but several risk factors including radiation exposure and improved detection techniques have been suggested. Recently, the induction of chromosomal fragile site breakage was found to result in the formation of RET/PTC1 rearrangements, a common cause of PTC. Chromosomal fragile sites are regions of the genome with a high susceptibility to forming DNA breaks and are often associated with cancer. Exposure to a variety of external agents can induce fragile site breakage, which may account for some of the observed increase in PTC. This paper discusses the role of fragile site breakage in PTC development, external fragile site-inducing agents that may be potential risk factors for PTC, and how these factors are especially targeting women.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The increasing incidence of thyroid cancer is associated with a higher number of advanced disease characterized by the loss of cancer differentiation and metastatic spread. The knowledge of the molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer has made possible the development of new therapeutic drugs able to blockade the oncogenic kinases (RET/PTC) or signaling kinases (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor [VEGFR]) involved in cellular growth and proliferation. Some clinical trials have been conducted showing the ability of targeted therapies able to inhibit RET(sorafenib, imatinib, vandetanib) in stabilizing the course of the disease. The aim of the introduction of these targeted therapies is to extend life duration assuring a good quality of life; however, further studies are needed to reach these goals.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is an uncommon childhood malignancy that presents primarily in young children or adolescent females and may be related to radiation exposure or genetic predisposition. Gene alterations, such as RET mutation or RET/PTC rearrangement, are not uncommon. Recent studies have lead to an increased understanding of the role of these particular gene alterations in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of thyroid cancer. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for thyroid cancer followed by radioactive iodine when appropriate. In patients with MEN2, prophylactic thyroidectomy is recommended, although a delay in the initial diagnosis is common. With early aggressive treatment and long-term follow-up, these patients generally have excellent outcomes. Recent research suggests potential usefulness of novel therapies directed at oncogenic signaling pathways, modulators of growth, angiogenesis inhibitors, immunomodulators, and gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Diesen
- Children's Medical Center Dallas, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sassolas G, Hafdi-Nejjari Z, Ferraro A, Decaussin-Petrucci M, Rousset B, Borson-Chazot F, Borbone E, Berger N, Fusco A. Oncogenic alterations in papillary thyroid cancers of young patients. Thyroid 2012; 22:17-26. [PMID: 22150560 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in young people usually has an aggressive initial presentation, though a good general prognosis despite recurrences in 10%-20% of patients. A number of genetic alterations that activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway have been found in PTC. Some of these alterations have been identified as prognostic factors of PTC in adults. The objective of the current study was to comprehensively characterize all known oncogenic alterations of the MAPK pathway in young people. METHODS One hundred three PTCs removed from 9 children, 19 adolescents, and 75 young adults were submitted to molecular analyses. RESULTS Altogether, 57 alterations were found in 56 PTCs (55%) corresponding to V600E BRAF in 20.3%, RAS mutations in 12.6%, RET/PTC 1 in 11.6%, RET/PTC 3 in 8.7%, and rearrangement of NTRK in 1.9%. The prevalence of all alterations increased with age (22.2% in children; 52.6% in adolescents, 51.4% in adults 20-25 years, and 55.1% in adults 25-35 years). Prevalence increased from 39.2% earlier to 61.3% after 20 years mainly due to BRAF mutations. Classic-type PTC was associated with a larger prevalence of alterations, predominantly BRAF and RET/PTC, whereas the follicular variant was chiefly associated with RAS. RET/PTC (1 and 3) was significantly associated with extrathyroid extension (ET) and lymph node metastasis (es) (LNM). This association was found in the adult group. There were no associations of BRAF or RAS mutations with ET or LNM. A 3-year median follow up was available for 90 patients. RET/PTC 1 and 3 was associated with short-term disease dissemination (cervical lymph node recurrences and distant metastases) in young adults (p=0.001). Persistent illness was more prevalent in patients with (15%) than in patients without (7%) genetic alterations. CONCLUSION PTCs in young patients display a low prevalence of the already identified oncogenic alterations. The increasing prevalence with age is mainly due to V600E BRAF mutation. There is no relation between tumor aggressiveness and BRAF mutation. There is a relation between the presence of RET/PTC (1 and 3) and the histological and clinical short-term aggressiveness of PTC in the population of young adults. Such a relation is not found in children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Sassolas
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Rhône-Alpes Registry of Thyroid Cancers, Université Lyon UMR INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon-R.T.H. Laennec School of Medicine, Lyon, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ito Y, Kihara M, Takamura Y, Kobayashi K, Miya A, Hirokawa M, Miyauchi A. Prognosis and prognostic factors of papillary thyroid carcinoma in patients under 20 years. Endocr J 2012; 59:539-45. [PMID: 22472193 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej12-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is an important prognostic factor of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). In this study, we investigated the prognosis and prognostic factors of PTC in patients younger than 20 years. We enrolled 110 patients who underwent initial surgery at Kuma Hospital between 1987 and 2008. Tumor size > 4 cm, metastatic node ≥ 3 cm, and significant extrathyroid extension were more frequently detected in 8 patients with distant metastasis at diagnosis than in 102 patients without distant metastasis. Ten- and 20-year lymph node recurrence-free survival (LN-RFS) and distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS) rates were 84 and 80%, and 95 and 89%, respectively. Metastatic node ≥ 3 cm, age ≤ 16 years, tumor size > 4 cm, and male gender affected LN-RFS, and the former two had an independent prognostic value in multivariate analysis. Metastastic node ≥ 3 cm, significant extrathyroid extension, age ≤ 16 years, tumor size > 4 cm, and a male gender predicted a poor DRFS, and the former two were independent prognostic factors. To date, only 2 patients have died of PTC. These findings suggest that, in the subset of PTC patients younger than 20 years, metastatic node ≥ 3 cm, significant extension, and age ≤ 16 were important signs of aggressiveness of carcinoma, and careful treatment is necessary for patients with these characteristics, although the cause-specific survival was excellent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ito
- Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe 650-0011, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Brown R, Francis GL. Autoimmune thyroid disorders. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:432890. [PMID: 22254147 PMCID: PMC3255311 DOI: 10.4061/2011/432890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Brown
- Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Marotta V, Guerra A, Sapio MR, Vitale M. RET/PTC rearrangement in benign and malignant thyroid diseases: a clinical standpoint. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:499-507. [PMID: 21750045 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytological examination of fine needle aspiration biopsy is the primary means for distinguishing benign from malignant nodules. However, as inconclusive cytology is very frequent, the introduction of molecular markers in the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules has been proposed in recent years. In this article, we review the clinical implications of preoperative detection of rearrangements of the RET gene (RET/papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)) in thyroid nodules. The prevalence of RET/PTC in PTC depends on the histological subtypes, geographical factors, radiation exposure, and detection method. Initially, RET/PTC was considered an exclusive PTC hallmark and later it was also found sporadically in benign thyroid lesions. More recently, the very sensitive detection methods, interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and Southern blot on RT-PCR amplicons, demonstrated that the oligoclonal occurrence of RET rearrangement in benign thyroid lesions is not a rare event and suggested that it could be associated with a faster enlargement in benign nodules. For this reason, RET/PTC cannot be considered as an absolute marker of PTC, and its diagnostic application must be limited to assays able to distinguish between clonal and oligoclonal expression. Detection of RET/PTC by quantitative assays will be useful for diagnostic purposes in cytology specimens when a precise cutoff will be fixed in a clinical setting. Until that time, less sensitive RET/PTC detection methods and FISH analysis remain the most appropriate means to refine inconclusive cytology. Future studies with a long follow-up will further clarify the clinical significance of low level of RET rearrangements in benign nodules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Marotta
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and its incidence is rising in the USA and other countries. Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas are the two most common types of thyroid cancer. Non-overlapping genetic alterations, including BRAF and RAS point mutations, and RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements, are found in more than 70% of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. These represent the most common genetic alterations in thyroid cancer, as well as molecular markers of diagnostic and prognostic significance. The use of these and other emerging molecular markers will likely improve the diagnosis of malignancy in thyroid nodules as well as facilitate more individualized operative and postoperative management. Herein, we provide a brief overview of the common genetic alterations in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma and discuss the diagnostic and prognostic significance thereof.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feriyl Bhaijee
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bales SR, Chopra IJ. Targeted treatment of differentiated and medullary thyroid cancer. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:102636. [PMID: 21826256 PMCID: PMC3150151 DOI: 10.4061/2011/102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing, with a concomitant increase in the number of patients with advanced and metastatic disease. Discoveries regarding the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer have led to the recent development of new therapeutic agents that are beginning to appear on the market. Many of these new agents are targeted kinase inhibitors primarily affecting oncogenic kinases (BRAF V600E, RET/PTC) or signaling kinases (VEGFR, PDGFR). Some of these agents report significant partial response rates, while others attain stabilization of disease as their best response. Their impact on survival is unclear. While these agents target similar pathways, a wide variety of differences exist regarding efficacy and side effect profile. Current expert opinion advises that these agents be used only in a specific subset of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Bales
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Thomas G, Tronko M, Tsyb A, Tuttle R. What Have We Learnt From Chernobyl? What Have We Still To Learn? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2011; 23:229-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
38
|
Gandhi M, Evdokimova V, Nikiforov YE. Mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangements in solid tumors: the model of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 321:36-43. [PMID: 19766698 PMCID: PMC2849910 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer, and its most common type, papillary carcinoma, frequently have chromosomal rearrangements and therefore represent a good model for the understanding of mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangements in solid tumors. Several types of rearrangement known to occur in thyroid cancer, including RET/PTC, NTRK1 and BRAF/AKAP9, are more common in radiation-associated thyroid tumors and RET/PTC can be induced experimentally by exposing human thyroid cells to ionizing radiation. In this review, the molecular mechanisms of generation of RET/PTC and other chromosomal rearrangements are discussed, with the emphasis on the role of nuclear architecture and interphase gene proximity in the generation of intrachromosomal rearrangements in thyroid cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuri E. Nikiforov
- Corresponding author: Dr. Yuri Nikiforov, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, PUH, Room C-606, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Telephone: 412-802-6083, Fax: 412-802-6799,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Licitra L, Locati LD, Greco A, Granata R, Bossi P. Multikinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1012-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
40
|
Thyroid cancer: current molecular perspectives. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:351679. [PMID: 20369062 PMCID: PMC2847382 DOI: 10.1155/2010/351679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid cancer is a rare oncological entity, representing no more than 1% of all human malignant neoplasms. Recently, it has been demonstrated a sharp increase in incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, equally occurring in both sexes. So far, multiple genetic alterations have been identified in differentiated thyroid carcinoma, leading to investigate the clinical utility of genetic studies. In particular, molecular genetic approaches searching for gene mutations in the material collected by fine needle ago-biopsy may have a particular utility in small nodules and in those specimens with an indeterminate cytology. The expansion of knowledge about genetic mutations occurring in different thyroid tumors has characterized recent years, allowing the identification of a correlation between specific mutations and phenotypic characteristics of thyroid cancers, essential for their prognosis. This review will briefly report on the histological features and the new entity represented by thyroid microcarcinoma and will focus on both environmental and genetic aspects associated with the occurrence of thyroid cancer.
Collapse
|
41
|
Erickson LA, Lloyd RV. Well-Differentiated Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY LIBRARY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1707-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
42
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accuracy of cancer detection in thyroid nodules by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and prognostication of thyroid cancer needs further improvement and can benefit from testing for molecular alterations known to occur in thyroid tumors. SUMMARY Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of mutation detection in clinical FNA samples from thyroid nodules and their contribution to improving the diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytology. It appears that molecular testing is most beneficial for thyroid FNA samples with indeterminate cytology, where it can resolve the diagnosis in a significant number of cases. In addition to BRAF mutation, which has been studied most extensively, detection of RAS, RET/PTC, and PAX8/PPARgamma mutations also contribute substantially to cancer diagnosis. Some of these molecular markers, particularly BRAF, can also be used for tumor prognostication. In clinical setting, molecular testing of thyroid FNA samples and surgically removed tumors should utilize a restricted number of techniques that provide high accuracy and specificity of mutation detection. CONCLUSION Testing for cancer-specific mutations in thyroid FNA samples and surgically removed tumor tissues increases diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytology and offers better prognostication of thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina N Nikiforova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Molecular rearrangements in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 411:301-8. [PMID: 19958753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer is unusual among epithelial malignancies in that it is associated with a number of chromosomal rearrangements. The most common of these is the Ret oncogene, normally silent in the follicular cell, but which has been shown to be rearranged to the promoter region of a variety of different genes, all of which are constituently expressed in the thyroid follicular cell. It has been suggested that chromosomes in the thyroid cell are arranged within the nucleus in such a way as to predispose the cell to inappropriate fusion in the advent of DNA double-strand breakage. The presence of tumour specific fusion genes, and their transcribed proteins, presents a possible therapeutic target for thyroid cancer, but the relative contribution of the gene rearrangement in the growth and development of the tumour will need careful evaluation before clinical studies could take place.
Collapse
|
44
|
Koo JS, Hong S, Park CS. Diffuse sclerosing variant is a major subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma in the young. Thyroid 2009; 19:1225-31. [PMID: 19888860 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric thyroid cancer differs from adult thyroid cancer in presentation and outcome. Pediatric thyroid cancer has a higher recurrence rate and greater percentage of lymph node and pulmonary metastasis. The clinicopathologic characteristics of pediatric thyroid cancer according to the histologic subtype have not been reported, however. In this study, we determined the histological subtypes of pediatric thyroid cancer and analyzed other clinicopathologic characteristics. METHODS All patients with thyroid cancer who were admitted to Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea, were retrospectively reviewed; their age was <20 years at diagnosis, and they were seen between January 1995 and August 2008. RESULTS Sixty-eight patients were identified. The histologic types of thyroid carcinoma were papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in 57 (83.8%), follicular carcinoma in 8 (11.8%), and poorly differentiated carcinoma in 3 (4.4%). There were 28 (41.2%) cases of diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary carcinoma (DSVPC), 26 (38.2%) of conventional PTC, 2 (2.9%) of follicular PTC, and 1 (1.5%) cribriform-morular PTC. In patients with PTC, there was a higher incidence of bilateral thyroid involvement (p = 0.003), extrathyroidal extension (p = 0.009), and lymph node involvement (p = 0.018), and lower recurrence-free survival (p = 0.032) in DSVPC than in non-DSVPC. Univariate regression analysis revealed that extrathyroidal extension (p = 0.025) and tumor size (p = 0.001) were positively associated with a shorter time to recurrence. CONCLUSION DSVPC is a major subtype of PTC in the young.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, South Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sturgis EM, Li G. Molecular epidemiology of papillary thyroid cancer: in search of common genetic associations. Thyroid 2009; 19:1031-4. [PMID: 19803789 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
46
|
Henderson YC, Shellenberger TD, Williams MD, El-Naggar AK, Fredrick MJ, Cieply KM, Clayman GL. High rate of BRAF and RET/PTC dual mutations associated with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:485-91. [PMID: 19147753 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common thyroid malignancy, usually possesses BRAF mutation or rearranged in translation (RET)/PTC rearrangements. PTC usually possesses BRAF mutation or RET/PTC rearrangements. The mutation status of patients with recurrent PTC has never been characterized in a large population. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Mutation status was determined in a cohort of 54 patients with recurrent PTC and analyzed for clinicopathologic relationships. BRAF and ras mutations were determined by PCR and sequencing of genomic DNA. RET/PTC rearrangements were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR. RESULTS BRAF mutation in exon 15 (V600E) was found in 42/54 (77.8%) recurrent PTC patients. The RET/PTC rearrangements were detected in 9 of 54 (16.7%) patients. In addition, 5 of 54 (9.3%) recurrent PTC patients had both a BRAF mutation and a RET/PTC rearrangement. The prevalence of tumors with dual mutations found in the recurrent population far exceeds the frequency historically reported for patients with primary PTC. Patients with dual mutations were significantly older (80% older than 45 years) than patients with a BRAF mutation alone (38% older than 45 years). CONCLUSIONS Recurrent PTC is significantly associated with a predominant BRAF mutation. RET/PTC rearrangements, although commonly associated with primary PTCs in younger patients, are uncommonly found in recurrent PTC patients. In addition, the incidence of dual mutations was higher in patients with recurrent PTC than in those primary PTC, as reported by others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying C Henderson
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Pathology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Richardson DS, Gujral TS, Peng S, Asa SL, Mulligan LM. Transcript level modulates the inherent oncogenicity of RET/PTC oncoproteins. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4861-9. [PMID: 19487296 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations to the RET proto-oncogene occur in as many as one in three cases of thyroid cancer and have been detected in both the medullary (MTC) and the papillary (PTC) forms of the disease. Of the nearly 400 chromosomal rearrangements resulting in oncogenic fusion proteins that have been identified to date, the rearrangements that give rise to RET fusion oncogenes in PTC remain the paradigm for chimeric oncoprotein involvement in solid tumors. RET-associated PTC tumors are phenotypically indolent and relatively less aggressive than RET-related MTCs. The mechanism(s) contributing to the differences in oncogenicity of RET-related MTC and PTC remains unexplained. Here, through cellular and molecular characterization of the two most common RET/PTC rearrangements (PTC1 and PTC3), we show that RET/PTC oncoproteins are highly oncogenic when overexpressed, with the ability to increase cell proliferation and transformation. Further, RET/PTCs activate similar downstream signaling cascades to wild-type RET, although at different levels, and are relatively more stable as they avoid lysosomal degradation. Absolute quantitation of transcript levels of RET, CCDC6, and NCOA4 (the 5' fusion genes involved in PTC1 and PTC3, respectively) suggest that these rearrangements result in lower RET expression in PTCs relative to MTCs. Together, our findings suggest PTC1 and PTC3 are highly oncogenic proteins when overexpressed, but result in indolent disease compared with RET-related MTCs due to their relatively low expression from the NCOA4 and CCDC6 promoters in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Richardson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tuttle RM, Lukes Y, Onstad L, Lushnikov E, Abrosimov A, Troshin V, Tsyb A, Davis S, Kopecky KJ, Francis G. ret/PTC activation is not associated with individual radiation dose estimates in a pilot study of neoplastic thyroid nodules arising in Russian children and adults exposed to Chernobyl fallout. Thyroid 2008; 18:839-46. [PMID: 18690796 PMCID: PMC2857448 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2008.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation is the strongest risk factor known for the development of thyroid neoplasia. While previous studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of ret/papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) activation in cohorts of patients developing thyroid nodules after childhood exposure to ionizing radiation, no study has directly compared ret/PTC activation with individual estimates of radiation dose to the thyroid. This study combines individual thyroid dosimetry data with molecular analysis of surgically removed thyroid nodules in order to determine if ret/PTC activation in thyroid nodules is associated with increasing estimated radiation dose from Chernobyl. METHODS This pilot study included adults and children diagnosed with PTC (n = 76) and children diagnosed with follicular adenomas (n = 24) during May 1986 through December 1999, who were living in the Bryansk Oblast of the Russian Federation at the time of the Chernobyl accident, who had paraffin-embedded thyroid surgical samples available and for whom an individual dose to the thyroid could be estimated. The frequency of ret/PTC activation was determined using RT-PCR analysis. Individual radiation doses to the thyroid were estimated using a semiempirical model, and data were collected by detailed interview, primarily of the participant's mother. RESULTS ret/PTC oncogene activation was detected in 23.8% (5/21) and 14.5% (8/55) of the childhood and adult PTC cases, respectively, and 8.3% (2/24) of the follicular adenoma cases. No statistically significant differences were noted in age at the time of exposure or diagnosis, gender, latency period, or estimated radiation dose between PTC patients with or without ret/PTC activation. Further, no significant dose-response relationship was detected among PTC patients with ret/PTC activation. CONCLUSIONS Factors other than individual thyroid radiation doses may influence the development and subsequent detection of ret/PTC oncogene activation in radiation related PTC arising in the Bryansk Oblast of the Russian Federation in the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Michael Tuttle
- Endocrinology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Malloy KM, Cunnane MF. Pathology and cytologic features of thyroid neoplasms. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2008; 17:57-70, viii. [PMID: 18177800 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Most thyroid neoplasms arise from follicular cells and are well differentiated. Anaplastic and poorly differentiated carcinomas are rare and have a high mortality. Five percent of tumors are of C-cell origin, and 20% to 25% of these are hereditary. Thyroid lymphoma is rare and occurs in the setting of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Fine needle aspiration biopsy is the best diagnostic tool to classify thyroid neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Malloy
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, 1904 Taubman Health Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0312, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|